Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| lyme disease spirochetes and ixodid tick spirochetes share a common surface antigenic determinant defined by a monoclonal antibody. | ixodid tick-associated spirochetes have been implicated as the etiological agents of lyme disease. we raised a murine monoclonal antibody (h5332) against a spirochete, strain b31, isolated from ixodes dammini ticks. in indirect immunofluorescence assays and western blot analyses, h5332 reacted with whole cells or isolated components of not only strain b31 but also spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks, a field mouse, a raccoon, and patients with lyme disease. in contrast, h5332 did not ... | 1983 | 6192088 |
| use of chlorpyrifos for the control of ixodes ricinus on pasture. | 1983 | 6196905 | |
| [tick-borne encephalitis in europe (author's transl)]. | tick-borne encephalitis is the major european arbovirosis. it is observed in soviet union, central and western europe and scandinavian countries. in france, natural foci have been detected in alsace (more specialy in illkirch forest, near strasbourg). in the united kingdom exists a sheep encephalomyelitis (loupingill) caused by an arbovirus not much different from the tick-born encephalitis virus. the tick-born encephalitis virus is a flavivirus transmitted by tick bites. tick is also a virus re ... | 1980 | 6255281 |
| [isolation of orbiviruses from the kemerovo complex in the tick ixodes ricinus in the czech socialist republic (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 6265105 | |
| tick-borne fever: a review. | the literature on tick-borne fever is reviewed. tick-borne fever is a rickettsial disease of sheep and cattle characterised by high fever and severe leucopaenia. the causative agent, cytoecetes phagocytophila invades the neutrophils and monocytes and is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. there is very little information on the pathogenesis and immunogenesis of the disease but there is ample evidence that infected animals are predisposed to other diseases. animals infected with tick-borne fe ... | 1983 | 6349107 |
| [ixodes ricinus spirochaeta: probable pathogen responsible for herxheimer's acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans]. | 1984 | 6363030 | |
| [serum antibodies against ixodes ricinus spirochaeta in acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (herxheimer)]. | using indirect immunofluorescence, igg antibodies against the recently detected ixodes-ricinus-spirochaeta, which causes erythema chronicum migrans could be demonstrated in all 21 persons with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. titers were from 1 : 64 to 1 : 1024, specific igm antibodies were demonstrable in only 5 patients in a titer of 1 : 64. even after treatment with penicillin high igg antibody titers of up to 1 : 1024 were found. fourfold decreases could be found only once for each igg a ... | 1984 | 6363031 |
| [spirochete etiology of erythema chronicum migrans disease]. | from ticks of the type ixodes ricinus, 19 strains of a spirochete were isolated at three places of infection of erythema chronicum migrans disease. the spirochete was immunologically related to borrelia duttoni, treponema pallidum and ixodes dammini spirochete, the causative organism of north american erythema chronicum migrans disease (lyme disease). the isolated spirochete differed from the north american one in its reaction with monoclonal antibodies and possibly in its electronmicroscopic st ... | 1984 | 6363033 |
| serological diagnosis of erythema migrans disease and related disorders. | an indirect immunofluorescence technique for the determination of antibodies against ixodid tick spirochetes is described. differences in the reactivity between ixodes ricinus spirochete and ixodes dammini spirochete antigens were not observed. cross-reacting antibodies against treponema pallidum and treponema phagedenis can be eliminated by quantitative absorption with t. phagedenis. cross-reactions with leptospira were not observed by immunofluorescence. in the igm test, false negative reactio ... | 1984 | 6392104 |
| ixodes ricinus spirochete and european erythema chronicum migrans disease. | from three endemic locations of erythema chronicum migrans disease in north rhine-westphalia, germany, we recovered 19 isolates of a spirochete from ixodes ricinus ticks. the infection rate in adult ticks was 16 percent. the isolated spirochete is immunologically related to the ixodes dammini spirochete, borrelia duttoni, and treponema pallidum. using indirect immunofluorescence, the sera of 90 patients with erythema chronicum migrans disease showed antibody titers against the isolated spirochet ... | 1984 | 6393609 |
| [clinical aspects and etiology of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans]. | we followed up nine patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) for an average of 2 years (6-44 months). extradermal symptoms were observed in five patients, three of whom developed systemic signs such as fatigue or general sensitivity to cold; three suffered from cardiac symptoms; and two had joint and/or nervous system involvement. in one patient, erythema migrans and oligoarthralgia preceded the aca. in most patients, the laboratory tests showed changes often seen in inflammatory ... | 1984 | 6394553 |
| [an outbreak of babesiosis in eastern flevoland]. | an outbreak of babesiosis, with babesia divergens as the causative agent, occurred in a herd in one of the more recently reclaimed polders involving at least 12 animals. pasture investigation by blanket-dragging revealed a population of ixodes ricinus ticks, living in and near the approximately fifteen-year-old afforestation. the differential diagnosis and possible routes by which the disease is introduced, are discussed. | 1984 | 6463999 |
| thirteen british cases of erythema chronicum migrans, a spirochaetal disease. | thirteen british cases of erythema chronicum migrans are reported. an antibody to the lyme disease spirochaete was found in three of five recent cases, but lyme disease was not seen. the distribution and life cycle of the tick ixodes ricinus is described and related to the occurrence of erythema chronicum migrans in great britain. | 1984 | 6477830 |
| studies on the dynamics of active populations of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l. in co. wicklow, ireland. | 1984 | 6485729 | |
| isolation of eyach virus (reoviridae, colorado tick fever group) from ixodes ricinus and i. ventalloi ticks in france. | during the spring of 1981, two strains of an identical virus were isolated in mayenne, france, from ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes ventalloi gil collado, parasiting a wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus l.). virological and serological results indicated that these strains belong to the colorado tick fever serogroup and are indistinguishable from eyach virus, a tick-borne virus previously described from west germany. study of dsrna page profiles confirmed these conclusions. the morphology and morpho ... | 1984 | 6508529 |
