Publications

[community viral pneumonia in the adult population: a prospective multicenter study of 62 cases. the pneumonia study group of the community of valencia].	the present work prospectively analyzes, in a multicentric study, viral pneumonias acquired in the community during one year. were studied 510 patients diagnosed of pneumonia in hospital, or whom 62 (12.1%) had a viral origin. influenza virus a and b were the most common causative agents (47.6% and 20.6% respectively). smoking habit was present in 44% of patients, previous ocfa in 45% and other previous pathology in 64.4%. the greatest number of registered cases was during december. the most fre ...	1990	2102533
[diagnosis of influenza virus type a and b infections].		1990	2113124
eukaryotic coupled translation of tandem cistrons: identification of the influenza b virus bm2 polypeptide.	previous nucleotide sequence analysis of rna segment 7 of influenza b virus indicated that, in addition to the reading frame encoding the 248 amino acid m1 protein, there is a second overlapping reading frame (bm2orf) of 585 nucleotides that has the coding capacity for 195 amino acids. to search for a polypeptide product derived from bm2orf, a genetically engineered beta-galactosidase-bm2orf fusion protein was expressed in escherichia coli and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum was raised to the puri ...	1990	2114979
influenza surveillance--wales, 1988-89.	important functions of influenza surveillance include early detection of epidemics-enabling immunization of persons not previously covered by routine immunization programs, notification of health providers to prepare for the possible impact on clinical workloads and hospital admissions, and characterization of prevalent strains to permit the timely production of appropriate vaccines. in 1986, a general-practice-based surveillance system was established in wales to facilitate reporting of infecti ...	1990	2123515
nucleotide sequence and some biological properties of the ns gene of a newly isolated influenza b virus mutant which has a long carboxyl terminal deletion in the ns1 protein.	by a heterotypic cross between influenza viruses a/wsn (h1n1) and b/yamagata/1/73, we obtained a mutant of b/yamagata (awby-234), which expressed a greatly truncated ns1 protein with molecular weight of 13,500. direct sequencing of the ns gene of the mutant revealed a deletion of a single uridine base at the position 310, 311, or 312 of the plus sense rna, giving rise to a new stop codon at the position 314-316. the resulting ns1 protein was predicted to be composed of only 90 amino acids, compa ...	1990	2136779
epidemiology of haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in israel, 1981-90.	in the western world, haemophilus influenzae type b is an important cause of morbidity and long-term disability in children. the availability of vaccines capable of preventing h. influenzae type b disease in very young infants stimulated this longitudinal observational review of the epidemiology of h. influenzae type b meningitis in israel, based on cases reported to the ministry of health in the decade 1981-90.	1990	2152153
cold recombinant influenza b/texas/1/84 vaccine virus (crb 87): attenuation, immunogenicity, and efficacy against homotypic challenge.	healthy susceptible young adults were inoculated intranasally with increasing doses of wild-type influenza b/texas/1/84, or the cold-adapted vaccine possessing the genes specifying the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the wild-type parent and the six internal genes of cold adapted b/ann arbor/1/66 (crb 87). most volunteers inoculated with 10(6.6)-10(7.6) tcid50 of crb 87 were infected, but a high frequency of serum antibody responses was seen only at the highest dose (17/29; 59%). the dose of ...	1990	2153185
viral lower respiratory tract infections in filipino children.	viral causes of acute lower respiratory tract infection were studied prospectively between 15 june and 31 october 1984 in 312 filipino children less than 5 years old living in periurban slums and middle-class housing. the cause was based on viral antigen detection, virus isolation, and antibody assays. there were 131 children (41.2%) who were admitted to the hospital, and 150 (47%) had an infiltrate on chest radiograph. a total of 198 viral infections were confirmed in 162 patients (51.9%), 42.3 ...	1990	2153734
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (acip)		1990	2159107
effect of influenza virus strains on lipid metabolism of infected hek cells.	we have shown previously that in infected hel cells varicella-zoster virus (vzv) causes a shift from polar to neutral lipid synthesis and that some strains of the virus depressed total lipid synthesis. in this report we show that vzv produces a similar effect on the lipid metabolism of infected human embryonic kidney cells. the pattern of lipid synthesis in human embryonic kidney cells infected with either of two strains of influenza type a virus was similar to that of control uninfected cells, ...	1990	2165041
the influenza b virus mouse model of reye's syndrome: clinical, virologic and morphologic studies of the encephalopathy.	the influenza b virus mouse model of reye's syndrome was studied to learn more about the encephalopathy in reye's syndrome. one to 3 days after intravenous influenza b/lee virus, balb/c mice became lethargic, seized and lapsed into a fatal coma. wide-spread cerebral edema without inflammation developed 1-3 days after virus inoculation. swollen astrocytic foot processes containing increased glial fibrillary acidic protein were located around capillaries. viral particles were not seen by electron ...	1990	2169526
anti-viral immunity induced by recombinant nucleoprotein of influenza a virus. ii. protection from influenza infection and mechanism of protection.	protection against influenza a virus infection in mice immunized with recombinant nucleoprotein (rnp) was studied. nucleoprotein-immune mice were protected against a lethal challenge with a/puerto rico/8/34 (a/pr8) virus but showed considerable morbidity before recovery. local boosting of the immune system with rnp by intranasal immunization improved the protection in np-immune mice, and the decrease in morbidity after infection was reflected in accelerated clearance of virus from lungs. however ...	1990	2172156
