Publications

potential arthropod vectors of african swine fever virus in north america and the caribbean basin.	in an effort to identify arthropods that might serve as vectors and perhaps reservoirs of african swine fever virus (asfv) if it were to enter the u.s.a., the blood-sucking insect triatoma gerstaeckeri and four species of ticks of the genus ornithodoros were established in colonies capable of reproducing in numbers sufficient to enable thorough studies to be made of their asfv vector potentials. a nymphal stage of t. gerstaeckeri carried the virus for 41 days and retained it through one molt, bu ...	1987	3326244
correlations between titres from direct immunofluorescence and bioassay for assessment of potency of "celvivac" swine fever live vaccine.		1987	3327482
moderately virulent african swine fever virus infection: blood cell changes and infective virus distribution among blood components.	blood samples of pigs infected with a moderately virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) isolate, obtained from the dominican republic (dr-ii), were monitored temporally for viremia, infective asfv association with major blood components, differential changes in blood cell composition, and plasma antibodies to asfv. after intranasal/oral virus inoculation, pigs underwent acute infection and illness that resolved. acute illness began on postinoculation day (pid) 4 and continued to pid 11, and p ...	1988	3358545
effect of inhibitors of the host cell rna polymerase ii on african swine fever virus multiplication.	the role of the host cell rna polymerase ii in african swine fever (asf) virus growth has been examined using inhibitors of this enzyme. the adenosine analog 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (drb), an inhibitor of mrna precursor synthesis in mammalian cells, strongly inhibits the production of infectious progeny virus in vero cells, but does not significantly affect the synthesis of virus-specific macromolecules. on the other hand, virion assembly seems to proceed normally in the ...	1988	3363868
classical swine fever: virulence and tissue distribution of a 1986 english isolate in pigs.	following the recurrence of classical swine fever in the united kingdom in 1986, a virus isolated from a single outbreak was studied. a major factor in the spread of this disease is considered to be the presence of infectious virus in tissues taken from animals at certain stages of infection, although their condition may escape detection by routine inspection either before or after slaughter. intranasal inoculation of the isolate into eight-week-old pigs reproduced the acute form of the disease. ...	1988	3394221
inhibition of african swine fever virus dna synthesis by (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine.	the acyclic nucleotide analogue (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa] is a potent and selective inhibitor of african swine fever virus (asfv) replication. using the dna-dna hybridization technique with plasmid prpel-2 as probe, we have shown that (s)-hpmpa exerts a specific, dose-dependent, inhibitory effect on viral dna synthesis. also, (s)-hpmpa inhibits the production of late viral proteins, especially ip-73, in asfv-infected ms and vero cells. when evaluated under th ...	1988	3395330
a model virus-cell system to study the persistence of african swine fever virus.	the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) on vero cells was induced by using 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (idu). after the persistence was established, several cycles of decreasing virus production were observed with intervals in which no virus could be detected. these latency-like periods could last from 15 to 25 days. after three and a half months the cells appeared to be "cured" and no virus was detected during almost three years. these "cured" cells (vero-l) were more resistant to superi ...	1988	3401116
isolation of african swine fever virus from ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex (ixodoidea: argasidae) collected within the african swine fever enzootic area of malawi.	ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex were collected from domestic pig sties and dwelling houses, and from a warthog habitat, and tested for the presence of african swine fever (asf) virus. collections were made in 9 of the 24 districts of malawi, these being primarily the districts in which o. moubata is most numerous. asf virus was isolated from ticks collected in both domestic pig sties and houses in certain villages in mchinji district where asf outbreaks had recently occurred. mchinji d ...	1988	3402546
outbreaks of classical swine fever in great britain in 1986.	classical swine fever was confirmed in 10 herds in britain between april 10 and june 25, 1986 and typical acute disease was seen in nine of them. serological evidence of exposure to classical swine fever virus was found in a further seven herds which, together with another nine, were slaughtered as dangerous contacts. altogether 7781 pigs in 26 herds were slaughtered at a cost of 450,101 pounds for compensation alone. in order to detect subclinical disease, the majority of traced herds were bloo ...	1988	3420768
[development, status and responsibilities in control and immunoprevention of swine fever in east germany].		1987	3442451
