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sequence characterization of s100a8 gene reveals structural differences of protein and transcriptional factor binding sites in water buffalo and yak.the present study was undertaken to characterize the structure of s100a8 gene and its promoter in water buffalo and yak. sequence data of 2.067 kb, 2.071 kb, and 2.052 kb with respect to complete s100a8 gene including 5' flanking region was generated in river buffalo, swamp buffalo, and yak, respectively. blast analysis of coding dna sequences (cds) of s100a8 gene revealed 95% homology of buffalo sequence with cattle, 85% with pig and horse, 83% with dog, 72-73% with murines, and around 79% with ...201121774620
[indoor air pollution in the nam co and ando regions in the tibetan plateau].concentrations and variations of fine particulate matter (pm2.5) and carbon monoxide (co) within tents from the nam co and ando regions were observed at summer 2009, in order to understand the concentrations and variations of pm2.5 and co in these tents (or in rooms) and their main affect factors, as well as the exposure of different residents. the result indicates that the twenty-four hour average concentrations of pm2.5 and co (v/v) in the tents without chimney are 1.272 mg x m(-3) and 5.035 x ...201121780573
[genetic characterization of the brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia, and azerbaijan].the goal of this work was to provide comparative genetic characterization of the human and animal brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia and azerbaijan using current molecular-genetic typing methods.201121786630
the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the white yak (bos grunniens).the heads of 12 white yaks (four castrated, four male and four female, 3-8 years old) were dissected to study the shape, location and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion macroscopically. the ganglion was a greyish arciform structure, with a mean length of 17.3 mm, a width of 8.0 mm and a thickness of 3.9 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of m. longus capitis. approximately 5% of the ganglion was covered laterally by the tympanic bulla and the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. the branch ...201121923896
the chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of chinese yak (maiwa) milk.the paper surveyed the chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of maiwa yak milk, and compared the results with reference composition of cow milk. compared to cow milk, yak milk was richer in protein (especially whey protein), essential amino acids, fat, lactose and minerals (except phosphorus). the contents of some nutrients (total protein, lactose, essential amino acids and casein) were higher in the warm season than in the cold season. higher ratios of total essential amino acids/total ...201121954332
the expression of fas/fasl and apoptosis in yak placentomes.to clarify the status and distribution of fas and fas-ligand (fasl) in yak's placentomes, immunohistochemistry (ihc) was carried out to analyze the expression and location of fas and fasl in paraffin embedded sections. the area of positive stained sites was selected and measured using image analyses software (image pro-plus 6.0). so the positive index (pi) was calculated to estimate the intensity of protein expression according to the percentage of positive area in corresponding compartment of t ...201122014664
identification of volatile components in yak butter using safe, sde and hs-spme-gc/ms.the volatile components of yak butter were isolated by solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (safe), simultaneous distillation extraction (sde; dichloromethane and diethyl ether as solvent, respectively) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme; car/pdms, pdms/dvb and dvb/car/pdms fibre extraction, respectively) and were analysed by gc/ms. a total of 83 volatile components were identified under six different conditions, including 28 acids, 12 esters, 11 ketones, 10 lactones, 10 alcohols ...201222017678
cloning and characterization of two β-glucosidase/xylosidase enzymes from yak rumen metagenome.two β-glucosidase/xylosidase genes, rubg3a and rubg3b, were cloned from yak rumen uncultured microorganisms by metagenome method and function-based screening. recombinant rubg3a and rubg3b purified from escherichia coli were characterized for enzymatic properties, and they exhibited activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -glucopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -xylopyranoside, suggesting bifunctional β-glucosidase/xylosidase activity. chromatography analysis showed that they could effectively hydro ...201122020745
sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene can identify meat species.in this study, sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna has been applied for meat species identification. the procedure involves polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial (mt) 12s rrna gene and sequencing of amplicons. amplified product of mt 12s rrna gene was 456 bp in size. species sequenced include cattle (bos indicus), buffalo (bubalus bubalis), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus) and mithun (bos frontalis). sequences were compared with the reported ...200422060864
establishment and application of a polymerase chain reaction for the identification of beef.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method for the identification of beef by amplification of bovine 1.709 satellite dna was established. the method not only was able to amplify raw beef dna, but also cooked or autoclaved meat dna. the sequence selected for amplification consisted of a 218 bp dna fragment lying in the 1.709 satellite dna of bovine. a pair of synthetic oligonucleotides flanking this sequence were used as printers, and genomic dna extracted from beef samples employed as templa ...199922061857
Safety evaluation in vitro of Enterococcus durans from Tibetan traditional fermented yak milk.Despite its ubiquity in fermented dairy products, the safety of lactic acid enterococcal bacteria remains controversial. In this study, five Enterococcus durans strains - A1, A2, B1, B2, and C1 - were isolated from traditional fermented yak milk from Tibet. To evaluate the strains' safety, biogenic amine production, antibiotic resistance and presence of known virulence determinants were investigated. Strain A1 can produce biogenic amines for histamine, spermine, and spermidine (mean values: 8.64 ...201122068487
Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective.A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ...201122083874
beta-xylosidase activity of a gh3 glucosidase/xylosidase from yak rumen metagenome promotes the enzymatic degradation of hemicellulosic xylans.aims:  to characterize the duel activities of a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase/xylosidase from rumen bacterial metagenome and to investigate the capabilities of its β-d-xylosidase activities for saccharification of hemicellulosic xylans. methods and results:  a β-glucosidase/xylosidase gene rubgx1 was cloned from yak (bos grunniens) rumen using the metagenomic technology. recombinant rubgx1, expressed in escherichia coli, demonstrated high hydrolytic activities on both p-nitrophenyl-β ...201122085266