[the incidence of influenzal, para-influenzal and adenoviral antigens in keratoconjunctivitis patients during immunization with nivgrip vaccine].	repeated intranasal administrations of nivgrip, influenza inactivated vaccine, to patients with chronic recurrent keratoconjunctivitis, led to a significant reduction of respiratory virus incidence, as revealed by the immunofluorescence test in the conjunctive epithelial cells. the effect is probably due to endogenous interferon stimulation by the vaccine, at the nasopharyngeal level.	1990	2176535
isolation and identification of viral agents in argentinian children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.	from a total population of 1,002 children with acute lower respiratory infection (alri), identification of virus was achieved in 304 cases. in this survey, 1,000 nasopharyngeal aspirate and 13 lung tissue samples were tested in four cell lines (hep-2, mrc-5, mdck, and llc-mk2) and by indirect immunofluorescence (iif), while 242 paired sera were studied by complement fixation. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was the most frequently detected agent (n = 183), followed by adenovirus (n = 28), para ...	1990	2176736
a hospital-based study of acute viral infections of the respiratory tract in thai children, with emphasis on laboratory diagnosis.	the hospital-based study described here examined the viruses found in 738 children less than 5 years old who presented at ramathibodi hospital, bangkok, thailand, from january 1986 to december 1987 with acute respiratory tract infections. three methods for detection of viral infection are compared: direct examination of epithelial cells of the respiratory tract with the use of fluorescent antibody staining, isolation of virus, and measurement of antibody in acute- and convalescent-phase sera. vi ...	1990	2176738
the sequence of changes in liver and brain in the influenza b virus mouse model of reye's syndrome.	the time course of morphologic changes in the influenza b mouse model of reye's syndrome is described and compared to the clinical, virologic, and biochemical changes. following an intravenous inoculation of a lethal dose of an egg adapted strain of influenza b/lee/40 virus, mice first showed clinical signs of lethargy and ruffled fur at 12 hours (h) post inoculation (pi). the earliest morphologic changes in the liver occurred at 12 h pi, and consisted of a slight increase in fat and loss of gly ...	1990	2177102
evaluation in children of cold-adapted influenza b live attenuated intranasal vaccine prepared by reassortment between wild-type b/ann arbor/1/86 and cold-adapted b/leningrad/14/55 viruses.	a reassortant cold-adapted (ca) influenza b experimental live attenuated intranasal vaccine was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in children by means of a blind, placebo controlled study. the vaccine contained the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes, and the gene for its non-structural proteins from wild-type (wt) b/ann arbor/1/86 virus, the contemporary strain at the time of the study. other genes were derived from ca b/leningrad/14/55 virus. no increase in illness rates was seen in t ...	1990	2180233
differential interaction of virulent and attenuated influenza virus strains with ferret alveolar macrophages: possible role in pathogenicity.	the ferret provides a unique model for the study of human influenza. the interaction between alveolar macrophages and virus strains with different levels of virulence was examined in vitro. the greater virulence of wild-type a strains over type b and c viruses was reflected in the higher production of infectious virus progeny and subsequent cytopathology, even though the expression of viral antigens was equivalent for all strains tested. these included a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) and a/rochester/1/8 ...	1990	2181032
expression of influenza a and b virus nucleoprotein antigens in baculovirus.	full-length cdna clones of the nucleoprotein (np) genes of influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 and b/ann arbor/1/86 viruses were constructed from virion rna and subsequently expressed in spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells using the baculovirus vector, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. western blot analysis of lysates prepared from sf9 cells infected with the recombinant viruses confirmed that the baculovirus-expressed np antigens were reactive with monoclonal antibodies specific for eithe ...	1990	2197370
[influenza viruses studied by fluorescent immunoassay with temporary resolution].	monoclonal antibodies, epidemic strains of influenza a and b viruses, conjugates were studied by fluorescence immunoassay with temporary resolution using equipment of different companies. differences and specificity of monoclonal antibodies to influenza a and b viruses were demonstrated. the highest sensitivity of the method with the test system used was determined, being 20 ng/ml of viral protein. the method was shown to be useful for influenza virus detection both in solutions containing purif ...	1990	2202151
hepatic steatosis during convalescence from influenza b infection in ferrets with postprandial hyperinsulinemia.	the possibility that postprandial hyperinsulinemia could play a role in the development of hepatic lipid disturbances during convalescence from influenza b infection was explored in the ferret as a possible model of the steatosis of reye's syndrome. postprandial hyperinsulinemia was produced by feeding young ferrets glucose/water and a regular diet (glucose-treated group), as reflected by the mean serum insulin levels attained, which were 57 and 135 microu/ml during control and postinfluenza per ...	1990	2205696
influenza b virus mrna synthesis in vivo: efficient transcription of vrnas 1, 2 and 3.	influenza b virus genomic rna (vrna) segments encoding polymerase proteins were shown to be efficiently transcribed in vivo, unlike those of influenza a virus. the results are discussed in connection with the primary structure of the 3' ends of vrna segments.	1990	2212997