[effective preventive dose of riems swine fever vaccine for aerogenic immunization].		1987	3442453
recurrent viruses in a singapore intensive pig farming estate.	the ponggol intensive pig farming estate was conceived approximately 10 years ago to accommodate pig farms resettled from water catchment areas. initially stocking density of the estate was 1300-1500 pigs per hectare (ha) and the total pig population in the estate was 200,000. over the past 10 years the numbers of pigs have increased to 400,000 and the stocking density of the big commercial units have increased to 1500-2500 per ha. with such intensive methods of husbandry environmental problems ...	1987	3446006
phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines and -pyrimidines as inhibitors of african swine fever virus replication in vitro.	several phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurine and -pyrimidine derivatives related to (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa] and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea) were evaluated as inhibitors of african swine fever virus (asfv) replication in vero cells. (s)-hpmpa has previously been shown to inhibit asfv replication at a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.01 microgram/ml with a selectivity index of 15000. of the new compounds tested, the following emerged as the ...	1987	3451699
comparative efficacy of broad-spectrum antiviral agents as inhibitors of african swine fever virus replication in vitro.	various nucleoside analogues, selected on the basis of their previously established broad-spectrum antiviral properties, were evaluated for their potency and selectivity as inhibitors of the in vitro replication of the iridovirus, african swine fever virus (asfv). the test compounds included (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa], 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, (rs)-3-adenin-9-yl-2-hydroxypropanoic acid isobutyl ester, (s)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine, carbocyclic ...	1987	3475038
[incidence and control of classical swine fever in west germany].		1987	3502068
modulation of porcine peripheral blood-derived macrophage functions by in vitro infection with african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates of different virulence.	macrophages play an important role in defense against invading pathogens and neoplastic diseases. their ability to maintain their functional characteristics is also important in the survival of the host. loss of macrophage function during infection may be important in determining resistance or susceptibility of a host species. in this communication, we describe the effect of asfv replication, in macrophages in vitro, on the functional characteristics of these cells. infection with asfv did not a ...	1987	3509675
localization of structural proteins in african swine fever virus particles by immunoelectron microscopy.	seven african swine fever virus structural proteins were localized in the virion by immunoelectron microscopy. african swine fever virus-infected cells were incubated, before or after embedding and thin sectioning, with monoclonal antibodies specific for different structural proteins, and after labeling with protein a-gold complexes, the samples were examined in the electron microscope. proteins p14 and p24 were found in the external region of the virion, proteins p12, p72, p17, and p37 were fou ...	1986	3517383
two-dimensional analysis of african swine fever virus proteins and proteins induced in infected cells.	two-dimensional (2d) analysis of african swine fever (asf) virus purified by percoll gradient centrifugation resolves 54 structural proteins, 30 in conventional ief gels and 24 in nephge gels, while only 26 structural proteins are separated by sds-page. the two main bands separated by sds-page, with mol wt 150k and 72k, correspond to single spots in 2d gels. other bands, including major bands of 38k, 35k, 24k, 17k, and 15.5k mol wt, correspond to multiple proteins of the same molecular weight bu ...	1986	3521071
in vitro and in vivo association of african swine fever virus with swine erythrocytes.	the association of african swine fever virus (asfv) with swine erythrocytes in vivo, in high titers, was verified by inoculating 30 pigs with 17 asfv isolates and assaying their plasma and washed erythrocyte fractions for residual virus. viral antigens were specifically localized on the surface of in vitro and in vivo swine erythrocytes, using the fluorescent antibody technique and 3 monoclonal antibodies specific for asfv. the same monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated virus-specific polypep ...	1986	3521406
a micromethod for measuring swine fever antibody by neutralisation and immunofluorescence.	a micromethod employing the neutralisation and direct immunofluorescence technique for the detection of antibodies against swine fever in pig serum samples is described. the micromethod is simple and reproducible when compared with the macromethod. a total of 80 blood samples were randomly collected for comparison. the results are promising and reveal a 100 per cent correlation with the macrotechnique.	1986	3526486
