Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| st. louis encephalitis in argentina: the first case reported in the last seventeen years. | 2003 | 12604006 | |
| epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies to west nile virus in multiple avian species. | we report the development of epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the rapid detection of serum antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) in taxonomically diverse north american avian species. a panel of flavivirus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was tested in blocking assays with serum samples from wnv-infected chickens and crows. selected mabs were further tested against serum samples from birds that represented 16 species and 10 families. serum samples were collecte ... | 2003 | 12624027 |
| antibody and interleukin-12 treatment in murine models of encephalitogenic flavivirus (st. louis encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis) and alphavirus (venezuelan equine encephalitis) infection. | early and sustained treatment with interleukin-12 (il-12) ameliorated disease in a mouse model of infection with the encephalitogenic flavivirus, st. louis encephalitis virus (slev, japanese encephalitis serogroup). however, this effect was not reproduced in murine infections with either the flavivirus tick-bore encephalitis virus (tbev) or the alphavirus venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev). il-12 exacerbated tbev disease when used in conjunction with monoclonal antibody (mab), suggestin ... | 2003 | 12639298 |
| simulation studies of st. louis encephalitis virus in south florida. | two simulation models were used to investigate the epidemiology of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) in south florida, one including sentinel hosts (chickens) and amplification hosts (wild birds), while the other one included age structure in the amplification host population. the overall population size of the vector, culex nigripalpus, was a major factor in the likelihood of epizootics for both models, but the seasonal dynamics of the vector alone did not explain variation in transmission. i ... | 2001 | 12653129 |
| simulation studies of st. louis encephalitis and west nile viruses: the impact of bird mortality. | west nile virus (wnv) has spread through much of the eastern united states following its introduction in 1999, and arrived in florida in 2001. prior to its arrival, we anticipated that its transmission cycle was likely to be similar to that of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). however, high levels of avian mortality have been reported for wnv in the northeastern united states, and it was unknown how this would impact the transmission dynamics of wnv. simulation models were used to compare the ... | 2001 | 12653130 |
| detection of anti-west nile virus immunoglobulin m in chicken serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the emergence of west nile (wn) virus in new york and the surrounding area in 1999 prompted an increase in surveillance measures throughout the united states, including the screening of sentinel chicken flocks for antibodies. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of chicken immunoglobulin m (igm) to wn virus was developed, standardized, and characterized as a rapid and sensitive means to detect wn viral antibodies in sentinel flocks. serum specimens from experimentally i ... | 2003 | 12734241 |
| vector competence of culex tarsalis from orange county, california, for west nile virus. | to evaluate the vector competence of culex tarsalis coquillett for west nile virus (wn), females reared from larvae collected in huntington beach, orange county, ca, were fed on 2-3-day-old chickens previously inoculated with a new york strain (crow 397-99) of wn. the cx. tarsalis mosquitoes were efficient laboratory vectors of wn, with estimated transmission rates of 81% and 91% for mosquitoes that ingested 10(6.5) or 10(7.3) plaque-forming units of wn/ml of blood, respectively. based on effici ... | 2002 | 12737548 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 17-2003. a 38-year-old woman with fever, headache, and confusion. | 2003 | 12773652 | |
| [another case of west nile fever in the netherlands: a man with encephalitis following a trip to canada]. | shortly after his return to the netherlands from a trip to ontario, a part of canada where infection with west-nile virus has been reported, a 69-year-old man became increasingly confused and generally unwell, accompanied by fever. the clinical picture was compatible with viral encephalitis and this was supported by eeg findings and the results of the cerebrospinal-fluid examination. mri of the brain did not contribute to the diagnosis. the patient was treated with aciclovir because herpes simpl ... | 2003 | 12784533 |
| experimental transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus by ochlerotatus j. japonicus. | ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus a newly discovered nonindigenous mosquito species in north america, and a colonized strain of culex pipiens were compared for their vector competence for st. louis encephalitis virus (sle). infection rates in oc. j. japonicus were 0-33% after feeding on chickens with viremias between 10(4.1) and 10(4.7) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml of blood. in comparison, infection rates were 12-94% for cx. pipiens that fed on the same chickens. when fed on chickens with viremi ... | 2003 | 12825669 |