the hemagglutinin of influenza b virus present in clinical material is a single species identical to that of mammalian cell-grown virus.	when clinical specimens of influenza virus are adapted to grow in embryonated hens' eggs, variants are selected which have specific amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (ha). in contrast, a single virus, distinct from any egg-adapted variant, is selected when virus is isolated on mdck mammalian cell culture. we have utilized the polymerase chain reaction to determine the nature of the hemagglutinin of influenza b viruses present in clinical material prior to cultivation in the laborator ...	1990	2219728
[the structure of carbohydrate chains of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus b/leningrad/179/86].	the main surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (ha), was obtained by treatment of influenza virus b/leningrad/179/86 with bromelain. amino acid and monosaccharide compositions of ha and neuraminidase (na, earlier isolated from the same virus) were determined, thus showing ha and na to contain 8-10 and 2 carbohydrate chains, respectively. the carbohydrate fragments were cleaved off by the alkaline libh4 treatment, the oligosaccharides released were reduced with nab3h4 and fractionated by two-step h ...	1990	2222528
cold-adapted influenza viruses for use as live vaccines for man.		1990	2222834
[an epidemic of type b influenza in the geriatric psychiatry department of a psychiatric hospital].	the authors submit an epidemiological and aetiological analysis of a local epidemic of influenza type b which occurred in april 1989 in a mental hospital at the geronto-psychiatric department. in the course of two weeks 26 patients and 5 health workers from a total of 72 exposed subjects contracted influenza. 50% of the patients who contracted influenza died. the authors emphasize the necessity of early preventive epidemiological provisions in institutions of this type.	1990	2224975
overwhelming influenza b infection in an infant.		1990	2243657
antigenic analysis of recent influenza virus isolates.		1990	2248884
[influenza epidemics in the ussr and czechoslovakia in 1979-1984].	in this work materials characterizing the appearance and development of influenza epidemic at the territories of the ussr and the czech socialist republic are presented, the common features and differences of the epidemic process in both countries are recorded. the work shows that in both countries the appearance of this epidemic is caused by the same virus. in most cases the epidemic started earlier and lasted longer in the ussr, but morbidity rate during the epidemic was, on the whole, higher ...	1990	2256401
[evaluation of an anti-influenza vaccine in a group of elderly].	to 57 individuals of the old people's home in güines and artemisa municipalities, without vaccinal contraindications, was administered and inactivated bivalent antigrippal vaccine with the antigenic content: a/kiev/59/79 (h1n1) and a/filipina/2/82 (h3n2). trough the inhibition technique of hemagglutination in pair sera, satisfactory results (seroconversion) were obtained in more of the vaccinated individuals, for both antigens. local reactions such as erythema and papule were observed. nine pati ...	1990	2259788
[an analysis of the antigenic structure of the hemagglutinins from different strains of the influenza b virus by using monoclonal antibodies].	a comparative immunological analysis of the antigenic composition of hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza b virus drift-variants isolated during 46 years was carried out using monoclonal antibodies (mab) to ha of b/oregon 5/80 virus in hi test and solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. the presence of type- and group-specific antigenic determinants was demonstrated which agreed with our previous data obtained in studies with polyvalent sera. however, using mab three more group-specific determinants were det ...	1990	2267779
[the effect of the procedure for sampling clinical material on the detection of influenza virus antigens by immunochemical methods].		1990	2267786
demonstration of "all or none" rule in the antiviral activity of complement.		1990	2268547
do influenza epidemics spread to neighbouring countries?	this study compares the main causes of influenza epidemics reported in czechoslovakia (csr) and the german democratic republic (gdr) during the 9 seasons between 1980 and 1988. the influenza epidemics due to identical virus types were experienced in the two countries in the 1980, 1984 and 1986 seasons, and of these only the 1984 epidemic associated with a-strain influenza a/chile/1/83 (h1n1) virus could be demonstrated to spread from the eastern parts of the csr to the northern areas of the gdr. ...	1990	2273246
epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in young children from thailand.	a prospective evaluation of the epidemiology and presentations of acute respiratory infections in children younger than 5 years of age admitted to children's hospital bangkok (1988 to 1989) was supported by the world health organization. there were 226 patients with the inclusion criteria: 1 to 5 years of age; duration of illness less than 2 weeks; no prior antibiotic therapy; and low socioeconomic status. the disease categories included: croup, 19 cases; bronchiolitis, 60 cases; and pneumonia, ...	1990	2277743
[an outbreak of influenza in hospital personnel].	during the last week of december 1989, an outbreak of respiratory system infection involved 32 hospital personnel and 2 patients was detected in gazi university medical faculty hospital. white blood cells count of the patients were either normal or there were a slight leucopenia. throat cultures of the most patients were normal. serum aso, crp, bilirubin, ast and alt were usually within normal limits. according to symptoms, signs and laboratory data we considered a viral disease, especially infl ...	1990	2287292
cot deaths in canterbury (nz): lack of association with respiratory virus patterns.	this study was done to see whether any association between sids and respiratory viruses might be more obvious in canterbury where the cot death rate is so high (about seven per thousand live births). the numbers of common respiratory virus identifications for the eight year period july 1981 to june 1989 were analysed for associations with cot death. the identifications were from inpatients at the christchurch public hospital and other community sources in canterbury. weak associations were found ...	1990	2291729
antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccines of various antigenic concentrations.	four inactivated influenza vaccines (containing the recommended antigens for the 1985-1986 influenza season) of various antigenic concentration levels were randomly administered to 140 study participants. the effect of the increasing antigen concentration resulted in significantly higher influenza hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody levels 3 weeks after vaccination for the a/h1n1 antigen but not for the a/h3n2 or b antigens. also, at 3 weeks after vaccination, there were significantly lowe ...	1990	2299213
viral infections and recurrences of febrile convulsions.	to determine whether complicated febrile seizures occur more often in children with a proven viral infection, we performed viral examinations on 144 children with febrile convulsions, of whom 112 had simple and 32 had complicated seizures. a diagnosis of virus infection was verified in 46% of the former patients and 53% of the latter. three adenoviruses, one parainfluenza virus type 2 and one type 3, one respiratory syncytial virus, one echovirus type 11, one herpes simplex virus type 2, and one ...	1990	2299489
specificity and in vitro transfer of the immunosuppressive effect of detergent-disrupted influenza virus vaccine.	primed murine splenocytes give an in vitro antibody response to influenza whole virus vaccine (wvv), as measured by enzyme immunoassay (eia). when subunit vaccine (sv) of either influenza a or influenza b virus was added to in vitro splenocyte cultures stimulated with wvv, the eia antibody response to homologous wvv was reduced. this reduction in antibody response was observed when sv was prepared using zwitterionic detergent (empigen bb), non-ionic detergent (triton-x-100) or cationic detergent ...	1990	2302839
passively transferred monoclonal antibody to the m2 protein inhibits influenza a virus replication in mice.	the m2 protein of influenza a virus is expressed on the surfaces of infected cells, and a monoclonal antibody to this protein inhibits plaque enlargement of sensitive influenza a viruses without reducing plaque titer (s.l. zebedee and r.a. lamb, j. virol. 62:2762-2772, 1988). in the current study, passively transferred monoclonal antibody to m2 reduced the level of replication of influenza a virus but not of influenza b virus in the lungs of mice. these experiments demonstrated that antibody to ...	1990	2304147
cocirculation of two distinct evolutionary lineages of influenza type b virus since 1983.	during 1988-1989 two highly distinct antigenic variants of influenza type b were recognized in hemagglutination-inhibition tests with postinfection ferret serum. these viruses were antigenically related to either b/victoria/2/87, the most recent reference strain, or b/yamagata/16/88, a variant that was isolated in japan in may 1988. all influenza b viruses isolated in the united states during an epidemic in the winter of 1988-1989 were antigenically related to b/victoria/2/87. however, in severa ...	1990	2309452
a host-cell-selected variant of influenza b virus with a single nucleotide substitution in ha affecting a potential glycosylation site was attenuated in virulence for volunteers.	an influenza b virus was passaged in man (virus a) and then in human embryo trachea (c) and into embryonated eggs (d) or directly into eggs (b). virus a, b, and c had the same (cell-like) haemagglutinin phenotype on reaction with selected monoclonal antibodies while d had an "egg-like" phenotype. the viruses were administered at a dose of 1,000 tcd50 (for mdck cells) by intranasal inoculation to groups of 27 or 28 volunteers. viruses a, b, and c all produced disease in six to eight volunteers, w ...	1990	2310304
viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections in children in north india.	two hundred and thirty children clinically diagnosed as suffering from acute respiratory infection were tested for four major groups of viral aetiological agents, i.e. influenza para-influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and adenoviruses using indirect immunofluorescence technique. at least one of the respiratory viruses was identified in 51 (22 per cent) specimens, which included influenza a in 6 (3 per cent), influenza b in 3 (1 per cent), para-influenza type 1 in 3 (1 per cent), para-i ...	1990	2313777
enhancement of antibody responses to influenza b virus haemagglutinin by use of a new adjuvant formulation.	mice and guinea pigs were immunized with the haemagglutinin (ha) of influenza b-ussr/100 virus, either in syntex adjuvant formulation-1 (saf-1) or in saline. antibody titres were determined by elisa, haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization. animals immunized with ha in saf-1 had significantly higher antibody titres than did animals immunized with ha in saline. both 3-week-old and 13 1/2-month-old mice had greater and more uniform antibody responses to ha in saf-1 than to ha in sali ...	1990	2316284
laboratory properties of cold-adapted influenza b live vaccine strains developed in the us and ussr, and their b/ann arbor/1/86 cold-adapted reassortant vaccine candidates.	the adaptation of two influenza b strains (b/leningrad/14/55 and b/ann arbor/1/66) to replication at 25 degrees c is described. comparison of the two viruses indicates that both also exhibit temperature sensitive phenotypes, although that of the virus b/leningrad/14/55 is less pronounced. when inoculated into ferrets both viruses replicate well in the trachea, but only the b/leningrad/14/55 cold-adapted virus replicates in the lungs. this virus exhibited a moderate level of attenuation in the an ...	1990	2316285
evaluation of the infectivity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of live cold-adapted influenza b/ann arbor/1/86 reassortant virus vaccine in adult volunteers.	a cold-adapted (ca) influenza b reassortant that derived two genes encoding the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza b/ann arbor/1/86 wild-type virus and six internal rna segments from ca influenza b/ann arbor/1/66 virus was evaluated in 66 adult volunteers having a serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer less than or equal to 1:8. the ca reassortant was attenuated and elicited the production of systemic and local antibodies; the 50% human infectious dose was 10(6.4) tcid50. s ...	1990	2324538