identification of african swine fever viral antigens in the hemolymph of soft ticks (argasidae: ornithodoros) by the immunodot blot test.	the immunodot blot test was used to identify african swine fever virus (asfv) antigens in the hemolymph from soft ticks (ornithodoros coriaceus) fed on asfv-infected pigs. the immunodot blot test was sensitive and specific for asfv antigens and has potential field application. hemolymph from field-collected ticks can be screened for asfv and a variety of other tick-borne pathogens using this test.	1986	3532842
[differentiation of strains of the swine fever virus depending on their temperature resistance at 56 degrees c and on the size of fluorescent plaques].	in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to differentiate the virulent swine fever virus strain vratsa and the vaccinal strains k and vp with regard to their resistance at 56 degrees c and to the size of the fluorescent plaques. the results obtained were comparable. the virulent strain was found to retain its viability at temperature of 56 degrees c for 30 min. the heated virus formed large, strongly fluorescent plaques in the infected cell cultures of pig kidney. the fluorescent cells ...	1986	3544472
influence of the vaccination regime on the herd immune response for swine fever.	surveys in three areas with emergency vaccination programmes revealed that 86-94% of the pigs vaccinated in the initial mass campaign had developed an adequate antibody titre against swine fever as compared with 29-55% of the pigs involved in supplementary vaccination campaigns. the serological response of piglets born from immunised sows rose with the age of vaccination from 11% at 5-6 weeks to 42% at 7-8 weeks and 77% at 9-10 weeks. in piglets born from immunised sows, a 50% 'take' of the vacc ...	1987	3551318
[trial of the intensity and duration of swine fever immunity in pigs].	comparative testing of the intensity and the continuity of immunity against swine fever was carried out with pigs producers of serum against edema disease and swine erysipelas, vaccinated with an untreated and a freeze-dried k vaccine. control infection studies revealed that serum-producing pigs with regard to edema disease, immunized with a freeze-dried and an untreated lapinized k vaccine, could acquire sufficiently stable immunity from the 6th to the 9th month following immunization both in t ...	1987	3617486
african swine fever. ii. functional disturbances of thrombocytes in pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing virus isolates.	increased bleeding time, impaired blood clot retraction and decreased thrombocyte aggregation were observed in pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing african swine fever virus isolates. these changes appeared to be more frequent and more severe in pigs infected with the haemadsorbing virus isolates than in those infected with the non-haemadsorbing isolate. moreover, the onset and severity of these changes followed the numerical decrease and morphological damage to these ...	1987	3627730
in vivo and in vitro effects of moderately virulent african swine fever virus on mitogenesis of pig lymphocytes.	six pigs were infected oro-nasally with a moderately virulent african swine fever (asf) virus from the dominican republic (dr ii). the effect of virus infection on the pig's immune system was tested by measuring peripheral leucocyte numbers and the ability of mononuclear leucocytes (mnl) to respond by lymphocyte proliferation (lp) to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin-p (pha-p), concanavalin-a (con-a), and pokeweed mitogen (pwm). all 6 pigs developed high viremias between 4 and 18 days post-inocula ...	1987	3629941
[oral immunization of suckling piglets against classic swine fever].	attempts were made to immunize suckling pigs against classic swine fever. the pigs were treated orally, originating from sows which were immunized on the 30th-40th and the 90th-100th day of pregnancy, as well as from sows which were vaccinated one month prior to impregnation. a bulgarian lapinized k vaccine and a soviet lk-vniivvim cell culture were used (immunization being carried out 1-2 hours before the newborns were allowed to suck) at the rate of 150 doses for both vaccines. it was demonstr ...	1987	3629951
proteins synthesized in african swine fever virus-infected cells analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.	at least 74 acidic and 37 basic proteins are synthesized in african swine fever virus (asfv)-infected monkey cells not detected in uninfected cells analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. essentially all the proteins synthesized early during infection are also observed at late times. the use of inhibitors such as cycloheximide and phosphonoacetate has led to the identification of 34 immediate early and 13 delayed early polypeptides. therefore 64 proteins were classified as late polypept ...	1987	3629977
in vitro immune serum-mediated protection of pig monocytes against african swine fever virus.	serum samples from pigs that had recovered from infection with a dominican republic isolate of african swine fever virus (asfv) were mixed with dilutions of the virus, then assayed in microcultures of normal pig mononuclear leukocytes to determine whether the samples contained antibodies that protected monocytes against the virus. protection was determined by the difference in titer (log10) between virus mixed with healthy pig serum and virus mixed with immune pig serum, using 50% cytopathogenic ...	1987	3631688