| viral meningitis and encephalitis: traditional and emerging viral agents. | in the united states, the annual number of central nervous system (cns) infections that occur as a result of viral agents far exceeds that of infections caused by bacteria, yeast, molds, and protozoa combined. the recent incursion of west nile virus (wnv) into north america has led to a dramatic change in the incidence and epidemiology of summer-associated viral cns disease. as a result of increased testing for wnv, lesser known viral causes of cns infection have been identified. even the epidem ... | 2003 | 12881794 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in horses, coahuila state, mexico. | serum samples were obtained from 24 horses in the state of coahuila, mexico, in december 2002. antibodies to west nile virus were detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test in 15 (62.5%) horses. we report the first west nile virus activity in northern mexico. | 2003 | 12890327 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in horses, yucatan state, mexico. | serum samples were obtained from 252 horses in the state of yucatan, mexico, from july to october 2002. antibodies to west nile virus were detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in three (1.2%) horses and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test. we report the first west nile virus activity in the state of yucatan. | 2003 | 12890328 |
| previous infection protects house finches from re-infection with st. louis encephalitis virus. | antibody titers against st. louis encephalitis virus (sle) measured by a plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) decreased rapidly in house finches (capodacus mexicanus) after initial infection, whereas antibodies measured by enzyme immunoassay (eia) remained detectable in all birds for the length of the experiment, indicating long-term persistence and greater assay sensitivity of the eia. after 52 wk, birds were challenged by subcutaneous inoculation with the same strain of sle virus. virus ... | 2003 | 12943108 |
| immunoassay targeting nonstructural protein 5 to differentiate west nile virus infection from dengue and st. louis encephalitis virus infections and from flavivirus vaccination. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging flavivirus that has caused frequent epidemics since 1996. besides natural transmission by mosquitoes, wnv can also be transmitted through blood transfusion and organ transplantation, thus heightening the urgency of development of a specific and rapid serologic assay of wnv infection. the current immunoassays lack specificity because they are based on detection of antibodies against wnv structural proteins and immune responses to structural proteins among flav ... | 2003 | 12958248 |
| interference between st. louis encephalitis virus and western equine encephalomyelitis virus along a neuronal pathway. | 1952 | 12981275 | |
| effect of pregnancy upon the immunity of mice vaccinated against st. louis encephalitis virus. | 1952 | 13011696 | |
| the hemagglutinin of st. louis encephalitis virus. i. recovery of stable hemagglutinin from the brains of infected mice. | 1953 | 13035118 | |
| the hemagglutinin of st. louis encephalitis virus. ii. physico-chemical properties and nature of its reaction with erythrocytes. | 1953 | 13035119 | |
| the hemagglutinin of st. louis encephalitis virus. iii. properties of normal inhibitors and specific antibody; use of hemagglutination-inhibition for diagnosis of infection. | 1953 | 13035120 | |
| polyradiculopathy in man produced by st. louis encephalitis virus (sle). | 1953 | 13076770 | |
| propagation of st. louis encephalitis virus in cells of the ehrlich ascitic tumor of mice. | 1953 | 13120899 | |
| multiplication of st. louis encephalitis virus in mice exposed to roentgen radiation. | 1956 | 13279127 | |
| the relationship of the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis virus of sanders to the st. louis encephalitis virus. | 1957 | 13411133 | |
| effect of beta-propiolactone on complement-fixing antigens of st. louis encephalitis virus. | 1957 | 13432007 | |
| st. louis encephalitis virus in mosquitoes. | 1959 | 13809061 | |
| isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from the blood of a child in trinidad, w.i. | 1959 | 13833236 | |
| the multiplication of st. louis encephalitis virus in two species of mosquitoes: culex quinque-fasciatus say and culex pipiens linnaeus. | 1959 | 13835549 | |
| trans-stadial passage of st. louis encephalitis virus in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | 1962 | 13880621 | |
| serologic epidemiology of western equine and st. louis encephalitis virus infection in california. i. persistence of complement-fixing antibody following clinical illness. | 1964 | 14114351 | |
| isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from arthropods in par'a, brazil. | 1964 | 14159982 | |
| st. louis encephalitis virus isolations in trinidad, west indies, 1953-1962. | 1964 | 14159983 | |
| the isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from culex nigrlpalpus mosquitoes in jamaica. | 1964 | 14159984 | |
| isolations of st. louis encephalitis virus from domestic pigeons, columba livia. | 1964 | 14159988 | |
| studies on transovarial transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus by culex quinquefasciatus say. | 1964 | 14215836 | |
| the first isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from mosquitoes in florida. | 1964 | 14232042 | |
| serologic epidemiology of western equine and st. louis encephalitis virus infection in california. ii. analysis of inapparent infections in residents of an endemic area. | 1965 | 14246080 | |