characterizations of particle-bound trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) within tibetan tents of south tibetan plateau, china.exposure to trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) adsorbed on particulates is of a serious health concern. levels of some trace metals in total suspended particulate and 13 pahs of fine particulate matter were measured from nomadic tents in the southern tibetan plateau in summer 2010.201222139300
Molecular characterization, mRNA expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene during pregnancy, nonpregnancy in the yak (Bos grunniens).Prolactin (PRL) plays central roles in a wide range of body functions in mammals, and the actions are mediated by the specific cell surface receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRLR). To better understand the role of PRL in the yak (Bos grunniens), in the present study, we first cloned yak PRLR cDNA, and compared its mRNA expression in several tissues with cattle (Bos taurus). By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) strategy, we obtained full-length of yak PRLR cDNA sequence com ...201122197210
anesthesia of tibetan yak (bos grunniens) using thiafentanil - xylazine and carfentanil - xylazine.the use of 0.025 +/- 0.012 mg/kg (median +/- interquartile range) thiafentanil with 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/kg xylazine (tx) and 0.011 +/- 0.0015 mg/kg carfentanil with 0.25 +/- 0.093 mg/kg xylazine (cx), with dosages based on estimated bodyweight, was used in the anesthesia of 37 tibetan yak (bos grunniens) housed within a drive-through animal park setting. the median time to lateral recumbency was 5 and 7 min for each group, respectively. with the addition of propofol in 8 cx animals and 17 tx animal ...201122204068
characterization of shiga toxin producing (stec) and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) in raw yak (poephagus grunniens) milk and milk products.thirty-one shiga toxin-producing (stec) and 6 enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) were isolated from 87 raw yak milk and 63 'churpi' samples. of 18 stx(1) positive isolates (48.6%), 14 carried stx(1c) (77.7%). subtyping of 28 stx(2) positive isolates (75.7%) revealed the presence of stx(2c) (9, 32.1%), stx(2d) (3, 10.7%), stx(2e) (1, 3.57%) and stx(2f) (3, 10.7%) variants. furthermore, intimin (eaea), enterohaemolysin (ehxa), autoagglutinating adhesin (saa), iha (adherence conferring protei ...201222226073
[analysis of xylanases derived from the metagenomic bac clone library of yak rumen].the diversity of rumen microbial xylanases and their degradation characteristics were studied and the resources of new xylanases genes and enzymes were provided.201122233058
nucleotide diversity of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) in the gayal (bos frontalis).the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) plays a crucial role in determining coat colour of mammals. to investigate the relationship of polymorphism of the mc1r with coat colour in gayal, the coding sequence (cds), and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (utr) of the mc1r were sequenced from 63 samples from the gayal and compared with the sequences of the mc1r from other ruminant species. a sequence of 1,136 bp including the whole cds (954 bp) and parts of the 5'- and 3'-utr (164 and 18 bp, respe ...201222307797
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii in tibetan mastiffs (canis lupus familiaris) and yaks (bos grunniens) in qinghai, china.toxoplasma gondii is an amphixenosis which has extensive hosts. in recent years, the prevalence of t. gondii in china has been reported, while little is known on the survey of t. gondii infection in northwest china, especially in yaks (bos grunniens) and tibetan mastiffs (canis lupus familiaris). the current study survey the infection of t. gondii in tibetan mastiffs and yaks in qinghai province, china.201222330277
a survey of the bacterial composition of kurut from tibet using a culture-independent approach.kurut (fermented yak milk) made by natural fermentation is a very important dairy food for the local people in tibet (china). it is important to fully understand the bacterial composition of kurut for quality improvement and industrial production. because more than 99% of prokaryotes cannot be cultured and identified by methods currently used in taxonomy, we applied a culture-independent approach to explore the microbial biodiversity of this traditional food. in this study, a bacterial 16s rrna ...201222365190
identification of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented yak milk and evaluation of their application in fermented milk products.in this study, 53 strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from xueo, a traditional fermented yak milk in the western sichuan plateau of china, were identified and their use in fermented milk was evaluated. all gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were divided into 6 groups at the level of 87% similarity using amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis. these groups were identified as 6 species using 16s rdna sequence analysis and atpa gene analysis. the dominant lab strains in xu ...201222365191
enzymatic characteristics of crude feruloyl and acetyl esterases of rumen fungus neocallimastix sp. yak11 isolated from yak (bos grunniens).rumen fungus neocallimastix sp. yak11 was isolated from yak (bos grunniens), and three consecutive 10-day pure cultures were anaerobically performed at 39 °c in 20-ml hungate's tubes to explore ferulic acid esterase (fae) and acetyl esterase (ae) activity profiles of the fungus grown on whole hay fraction of chinese wildrye grass (leymus chinensis) (whocw , n = 4) and its neutral detergent fibre fraction (ndfcw , n = 4), respectively. an aliquot of 0.7-ml culture was sampled daily using a steril ...201322369648
isolation and characteristics of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) in the chinese yakow (bos grunniens×bos taurus).the chinese yakow is the offspring of yak (bos grunniens) and yellow cattle (bos taurus). the melanocortin 1receptor gene (mc1r) plays a crucial role in determining coat colour of mammals. to investigate the relationship of polymorphism of the mc1r with coat colour in the chinese yakow, the coding sequence (cds) and the flanking region of mc1r were sequenced from 84 chinese yakow samples and compared with the sequences of the mc1r from other bovid species. a fragment of 1134 base pair (bp) seque ...201222391095