synthesis of african swine fever (asf) virus-specific antibodies in vitro in a porcine leucocyte system.	we have developed a system of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the synthesis of antibodies in vitro, induced by partially purified african swine fever virus particles inactivated with formaldehyde. the antibodies synthesized were detected by a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 3 ng of immunoglobulin. primary responses were dependent on supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with concanavalin a, macrophages and t lymphocytes. secondary responses did not ...	1987	3679284
dna-binding proteins specified by african swine fever virus.	[35s]methionine-labeled proteins from total or cytoplasmic extracts of vero cells infected with african swine fever virus were chromatographed on native and denatured dna-cellulose and dna-binding proteins were analyzed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), by dna binding to western blots, or by two-dimensional electrophoresis. thirteen virus-specific dna-binding proteins were detected by one-dimensional analysis. major species have molecular mass 44,000 (44k), 38k, 20k, 18k, 14k ...	1987	3686826
establishment of a vero cell line persistently infected with african swine fever virus.	a vero cell line persistently infected with african swine fever virus was established by infecting the cells in the presence of 10 mm nh4cl (vero-p cell line). the virus derived from the vero-p cultures infected vero cells, and virus titers were comparable to those obtained in vero cells acutely infected with african swine fever virus. the structural proteins of the virus from vero-p cells were similar to those of the virus produced in lytic infections. virus production was low when the vero-p c ...	1986	3701926
inactivation and inhibition of african swine fever virus by monoolein, monolinolein, and gamma-linolenyl alcohol. brief report.	monoolein, monolinolein and (most strongly) gamma-linolenyl alcohol inactivate asf virus and inhibit its replication in vero cells at 25 micrograms/ml while at 10 micrograms/ml no inactivation occurs but inhibition of replication in tissue culture is observed. this suggests two possibly different action mechanisms.	1986	3707358
[control of the european hog cholera with regard to new european community regulations. changes in state preventive measures relating to district vaccinations].	since the end of 1982 classical swine fever has again occurred in the federal republic of germany. there was an increasing trend until the middle of 1984. the number of cases increased above all in the northwest of the federal republic, the area with a high pig density. in mid-1984 it was decided in the federal republic to carry out for the first time a large-scale systematic vaccination of all pigs in a certain heavily affected area--similar to what is done in the netherlands--apart from the tr ...	1986	3715854
transcription and translation maps of african swine fever virus.	a transcription map of african swine fever (asf) virus dna was obtained by hybridization of 32p-labeled early and late rnas synthesized in vero cells infected with asf virus to dot-blots containing cloned restriction fragments spanning the viral genome. early rnas synthesized in infected cells in the presence of protein or dna synthesis inhibitors hybridized preferentially to four regions in the genome, with coordinates e1 (0-51.9 kbp), e3 (63.7-75.2 kbp), e5 (100.1-111.6 kbp), and e7 (150-170 k ...	1986	3716203
glycosylated components of african swine fever virus particles.	extracellular african swine fever (asf) virus particles were specifically agglutinated by several lectins, suggesting the presence of surface glycosylated component(s) containing at least glucose, mannose, or both; galactose, n-acetylgalactosamine, or both; n-acetylneuraminic acid and n-acetylglucosamine, but not fucose. when virions were purified from infected vero cells labeled with [14c]glucosamine, [14c]galactose and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, no major structural glycopr ...	1986	3716204
new agents active against african swine fever virus.	actinobolin, atropine, carrageenan, megalomycin c, suramin, and tetracenomycin c were tested for their activity against african swine fever virus replication. both viral inhibitory potency and cytotoxicity were investigated. megalomycin c, suramin, atropine, and carrageenan exhibited significant activity. megalomycin c was the most active of the four agents with respect to the concentration of compound that blocked the formation of infectious virus by 50%. suramin was the next most active agent ...	1986	3717934
african swine fever virus gene expression in infected vero cells.	polypeptides synthesized in vero cells infected with african swine fever virus (asfv) can be divided into early and late classes on the basis of their sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside. as asfv does not inhibit cell protein synthesis until late in infection, immunoprecipitation was used to identify virus-specific polypeptides. eighteen early and 15 late polypeptides were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. early polypeptides can be further divided into those which are transiently e ...	1986	3723111