| st. louis encephalitis virus in jamaican birds. | 1965 | 14270457 | |
| community infection with st. louis encephalitis virus. serologic study of the 1964 epidemic in houston. | 1965 | 14310326 | |
| a system of protein target sequences for anti-rna-viral chemotherapy by a vitamin b6-derived zinc-chelating trioxa-adamantane-triol. | the synthesis of the structurally unusual heterotricyclic compound 1-[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinyl]-2,8,9-trioxaadamantane-3,5,7-triol (trivially named bananin, bn) from pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol and a theoretical prospect on possible biological activities of bn are presented in this report. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol is synthesized by knoevenagel condensation of the vitamin b6 aldehyde pyridoxal with phloroglucinol. pyridoxylidenephloroglucinol rearranges to light-yello ... | 2003 | 14527557 |
| occlusive vasculitis in a patient with concomitant west nile virus infection. | to describe a patient with occlusive, retinal vasculitis and concomitant, confirmed, acute west nile virus (wnv) infection. | 2003 | 14597052 |
| west nile virus transmission in resident birds, dominican republic. | 2003 | 14609467 | |
| west nile virus detection in american crows. | 2003 | 14609472 | |
| serologic diagnosis of west nile virus infection. | the epidemic of west nile virus (wnv) in the usa in 2002 represents the largest outbreak of meningoencephalitis in the western hemisphere ever reported. besides natural transmission by mosquitoes, five new modes of wnv transmission to humans have been reported: blood transfusion, organ transplantation, transplacental transmission, breastfeeding and laboratory-acquired infection. the recognition of these new transmission routes has made the development of rapid and accurate serological diagnosis ... | 2003 | 14628901 |
| st. louis encephalitis virus in wild birds during the 1990 south florida epidemic: the importance of drought, wetting conditions, and the emergence of culex nigripalpus (diptera: culicidae) to arboviral amplification and transmission. | we analyzed the prevalence of hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus in wild birds during the 1990 sle epidemic in indian river county. the initial presence of sle hi antibody was associated significantly with modeled drought 15 wk prior, wetting conditions 1 wk prior, and the emergence of the florida sle virus vector, culex nigripalpus, 5 wk prior. our findings indicated that three factors conspired to create the 1990 epidemic: (1) a large population o ... | 2003 | 14680125 |
| sensitivity of the vectest antigen assay for eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses. | vectest assays for detecting eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee) and western equine encephalitis virus (wee) antigen in mosquito pools were evaluated to determine their sensitivity and specificity by using a range of eee, wee, st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), and west nile virus (wn) dilutions as well as individual and pooled mosquitoes containing eee or wee. the eee test produced reliable positive results with samples containing > or = 5.3 log10 plaque-forming units (pfu) of eee/ml, and ... | 2003 | 14710752 |
| epidemiology of st. louis encephalitis virus. | 2003 | 14714432 | |
| formalin-inactivated whole virus and recombinant subunit flavivirus vaccines. | the flaviviridae is a family of arthropod-borne, enveloped, rna viruses that contain important human pathogens such as yellow fever (yf), japanese encephalitis (je), tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), west nile (wn), and the dengue (den) viruses. vaccination is the most effective means of disease prevention for these viral infections. a live-attenuated vaccine for yf, and inactivated vaccines for je and tbe have significantly reduced the incidence of disease for these viruses, while licensed vaccine ... | 2003 | 14714438 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in black bears (ursus americanus) from new jersey. | serum samples obtained from 51 free-ranging black bears (ursus americanus) in northwestern new jersey in february and march 2002 were analyzed for neutralizing antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus. three (6%) of the black bears tested positive for wnv-neutralizing antibodies. one additional sample was positive for flavivirus-neutralizing antibodies but could not be differentiated for a specific virus type. this is the first report of wnv infection in black bears. | 2003 | 14733286 |
| experimental infection of california birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | a total of 27 bird species from the san joaquin and coachella valleys of california were inoculated subcutaneously with sympatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses. overall, 133 of 164 birds inoculated with wee virus developed a viremia detected by plaque assay; significantly greater than 72 of 163 birds inoculated with sle virus. host competence was calculated as the average number of days that each avian species had a viremia > or = 2 lo ... | 2003 | 14765678 |
| the effect of st. louis encephalitis virus on transplantable crocker mouse sarcoma 180. | 1951 | 14821934 | |
| effect of multiple inoculations on interference between st. louis encephalitis virus and equine encephalomyelitis virus. | 1952 | 14949023 | |