live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccine in school-age children.	in 1985, we enrolled 189 school-age children by family in a double-blind study to determine protection against influenza by a single dose of cold-recombinant bivalent a vaccine or commercial trivalent inactivated vaccine compared with placebo. all children in school or day care, 3 to 18 years of age, in an enrolled family received the same preparation. following vaccination, 60% and 21% of cold-recombinant bivalent a vaccine recipients and 73% and 83% of trivalent inactivated vaccine recipients ...	1990	2330929
[study on the effects of influenza virus vaccines--relation between the rate of two-fractional vaccination and the overall rate of absenteeism].	in 1987 and 1988, in 9 elementary schools, the percentage of children who received two sessions of vaccination and the overall rate of absenteeism resulting from influenza were determined for each class, and their relationship was investigated. the following results were obtained. 1) the mean vaccination rate was 58.6% among 157 classes in 1987, whereas it was 29.9% among 151 classes in 1988, the rate being significantly higher in 1987. 2) the mean overall rate of absenteeism was 1.524% in 1987, ...	1990	2335753
evolutionary pattern of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza b viruses isolated in japan: cocirculating lineages in the same epidemic season.	the unexpectedly low efficacy of influenza vaccine during school outbreaks of influenza b virus in the spring of 1987 in japan was probably attributable to a poor antibody response of vaccinees to the epidemic viruses. an antigenic analysis of the causative b viruses isolated in 1987 and 1988 showed much variation in hemagglutination inhibition patterns. the nucleotide sequences that code for the ha1 domain of b/fukuoka/c-27/81, b/ibaraki/2/85, b/nagasaki/1/87, and b/yamagata/16/88 viruses were ...	1990	2335820
effect of immunomodulator adamantylamide dipeptide on antibody response to influenza subunit vaccines and protection against aerosol influenza infection.	adamantylamide dipeptide (addp) is a novel synthetic compound combining the antiviral properties of amantadine and the essential adjuvant activity of immunomodulator muramyl dipeptide. mice were immunized with influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2) and influenza b/beijing/1/87 subunit vaccines containing addp or aluminium hydroxide (al(oh)3). induction of homologous haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies and correlation to protection against lethal aerosol influenza a/pr/8/3 ...	1990	2336875
the phosphorylation of the integral membrane (m1) protein of influenza virus.	the phosphorylation of the internal and integral membrane (m1) protein of influenza virus was studied. four points can be made based on the data: (1) the m1 contains at least two moles of phosphate per mole of m1. (2) phosphorylation of m1 is conserved between influenza a, b and c viruses. other characteristics of the m1 are also conserved, such as solubility in organic solvent, heterogeneity and ability to partition into lipid vesicles. (3) m1 is phosphorylated in cells infected with a vaccinia ...	1990	2349833
enhancement of dth response by cholera toxin b subunit inoculated intranasally together with influenza ha vaccine.	the effects of b subunit of cholera toxin (ctb) on delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) response to influenza vaccine derived from influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (pr-8, hlnl) virus were investigated in b10 mice that were immunized intranasally with both influenza vaccine and ctb. the result showed that intranasal inoculation of this combination augmented dth response to influenza vaccine, which reached its peak 6 days after inoculation, and also induced accelerated dth response upon a second inoculati ...	1990	2352500
a hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly.	studies on community acquired pneumonia in the united states in patients over the age of 65 years have shown that gram negative bacilli account for an appreciable proportion of cases, in addition to usual pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. there have been no reports of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly in the united kingdom. we undertook such a study to determine the clinical features, aetiology, and outcome. seventy three patients (38 men) with ages ...	1990	2356552
age-related decline in interleukin 2 production in response to influenza vaccine.	articles in the recent literature document an abnormal antibody response in elderly persons to influenza vaccination. several studies have presented evidence to show that immune dysfunction in aged mice and humans may be due to a defect in the production of interleukin 2 (il2) by helper t cells (th). cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were prepared from blood samples taken at eight weeks after vaccination (0.5 ml of armand-frappier, 15 micrograms/0.5 ml each of a/taiwan/1/86, ...	1990	2358627
pediatric management problems (bronchopulmonary dysplasia with acute respiratory infection).		1990	2359642
[anti-influenza effect of bacterial rnase and the pharmacokinetic basis of its administration in experimental studies].	anti-influenzal action of bacterial and pancreatic rnaases was studied. it was shown in ovo that the rnaases had distinct virus inhibiting activity with respect to various strains of the grippe a virus and did not practically differ by their activity from remantadin but unlike it had inhibitory action on the grippe b virus. the anti-influenzal activity of bacterial rnaase in contrast to pancreatic one was detected not only in experiments with developing chick embryos but also in albino mice with ...	1990	2360851
influenza in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	although patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) might be expected to have more severe illness due to influenza virus infection than normal persons, the course of influenza in such patients has not been well delineated. we describe six consecutive hiv-infected patients at san francisco general hospital in whom influenza virus was isolated from induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens between december 1988 and march 1989. although neither clinical presentation of influ ...	1990	2361409