inhibition of african swine fever infection in the presence of immune sera in vivo and in vitro.	in assay cultures, sera from african swine fever convalescent pigs inhibited infection by homologous african swine fever virus. the infection-inhibition capacity did not correspond with the virus-neutralizing capacity. the serum did not prevent infection by heterologous virulent viruses. sera from pigs challenge inoculated with the homologous virulent virus and later with a heterologous virulent virus inhibited the infection by different heterologous virulent viruses. these sera did not interfer ...	1986	3729125
neutralization of african swine fever virus by sera from african swine fever-resistant pigs.	sera from african swine fever-resistant pigs with infection-inhibitory activity decreased virus replication in infected porcine buffy coat cultures. this same effect was observed even after virus was adsorbed. the infection-inhibition was not reversed by removing the immune serum from the assay cultures. reduction of african swine fever virus replication by immune sera was demonstrated by fluorescent focus assay on ms cell line cultures. virus-neutralization tests showed a persistent fraction of ...	1986	3752695
a novel selective broad-spectrum anti-dna virus agent.	a new compound has been found, (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ((s)-hpmpa), that has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of dna viruses, including herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2); varicella zoster virus; thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) mutants of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus; human cytomegalovirus; phocid, simian, suid, bovid and equid herpesviruses; african swine fever virus; vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses. it is also active again ...	1986	3762696
african swine fever. i. morphological changes and virus replication in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing isolates.	replicating and mature viral particles were detected with the transmission electron microscope in blood platelets of pigs infected with virulent haemadsorbing and non-haemadsorbing african swine fever virus isolates. although platelet numbers decreased terminally in infected pigs, the most noticeable morphological damage to these cells apparent in the last 2 days of the disease included cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolation, fragmentation and loss of dense granules.	1986	3763165
hairpin loop structure of african swine fever virus dna.	the ends of african swine fever virus genome are formed by a 37 nucleotide-long hairpin loop composed, almost entirely, of incompletely paired a and t residues. the loops at each dna end were present in two equimolar forms that, when compared in opposite polarities, were inverted and complementary (flip-flop), as in the case of poxvirus dna. the hairpin loops of african swine fever and vaccinia virus dnas had no homology, but both dnas had a 16 nucleotide-long sequence, close to the hairpin loop ...	1986	3763393
single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid nuclease induced by african swine fever virus and associated to the virion.	infection of vero cells with african swine fever (asf) virus resulted in a marked increase of dnase active on single-stranded dna (ss-dnase). no increase was observed for double-stranded dna-specific nuclease activity. in contrast to uninfected cell ss-dnase, which has a ph optimum at ph range 8.5-9, virus-induced ss-dnase is most active at ph 7. differences in sensitivity to several ions and other modifications of the reaction mixture and considerable difference in reaction kinetics suggest tha ...	1986	3776099
african swine fever virus-induced polypeptides in vero cells.	african swine fever virus induces in vero cells 81 acid and 14 basic polypeptides which account for most of the information content of the virus dna. the kinetics and the cytosine arabinoside sensitivity of the synthesis of the virus-induced polypeptides showed the existence of three classes of proteins, two early and one late. most of the early proteins were synthesized along the whole replication cycle, but the synthesis of some of the early proteins was switched-off after virus dna replicatio ...	1986	3776350
abortion in sows experimentally infected with african swine fever virus: pathogenesis studies.	thirteen sows that were 38 to 92 days pregnant were experimentally infected with an african swine fever (asf) virus strain of low virulence (dominican republic isolate). seven of 11 sows that were not killed had aborted. the pathogenesis of the abortions was studied, using virus isolation, tissue immunofluoresence, and histopathologic techniques. african swine fever virus was recovered from 179 of 1,329 (13.5%) fetal tissues tested. the 3 fetal tissues most frequently yielding virus were the fet ...	1987	3826864
an immunological approach to vaccines against african swine fever virus.	until recently there were no published reports of any immunological mechanism which could curtail the replication of african swine fever virus (asfv). we have now described three such mechanisms--complement dependent lysis, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cytotoxic t lymphocytes. this paper discusses the likely role which each might play during asfv infection and indicates where this research might help with a disease where no effective vaccine is available.	1985	3873757