isolation of metallothionein genes and in silico structural characterization of their proteins using molecular modeling from yak (bos grunniens).yak metallothioneins (bgmts) are cysteine-rich metal-chelating proteins with highly conserved cysteine residues in their amino acid sequences. the 3d structures of the cd(7)-bgmts reconstructed by molecular modeling included two domains: the β-domain with m(3)(s(cys))(9) metal-thiolate clusters and the α-domain with m(4)(s(cys))(11) metal-thiolate clusters. an unusual variant was found at position 30 (cys30→ser30) in bgmt-iii, which is usually conserved in the mammalian mt-i/-ii (cys29) and mt-i ...201222399135
polymorphic but highly conserved bogr-dra gene in yak (bos grunniens). 201222404363
tracking of wisent-bison-yak mitochondrial evolution.one of the most informative sources which allow the drawing of far-reaching conclusions about the origins and phylogenetics of many species, including domestic animals and humans, is mitochondrial dna (mtdna). one of the important research targets should include the identification of similarities between wild and domestic species. the analysis involved the nucleotide sequences of mtdna of wisent, auroch, bison, yak, bovine reference sequence (brs) t3, t3a, t3b, t1, t1a, t1'2'3, t2, t3, t4, t5, q ...201222415349
development of real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.universal primers and probes were selected on the basis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of borrelia burgdorferi in genbank®, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detection of b. burgdorferi was established. the results showed that this method could specifically detect the b31 strain (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto), the bo23 strain (borrelia afzelii), and the sz strain (borrelia garinii), without cross-reaction with genome dna of theileria (t. luwenshuni, t. uilenbergi, t ...201222448677
differential mrna expression and promoter methylation status of sycp3 gene in testes of yaks and cattle-yaks.synaptonemal complex protein 3 (sycp3) is a dna-binding protein located on the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex. this protein plays an important role in homologous chromosome pairing and is necessary for male meiosis of spermatogenesis. to further understand the sycp3 gene function and its relationship to cattle-yak male sterility, we investigated the characteristics of the bovine sycp3 (bsycp3) gene as well as its transcription level and epigenetic modification status. the bsycp3 ge ...201222497622
alternative splicing of testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase c gene in mammals and pigeon.the objective of the present study was to confirm the widespread existence of alternative splicing of lactate dehydrogenase c (ldhc) gene in mammals. rt-pcr was employed to amplify cdnas of ldhc from testes of mammals including pig, dog, rabbit, cat, rat, and mouse, as well as pigeon. two to six kinds of splice variants of ldhc were observed in the seven species as a result of deletion of one or more exons or insertion of partial sequence of an intron in the mature mrna. the deleted exons occur ...201222537060
genetic variation in the β-lactoglobulin of chinese yak (bos grunniens). 201222552344
differences in mitochondrial gene expression profiles, enzyme activities and myosin heavy chain types in yak versus bovine skeletal muscles.hypoxia can affect energy metabolism. we examined gene expression and enzyme activity related to mitochondrial energy metabolism, as well as myosin heavy chain (myhc) types in yaks (bos grunniens) living at high altitudes. real-time quantitative pcr assays indicated that the yak has significantly lower levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt) mrna in the biceps femoris and lower levels of uncoupling protein 3 (ucp3) mrna in both biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi than in yellow cattle. n ...201222653670
isolation and identification of cultivable lactic acid bacteria in traditional yak milk products of gansu province in china.various traditional fermented yak milk and raw milk foods could be considered as an abundant resource for obtaining novel lactic acid bacteria (lab) with unique properties. eighty-eight samples of yak milk products were collected from gansu province in china. three hundred and nineteen strains of lab isolated from these samples were identified by phenotypic methods, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) technology. among the isolates, one hund ...201222688240
enzymatic characterization of transglutaminase from streptomyces mobaraensis dsm 40587 in high salt and effect of enzymatic cross-linking of yak milk proteins on functional properties of stirred yogurt.streptomyces transglutaminase (tgase) purified from high-salt medium was characterized and applied into yak yogurts. the purified enzyme presented a michaelis constant of 40.47 mmol and a maximum velocity of 44.44 u/mg of protein for n-carboxybenzoyl-l-glutaminyl-glycine in the hydroxamate procedure. the purified tgase exhibited optimum activity at 55°c and ph 6.0. the enzyme was not stable above 50°c and was stable within a ph range of 5.0 to 10.0 at 4°c for 12h and ph 5.0 to 9.0 at 37°c for 30 ...201222720914
studies on "stiffness of extremities disease" in the yak (bos mutus).wild yak (bos mutus) are affected by a disorder known colloquially as "stiffness of extremities disease," characterized by emaciation, lameness, stiffness in the gait, enlargement of the costochondral junctions, and abnormal curvature in the long bones. results from preliminary epidemiologic and clinical observations suggested that this was a local, nutritional and metabolic disease associated with some mineral deficiency. our objective was to determine the possible relationship between this dis ...201222740519
the yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude.domestic yaks (bos grunniens) provide meat and other necessities for tibetans living at high altitude on the qinghai-tibetan plateau and in adjacent regions. comparison between yak and the closely related low-altitude cattle (bos taurus) is informative in studying animal adaptation to high altitude. here, we present the draft genome sequence of a female domestic yak generated using illumina-based technology at 65-fold coverage. genomic comparisons between yak and cattle identify an expansion in ...201222751099
metagenomic insights into the fibrolytic microbiome in yak rumen.the rumen hosts one of the most efficient microbial systems for degrading plant cell walls, yet the predominant cellulolytic proteins and fibrolytic mechanism(s) remain elusive. here we investigated the cellulolytic microbiome of the yak rumen by using a combination of metagenome-based and bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based functional screening approaches. totally 223 fibrolytic bac clones were pyrosequenced and 10,070 orfs were identified. among them 150 were annotated as the glycoside ...201222808161