| chronic meningitis and lyme disease in sweden. | we studied 35 patients with chronic meningitis. the neurological abnormalities included aseptic meningitis, cranial neuropathy (mostly facial palsy), motor and sensory peripheral radiculoneuropathy, and myelitis. neurological symptoms were sometimes preceded by erythema chronicum migrans or an insect bite and were often accompanied by fever, malaise, profound fatigue, and weight loss. the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) abnormalities consisted of a predominantly mononuclear pleocytosis, an elevated cs ... | 1984 | 6516451 |
| discovery of the lyme disease spirochete and its relation to tick vectors. | the various hypotheses concerning the etiologic agent of erythema chronicum migrans of europe and of lyme disease in the united states are reviewed, and an account of events that led to the discovery of the causative spirochetal agent in ixodes dammini is presented. spirochetes morphologically and antigenically similar, if not identical to, the organism detected in i. dammini were also found for the first time in ixodes pacificus and ixodes ricinus, the vectors hitherto incriminated, respectivel ... | 1984 | 6516454 |
| ultrastructure of spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus and ixodes dammini. | two strains of ixodes spirochetes, one isolated in the united states (b31) and the other in sweden (g25), were examined by electron microscopy. cells of strain g25 were 11-25 micron long with a wavelength of 2.1-2.4 micron and an amplitude of 0.4 micron. eleven flagella were inserted subterminally at each end of the cell. cells of strain b31 were similar but had eleven or seven flagella. cytoplasmic tubules were not seen in cells of either strain. although not identical, both strains showed ultr ... | 1984 | 6516456 |
| the global distribution of lyme disease. | following the original description of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) in sweden in 1909, ecm became widely recognized in europe. the first reported case of ecm acquired in the united states occurred in 1969, and in 1975 the full symptom complex now known as lyme disease was recognized. in 1981, cases of lyme disease were recognized in yet a third continent, australia and, to date, cases acquired in at least 19 countries have been reported. beginning with the original case reported in sweden, cl ... | 1984 | 6516458 |
| [etiology of erythema migrans disease and lyme disease. review and results of personal study]. | erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis cutis benigna and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) have been well known in europe for a long time as skin diseases induced by tickbites. earlier hints that these inflammatory dermatoses and associated disorders (erythema migrans disease) might be of spirochetal origin are now supported by the findings of several groups in the usa and europe. in the united states the endemic occurrence of a new inflammatory disease which seems to be closely ... | 1984 | 6519987 |
| [the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and of meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth]. | erythema chronicum migrans and tick-borne meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true for lyme disease, which is the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north-america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe, this etiology is indicated by demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infe ... | 1983 | 6659638 |
| a weather-based prediction model for the life-cycle of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l. | the incidence of sheep tick activity depends not only on the climatic conditions within the tick habitat, but also on the rates of fecundity, development, activity, engorgement and mortality of each stage of the life-cycle. use of existing experimental results on the effect of these factors enables a model of the life-cycle to be formulated for the purpose of predicting the occurrence of tick activity in the field where climatic conditions vary. the components of such a model are described and t ... | 1983 | 6684828 |
| passage of hemolysins through the midgut epithelium of female ixodes ricinus l. fed on rabbits infested or reinfested with ticks. | antibodies considered in this study are hemolysins synthesized by rabbits against sheep red blood cells. ingested with the blood meal, they cross the tick midgut epithelium and retain their immunological properties in the hemolymph. during a reinfestation of rabbits, more ticks present these antibodies, and titres are generally higher than during a first infestation. hemolysins are only found in ticks weighing 180 mg or more. | 1984 | 6723929 |
| [tick-borne meningoradiculitis--a form of spirochetosis]. | three pediatric cases of tick-borne meningoradiculitis are presented. this disease is characterized by a distinct sequence of symptoms: erythema chronicum migrans, localized pain, and eventually radicular asymmetric neurologic involvement (in particular facial palsy) associated with findings of aseptic meningitis. on the basis of specific serologic data in these three patients, it is suggested that the etiology of tick-borne meningoradiculitis is also spirochetal , as recently shown for the tick ... | 1984 | 6729423 |
| [chronic erythema migrans and tick-transmitted meningopolyneuritis (garin-bujadoux-bannwarth): borrelia infections?]. | antibodies against borrelia duttoni using indirect immunofluorescence could be demonstrated in 6 patients with erythema chronicum migrans and in 8 persons with tick-borne meningopolyneuritis. significant increases of igg and igm antibody titres in the course of the disease and igg antibodies in the csf indicate recent contact with borrelia duttoni or a closely related agent. demonstration by fluorescence serology of spirochaetaceae in ixodes ricinus in two sites of infection equally indicate suc ... | 1983 | 6839977 |
| [the spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and garin-bujadoux-bannwarth meningo-polyneuritis]. | erythema chronicum migrans and tick-born meningo-polyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. the same is true of lyme disease, the erythema chronicum migrans infection of north america transmitted by ticks of the same genus. in europe demonstration of igg and igm antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infection indicate this etiology. in the usa a ... | 1983 | 6884950 |
| [hibernal parasitism by ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) of felis catus domesticus in an urbanized area]. | in the first months of 1977 some adults of ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) have been found on felis catus domesticus in a newly urbanized area near rieti (lazio, central italy) which had been previously used as a grazing-ground for sheep. this finding, quite exceptional according to the literature, is explained in the following way: 1) the cat had not been recorded until now as an habitual host of any ixodid species, but many species of this superfamily can infest the cat in absence of their habitual ... | 1982 | 6926944 |