monoclonal antibodies specific for african swine fever virus proteins.	we have obtained 60 stable hybridomas which produced immunoglobulins that recognized 12 proteins from african swine fever virus particles and african swine fever virus-infected cells. most of the monoclonal antibodies were specific for the three major structural proteins p150, p72, and p12. the specificity of some monoclonal antibodies for the structural proteins p150 and p37 and the nonstructural proteins p220 and p60 indicated that proteins p150 and p220 are antigenically related to proteins p ...	1985	3882998
african swine fever virus.		1985	3893908
application of prpel2 plasmid to detect african swine fever virus by dna-dna hybridization. brief report.	a diagnostic assay has been developed to detect african swine fever virus in field samples. it is based on the use of 32p-dna from prpel2 plasmid as a hybridization probe. this plasmid contains essentially the h-clai dna fragment from the spain-70 strain of african swine fever virus.	1986	3942504
purification and properties of african swine fever virus.	we describe a method for african swine fever (asf) virus purification based on equilibrium centrifugation in percoll density gradients of extracellular virions produced in infected vero cells that yielded about 15 +/- 9% recovery of the starting infectious virus particles. the purified virus preparations were essentially free of a host membrane fraction (vesicles) that could not be separated from the virus by previously described purification methods. the purified virus sedimented as a single co ...	1985	3989907
[swine fever: a changing clinical picture].	signs of disease typical of classical swine fever are often absent in outbreaks caused by virus strains of low virulence. the clinical picture and epizootiology of these strains causing swine fever in the netherlands are elucidated on the basis of experimentally induced infections and outbreaks in the field respectively. strains of both high and low virulence are involved in the present epizootic. the absence of symptoms hampers early detection in the field. intra-uterine infections may occur in ...	1985	3992564
[commercial method of aerogenic immunization of pigs against swine fever].	an industrial method is presented through a model with a chamber for aerogenic immunization of about 250 pigs, aged 2.5 months. the experiments were carried out with more than 1,000 pigs of the camborough hybrid under industrial conditions of raising. the process of immunization was feasibly carried out when the pigs passed through the chamber using aerosol at mixing them upon transference from the growing section to the fattening one, according to the provisions of the raising technology. a lap ...	1985	3992924
effect of chloroquine on african swine fever virus infection.	when present during the whole infective cycle, the lysosomotropic drug, chloroquine, inhibited cytopathic changes and production of african swine fever virus (asfv) in vero cells. this inhibition decreased when the drug was added from 1 h to 4 h after infection. chloroquine had no effect on the virus nor on viral adsorption and internalization. electron microscopy showed that, in the presence of the drug, the virions were retained in large vacuoles having a lysosomal appearance. this inhibition ...	1985	3998709
the role of antibody in protection against african swine fever virus.	intraperitoneal immunization of pigs with anti-african swine fever virus (asfv) antibody protected them against the effects of challenge with asfv. this protection, which was exemplified by a reduction in pyrexia and viraemia plus an increased survival time, appeared to be mediated through the effects of complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (cdac) or antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (adcc). experiments suggested that the reduction in viraemia was associated with compl ...	1985	4035978
mechanism of thrombocytopenia in african swine fever.	pigs were inoculated with an african swine fever (asf) isolate of moderate virulence, and the changes in the number of circulating blood platelets during infection were correlated with the appearance of antiviral antibody and fluctuations in total plasma hemolytic complement concentrations. thrombocytopenia was detected by postinoculation days (pid) 7 and 8, and antiviral antibody was detected by pid 7, using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. the total hemolytic complement concentration ...	1985	4062007
polypeptides and structure of african swine fever virus.	extracellular and intracellular african swine fever virus (asfv) was purified using a two-phase aqueous polymer system. both the structure of the virus and the polypeptides present during the purification procedure were studied. after peg/dextran phase separation and centrifugation through 20% (w/v) ficoll, 79% of input infectivity was recovered as semi-purified virus. the density of the virus after equilibrium centrifugation in sucrose was 1.19 g/ml. the envelope of the virion consisting of a u ...	1985	4072397
[onset and duration of immunity following aerogenic immunization of swine against swine pest and erysipelas].		1985	4074082