epigenetic reprogramming of yak iscnt embryos after donor cell pre-treatment with oocyte extracts.the treatment of donor cells with oocyte extracts before inter-species somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) is a novel method for cellular reprogramming. this study aims to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment donor cell with oocyte extracts on the early developmental competence of yak iscnt embryos. yak fibroblasts were reversibly permeabilized with streptolysin o, and then treated with yak oocyte extracts (yoe) or bovine oocyte extracts (boe) prior to iscnt. the 8-cell and blastocyst formatio ...201222854438
[polymorphisms of inhibin α gene exon 1 in buffalo (bubalus bubalis), gayal (bos frontalis) and yak (bos grunniens)].to elucidate the genetic characteristics of the bovine inhibin α subunit (inha) gene, the polymorphisms in exon 1 of inha and its bilateral sequences were assayed using pcr with direct sequencing in buffalo, gayal and yak. a comparative analysis was conducted by pooled the results in this study with the published data of inha on some mammals including some bovine species together. a synonymous substitution c.73c>a was identified in exon 1 of inha for buffalo, which results in identical encoding ...201222855448
idiograms of yak (bos grunniens), cattle (bos taurus) and their hybrid. 196922896062
estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from indian livestock.greenhouse gas (ghg; methane and nitrous oxide) emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management of indian livestock were estimated from the last two indian livestock census datasets (2003 and 2007) using ipcc tier 2 (2006) guidelines. the total annual ghg emissions from indian livestock increased in 2007 compared to the year 2003 with an annual growth rate of 1.52% over this period. the contributions of ghg by dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and other animals (y ...201222898933
emergence of the virulence plasmid in salmonella onarimon and salmonella blegdam from yak. 201322989517
morphological study of the sinus node and its artery in yak.the sinus node of yak has been studied by the histological methods and transmission electron microscopy. the sinus node artery of yak was also determined by the injection-corrosion casting technique, the angiography, and histological methods. the results showed that the sinus node of yak contained an extensive framework of collagen and two main type cells: pacemaker cells (p cells) and transitional cells (t cells). the p cells had a perinuclear clear zone, contained less myofibrils, and appeared ...201223044916
bos grunniens papillomavirus type 1: a novel deltapapillomavirus associated with fibropapilloma in yak.papillomaviruses (pvs) have been widely identified among vertebrates, but have not yet been reported to infect yaks. we report, for the first time, a novel deltapapillomavirus that was associated with fibropapilloma in yak herds on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. six skin papilloma samples were collected and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and pcr assays. the samples were identified as fibropapilloma and were found to contain pv antigens. sequencing of diagnostic pcr products an ...201323052399
comparison of methanogen diversity of yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus) from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china.methane emissions by methanogen from livestock ruminants have significantly contributed to the agricultural greenhouse gas effect. it is worthwhile to compare methanogen from "energy-saving" animal (yak) and normal animal (cattle) in order to investigate the link between methanogen structure and low methane production.201223078429
maternal phylogeny of a newly-found yak population in china.the jinchuan yak is a new yak population identified in sichuan, china. this population has a special anatomical characteristic: an additional pair of ribs compared with other yak breeds. the genetic structure of this population is unknown. in the present study, we investigated the maternal phylogeny of this special yak population using the mitochondrial dna variation. a total of 23 jinchuan yaks were sequenced for a 823-bp fragment of d-loop control region and three individuals were sequenced fo ...201223109865
seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.the seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection in yaks was investigated in qinghai and tibet of china during the year 2011. a total of 549 (tibet 287, qinghai 262) serum samples was collected from tibet and qinghai and were examined for bvdv p80 antibody by elisa. the results of the experiment showed that 145 (53.65 %) of tibetan samples and 189 (72.14 %) of qinghai's samples were positive for bvdv. the observations of the present study suggest that bovine viral diarrhea is c ...201323111636
prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of yak recombinant myostatin.myostatin (mstn) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. the objective of the present study was to express yak (bos grunniens) recombinant mstn protein in e. coli and study its characteristics of immunogenicity. cdna encoding yak mstn mature peptide was amplified by reverse-transcription pcr, and cloned into pet28a(+) vector and expressed in e. coli. the expressed recombinant mstn was purified by affinity chromatography and used to prepare rabbit anti yak mstn antibody. the results sh ...201223134305
the yak genome database: an integrative database for studying yak biology and high-altitude adaption.the yak (bos grunniens) is a long-haired bovine that lives at high altitudes and is an important source of milk, meat, fiber and fuel. the recent sequencing, assembly and annotation of its genome are expected to further our understanding of the means by which it has adapted to life at high altitudes and its ecologically important traits.201223134687
combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of laurasiatherian mammals: application to the tribe bovini (cetartiodactyla, bovidae).mitochondrial sequences are widely used for species identification and for studying phylogenetic relationships among closely related species or populations of the same species. however, many studies of mammals have shown that the maternal history of the mitochondrial genome can be discordant with the true evolutionary history of the taxa. in such cases, the analyses of multiple nuclear genes can be more powerful for deciphering interspecific relationships. here, we designed primers for amplifyin ...201323159894
establishment and characterization of two fetal fibroblast cell lines from the yak.the objective of this work was to not only establish two fetal fibroblast cell lines from yak lung and ear tissue using a primary explant technique and cell cryogenic preservation technology but also check for their quality and biological characteristics. the cells showed typical morphologic characteristics of fibrous and long spindle appearance. outgrowth of fibroblast-like cells from the lung and ear explants was around 2 and 3 d, and reaching 90% confluence level was in the ninth day and the ...201223161386