| [epidemiological survey in a natural focus of rickettsia transmitted by ixodes ricinus in switzerland (author's transl)]. | a spotted fever group rickettsia referred to as "swiss agent" was detected in 8.5% of ixodes ricinus collected in a marshy forest of the swiss plateau. this organism, in its tick vector, was found to be transmitted stadially as well as ovarially; of 433 larval, nymphal or adult ticks from 17 parental tick females, all were infected. a total of 3,612 larval i. ricinus were collected from 168 small mammals including 127 clethrionomys glareolus, 29 apodemus sylvaticus and flavicolis, 7 microtus agr ... | 1981 | 7020557 |
| lyme disease: additional evidence of widespread distribution. recognition of a tick-borne dermatitis-encephalitis-arthritis syndrome in an area of known ixodes tick distribution. | lyme disease is a process of unknown etiology that has been linked to bites of ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. central minnesota is an area of known ixodes dammini distribution. this case represents the first recognition of lyme disease from this area. this case presented as a fluctuating meningoencephalitis with superimposed cranial neuropathy. the characteristic skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans, was recognized by history, and oligoarticular arthritis subsequently developed. physici ... | 1982 | 7072749 |
| progressive sensitization of circulating basophils against ixodes ricinus l. antigens during repeated infestations of rabbits. | the sensitivity of rabbit basophils to antigens from ixodes ricinus females has been studied by a degranulation test. observations of basophil numbers and degranulation were made on the 6th day of each of four sequential infestations. maximal degranulation of cells was observed after challenge of cells with antigen at a concentration of 10(6) and 10(7) pg/ml. at these concentrations, during a 1st infestation, 21.8 and 23.6% of cells degranulated. during a 2nd infestation, these percentages incre ... | 1982 | 7145464 |
| ixodes ricinus l.: mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in the sequence of cellular events in the skin of infested or re-infested rabbits. | some information on acquired resistance of rabbits against ixodes ricinus ticks has been obtained by comparing tissue changes and cellular infiltration during 2 successive infestations, with particular emphasis on the cells involved in immediate type hypersensitivity reactions: mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. more degranulated mast cells were observed in tick lesions 2 h after the beginning of re-infestation than in the first infestation and more degranulated basophils were present on the ... | 1982 | 7177705 |
| [the larval development of dipetalonema rugosicauda (syn. wehrdikmansia rugosicauda) in the tick ixodes ricinus. ii. the development of dipetalonema rugosicauda in ixodes ricinus and investigations about the occurrence of the microfilariae in the roe deer (c. capreolus) (author's transl)]. | microfilariae of d. rugosicauda, which were taken up by nymphs of i. ricinus during their attachment on roe deers, developed in those ticks to infective larvae after two moults. the larval development lasted 56-67 days at 20-22 degrees c and occurred similar to other species of dipetalonema inclusive a sausage stage. during this time the nymphs moulted to adult ticks. adult females and males of i. ricinus collected in the area of biberach/riss, southern-germany, contained up to 12 infective larv ... | 1980 | 7189613 |
| models based on weather for the development phases of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l. | the epidemiology of tick-transmitted disease cannot be understood until those factors considered important to the life-cycle of the tick are properly investigated. existing experimental results on the development of different stages of the tick life-cycle have been examined with a view to obtaining biological development rates for the purpose of predicting development under field conditions where temperature fluctuates. field studies carried out in ireland have enabled the predicted development ... | 1981 | 7201186 |
| [ixodes ricinus in human eyelid (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 7218731 | |
| babesia microti (apicomplexa: piroplasmida): electron microscope detection in salivary glands of the tick vector ixodes ricinus (ixodoidea: ixodidae). | 1980 | 7222920 | |
| studies on the activity of ixodes ricinus in relation to the epidemiology of babesiosis in co. meath, ireland. | 1980 | 7225768 | |
| haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus in a coastal habitat in north wales. | the populations of haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus on the mynydd mawr national trust reserve, gwynedd, were studied for two years. h. punctata was the more numerous species, being recoverable by blanket dragging over most of the year except for some very short days. there were spring and late summer peaks of activity. it seems probable that the complete life cycle of h punctata takes two or three years in this habitat. the activity of i ricinus was short relative to h punctata, but spr ... | 1981 | 7244372 |
| [the transmission of tick-borne encephalitis in switzerland. an attempt at establishing a register of natural reservoirs for a seroepidemiologic examination of forest personnel in the middle of the country]. | the aim of this investigation was to localize natural foci of tickborne encephalitis (tbe) in switzerland by means of two approaches. (1) sera of foresters, who are particularly exposed to tbe, were examined, restricting serum collection to the plateau between the lake of constance and the lake of geneva. (2) virus isolations were performed on 8600 ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected all over the country. in four regions natural foci of varying size were detected: (1) in the northern parts of the c ... | 1981 | 7280635 |
| [ixodes ricinus under the scanning electron microscope]. | the tick ixodes ricinus was examined with a scanning electron microscope. the morphology of the mouth parts explains the well known tight attachment of the head of the tick in the skin. diseases following tick bites and the possibilities of removing the ticks are discussed. | 1981 | 7319818 |
| investigations on a babesia isolated from scottish sheep. | the pathognomic, serologic and morphometric identity of a babesia sp. recently isolated from sheep in argyllshire was studied. initially, problems were encountered due to the occurrence of eperythrozoon ovis as a contaminant of the isolate and treatment with neoarsphenamine failed to remove it. finally, a combination of oxytetracycline therapy and rapid passage allowed isolation of the babesia sp. and its preservation in the form of a glycerolized, infected blood stabilate. inoculation of the st ... | 1981 | 7329723 |
| [a study on the transmission (transstadial, transovarial) of babesia microti, strain "hannover i", in its tick vector, ixodes ricinus (author's transl)]. | transstadial, transovarial and combined transstadial-transovarial transmission of babesia microti in its tick vector, ixodes ricinus, was studied. the ticks used (larvae, nymphs, females) were part of the progeny of nymphs collected in an area nearby hanover. specimens to be infected alimentarily were fed on parasitaemic golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). the ability to infect mammalian hosts of a tick stage was examined by feeding it on negative golden hamsters. b. microti was found to be ... | 1981 | 7345687 |