| prevalence of antibodies against saint louis encephalitis and jamestown canyon viruses in california horses. | jamestown canyon (jc) and saint louis encephalitis (sle) viruses are mosquito-transmitted viruses that have long been present in california. the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of these two viruses in horses prior to the introduction of west nile (wn) virus. approximately 15% of serum samples collected in 1998 from 425 horses on 44 equine operations horses throughout california had serum antibodies to jc virus, whereas antibodies were not detected to sle virus. the re ... | 2004 | 15001316 |
| host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states. | an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir. this parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study the host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from new york, new jersey, and tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with west nile viru ... | 2004 | 15018775 |
| wild terrestrial rainforest mammals as potential reservoirs for flaviviruses (yellow fever, dengue 2 and st louis encephalitis viruses) in french guiana. | a serological survey for yellow fever virus (yfv), dengue 2 virus (denv-2), and st louis encephalitis virus (slev) was undertaken using a seroneutralization technique in 27 wild forest mammal species (574 individuals) in french guiana. evidence of yellow fever infection was observed in 10 species, with high prevalence recorded in howler monkey (18%) and agouti (20%). antibodies against denv-2 and slev were found sporadically in various species. this potential host diversity and the range of pote ... | 2004 | 15138077 |
| use of a recombinant envelope protein subunit antigen for specific serological diagnosis of west nile virus infection. | serological diagnosis of west nile virus (wnv) infection is complicated by extensive antigenic cross-reactivity with other closely related flaviviruses, such as st. louis encephalitis virus. here we describe a recombinant, bacterially expressed antigen equivalent to structural domain iii of the wnv envelope protein that has allowed clear discrimination of antibody responses to wnv from those against other related flaviviruses in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using standardized cont ... | 2004 | 15184463 |
| encephalitis virus persistence in california birds: experimental infections in mourning doves (zenaidura macroura). | after-hatching and hatching year, mourning doves were infected by inoculation with either western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) or st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses; some birds in each group also were treated with the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide before and during infection. cyclophosphamide treatment significantly increased the wee viremia but did not alterthe antibody response. in contrast, cyclophosphamide-treated and -untreated doves did not develop a detectable sle viremia but bec ... | 2004 | 15185951 |
| mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi. | the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ... | 2004 | 15185956 |
| seasonal forecast of st. louis encephalitis virus transmission, florida. | disease transmission forecasts can help minimize human and domestic animal health risks by indicating where disease control and prevention efforts should be focused. for disease systems in which weather-related variables affect pathogen proliferation, dispersal, or transmission, the potential for disease forecasting exists. we present a seasonal forecast of st. louis encephalitis virus transmission in indian river county, florida. we derive an empiric relationship between modeled land surface we ... | 2004 | 15200812 |
| the 2002 introduction of west nile virus into harris county, texas, an area historically endemic for st. louis encephalitis. | harris county, texas, is an endemic area of st. louis encephalitis (sle); and an active surveillance program that monitors sle virus activity in mosquitoes, birds, and humans has been in place there for the past 28 years. in june of 2002, west nile (wn) virus appeared in houston and quickly spread throughout the region. this report describes the results of 12 years of sle surveillance in harris county and the contrasting pattern of wn virus activity, when it arrived in 2002. our data indicate th ... | 2004 | 15211013 |
| blinded laboratory comparison of the in situ enzyme immunoassay, the vectest wicking assay, and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect mosquitoes infected with west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | a blinded laboratory evaluation compared the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of an in situ enzyme immunoassay (eia), vectest wicking assay, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to detect and distinguish west nile (wn) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses in pools of 50 mosquitoes. adult female culex tarsalis coquillett were inoculated with either wn or sle viruses, held for 0-11 d at 28 degrees c, killed by freezing, and then were added to 49 or 48 uninfected m ... | 2004 | 15311443 |
| effect of interferon-alpha2b therapy on st. louis viral meningoencephalitis: clinical and laboratory results of a pilot study. | the safety and potential efficacy of interferon (ifn)-alpha2b were determined for 15 patients during an outbreak of meningoencephalitis due to st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. clinical and laboratory results were compared with those of 17 untreated patients who were admitted to the same hospital during this nonrandomized preliminary trial. quadriplegia, quadriparesis, or respiratory insufficiency persisted after the first week of hospitalization, for 11 of 17 untreated patients and for only 2 ... | 2004 | 15319857 |