synthesis and antiviral activity of metabolites of rimantadine.	the hydroxy metabolites of rimantadine (3-5) were synthesized and compared to amantadine (1) and rimantadine (2) for their ability to inhibit the replication of influenza viruses in vitro. all three metabolites were inhibitory to wild-type influenza a viruses (h3n2 and h1n1). in particular, 2-hydroxyrimantadine (3) showed similar activity to amantadine, but the 3- and 4-hydroxy metabolites (4 and 5, respectively), both of which are found in rimantadine-treated patients, showed only modest inhibi ...	1990	2362279
nucleotide sequence of the ha gene of influenza b/beijing/1/87.		1990	2362812
stimulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion by purified influenza virus neuraminidase.	we showed that purified neuraminidase (na) of influenza virus, but not hemagglutinin (ha), possessed the potential to increase in vitro and in vivo the interleukin 1 (il 1) activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. in this study, we report the effect of na and ha on the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) activity by murine peritoneal macrophages. tnf being a cytokine sharing many related and overlapping biological functions with il 1. the two glycoproteins of the strain a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) ...	1990	2364437
[serologic studies in the diagnosis of pneumonia].	the importance of serological determination procedures for the diagnosis of pathogens was investigated in 207 episodes of pneumonia. the pathogenic organisms were detected in 138 cases; in 40 cases serological analysis helped to establish the diagnosis, while in 11 cases of pneumonia, the diagnosis was possible only with serology. the organisms most commonly found by serological investigations were cytomegalovirus (n = 10), aspergillus fumigatus (n = 7), and the influenza b virus (n = 7). multip ...	1990	2367358
the hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza b and c viruses are acylated with different fatty acids.	we present evidence that the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza b virus and the glycoprotein of influenza c virus (hef) are acylated. the fatty acid linkage is sensitive to treatment with hydroxylamine and mercaptoethanol, which points to a labile thioester-type linkage. the ha of influenza b virus contains mainly palmitic acid, whereas the hef glycoprotein of influenza c virus is acylated with stearic acid which has not been observed before as the prevailing fatty acid in viral or cellular acyl pr ...	1990	2371783
chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population.	clinical and serologic data were collected on 667 university of washington students who presented to the david hall student health center between 1983 and 1987 with acute respiratory disease. sera were tested for evidence of acute or past infections with chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza a virus, influenza b virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. pharyngeal swab specimens were cultured for c. pneumoniae and c. trachomatis, but ...	1990	2372005
[preventive influenza vaccination].		1990	2378120
evolutionary changes in influenza b are not primarily governed by antibody selection.	influenza b viruses evolve more slowly than human influenza a, but no reasons for the difference have been established. we have analyzed sequence changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza b viruses (and have determined four hemagglutinin sequences, of b/bonn/43, b/ussr/100/83, b/victoria/3/85, and b/memphis/6/86) in relation to antigenic properties and compared these with similar analyses of variation in influenza a antigens. independent of the slower rate of change in influenz ...	1990	2378639
rapid focus reduction neutralization test of influenza a and b viruses in microtiter system.	a rapid neutralization test for influenza a and b viruses was developed. in this method, a 96-well tissue culture plate was used for the preparation of cell monolayers and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining technique was used for the visualization of foci infected with these viruses. in the presence of trypsin and tragacanth gum, clear foci developed 1 day after infection. a linear relationship between virus dilutions and numbers of foci was observed. when neutralizing antibodies in some tes ...	1990	2380359
acip releases 1990-1991 influenza vaccination recommendations.		1990	2382604
influenza.		1990	2386691
recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 1990-1991 season.		1990	2386721
new crystalline forms of neuraminidase of type b human influenza virus.	new crystalline forms of tetrameric neuraminidase heads from two strains (b/lee/40 and b/mem/89) of type b human influenza virus were obtained and the crystals diffracted using x-rays to 2.5 a resolution without lattice disorder. the new b/lee/40 crystalline form is tetragonal, space group p42(1)2, with unit cell dimensions a = 123.8 a, c = 71.8 a. the b/mem/89 crystalline form is also tetragonal, space group i422, with unit cell dimensions a = 122.9 a, c = 164.4 a. there is one neuraminidase mo ...	1990	2388263
[the use of immunoenzyme analysis in studying the etiologic structure of influenza morbidity in 1985-1988].	in the periods of epidemic increases in the incidence of influenza in 1985-1988, approximately 600 patients with clinical diagnoses of arvi and influenza were examined for the presence of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal washings by solid-phase enzyme-immunoassay and for antibody rises in paired blood sera. the use of modified speia and original test sera for influenza type a and b viruses in rapid diagnosis of influenza made it possible to decode the etiology of the epidemic situations in 1985-1 ...	1990	2389565
hybridoma antibodies produced against bromelain derived cores of influenza virus.	splenic lymphocytes from balb/c mice immunized with "cores" of influenza virus, obtained after bromelain cleavage of the surface glycoprotein, were fused with the p3-ns1/1-ag-1 mouse cell line to yield hybridoma cultures. among 20 stable cloned hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies, one was specific for the nucleoprotein (np), 11 were specific for the membrane (m) protein and eight were specific for the hemagglutinin (ha). these "cores" used as immunogen contained only the internal protei ...	1985	2409434