oocyte extract improves epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells and cloned embryo development.the objective was to investigate the effects of bovine oocyte extract (boe) on epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells, based on their cell cycle status, histone acetylation, dna methylation, gene expression, and cloned blastocyst formation. permeabilization of yak fibroblasts after treatment with 10 or 50 μl of boe (treated-s and treated-l groups, respectively) for 24 hours increased (p < 0.05) the cell population at the g(0)/g(1) phase (85.2 ± 2.3% and 89.6 ± 1.5%, respectively) compa ...201323186945
characterization of dicrocoelium chinensis from domestic yaks in gansu and sichuan provinces, china, using genetic markers in two mitochondrial genes.dicrocoelium chinensis is commonly known as the "lancet fluke" or "small liver fluke" which lives in the bile ducts and gall bladder of domestic and wild ruminants. in this study, we examined sequence variability in two mitochondrial (mt) genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes, among d. chinensis isolated from domestic yaks in gansu and sichuan provinces, china. a portion of the cox1 (pcox1) and nad1 (pnad1) genes was amplified by pcr se ...201323194108
spontaneous cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks and detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus-1 and -2.seven clinical cases of cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks were studied in arunachal pradesh, india. sporadic, single or a chain of multiple varying size warts appeared around the eyes or on the body. predominant site of warts was around eyes. histopathologically, these cases were diagnosed as fibropapilloma. it was confirmed by the detection of bpv-1 and bpv-2 or their mixed infection by pcr and sequencing. quantitative sybr green real-time pcr detected comparatively lower viral dna copy number i ...201323206264
[cell density mediated cellulases synthesis in cellulosilyticum ruminicola].cellulosilyticum ruminicola h1 is an anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium isolated from the rumen content of yak. previously, we found that strain h1 lost growth on filter paper cellulose after several subcultures. the growth on cellulose cannot be restored until a few transfers in the cellobiose-containing medium. this is contrary to the knowledge that microbial cellulases synthesis is induced by the substrate while repressed by the metabolites, e. g. cellobiose, but provides a hint of cell-density ...201223236840
altitudinal distributions of pcdd/fs, dioxin-like pcbs and pcns in soil and yak samples from wolong high mountain area, eastern tibet-qinghai plateau, china.topsoil along the altitudinal gradient (2086-4487 m above sea level) and yak samples, collected from wolong high mountain area of sichuan province, western china, were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcbs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) using hrgc-hrms. the total concentrations of pcdd/fs, dl-pcbs, and pcns in soils were: 2.48-4.30 pg g(-1) dw (dry weight), 7.6-10.5 pg g(-1) dw, and 13.0-29.0 pg g(-1) dw, ...201323266553
babesia bigemina infection in yak (poephagus grunniens l.): molecular detection and characterization.yaks contribute significantly in the himalayan high land economy. specific information on prevalence of babesiosis in yaks is lacking. a fast and reliable pcr assay targeting babesia bigemina small subunit ribosomal rna sequence (ss rrna) was laboratory standardized for molecular detection of b. bigemina in yaks. restriction digestion of the pcr amplified 675 bp target sequence with vsp i confirmed the prevalent species of babesia as b. bigemina. nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis o ...201323298564
seroprevalence of bovine tuberculosis infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.bovine tuberculosis (btb), a chronic disease caused by mycobacterium bovis, has been widely reported in bovines in developing countries, but there is little information on this infection in domestic yaks. seroprevalence of antibodies to m. bovis in yaks from six and three regions of tibet and qinghai plateau, china, respectively, was investigated in 2011 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. a total of 1,244 (tibet 938, qinghai 306) blood samples was collected and the results showed that 24 ...201323338819
study of infection of echinococcus granulosus in yak in spring and its potential role in transmission of cystic echinococcosis in rangtang county of sichuan, china. 201323425806
mutational tail loss is an evolutionary mechanism for liberating marapsins and other type i serine proteases from transmembrane anchors.human and mouse marapsins (prss27) are serine proteases preferentially expressed by stratified squamous epithelia. however, mouse marapsin contains a transmembrane anchor absent from the human enzyme. to gain insights into physical forms, activities, inhibition, and roles in epithelial differentiation, we traced tail loss in human marapsin to a nonsense mutation in an ancestral ape, compared substrate preferences of mouse and human marapsins with those of the epithelial peptidase prostasin, desi ...201323447538
[research progress on molecular genetic diversity of the yak (bos grunniens)].studies on genetic diversity, as the core of population genetics, reveal genetic variations of the yak (bos grunniens). since the 1970s, the morphological, chromosomal, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, as well as dna sequence polymorphisms, in yak have been extensively investigated. following the rapid development of molecular genetics and dna sequencing technology, the molecular genetic diversity of yak has become a focus in recent studies. in this paper, the research progress on ...201323448927
[genetic diversity of dna microsatellite for tibetan yak].to assess the genetic diversity and relationship of the tibetan yak breeds. the genetic diversity and phylogenies of a total of 480 individual from 11 tibetan yak groups were analyzed using pcr and multiplex gel electrophoresis of silver staining technology with eight pairs of microsatellite markers.the result showed that these markers were highly polymorphic loci with rich genetic diversity in the tibetan yak populations.the average polymorphic information content (pic) in 11 groups of yak were ...201323448930
proteomic analysis of cow, yak, buffalo, goat and camel milk whey proteins: quantitative differential expression patterns.to aid in unraveling diverse genetic and biological unknowns, a proteomic approach was used to analyze the whey proteome in cow, yak, buffalo, goat, and camel milk based on the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) techniques. this analysis is the first to produce proteomic data for the milk from the above-mentioned animal species: 211 proteins have been identified and 113 proteins have been categorized according to molecular function, cellular components, and biological ...201323464874