experimental transmission of african swine fever virus by ornithodoros savignyi (audouin).	the 'sand tampan', ornithodoros savignyi, is susceptible to oral infection with african swine fever (asf) virus in the laboratory. infected ticks can transmit the virus transstadially and are able to maintain it for at least 106 days. transmission of asf virus by infected ticks to healthy pigs was achieved on five separate occasions between 50 and 106 days after infection. pigs infected in this way developed typical acute african swine fever. the distribution of o savignyi in africa suggests tha ...	1985	4081341
[demonstration of the swine fever virus by the infection of cell cultures of lymphocytes and lysed red blood cells].	a method was worked out for the diagnosing of swine fever by means of infecting sensitive cell cultures on lamellae with lyzed red blood cells and lymphocytes, the demonstration being performed through immunofluorescence. the new method made it possible to avoid killing of suspected animals for diagnostic purposes (in order to prepare suspensions of parenchymal organs and isolate the virus) while the characteristic morphologic changes were still not well manifested.	1985	4090264
[the heterogeneity of serum gamma globulin of the pig after infection with highly virulent hog-cholera virus].		1970	4102753
studies on the substructure of togaviruses. ii. analysis of equine arteritis, rubella, bovine viral diarrhea, and hog cholera viruses.		1971	4107033
chemical structure of african swine fever virus investigated by electron microscopy.		1967	4168517
synthesis and cytopathogenesis of african swine fever virus in procine cell cultures.		1968	4171074
[serum protein changes after vaccination-infection with lapinised swine fever virus strain suiferin-behring].		1967	4175005
immunofluorescence and inclusion bodies in circulating leukocytes of pigs infected with african swine fever virus.		1968	4180037
hypergammaglobulinemia in swine infected with african swine fever virus.		1970	4192541
hog cholera. v. demonstration of the antigen in swine tissues by the fluorescent antibody technique.	the fluorescent antibody technique was employed to detect hog cholera virus in tissue sections of various organs from experimentally infected swine. the method proved to be highly sensitive and infection could be detected in these animals as early as three days after inoculation with the virus. best results were obtained when tissues were collected from young animals in advanced disease rather than from sows or from pigs in the early febrile phase. tonsil, spleen and lymph node were the tissues ...	1965	4221910
hog cholera iv. detection of the virus in tissue culture preparations by the fluorescent antibody technique.	the fluorescent-antibody technique was employed for detection of hog cholera virus in tissue cultures inoculated with spleens of infected animals. as controls, cultures were also inoculated with material from normal swine and from those infected with other agents. in the first series 71 of 73 infected spleens, or 97 per cent, were detected. there were no false positive reactions among the controls. results obtained with the second series of pigs showed that spleens collected during advanced stag ...	1965	4221990
the transmission of hog cholera virus by trichinella spiralis larvae.	studies have been carried out to determine (a) the possible role of t. spiralis larvae in the transmission of hog cholera virus and (b) to determine the effect of elevated swine temperature on the viability of trichinae. trichina larvae from hog cholera infected swine were freed from diaphragmatic tissue by artificial digestion. washed and disinfected larvae transmitted hog cholera virus while the supernatant digestive fluid did not transmit the virus. infectivity of the virus was lost when the ...	1966	4223754
the purification and concentration of hog cholear virus with electron micrographs (a preliminary note).	cell-cultured hog cholera virus was partially purified by chromatography on pulverized magnetic ferric oxide. infectivity yields of 50 to 100% were obtained with a 90 to 95% reduction in extraneous organic nitrogen. concentration and further purification of infectious virus were achieved by rate-zonal and isopycnic ultra-centrifugations in buffered cesium chloride. density determinations obtained from the isopycnic experiments indicate a buoyant density of 1.14-1.15 gm/ml for the strain of virus ...	1968	4233829
the effects of in utero viral infection on embryonic, fetal, and neonatal survival: a comparison of smedi (porcine picorna) viruses with hog cholera vaccinal virus.	smedi and hog cholera viruses were shown to have marked effects upon the survival of the embryo (from conception to 30 days of gestation), the fetus (from 30 days of gestation until birth), and the neonatal pig (from birth until five days after birth). embryonic infection was characterized by death and absorption of the embryo and in some instances the return to estrus after an irregular estrous cycle. embryonic infection also may have been responsible for the development of some abnormal pigs. ...	1969	4243029