| noninfectious recombinant antigen for detection of st. louis encephalitis virus-specific antibodies in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | proper surveillance of virus activity and a timely response to viral outbreaks depend upon the rapid diagnosis of viral infections. the immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) is a fast, sensitive test routinely used for the diagnosis of the medically important west nile and st. louis encephalitis flaviviruses. however, the suckling mouse brain-derived (smb) antigen used in this assay is tedious to prepare and has a risk of exposing personnel to live ... | 2004 | 15472331 |
| detection of antibodies to west nile and saint louis encephalitis viruses in horses. | 2004 | 15521520 | |
| post-infectious encephalomyelitis associated with st. louis encephalitis virus infection. | neurologic illness associated with acute st. louis encephalitis, west nile, and japanese encephalitis virus infection includes acute aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, and a poliomyelitis-like syndrome. few post-infectious immune-mediated neurologic events associated with flaviviral infection have been reported. the authors report on a woman with apparent post-infectious encephalomyelitis associated with recent st. louis encephalitis virus infection, suggesting that neurologic illness from f ... | 2004 | 15534266 |
| role of nestling mourning doves and house finches as amplifying hosts of st. louis encephalitis virus. | nestling mourning doves and house finches produced elevated viremias after inoculation with 2-3 log10 plaque-forming units (pfu) of st louis encephalitis (sle) virus and infected 67 and 70% of culex tarsalis coquillett that engorged upon them, respectively. mosquito infection rates as well as the quantity of virus produced after extrinsic incubation increased as a function of the quantity of virus ingested and peaked during days 3-5 postinoculation in mourning doves and days 2-4 in house finches ... | 2004 | 15535629 |
| effect of dose on house finch infection with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, were experimentally infected with high and standard doses of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (weev) or st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) to determine whether high doses would produce an elevated viremia response and a high frequency of chronic infections. finches inoculated with approximately100,000 plaque forming units (pfu) of weev or slev produced viremia and antibody responses similar to those in finches inoculated with approximately 100 pfu of w ... | 2004 | 15535631 |
| evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm using immunoglobulin m enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate human west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus infections during the 2002 west nile virus epidemic in the united states. | a diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate between human infections of west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) using positive-to-negative (p/n) ratios derived from the immunoglobulin m capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa). to validate this algorithm, we tested 1,418 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from confirmed wnv and slev infections collected during the wnv epidemic of 2002 in the united states. wnv p/n-to-slev p/n ratios (w/s rati ... | 2004 | 15539517 |
| isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from a killer whale. | we report the isolation of st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus from a mature male killer whale (orcinus orca). this represents the first isolation of sle virus from a marine mammal. the animal presented with reduced appetite, rapidly became lethargic and subsequently died. virus-induced cpe was observed in a dolphin cell line, sp-1k (atcc ccl 78), inoculated with brain, kidney, and lung tissues obtained at necropsy. electron microscopy of infected sp-1k cells revealed the presence of virions havi ... | 1993 | 15566723 |
| construction of yellow fever/st. louis encephalitis chimeric virus and the use of chimeras as a diagnostic tool. | st. louis encephalitis (sle) and west nile (wn) flaviviruses are genetically closely related and cocirculate in the united states. virus neutralization tests provide the most specific means for serodiagnosis of infections with these viruses. however, use of wild-type sle and wn viral strains for laboratory testing is constrained by the biocontainment requirements. we constructed two highly attenuated yellow fever (yf) virus chimeras that contain the premembrane-envelope (prm-e) protein genes fro ... | 2004 | 15569798 |
| st. louis encephalitis in early infancy. | we describe a case of st. louis encephalitis in a 19-day-old infant who presented with fever and seizure activity. to our knowledge, this is the youngest case of st. louis encephalitis ever reported. | 2004 | 15602196 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus infections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from new jersey, 2001. | serum samples from 689 hunter-killed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected during the 2001 fall hunting season in new jersey were tested for neutralizing antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) by plaque-reduction neutralization tests. wnv-neutralizing antibodies were detected in six (0.9%) of the samples, and slev-neutralizing antibodies were found in 11 (1.6%) of the samples. we provide the first report of wnv infection in white-tailed deer. | 2004 | 15671740 |