purification and properties of a monomeric lactate dehydrogenase from yak hypoderma sinense larva.the objective of the present study was to study the characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) from hypoderma sinense larva. h. sinense larvae were collected from yak (bos grunniens) and identified by a pcr-rflp method. analysis of ldh activity showed that the total ldh activity in h. sinense larva was negatively correlated with the length of larva. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extracts of h. sinense larvae revealed one band of ldh, which was then purified by affinity chromatogr ...201323474203
foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier status in bos grunniens yaks.the carrier status of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is complicated, and the role of carrier animals in virus transmission is controversial. to investigate the carrier status of fmdv in animals that live in high altitude, bos grunniens yaks were infected experimentally with fmdv o/akesu/58.201323497369
dna-based authentication method for detection of yak (bos grunniens) in meat products.a taqman probe real-time pcr method was developed for rapid detection of yak component in raw and cooked meat products. specific primers and taqman probes of yak (bos grunniens) were designed in the cytochrome b gene. the specificity of the method was evaluated using pure meat of eight yak breeds (jiulong, qinghai plateau, maiwa, gannan, bazhou, sibu, zhongdian, and jiali) samples and nine non-bos grunniens animals (sheep, goat, pig, chicken, cattle, water buffalo, donkey, horse, and rabbit). dn ...201323513969
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
potential antibacterial activity of berberine against multi drug resistant enterovirulent escherichia coli isolated from yaks (poephagus grunniens) with haemorrhagic diarrhoea.to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of berberine, a plant alkaloid.201323608335
effects of high pressure treatment and temperature on lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of yak (poephagus grunniens) body fat.effects of high-pressure treatment (100 mpa to 600 mpa) on lipid oxidation and composition of fatty acids in yak body fat at 4 °c and 15 °c were investigated for up to 20 days storage. 400 and 600 mpa treatments increase the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars) 335% and 400% (p<0.05), respectively. composition analysis shows that 600 mpa treatment induces a lower (p<0.05) percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and c22:6 decreased significantly. a significant decrease in p ...201323632108
genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau.tibetans live on the highest plateau in the world, their current population size is approximately 5 million, and most of them live at an altitude exceeding 3,500 m. therefore, the tibetan plateau is a remarkable area for cultural and biological studies of human population history. however, the chronological profile of the tibetan plateau's colonization remains an unsolved question of human prehistory. to reconstruct the prehistoric colonization and demographic history of modern humans on the tib ...201323682168
technical note: identification of suitable normalizers for microrna expression analysis in milk somatic cells of the yak (bos grunniens).microrna are approximately 18- to 22-nucleotide nonprotein coding molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. in the present study, we assessed the suitability of 8 noncoding small rna as normalizers for microrna (mir) quantitative analysis in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks, including 3 small nuclear rna (snrna; rnu1a, rnu5a, and rnu6b), 3 small nucleolar rna (snorna; snora73a, z30, and snora74a), 1 rrna (5s), and 1 transfer rn ...201323684019
the molecular phylogenetic signature of bali cattle revealed by maternal and paternal markers.bali cattle is a domestic cattle breed that can be found in malaysia. it is a domestic cattle that was purely derived from a domestication event in banteng (bos javanicus) around 3,500 bc in indonesia. this research was conducted to portray the phylogenetic relationships of the bali cattle with other cattle species in malaysia based on maternal and paternal lineage. we analyzed the cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) mitochondrial gene and sry of y chromosome obtained from five species of the bos genus ...201323686165
nucleolus-like bodies in the pineal gland of the adult yak (bos grunniens).the pineal glands of adult yak were studied electron microscopically. nucleolus-like bodies (nlbs) were found mostly in the pinealocytes and the interstitial cells of the pineal glands of the yak. the nlbs were electron-dense, round or ovoid bodies with a diameter of 50 nm - 500 nm. two types of granules were identified as melanin. these may correspond to different stages of a progressive storage of melanin. rough endoplasmic reticula with abundant ribosomes were observed. there was no correlati ...201323718144
cloning and polymorphisms of yak lactate dehydrogenase b gene.the main objective of this work was to study the unique polymorphisms of the lactate dehydrogenase-1 (ldh1) gene in yak (bos grunniens). native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three phenotypes of ldh1 (a tetramer of h subunit) in yak heart and longissimus muscle extracts. the corresponding gene, ldhb, encoding h subunits of three ldh1 phenotypes was obtained by rt-pcr. a total of six nucleotide differences were detected in yak ldhb compared with that of cattle, of which five mutation ...201323739677
sodium butyrate improves the cloned yak embryo viability and corrects gene expression patterns.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt), a powerful tool in basic scientific research, has been used widely to increase and preserve the population of endangered species. yak (bos grunniens) is one of these species. development to term of interspecies cloned yak embryos has not been achieved, possibly due to abnormal epigenetic reprogramming. previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of intraspecies cloned embryos with (nabu) significantly improves nuclear-cytoplasmic reprogra ...201523759515
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in yaks (bos grunniens) from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china.shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) are recognized as important human pathogens of public health concern. many animals are the sources of stec. in this study we determined the occurrence and characteristics of the stec in yaks (bos grunniens) from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china. a total of 728 yak fecal samples was collected from june to august, 2012 and was screened for the presence of the stx 1 and stx 2 genes by taqman real-time pcr after the sample was enriched in modifie ...201323776496