| exposure of cattle immunised against redwater to tick challenge in the field: challenge by a homologous strain of b divergens. | a field trial was conducted in northern ireland to determine whether calves could be protected against babesiosis by the prior inoculation of irradiated blood infected with babesia divergens; the trial involved 30 yearling calves. ten were inoculated with infected blood from a donor calf after the blood had been irradiated at 25 kilorads, and 10 with blood irradiated at 30 kilorads. their reactions to the inoculation were observed daily for a month. they were then released, along with a control ... | 1980 | 7361409 |
| sexual transmission of spotted fever group rickettsiae by infected male ticks: detection of rickettsiae in immature spermatozoa of ixodes ricinus. | electron microscopic evidence is provided showing that the newly described "swiss agent," a spotted fever group rickettsia, is incorporated into the reproductive cells of its male tick vector, ixodes ricinus. rickettsiae were found in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and maturing spermatids. the potential significance of these observations is briefly discussed in relation to published data on sexual transmission of rickettsiae by ticks. | 1980 | 7380544 |
| the transmission of a human strain of babesia divergens by ixodes ricinus ticks. | 1980 | 7391880 | |
| isolation of coxiella burnetii and of an unknown rickettsial organism from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in austria. | two strains of coxiella burnetii and two strains of an unidentified rickettsial organism were isolated for the first time from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the alpine region of tirol, austria. the c. burnetii strains belong to the group of agents causing acute forms of q fever. the other two strains of isolated rickettsial agent share some antigenic epitopes with c. burnetii and r. prowazekii but they differ from them by their high sensitivity to freezing and refreezing and by poor multipli ... | 1994 | 7545588 |
| [natural epidemiology of lyme borreliosis with reference to clustered incidence of illnesses in the suburbs of a north baden community]. | human infection with borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, is unusually common in the "scheelkopf" area of the town bruchsal in north baden (germany), a situation which has led to considerable publicity and public concern. this study was carried out in order to clarify this situation by determining the prevalence of b. burgdorferi in both the free-living tick populations (ixodes ricinus) and the rodent population from the "scheelkopf" as well as from surrounding control area ... | 1995 | 7549249 |
| prevalence of ticks in relation to their role as vector of borrelia burgdorferi under autochthone conditions. | a total of 59 (78.7%) of 75 areas were found to be inhabitated by ticks; all the 4335 collected ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus. both nymphs and adults were found to be more active during the late spring and early summer months. ticks of 29 recreation areas were found to be carrying spirochaetes. considering the total number of 75 recreation areas examined and the total number of 59 areas inhabitated by ticks the percentage was 38.7 and 49.2 respectively. the positivity rate by dark fiel ... | 1995 | 7550446 |
| sites of attachment and density assessment of female ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) on dairy cows. | a sample of 110 lactating dairy cows was examined to describe the attachment sites of female ixodes ricinus ticks and to assess whether counts on one or two body areas can predict infestation and its level. seventy per cent of the cows were infested by i. ricinus and the average tick burden on the infested cows was 15, ranging from 1 to 136. preferred attachment sites were the axilla, udder/groin, neck, dewlap and flank. udder/groin and axilla carried respectively 35.3% and 44.1% of the total ti ... | 1994 | 7555410 |
| characterization of finnish borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and with monoclonal antibodies. | thirty-seven borrelia burgdorferi strains, isolated in 1992 from ixodes ricinus in finland, were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) with five to nine monoclonal antibodies (mabs). by sds-page results and reactivities to mabs h3ts, j 8.3, i 17.3, and d6, the 37 isolates were assigned to the species b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (n = 7), borrelia afzelii (n = 17), or borrelia garinii ... | 1995 | 7559935 |
| occurrence of borrelia spirochaetes in ticks (acari, ixodidae) collected in the forest areas in olsztyn province (north central poland). | in 1993, 2178 out of 3816 ixodes ricinus and 45 out of 82 dermacentor reticulatus collected from vegetation at 35 sites and removed from hunter-killed deer in olsztyn province (n. c. poland) were examined individually for the presence of borrelia spirochaetes. detection of spirochaetes was carried out by the routine indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using polyclonal antibody anti-b. burgdorferi, strain 1 b 29. borreliae, presumably b. burgdorferi, were evident in 192 (11.5%) i. ricinus (ny ... | 1993 | 7580351 |
| the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) ticks in poland. | among ticks ixodes ricinus collected in april 1994 in the forest near fraknowo (olsztyn province, n. c. poland), 17 ticks were evaluated for borrelia infection by cultivating in the bsk-h medium (sigma). the ticks were examined in five pools--four of 3 females and one pool of 5 nymphs. spirochaetes were cultured successfully only from one pool of females and identified as borrelia burgdorferi with monoclonal antibodies: h 9724, h 5332, h 3ts and 11 g 1 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). ... | 1993 | 7580352 |
| [borrelia burgdorferi infection of ticks in some regions of poland]. | ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected by flagging from the vegetation at five different locations in poland in may 1994. i. ricinus (n191) and d. reticulatus (n48), as well as 24 argas reflexus collected from katowice, kornie, szcyglice, urwitałt and zwierzyniec, were examined for the presence of borrelia spirochetes by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifa). borrelia were found in adult i. ricinus ticks at all 5 collection sites. nine out of 39 i. ricinus m ... | 1994 | 7597184 |
| genetic and phenotypic characterization of borrelia burgdorferi strains isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in the province of bolzano, italy. | lyme disease is caused by three borrelial species, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii and borrelia group vs461. in a restricted biotope of the bolzano province, in the caldaro community, five clones of two borrelial variants were isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks. a preliminary serological study showed that the two variants cross-reacted with b. burgdorferi b31 and b. garinii n34 strains, respectively. the isolates were genomically related with strains b31 and n34, respectively, sharing a ... | 1995 | 7603344 |