| duplex reverse transcription-pcr followed by nested pcr assays for detection and identification of brazilian alphaviruses and flaviviruses. | a new approach was developed for the rapid detection and identification of brazilian alphaviruses and flaviviruses. the methodology involves the genus-specific detection of alphavirus and flavivirus by a duplex reverse transcription-pcr (d-rt-pcr), followed by multiplex nested pcr (m-n-pcr) or nested pcr (n-pcr) assays for species-specific identification. by this protocol, 25 arboviruses were specifically detected and identified. detection levels between 10(1.3) and 10(3.5) 50% tissue culture in ... | 2005 | 15695666 |
| drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of west nile virus in southern florida. | we show that the spatial-temporal variability of human west nile (wn) cases and the transmission of west nile virus (wnv) to sentinel chickens are associated with the spatial-temporal variability of drought and wetting in southern florida. land surface wetness conditions at 52 sites in 31 counties in southern florida for 2001-2003 were simulated and compared with the occurrence of human wn cases and the transmission of wnv to sentinel chickens within these counties. both wnv transmission to sent ... | 2005 | 15799522 |
| first report of west nile virus in mosquitoes from lubbock county, texas. | since july 2002, ongoing surveillance efforts have been conducted to determine potential vectors of west nile virus (wnv) and saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) in the mosquito population occurring in lubbock county, texas. adult mosquitoes collected in lubbock county during 2002 and 2003 represented 7 genera, with culex tarsalis and ochlerotatus sollicitans being the predominant species collected. mosquitoes were initially screened for wnv and slev by using the vectest antigen panel assay. p ... | 2005 | 15825772 |
| antibody response to culex tarsalis salivary gland antigens among sentinel chickens in california. | the arboviral surveillance program in california depends in part on sentinel chickens to detect western equine encephalomyelitis virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, and west nile virus activity. from 2000 through 2002, 1,578 serum specimens from 34 sentinel flocks in northern and southern california were tested for antibodies to culex tarsalis salivary gland antigens. sentinel chickens that were seropositive for mosquito salivary gland antigens were more likely to seroconvert to st. louis encep ... | 2005 | 15827292 |
| development of a humanized monoclonal antibody with therapeutic potential against west nile virus. | neutralization of west nile virus (wnv) in vivo correlates with the development of an antibody response against the viral envelope (e) protein. using random mutagenesis and yeast surface display, we defined individual contact residues of 14 newly generated monoclonal antibodies against domain iii of the wnv e protein. monoclonal antibodies that strongly neutralized wnv localized to a surface patch on the lateral face of domain iii. convalescent antibodies from individuals who had recovered from ... | 2005 | 15852016 |
| molecular typing of west nile virus, dengue, and st. louis encephalitis using multiplex sequencing. | we report the development of an assay to simultaneously identify three of the clinically important flaviviruses (west nile virus, dengue, and st. louis encephalitis). this assay is based on the nucleotide sequence variations within a 266-bp region of the non-structural protein 5. further, based on the nucleotide variations in the same region of the non-structural protein 5, four of the present dengue serotypes were identified. to identify some of the subtypes of wnv we have developed a second as ... | 2005 | 15858138 |
| characterization of neutralizing antibodies to west nile virus. | we produced nine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against the west nile virus e glycoprotein using three different immunization strategies: inactivated virus, naked dna, and recombinant protein. most of the mabs bound to conformation dependent epitopes in domain iii of the e protein. four of the mabs neutralized wnv infection and bound to the same region of domain iii with high affinity. the neutralizing mabs were obtained from mice immunized with inactivated virus alone or in combination w ... | 2005 | 15866072 |
| duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-west nile virus and anti-st. louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin m antibodies. | west nile (wn) virus was introduced into the united states in 1999, when the first human cases of wn fever and encephalitis appeared in new york city. from there, the virus has spread throughout north america, in some areas cocirculating with the related flavivirus st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. public health laboratories currently use an immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) as a primary test for human serodiagnosis, followed by a confirmator ... | 2005 | 15879016 |
| comparison of immunohistochemistry and virus isolation for diagnosis of west nile virus. | immunohistochemistry and virus isolation were performed on 1,057 birds. immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, or both found 325 birds to be west nile virus positive. of these, 271 were positive by both methods. these results indicate that virus isolation and immunohistochemistry are approximately equal in their ability to detect west nile virus. | 2005 | 15956415 |