zebularine and scriptaid significantly improve epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblasts and cloning efficiency.abnormal epigenetic reprogramming of the donor nucleus after somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) is thought to be the main cause of low cloning efficiency. following scnt, the donor nucleus often fails to express early embryonic genes and establish a normal embryonic pattern of chromatin modification. therefore, in this study, we have attempted to improve epigenetic reprogramming of the donor nucleus and cloned embryos with zebularine and scriptaid. yak fibroblasts were treated with 20 μm zebul ...201323790013
ph treatment as an effective tool to select the functional and structural properties of yak milk caseins.qula is made from yak milk after defatting, acidifying, and drying. yak milk caseins are purified from qula by dissolving in alkali solution. the effects of different ph treatments on the functional and structural properties of yak milk caseins were investigated. over a broad range of ph (from 6.0 to 12.0), functional properties of yak milk caseins, including solubility, emulsifying activities, and thermal characteristics, and the structural properties, including 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonat ...201323791485
impacts of dung combustion on the carbon cycle of alpine grassland of the north tibetan plateau.alpine grassland of tibet is a frangible ecosystem in terms of carbon (c) emission. yak dung is an important resident energy with about 80 % of yak dung combusted for energy in the north tibetan plateau. this paper investigated the impact of dung combustion on the c cycle of the alpine grassland ecosystem in north tibet, china. during the growing season of 2011, from a field survey and household questionnaires, the main impacts of dung collection for fuel on the c cycle of the ecosystem were ide ...201323797483
bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) - a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis.bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) is known to cause several diseases worldwide. it is a double-stranded dna virus consisting of 33 structural proteins out of which 13 are associated with the envelope. based on genomic analysis and viral peptide patterns, bhv-1 virus can be divided into several subtypes like bhv-1.1, bhv-1.2, and bhv-1.3. however, all subtypes are antigenically similar. the symptoms of the related diseases are mainly non-life-threatening but have a rather wide host range that limits a ...201323802762
molecular characteristics of the mhc-dra genes from yak (bos grunniens) and chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus).two full-length cdnas (762 bp) of the dra gene from yak and chinese yakow were isolated and analysed to identify structural and functional variations. the sequences for dra in yak (bogr-dra) and chinese yakow (bogr × bola-dra) were essentially identical to those for cattle (99%) and buffalo (97%). except for two substitutions in the amino acids comprising the domain for signal peptide (sp) in yak, the additional residues were highly conserved across the species investigated. peptide-binding site ...201423815277
splice variants and promoter methylation status of the bovine vasa homology (bvh) gene may be involved in bull spermatogenesis.vasa is a member of the dead-box protein family that plays an indispensable role in mammalian spermatogenesis, particularly during meiosis. bovine vasa homology (bvh) of bos taurus has been reported, however, its function in bovine testicular tissue remains obscure. this study aimed to reveal the functions of bvh and to determine whether bvh is a candidate gene in the regulation of spermatogenesis in bovine, and to illustrate whether its transcription is regulated by alternative splicing and dna ...201323815438
molecular cloning, gene expression and methylation status analysis of piwil1 in cattle-yaks and the parental generation.the piwi-like protein 1 (piwil1) plays an important role in spermatogenesis and transposon control. in mammals, the absence of the piwil1 gene can lead to over-expression of retrotransposons, spermatogenetic arrest, and male infertility. to assess whether the piwil1 gene is associated with the male sterility of cattle-yaks, we examined piwil1 and line-1 (long interspersed element-1) retrotransposon mrna expression and dna methylation patterns in the testes of cattle, yaks, and cattle-yaks. our r ...201323830763
globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia.as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ...201323866036
identification and quantification of different species in animal fibres by lc/esi-ms analysis of keratin-derived proteolytic peptides.in the present paper, a proteomic method for species determination in fibres has been developed. keratin was extracted from yak, wool and cashmere fibres and digested by trypsin, providing peptide mixtures that were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (lc/esi-ms) in order to identify peptidic species-specific markers able to differentiate the fibres. several suitable peptide markers were identified and validated in different fibres of different origin an ...201323893638
pure cultures and characterization of yak sertoli cells.the culture of primary sertoli cells has become an important resource in the study of their function. however, their use is limited because of contamination of isolated cells with other testicular cells, mainly germ cells. the aim was to establish technique to obtain pure yak sertoli cells as well as to study the growth kinetics and biological characteristics of sertoli cells in vitro. two-step enzyme digestion was used to separate and culture yak sertoli cells. cultured using starvation method ...201323938058
malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer).within the tribe bovini in the subfamily bovinae, the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), american bison (bison bison), european bison (bubalus bonasus) and yak (bos grunniens) are recognized as species highly susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). in contrast, the lack of reports describing clinical mcf in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) whether free ranging or captive has led to a perception that african buffaloes are resistant to mcf. during the last decade, several cases of mcf i ...201523957274
hepatitis c virus modulates lipid regulatory factor angiopoietin-like 3 gene expression by repressing hnf-1α activity.hcv relies on host lipid metabolism to complete its life cycle and hcv core is crucial to this interaction. liver secreted angptl-3 is an lxr- and hnf-1α-regulated protein, which plays a key role in lipid metabolism by increasing plasma lipids via inhibition of lipase enzymes. here we aimed to investigate the modulation of angptl-3 by hcv core and identify the molecular mechanisms involved.201423978712
associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes with the polled trait in datong domestic yaks.the domestic yak (bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol of animal husbandry at high altitudes. yaks exhibit unique external characteristics including long hair and large horns. however, hornless yaks can be found in different breeds and different populations. the hornless trait is also known as polled, and the poll locus has been fine-mapped to chromosome 1 in cattle (bos taurus), although the underlying genetic basis of the polled trait is still unclear in the yak. thus, we performed an associatio ...201424033474