| distribution of the ixodes ricinus-like ticks of eastern north america. | we analyzed the geographic distribution of the ixodes ricinus-like ticks in eastern north america by comparing the mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences of specimens sampled directly from the field during the 1990s. two distinct lineages are evident. the southern clade includes ticks from the southeastern and middle-eastern regions of the united states. the range of the northern clade, which appears to have been restricted to the northeastern region until the mid-1900s, now extends throughout the nor ... | 1995 | 7603983 |
| [diagnosis of lyme borreliosis]. | lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease, caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by ticks, in our regions by the tick ixodes ricinus. the disease mainly affects skin, nervous system, joints and heart. lyme borreliosis develops in three stages, and the various clinical manifestations may assigned to the respective stages. as far as skin is concerned, in stage i typically appears erythema chronicum migrans, very often accompanied by flu-like symptoms; in stage iii, months ... | 1995 | 7610528 |
| differences in borrelia infections in adult ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in populations of north-western russia. | dark-field microscopy was used to determine the number of borrelia spirochetes in 630 standard preparations obtained from adult ixodid ticks (344 ixodes persulcatus and 286 i. ricinus) collected in 1989-92 in the leningrad region of russia. the average numbers of borrelia in i. persulcatus and i. ricinus preparations were 34.7 and 23.3 per 100 microscopic fields, respectively. the maximal individual values registered each year for ticks of both species were several hundred times greater than the ... | 1995 | 7621710 |
| entomopathogenic fungi associated with ixodes ricinus ticks. | the objective of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the tick stage, engorgement and season. ticks were collected from the vegetation, from small rodents and from deer. all entomopathogenic fungi found belonged to the hyphomycetes. paecilomyces farinosus and verticillium lecanii were the predominant species. other species, found only on engorged females were: beauveria bassiana, b. brongniartii, p. fumosoroseus and v. aran ... | 1995 | 7621711 |
| clethrionomys glareolus, but not apodemus flavicollis, acquires resistance to ixodes ricinus l., the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi. | the european rodents clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) and apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked-mouse) are important hosts of the tick species ixodes ricinus, the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi. we have addressed the question whether or not these tick hosts develop resistance to i. ricinus larvae. c. glareolus and a. flavicollis were exposed to 40 i. ricinus larvae for five consecutive times at two week intervals. resistance was tested by the following parameters: percentage of ti ... | 1995 | 7624158 |
| cuticular hydrocarbon composition and phenotypic variability in sympatric populations of ixodes ricinus ticks from poland. | gas chromatography of cuticular hydrocarbons was used to assess genetic similarity and heterozygosity between 18 sympatric populations of adult ixodes ricinus ticks collected from poland. sixteen n-alkanes, 45 monomethylalkanes, and 36 dimethylalkanes were identified. forty-one compounds were detected in 90% of the specimens and nine hydrocarbons were present in all the specimens studied. visual inspection of chromatograms revealed major differences in the relative abundance of hydrocarbons betw ... | 1994 | 7628246 |
| acquisition of borrelia burgdorferi by ixodes ricinus ticks fed on the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus l. | a hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was found to be heavily infested with larval and nymphal ixodes ricinus in a forest park in co. galway, ireland. a large proportion of the ticks that engorged and detached were infected with the spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of human lyme borreliosis. the identity of these spirochaetes was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay with b. burgdorferi-specific monoclonal antibody and by polymerase chain reaction test and they were transmitted f ... | 1994 | 7628256 |
| infection rates of borrelia burgdorferi in different instars of ixodes ricinus ticks from the dutch north sea island of ameland. | between 1988 and 1993, a total of 7173 i. ricinus ticks, predominantly, were collected from the vegetation on the dutch north sea island of ameland. a proportion of the ticks (n = 547) was screened for the presence of borrelia by immunofluorescence. infection rates of borrelia varied, in nymphs (n = 347) from 13% to 46% and in adults, (n = 122) from 20% to 43%. the infection rate in larvae (n = 84) collected in 1993 was 21%, showing that transovarial transmission of b. burgdorferi occurs in the ... | 1994 | 7628258 |
| the spatial distribution of borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes ricinus in the connemara region of county galway, ireland. | studies were carried out in the connemara area of county galway in the west of ireland in order to determine the abundance and distribution of the tick, ixodes ricinus and the prevalence of its infection with borrelia burgdorferi. the tick was very abundant locally, in particular when associated with cattle, sheep and enclosed red deer. large numbers of ticks not only occurred on the pastures, but also on adjacent roadside verges. no infections with b. burgdorferi could be demonstrated when nymp ... | 1995 | 7634971 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from two different foci in spain. | the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in several tick species was studied over a 2 year period in two ecologically different areas in spain. one area was an endemic area for lyme disease, with a number of autochthonous human cases and supported large populations of ixodes ricinus on cattle and birds; the second area was characterized by the absence of i. ricinus together with the presence of foxes and their associated tick species. while i. ricinus was the main vector of b. burgdorer ... | 1995 | 7634972 |
| in vitro production of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma by lymph node cells from balb/c mice infested with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. | in this study we compared the ability of lymphocytes taken from axillary and brachial lymph nodes of balb/c mice that had been infested once three times with 15 nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks, to produce interleukin-4 (il-4) and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) after in vitro stimulation with concanavalin a (con a). they released high levels of il-4 and low levels of ifn-gamma. an increase of ifn-gamma between the first and the third tick infestation was observed. salivary gland extracts from female i ... | 1995 | 7635513 |