immunoenzymatic staining of viral and chlamydial antigens in cell culture.	methods are described for the conjugation of antibodies with biotin and for the use of these reagents in an immunoperoxidase staining procedure for infected cell cultures. this technique provides a simple, rapid, and specific approach to the identification and characterization of a number of viral and chlamydial isolates in the diagnostic laboratory.	1985	2411466
[immunogenicity of the antigenic determinants of influenza virus type b hemagglutinin].	the immunogenic activity of antigenic determinants of influenza type b viruses in primary and booster immunizations was studied. in primary immunization, the highest immunogenicity was found with the type- and strain-specific antigenic determinants whereas the antigenic determinants of group specificity were less immunogenic. after booster immunizations the animal sera had antibody to all 3 antigenic determinants.	1985	2413628
the antigenic structure of the influenza b virus hemagglutinin: operational and topological mapping with monoclonal antibodies.	we have probed the antigenic structure of the influenza b virus hemagglutinin (ha) with monoclonal antibodies specific for the ha of influenza b virus, b/oregon/5/80. seventeen laboratory-selected antigenic variants of this virus were analyzed by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays or elisa and an operational antigenic map was constructed. in addition, the monoclonal antibodies were tested in a competitive binding assay to construct a topological map of the antigenic sites. in contrast to th ...	1985	2414911
the influence of norakin on the reproduction of influenza a and b viruses.	the action of the anticholinergic drug norakin (triperiden) on the reproduction of influenza virus a and b strains was studied. in cell culture, primary transcription of influenza a/fpv/weybridge and of influenza b/japan/73 is strongly inhibited by norakin (20 micrograms/ml). when present simultaneously, norakin and rimantadine exert an additive effect. rimantadine-resistant mutants of influenza a exhibit a definite, though limited, cross-resistance to norakin, and vice versa. the results indica ...	1985	2415085
clinical applications of antiviral agents for chemophrophylaxis and therapy of respiratory viral infections.	table iii summarizes clinical applications of antiviral agents in respiratory viral infections. (table: see text) for influenza a virus infections, both oral amantadine and rimantadine are effective when used for seasonal prophylaxis and for prophylaxis in institutional populations. both of these drugs, as well as aerosolized ribavirin, have antiviral and therapeutic effects in uncomplicated influenza. it remains to be determined whether any of these modalities or possibly their combined use [44 ...	1985	2417551
[new strain-specific determinants in the hemagglutinins of influenza b viruses isolated in 1983-1984].	a comparative study of sensitivity to inhibitors and antigenic composition of hemagglutinins of influenza b virus strains isolated in the epidemic season of 1983-1984 and those circulating in 1940-1981 was carried out. the method of selective adsorption of highly active rabbit and rat sera demonstrated that hemagglutinins of contemporary influenza b viruses had both common cross-reacting determinants with previously circulating variants and qualitatively different, strain-specific ones. among th ...	1986	2425493
[antigenic markers of the hemagglutinins of the influenza a and b viruses in the process of variability and the rapid diagnosis of influenza].		1986	2425495
the molecular basis of antigenic variation in influenza virus.		1986	2428216
monoclonal antibodies detect m-protein epitopes on the surface of influenza virions.	various data obtained with activable hydrophobic probes, proteolytic treatments and anti m-protein polyclonal antibodies strongly suggest that m-protein of influenza a is an integral part of the lipid bilayer of native virions and somehow spans at the surface of the virions. therefore we have looked for the presence of m-protein epitopes on the surface of influenza a virion by using four type a m-protein monoclonal antibodies. we developed a specific and sensitive competition elisa where intact ...	1987	2440414
[analysis of the antigenic specificity of the neuraminidases of influenza b viruses isolated in different years].	the antigenic structure of neuraminidases of influenza b viruses isolated in 1940-1984 was studied. lectin test has first been employed for analysis of influenza b virus neuraminidase. the antigenic composition of neuraminidases of these viruses was shown to be different. the strains isolated in the epidemic of 1983-1984 underwent further drift of the neuraminidase component and represent a heterogeneous group in this respect. the use of monospecific antiserum to purified neuraminidase helped sp ...	1987	2445105
[involvement of the afterbirth in influenza].	light- and fluorescence-microscopy examinations of 186 placentas were carried out, with concurrent determination of placental interferon, isolation of influenza virus, and serologic tests of maternal and fetal blood, and amniotic fluid. in 32 of the cases, placentitis caused by serotype a or b of influenza virus was present, characterized by hyperplasia and subsequent destruction of amniotic cells, trophoblast, decidual cells, and vascular endothelium, by the presence of influenza antigens, fuch ...	1987	2446593
enzymological characteristics of avian influenza a virus neuraminidase.	neuraminidases of 18 strains of avian influenza a virus were examined by both colorimetric and fluorometric assays using fetuin and 4-methylumbelliferyl-n-ac-alpha-d-neuraminide as substrates, respectively, to compare them with those of human influenza a and b viruses. the ratios of the neuraminidase activity of avian influenza virus measured by the colorimetric assay method to that measured by the fluorometric assay were distributed in the range of 2.4-20.3. the enzyme of avian influenza virus ...	1987	2451112