low oxygen tension and relative defined culture medium with 3, 4-dihydroxyflavone are beneficial for yak-bovine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo.with an aim to improve the efficiency of yak-bovine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt), this study investigated the effect of different culture systems on the development, quality and gene expression profile of yak-bovine iscnt embryo. reconstructed embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (msof) or relative defined culture medium (rdcm) with 5% or 20% oxygen tension. relative mrna abundance of oct-4, ifnt, igf-2, bax, gpx-1, sod-1, cat and gss was analysed in ...201424103013
the arteries of brain base in species of bovini tribe.studies were conducted on 78 preparations of head and brain arteries in four species of bos genus, that is in domestic cattle (n = 59), including 22 foetuses (crl 36.5-78.5 cm), in banteng (bos javanicus, n = 3), yak (bos mutus f. grunniens, n = 2), american bison (bison bison, n = 4), and european bison (bison bonasus, n = 10). the comparative analysis permitted to demonstrate a similar pattern of brain base arteries in the studied animals. in the studied species, blood vessels of the arterial ...201324106047
an epidemiological study of hypoderma infection and control using ivermectin in yaks in qinghai province, china.the prevalence of hypoderma spp. in yaks grazed in the east of qinghai province was investigated in 2008. in this area, the prevalence in young yaks (1- to 3-year-old) was very high at 82.2-98.7%, whilst in adult yaks (4-year-old and older), the prevalence was 42.4-50.6%. the seasonal development and migration pattern of hypoderma larvae in yak bodies was found to be similar for different locations in this area. the numbers of first, second and third instar larvae detected in yak bodies peaked i ...201424107486
segmentation features and structural organization of the intrapulmonary artery of the yak.this study aims to systematically investigate intrapulmonary artery segmentation, blood vessel wall characteristics and structure organization, and the interrelation between intrapulmonary artery structure and plateau hypoxia adaptation in yak. the normal intrapulmonary artery structure of the yak had been studied using histological methods and transmission electron microscopy. the intrapulmonary artery of the yak was also examined using morphometric analysis and angiography. results showed that ...201324123963
seasonal variations in the fatty acid profile of milk from yaks grazing on the qinghai-tibetan plateau.an experiment was conducted to study the seasonal changes in the fatty acid profile of milk from yaks (bos grunniens) when kept at altitudes of 3000 m above sea level (a.s.l.) and higher. data and samples were collected in summer (july), autumn (september), winter (november) and spring (march) from ten lactating yaks (four in spring). the yaks grazed pastures adjacent to the farm building throughout the year. in spring only they received 0·6 kg crop by-products per day (dry matter basis). fresh ...201324124762
importance of functional ingredients in yak milk-derived food on health of tibetan nomads living under high-altitude stress: a review.tibetan nomads have lived since ancient times in the unique and harsh environment of the qinghai-tibetan plateau with average altitudes over 4000 m. these people have been able to live and multiply healthily over numerous generations under the extreme stress of high-altitude environment, including cold, hypoxia, and strong ultraviolet radiation, and with a simple diet devoid of vegetables and fruits for most of the year. their survival depends heavily on yak milk, and its products comprise the m ...201424188303
patterns of livestock predation by carnivores: human-wildlife conflict in northwest yunnan, china.alleviating human-carnivore conflict is central to large carnivore conservation and is often of economic importance, where people coexist with carnivores. in this article, we report on the patterns of predation and economic losses from wild carnivores preying on livestock in three villages of northern baima xueshan nature reserve, northwest yunnan during a 2-year period between january 2010 and december 2011. we analyzed claims from 149 households that 258 head of livestock were predated. wolves ...201324202281
profiling of the yak skeletal muscle tissue gene expression and comparison with the domestic cattle by genome array.of all the mammals of the world, the yak lives at the highest altitude area of more than 3000 m. comparison between yak and cattle of the low-altitude areas will be informative in studying animal adaptation to higher altitudes. to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in meat quality differences between the two chinese special varieties qinghai yak and qinchuan cattle, 12 chemical-physical characteristics of the longissimus dorsi muscle related to meat quality were compared at the age of ...201424229734
evolutionary history of bovine endogenous retroviruses in the bovidae family.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) are genomic elements of retroviral origin that are present in the genomes of almost all vertebrates. in cattle, more than 13,000 elements related to ervs have been detected, and based on the pol gene, 24 families or groups of bovine ervs have been described. however, information about ervs in other bovids and the presence of families of related bovine ervs in different species of the bovidae family is scarce.201324256121
comparative sequence analysis in the exon 5 of growth hormone gene in the various livestock species of india.the aim of the study was to identify genetic polymorphism in growth hormone (gh) gene locus of six different livestock species using pcr-direct dna sequencing method. in exon 5 of gh gene, 10 snps variants were identified in all livestock species studied, namely bubalus bubalis, bos indicus, bos frontalis, bos grunniens, ovis aries, and capra hircus. four snps were observed in bubalus bubalis, two snps in bos indicus, one snp in ovis aries, and three snps in capra hircus. no changes were observe ...201424299185
association of novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor-a gene with high-altitude adaptation in yak (bos grunniens).vascular endothelial growth factor-a gene (vegf-a) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and an endothelial cell mitogen that plays an important role in high-altitude adaptation. in this study, we detected 2 novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of vegf-a by screening for genetic variation in 700 individuals of 3 domestic chinese yak breeds--namely gannan (gn), datong (dt), and tianzhu white (tzw)--using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and dna sequencing te ...201324301921
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