| [parasitic horse ticks in italy. observations on their distribution and pathogenic role]. | the following 13 species of ticks, belonging to ixodidae family, were recorded in italy on horse (equus caballus) since 1931: ixodes ricinus, i. gibbosus, haemaphysalis inermis, h. parva, h. punctata, h. sulcata, dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rh. bursa, rh. turanicus, hyalomma marginatum, hy. detritum, boophilus annulatus. the regional distribution and the role of the species in the transmission of pathogens are reported. | 1994 | 7637997 |
| [temporal distribution of ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in "macchia grande" park in manziana in the province of rome]. | temporal distribution of tick species was studied in the woodland "macchia grande" of manziana in the province of rome, italy. a total of 2,494 ticks was collected by means of drag sampling during one year of survey (1993). among the species identified, ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) (95.9%) was the most abundant, followed by haemaphysalis inermis (birula, 1895) (2.2%), rhipicephalus bursa (canestrini e fanzago, 1877) (1.8%), dermacentor marginatus sulzer, 1776) (0.1%). i. ricinus was present d ... | 1994 | 7638000 |
| seasonal incidence and ecology of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) on grazing pastures in western france. | a longitudinal survey was carried out during a 2 year period in western france to assess the infestation level of grazing pastures by ixodes ricinus ticks. four farms were visited once a month and each of the grazing pastures was sampled in the centre and at the border using the blanket dragging method. a total of 3562 i. ricinus (34 adults, 900 nymphs and 2628 larvae) were collected and the infestation was significantly higher during the first year (p < 0.0001). the infestation level by i. rici ... | 1995 | 7641568 |
| strain variation of lyme disease spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents collected in two endemic areas in switzerland. | the relationship among lyme borreliosis, borrelia genospecies, rodent reservoirs, and ixodes ricinus l. ticks was studied in two endemic areas in switzerland. ear punch biopsies and sampling of internal organs were used to isolate borrelia burgdorferi (johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt and brenner) from small mammals, apodemus sylvaticus l., a. flavicollis melchoir, clethrionomys glareolus schreber. spirochetes were isolated from ear tissue and spleen of the rodents. isolates were homogeneous a ... | 1995 | 7650703 |
| expression of outer surface proteins a and c of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus. | a total of 472 field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks from southern germany were investigated by immunofluorescence for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi with a polyvalent rabbit immune serum and with monoclonal antibodies specific for outer surface proteins a and c (ospa and ospc, respectively). borreliae were detected in 90 ticks with the polyvalent immunofluorescence assay. infection rates in adults (females, 20.2%; males, 25.2%) were significantly higher than in nymphs (12.1%). ospa was det ... | 1995 | 7665661 |
| mixed natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in west slovakia. | total of 923 small mammals of 7 species were collected in locality záhorská ves, west slovakia, in 1990-1992. among examined small mammal species it was clethrionomys glareolus (48.7% of total, 17.5% positive for tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus antibodies), apodemus flavicollis (29.7% of total, 17.5% positive), a. sylvaticus (11.3% of total, 16.3% positive), and microtus arvalis (6.2% of total, 10.5% positive). the most abundant tick species (larval and nymphal stages) on small mammals was i ... | 1995 | 7676942 |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of borrelia burgdorferi isolates from the netherlands. | sixty-three borrelia burgdorferi isolates recovered from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in 17 locations in the netherlands and three dutch human skin isolates were characterized by rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and western blotting (immunoblotting). all three human isolates belonged to b. burgdorferi group vs461. of the tick isolates, 29 (46%) were b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, 2 (3%) were group vs461, 19 (30%) were ... | 1995 | 7699027 |
| pathways of regeneration of haller's sensory organ during the life cycle of the tick hyalomma asiaticum. | a study of regeneration in nymphs and adults of the asiatic desert tick, hyalomma asiaticum, from which forelegs had been amputated during the previous instar, revealed that regenerated haller's sensory organs exhibited significant changes in structure. adult regenerates possessed atavistic features in terms of the number and topography of different sensillar types. regularity in these changes was similar to that demonstrated in regenerates of ixodes ricinus (leonovich and belozerov [1992] exp. ... | 1995 | 7699360 |
| [the ultrastructural characteristics of the histopathological changes at the site of attachment to the host body of larvae of the ixodid tick ixodes ricinus]. | the attachment of ixodid tick ixodes ricinus larvae to white mice and histopathology of host tissue in the attachment site were investigated by means of electronic microscopy. it was demonstrated the presence of cement substance around the mouthparts of tick during the first and the second days of feeding period and the absence of it at the last day of this period. the cement substance consists only of the cement cone (the external cement), situated on the surface of host epidermis. the tick mou ... | 1994 | 7700683 |
| large scale survey of bovine babesiosis due to babesia divergens in france. | data on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis in france were collected from two sources: a questionnaire sent to large animal veterinary surgeons and blood samples collected from cattle treated for clinical babesiosis. babesia divergens was common and widespread. b major was found in only one sample. the disease was particularly widespread in north west, south west and central france. the mean clinical incidence was 0.4 per cent. the bimodal seasonality of the clinical cases was correlated with ... | 1995 | 7709570 |
| immunosuppression and feeding success of ixodes ricinus nymphs on balb/c mice. | the effect of repeated infestations of ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphs on balb/c mice was studied. four successive infectations resulted in an increase of tick feeding success. tick yield and mean engorged weight increased and the length of the feeding period was reduced significantly (p < 0.05-0.01). the increase of specific anti-tick antibodies was not significant (p > 0.05). the blastogenic response of spleen lymphocytes to t-cell mitogens (con a and pha-p) was unimpaired or slightly enhanced, whe ... | 1995 | 7787220 |