[identification of the antigenic components of the host cell in isolated glycoproteins of the influenza virus].	immunological analysis performed by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay and complement fixation test revealed the presence of host cell antigenic components in purified intact influenza virions and isolated hemagglutinins and glycoproteins. three antigens inherent to chick embryo cells were identified in virus preparations: the species-specific antigen, heterogenetic forssman antigen, and one similar to human group a antigen. antisera to purified whole-virion influenza vaccines, to glycoproteins and ...	1988	2461614
class i major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytolytic t lymphocytes recognize a limited number of sites on the influenza hemagglutinin.	two distinct regions of the influenza a/jap/305/57 hemagglutinin molecule are identifiable as sites recognized by murine class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) (h-2d)-restricted cytolytic t lymphocytes (ctl) generated in response to immunization with infectious type a influenza virus. each of these sites can be mimicked by a synthetic oligopeptide of approximately 20 amino acids. data presented herein indicate that these two sites define the dominant immunogenic epitopes on the hemagglut ...	1989	2463623
regulation of lymphokine response during reinfection by influenza virus. production of a factor that inhibits lymphokine activity.	mononuclear cells, obtained from the spleens and lungs of influenza virus-seropositive c57bl/6 mice at 2 to 4 days after re-infection with homologous virus (strain a/bangkok/1/79), produced a low m.w. factor in vitro that prevents the biologic expression, but not production, of the lymphokine, leukocyte migration inhibition factor (lif). the low m.w. factor inhibited lif activity without destroying the lif molecule inasmuch as simple dialysis restored lymphokine activity to culture supernatants. ...	1989	2469719
comparison between two peptide epitopes presented to cytotoxic t lymphocytes by hla-a2. evidence for discrete locations within hla-a2.	an influenza b virus nucleoprotein (bnp) peptide, residues 82-94, defined by limited sequence homology with an hla-a2-restricted peptide from influenza a matrix protein, was recognized by hla-a2-restricted ctl. reciprocal inhibition of t cell recognition by the two peptides suggest that the bnp peptide may have lower avidity for hla-a2 molecules than the matrix peptide. the interaction between this peptide and hla-a2 was explored by studying the ctl recognition of bnp 82-94 presented by mutant h ...	1989	2480387
[comparison of anti-influenza vaccines: whole adsorbed trivalent, trivalent subunit and tetravalent subunit].	two different sub-unit polyvalent vaccines have been compared with the trivalent whole virus adsorbed vaccine, in two different groups of people, including both sexes, aging between 20 and 60 yrs. and between 65 and 85 yrs. respectively. our findings show that all the three vaccines induced high seroconversion rates against the subtypes a/mississippi/1/85 and a/chile/1/83. as to the strain b/ann arbor/1/86 the sub-unit vaccine induced significantly higher seroconversion rates then the whole viru ...	1988	2482767
update: influenza activity--worldwide.		1989	2491764
update: influenza--united states, 1988-89 season.		1989	2491911
update: influenza--united states, 1988-89 season.		1989	2492076
influenza vaccine composition recommendation for the 1989-90 season.		1989	2493570
acute otitis media and respiratory virus infections.	we studied the association of acute otitis media with different respiratory virus infections in a pediatric department on the basis of epidemics between 1980 and 1985. altogether 4524 cases of acute otitis media were diagnosed. the diagnosis was confirmed by tympanocentesis in 3332 ears. respiratory virus infection was diagnosed during the same period in 989 patients by detecting viral antigen in nasopharyngeal mucus. there was a significant correlation between acute otitis media and respiratory ...	1989	2495520
[immune response to influenza vaccination].	the present study investigated the level of immunity of the population against three strains of the influenza virus (a chile/1/83 -a philippines/2/82 and b urss/100/83) before and three months after vaccination, and the immune response to whole virus vaccine as compared with fragmented virus vaccine. a high percentage of the population had titers greater than or equal to 1/10 before vaccination for the chile (54%) and philippines (65.7%) strains, while titers against the urss strain were lower ( ...	1989	2518952
comparative study of the immunogenicity of aqueous versus aluminium phosphate adsorbed split influenza vaccine c.i.	the antibody responses induced by the split influenza vaccine adsorbed on aluminium phosphate and the corresponding, nonadsorbed vaccine, both prepared in the cantacuzino institute, were studied in subjects belonging to three different age groups: 3-6, 10-15 and over 60 years of age, respectively. in all age groups the immunogenicity of the two vaccine preparations was similar, being uninfluenced by the level of preexisting antibodies. the immunogenicity of both vaccines was similar even in chil ...	1989	2519636
[influenza b in hospitalized patients in leningrad].		1989	2525282
[is there a paraspecific effect of influenza vaccination?].	in a placebo-controlled pilot trial no paraspecific effects of influenza vaccination were evident. an activation of unspecific immune defence in the sense of "biological immune response modifiers" is discussed in literature as a possible positive side effect of the vaccination. according to the authors the trial shows the progress achieved in the production of vaccines, which is the better tolerance of the vaccine.	1989	2532514
kinetic studies on the sialidase of three influenza b and three influenza a virus strains.	sialidase of influenza virus type a has been extensively studied through structural and kinetic approaches. however, sialidase of influenza virus type b has been less investigated. in this work, we have studied the activity and some properties (optimal ph, km, vmax, thermal stability) of sialidase in three influenza virus strains of type b (circulating in the period 1983-86) and also the activity and properties of sialidase from three virus strains of type a circulating at the same period of tim ...	1989	2535486