bovine viral diarrhea virus in swine: neutralizing antibody in naturally and experimentally infected swine.	neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) were detected in sera of iowa farm sows, their piglets derived by hysterectomy and in specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs in a closed herd. no antibodies against bvdv were detected in sera of 134 fetal pigs from 67 sows in an iowa slaughter-house. neutralizing antibodies against bvdv or hog cholera virus, produced experimentally in spf pigs, were demonstrated to be due to different antigens rather than to a common antigen, although ...	1973	4265558
immunofluorescence plaque assay for african swine fever virus.	suitably diluted cell culture adapted african swine fever virus preparations were inoculated on vero cell monolayers and grown on coverslips. gum tragacanth was used as an overlay. after three days incubation at 37 degrees c the infected cultures were fixed with acetone and stained with fluorescent antibody conjugate. fluorescing plaques consisted of 20-30 infected cells. three statistical criteria for a quantitatively reliable assay were met: the poisson distribution for plaque counts, linearit ...	1974	4279763
isolation of african swine fever virus from a giant forest hog.		1965	4283999
the use of sv 40-transformed cells for titrations of bovine viral diarrhoea and hog cholera viruses.		1965	4286736
interference of bovine viral diarrhea virus by hog cholera virus in swine kidney cell cultures.		1965	4286768
african swine fever. ii. detection of the virus in swine tissues by means of the modified direct complement-fixation test.	the modified direct complement-fixation test, supplemented with unheated normal calf serum, was used to demonstrate antibodies in sera of swine immunized to african swine fever virus. these antibodies did not react in the ordinary direct non-supplemented complement-fixation test.african swine fever complement-fixing antigen in infected swine tissue is not denatured by extraction with fat solvents. consequently, good antigens devoid of non-specific reactivity were obtained by extraction with a mi ...	1967	4291680
antibody response to inactivated preparations of african swine fever virus in pigs.		1967	4291851
segregation of a nonhemadsorbing african swine fever virus in tissue culture.		1968	4297717
[effect of hog cholera virus on the reproduction of smallpox vaccine and newcastle disease viruses].		1970	4317200
a mutant of hog cholera virus inducing interference in swine testicle cell cultures.		1970	4319263
effects of oxyamylose and polyacrylic acid on foot-and-mouth disease and hog cholera virus infections.	two interferon-inducing polycarboxylates were tested for antiviral activity on foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infections in mice, guinea pigs, and swine. polyacrylic acid, given intraperitoneally, had a protective effect on infection by fmd virus administered in the peritoneal cavity of mice and in the foot pad of guinea pigs. chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose (coam) was effective in mice at a dosage of 2 mg/kg. swine were not protected against naturally transmitted fmd by 120 mg/kg of coam nor b ...	1971	4323649
[electron microscopy for the detection of swine fever virus in lymph node cells of infected pigs].		1971	4330769
hog cholera virus yields in swine kidney cells fused with beta-propiolactone-inactivated sendai virus.		1972	4333634
inhibition of hog cholera virus by acriflavine. a property shared with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. brief report.		1973	4356773
protein kinase activity in african swine fever virus.		1974	4365182
[the reproduction of swine fever virus in a lymphocytic-phytocell-line and a line of monocytic cells].		1971	4400723
transmission of hog cholera virus by horseflies (tabanidae: diptera).		1972	4401263
sexual transmission of african swine fever virus in the tick, ornithodoros moubata porcinus, walton.		1974	4417657
african swine fever virus. pathogenesis.		1974	4418259
transmission of hog cholera virus by flies: recovery of virus from flies following exposure to infective blood.		1974	4534764
the localization of african swine fever virus in the tick ornithodoros moubata porcinus.		1972	4564455
[serological types of the classical swine fever virus].		1973	4595070
effects of some disinfectants on african swine fever virus.	ten commercially available disinfectants were tested at high ph in 2% sodium hydroxide and low ph in 2% acetic acid as inactivants for african swine fever (asf) in a protein-rich blood-spleen homogenate. as assayed in leukocyte cultures, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, sodium meta silicate and roccal did not inactivate asf virus in 1 hr at 22 to 25 c. some viricidal activity as assayed in leukocyte cultures was found with weladol, triton x-100 amphyl, phisohex, sodium dodecyl sulfate, lph, env ...	1973	4631432
increased deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in african swine fever virus-infected culture cells. brief report.		1972	4673394
[effect of attenuated hog cholera virus vaccine from the inoculation virus strain "c" on pregnant sows and their progeny].		1973	4735958
studies on the pathogenesis of hog cholera. i. demonstration of hog cholera virus subsequent to oral exposure.		1973	4751661
[virus isolation from the blood and organs of rabbits infected with lapinized swine fever virus].		1974	4855898
detection of hog cholera virus in normal pigs salvaged from infected herds and hyperimmune pigs from biological companies.		1967	4895899