| borreliae in larval ixodes ricinus ticks. | 1995 | 7787231 | |
| evaluation of host-targeted applications of permethrin for control of borrelia-infected ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae). | 1995 | 7787232 | |
| [risk of contamination by borrelia burgdorferi s. lato in a forest environment. survey during 13 months of abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus and its level of infestation by the lyme borreliosis agent in brittany]. | the authors, in a forest in brittany previously studied for several years, caught by flagging, each month from april 1992 to may 1993, nymphs of i. ricinus tick, and looked by indirect immunofluorescence, for b. burgdorferi infestation. an amount of 1,506 ticks was thus studied. infestation frequency was varying from 0 per cent in january and february to 14.4 per cent in august. standarding of tick collecting method allowed to establish, for each month, a tick, "availability" index, and, accordi ... | 1995 | 7787457 |
| natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in central europe and the relationship of the incidence of ixodes ricinus to original ecosystems. | based on reports of the national epidemiological service on tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) morbidity in 1953-1987, data in the literature, and results of the author's own field research on the occurrence of the common tick, ixodes ricinus, foci of this disease have been identified on the territory of czechoslovakia. in bohemia a significant focus of tbe in the central bohemian region is located in the krivoklát area with forests and in the berounka, mid-vltava, and lower-sázava river basins, in t ... | 1995 | 7787824 |
| [parasites of mouflons, stags and roe-deer from the lower silesia region]. | the study concerning internal and external parasites in deer was conducted in selected lower silesia forest inspections from may 1988 till june 1992. coproscopic method and section were applied. only in roe-deer the highly extensive invasion of gastrointestinal nematodes was observed (from 50% to 81%, depending on inspections). most frequent were the ostertagia (60%) and nematodirus (30%) types. another problem, mainly in mouflons, were lung nematodes of protostrongylidae family, of which the mu ... | 1994 | 7801642 |
| transmission of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. from mammal reservoirs to the primary vector of lyme borreliosis, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), in sweden. | factors regulating prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in ixodes ricinus (l.) were examined during 1991-1992 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. nine species of small and medium-sized mammals (sorex araneus l., s. minutus l., neomys fodiens pennant, clethrionomys glareolus [schreber], microtus agrestis [l.], apodemus sylvaticus [l.], a. flavicollis [melchior], lepus europaeus pallas, l. timidus l.) were found to infect feeding tic ... | 1994 | 7815401 |
| reverted virulence of attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus mutant is not accompanied with the changes in deduced viral envelope protein amino acid sequence. | serial passages of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus strain 4387 isolated from the liver and lungs of the bank vole through the salivary glands of ixodes ricinus ticks led to a reduction of its virulence for laboratory mice infected via peripheral route. when attenuated mutants were passaged through mouse brains, virulent phenotypes have appeared in the 3rd mouse passage. after 5 consecutive passages the virus was more pathogenic for mice after peripheral inoculation than the parental 4387 str ... | 1994 | 7817894 |
| infiltration of cd4+ cd8+ t cells, and expression of icam-1, ia antigens, il-1 alpha and tnf-alpha in the skin lesion of balb/c mice undergoing repeated infestations with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. | the skin cellular immune response of balb/c mice was examined during three successive infestations with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. an immunohistochemical analysis of skin cryostat sections 72 hr post-tick attachment revealed that cd4+ t cells outnumbered cd8+ t cells in all infestations. the cd4+:cd8+ t-cell ratio was 2.2:1 in the primary infestation, then increased to 3.2:1 and 4.7:1 in the secondary and tertiary infestations. no b lymphocytes (cd45r) were detected in the skin of control and ... | 1994 | 7835923 |
| effects of human recombinant interleukin-2 on resistance, and on the humoral and cellular response of rabbits infested with adult ixodes ricinus ticks. | rabbits were treated with subcutaneous injections of ten doses of 5 x 10(3) units of human recombinant interleukin-2 (il-2) during a first infestation with five adult pairs ixodes ricinus per rabbit, while untreated controls were infested by either five (direct control) or 25 pairs (resistant control) per rabbit. during the second infestation with 25 pairs per rabbit in each group, rabbits treated with il-2 became more resistant than the rabbits in the two untreated control groups. stronger resi ... | 1994 | 7839562 |
| [transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis by ixodes ricinus ticks infected during the nymphal stage]. | the degree of infection of nymphs of ixodes ricinus which finished their feeding on experimentally infected mice on the day of their death from tularaemia represented more than 10(7) cells of francisella tularensis per tick after feeding. the high degree of positivity was preserved in ticks also during one month of metamorphosis. transstadial transmission of the agent from the stage of nymph to the stage of imago was confirmed in adults either by cultivation or by experiments attempting to trans ... | 1994 | 7850217 |
| comparison of dark-field microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of borrelia burgdorferi in field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks. | in a study based on 100 field-collected female ixodes (i.) ricinus ticks from the surroundings of giessen, dark-field microscopy (dfm), culture, and pcr were compared as procedures for detecting lyme borreliosis spirochetes in ticks. by dfm, 16 ticks were found to be infected with spirochetes. from the midgut of 18 ticks (including 14 microscopically positive specimens), spirochetes were cultured in bsk ii medium and in bsk ii medium supplemented with either co-trimoxazole (500 micrograms/ml) or ... | 1994 | 7858345 |
| using cuticular hydrocarbon composition to elucidate phylogenies in tick populations (acari: ixodidae). | cuticular hydrocarbon composition is used to explain hypothetical phylogenies among sympatric and allopatric populations of amblyomma cajennense, a. variegatum and ixodes ricinus tick species. the method proposed here uses a parsimony analysis of endemicity by disjunct biochemical data (paedb) based in the pattern of cuticular hydrocarbons. the advantage of our approach is that information contained in fragments that are not conserved in all the individuals of a populations need not be discarded ... | 1994 | 7863854 |
| [first isolation of borrelia afzelii in france (marne) from ixodes ricinus]. | a strain of borrelia has been isolated from ixodes ricinus in france (marne). the dna analysis by pcr showed that it is identical to b. afzelii. | 1994 | 7866039 |
| effect of repeated infestations of balb/c mice with ixodes ricinus nymphs on tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. | the effect of repeated infestations of balb/c mice with ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphs on tick borne encephalitis (tbe) virus infection was studied. enhancement of nymphal feeding, occurring in noninfected mice during the quaternary infestations, was less apparent or absent in female nymphs engorged on tbe virus infected mice. the mice infected with tbe virus during quaternary tick infestation survived significantly longer (p < 0.01) than mice infected with tbe virus during the primary tick infestat ... | 1994 | 7883261 |
| [incidence of lyme borreliosis in mecklenburg-vorpommern]. | in 1992/93 6202 ticks (ixodes ricinus) were tested in mecklenburg-vorpommern for borrelia burgdorferi via dark-field microscopy. the prevalence of infected ticks was 7.8%. the sera of 1182 forest workers in mecklenburg-vorpommern were tested for antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi. in 31.4% antibodies to b. burgdorferi were found in the sera of forest workers. | 1995 | 7888719 |
| identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from dermacentor marginatus and ixodes ricinus ticks collected in switzerland. | when 155 ticks collected in different regions of switzerland were tested by the hemolymph test, 10.3% were found to contain spotted fever group rickettsiae. six rickettsial isolates were made from dermacentor marginatus ticks and three were made from ixodes ricinus ticks. the polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that the dermacentor ticks were infected with rickettsia length polymorphism analysis showed that the dermacentor ticks were inf ... | 1994 | 7915498 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in selected tick populations in finland. | the purpose of the studies was to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in selected populations of ixodes ricinus in finland and to secure strains of the spirochete for further characterization. 1,210 ixodes ricinus ticks (399 females, 419 males and 392 nymphs) were collected during june to august 1992 by flagging from 8 sites in 3 regions. the frequency of b. burgdorferi infection was determined by isolation in bsk ii medium. the species identity of most of the isolates wa ... | 1994 | 7939436 |
| [a new look at transmission and circulation of tick encephalitis virus in nature]. | the author summarizes briefly the results of experiments which provide evidence of non-viraemic transmission of the virus from infected to non-infected ticks during co-feeding on a non-viraemic host. this mode of transmission originally found in the thogoto virus and its vector, the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, was proved also in the virus of tick-borne encephalitis and its vector ixodes ricinus. based on this fact some conclusions are drawn revising the accepted view regarding the life cy ... | 1994 | 7953087 |
| borrelia burgdorferi in rodents (apodemus flavicollis and a. sylvaticus): duration and enhancement of infectivity for ixodes ricinus ticks. | ixodes ricinus is an important vector of borrelia burgdorferi in europe, and small rodents (apodemus flavicollis, a. sylvaticus and clethrionomys glareolus) are important sources for infecting ticks. in this study, we examined their reservoir role by studying the duration of their infectivity for ticks. a. flavicollis and a. sylvaticus mice captured in nature were exposed to uninfected i. ricinus larvae at different times after their capture: 10 days, and 2, 7, 11, 14 and 40 months. ticks were e ... | 1994 | 7957795 |
| differential immune responses to borrelia burgdorferi in european wild rodent species influence spirochete transmission to ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae). | immune responses to borrelia burgdorferi and their influence on spirochete transmission to ixodes ricinus were analyzed in the natural european reservoir hosts; i.e., the mouse species apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse) and apodemus sylvaticus (wood mouse) and the vole species clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole), and, in addition, in the laboratory mouse strain nmri. naive and preimmunized rodents were infected either by artificially infected i. ricinus larvae or by intradermal injection ... | 1994 | 7960113 |
| infection of field-collected ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) larvae with borrelia burgdorferi in switzerland. | free-living larvae from natural areas in five regions in switzerland were collected to determine the infection rate of ixodes ricinus l. larvae by borrelia burgdorferi johnson. larvae were examined for the spirochetes using direct fluorescent antibody assay. of 652 larvae examined, spirochetes were detected in 20 (3.1%). no differences in infection rate among sites were detected. the low prevalence of b. burgdorferi in larvae, compared with higher infection rate in nymphs (12.8%) and adults (14. ... | 1994 | 7966183 |
| use of ivermectin against a heavy ixodes ricinus infestation in a cat. | 1994 | 7975108 | |
| comparison in the immunological properties of borrelia burgdorferi isolates from ixodes ricinus derived from three endemic areas in switzerland. | borrelia burgdorferi isolates were obtained from ixodes ricinus from three sites in switzerland. they were examined by sds-page and immunoblotting. the phenotypes, in respect of three outer surface proteins (osp), differed between the sites of collection. in site 1, most isolates had an ospa of 31 kda and an ospb of 34 kda; in site 2, isolates presenting an ospa of 33 kda dominated and in site 3, the isolates with an ospa of 32 kda and an ospb of 35 kda were most frequent. this distribution diff ... | 1994 | 8005219 |
| eperythrozoon--a lesson for arbovirologists. | eperythrozoon was detected in suckling mice inoculated with a suspension of nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the organism was filterable through 220 nm millipore membranes, moderately sensitive to diethyl ether, pathogenic to suckling but not to adult mice when given intracerebrally, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, and mimicked an arbovirus. eperythrozoon should be considered as an agent potentially interfering with experiments performed on laboratory mice. | 1993 | 8010190 |
| amplifying role of edible dormice in lyme disease transmission in central europe. | to determine whether the presence of edible dormice (glis glis) amplifies the risk of human infection by the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), the capacity of dormice as reservoir hosts was compared with that of other potential reservoirs in a central european site where risk of human infection is intense. dormice appeared to be more heavily infested by subadult vector wood ticks (ixodes ricinus) than were other reservoir hosts. although their spirochete competence was similar to o ... | 1994 | 8014486 |