| avian host and mosquito (diptera: culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of west nile and st. louis encephalitis virus transmission. | the ability of the invading ny99 strain of west nile virus (wnv) to elicit an elevated viremia response in california passerine birds was critical for the effective infection of culex mosquitoes. of the bird species tested, western scrub jays, aphelocoma coerulescens, produced the highest viremia response, followed by house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, and house sparrows, passer domesticus. most likely, few mourning, zenaidura macroura, or common ground, columbina passerine, doves and no calif ... | 2005 | 15962789 |
| comparative analysis of immunoglobulin m (igm) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using virus-like particles or virus-infected mouse brain antigens to detect igm antibody in sera from patients with evident flaviviral infections. | the use of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) serves as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of acute flaviviral infections, since igm antibody titers are detectable early, peak at about 2 weeks postinfection, and subsequently decline to lower levels over the next few months. traditionally, virus-infected tissue culture or suckling mouse brain (smb) has been the source of viral antigens used in the assay. in an effort to provide a reliable source o ... | 2005 | 16000440 |
| west nile virus infection and serologic response among persons previously vaccinated against yellow fever and japanese encephalitis viruses. | it is hypothesized that previous heterologous flaviviral exposure may modulate clinical illness among persons infected with west nile virus (wnv). little is known about the serological response in such persons. in summer 2003, a wnv outbreak occurred in colorado, the location of the centers for disease control and prevention, division of vector-borne infectious diseases (dvbid). dvbid employees, most previously vaccinated with yellow fever virus (yfv) or japanese encephalitis virus (jev) vaccine ... | 2005 | 16011430 |
| nesting ardeid colonies are not a focus of elevated west nile virus activity in southern california. | a large nesting colony of ardeid birds at the finney-ramer wildlife refuge in imperial county, california, did not appear to be a focus of west nile virus (wnv) amplification during the summer of 2004. blood samples taken during june and july from 155 nestlings of four species of ardeid birds (cattle egrets, black-crowned night herons, great egrets, and snowy egrets) and five nestling double-crested cormorants yielded a single wnv isolation from a 3-week-old cattle egret. antibody was detected b ... | 2005 | 16187895 |
| achieving operational hydrologic monitoring of mosquitoborne disease. | mosquitoes and mosquitoborne disease transmission are sensitive to hydrologic variability. if local hydrologic conditions can be monitored or modeled at the scales at which these conditions affect the population dynamics of vector mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, a means for monitoring or modeling mosquito populations and mosquitoborne disease transmission may be realized. we review how hydrologic conditions have been associated with mosquito abundances and mosquitoborne disease transm ... | 2005 | 16229760 |
| st. louis encephalitis virus: first isolation from a human in são paulo state, brazil. | this paper reports the isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in são pedro, são paulo state. a mac-elisa done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected igg antibody for flaviviruses. an indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the c6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. rn ... | 2005 | 16302112 |
| west nile virus serosurveillance in iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003). | sera from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected in iowa during the winter months (1999-2003), 2 years before and after west nile virus (wnv) was first reported in iowa (2001), and were analyzed for antibodies to wnv. samples from 1999 to 2001 were antibody negative by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa) and plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt(90)). prevalence derived from belisa (2002, 12.7%; 2003, 11.2%) and wnv prnt(90) (2002, 7.9%; 2003, 8.5%) assays ... | 2005 | 16354809 |
| host range, amplification and arboviral disease emergence. | etiologic agents of arboviral diseases are primarily zoonotic pathogens that are maintained in nature in cycles involving arthropod transmission among a variety of susceptible reservoir hosts. in the simplest form of human exposure, spillover occurs from the enzootic cycle when humans enter zoonotic foci and/or enzootic amplification increases circulation near humans. examples include eastern (eeev) and western equine encephalitis viruses (weev), as well as west nile (wnv), st. louis encephaliti ... | 2005 | 16358422 |
| [west nile fever]. | west nile virus was first detected in north america in 1999 and has spread throughout the united states and canada and into mexico and the caribbean. the cases of encephalitis in new york were diagnosed as saint louis encephalitis which was endemic in the north america. however, dead crows and dead flamingo were found around the same time in new york. american birds seldom die by saint louis encephalitis virus infection. according to viral isolation and sequencing of the genome, the causative ag ... | 2005 | 16363684 |
| modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of culex restauns and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae), vectors of west nile virus in illinois. | the aim of this study was to model the impact of temperature on the timing of the seasonal shift in relative proportion of culex restuans theobald and culex pipiens l. in illinois. the temporal pattern of west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus transmission in the midwest exhibits a late summer to early fall peak in activity, which parallels the temporal increase in the abundance of cx. pipiens. the daily number of egg rafts oviposited by each species has been monitored at multipl ... | 2006 | 16407364 |
| changes in seroprevalence of west nile virus across illinois in free-ranging birds from 2001 through 2004. | of the 5,236 birds sampled for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) in illinois from 2001 through 2004, 348 (6.6%) birds were seropositive. our multiple year surveillance identified several avian species that had particularly high percentages of seropositive individuals. the importance of these species in the enzootic and/or epizootic transmission of wnv is discussed relative to their regional abundance and literature on host competency. the species with the highest exposure rates to wnv differed ... | 2006 | 16407365 |
| serologic survey of select infectious diseases in coyotes and raccoons in nebraska. | to obtain data about select zoonotic and other infectious diseases in free-ranging predators in five ecoregions in nebraska, sera were collected from 67 coyotes (canis latrans) and 63 raccoons (procyon lotor) from november 2002 through january 2003. for coyotes, antibodies were detected against canine distemper virus (cdv, 61%), francisella tularensis (32%), rickettsia rickettsi (13%), and flaviviruses (48%). none of the coyote sera had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, brucella canis, or six ... | 2005 | 16456169 |
| association between hepatitis c virus and very-low-density lipoprotein (vldl)/ldl analyzed in iodixanol density gradients. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna circulates in the blood of persistently infected patients in lipoviroparticles (lvps), which are heterogeneous in density and associated with host lipoproteins and antibodies. the variability and lability of these virus-host complexes on fractionation has hindered our understanding of the structure of lvp and determination of the physicochemical properties of the hcv virion. in this study, hcv from an antibody-negative immunodeficient patient was analyzed using three ... | 2006 | 16474148 |
| quantitation of flaviviruses by fluorescent focus assay. | an indirect immunofluorescence assay for quantitation of flaviviruses was developed as an alternative to the standard plaque assay. the assay was validated with west nile virus (wnv), st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), and dengue virus (denv) types 1-4. vero cells were plated in 8-well chamber slides, and infected with 10-fold serial dilutions of virus. about 1-3 days after infection, cells were fixed, incubated with specific monoclonal antibody, and stained with a secondary antibody labeled w ... | 2006 | 16510196 |
| geographic factors contributing to a high seroprevalence of west nile virus-specific antibodies in humans following an epidemic. | sera of 624 blood donors were evaluated to determine seroprevalence of west nile virus (wnv) antibodies following the 2003 wnv epidemic in nebraska. geographic factors contributing to differences in wnv seropositivity were evaluated. the overall prevalence of wnv in nebraska was higher than reported previously in other u.s. locations (9.5% wnv immunoglobulin g seroprevalence rate), with the highest prevalence identified in the western part of the state (19.7%), followed by the central (13.8%) an ... | 2006 | 16522771 |
| experimental transplacental transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus in mice. | transplacental infection of the mouse embryo with st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus was produced by injecting the mother with virus at various stages of gestation. intravenous or subcutaneous injection of the mother with 10(5.9) suckling mouse median lethal dose (smld(50)) of sle virus was found to infect 83 to 96% of the embryos when given at 4 days of gestation or later. injections at 6 days of gestation or earlier had little effect on the embryo although virus could be recovered at 10 days o ... | 1970 | 16557839 |
| functional analysis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus cyclization elements indicates major differences between mosquito-borne and tick-borne flaviviruses. | the linear, positive-stranded rna genome of flaviviruses is thought to adopt a circularized conformation via interactions of short complementary sequence elements located within its terminal regions. this process of rna cyclization is a crucial precondition for rna replication. in the case of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, highly conserved cyclization sequences (cs) have been identified, and their functionality has been experimentally confirmed. here, we provide an experimental identification of c ... | 2006 | 16571826 |
| west nile virus antibodies in avian species of georgia, usa: 2000-2004. | west nile virus (wnv) was first isolated in the state of georgia in the summer of 2001. as amplifying hosts of wnv, avian species play an important role in the distribution and epidemiology of the virus. the objective of this study was to identify avian species that are locally involved as potential amplifying hosts of wnv and can serve as indicators of wnv transmission over the physiographic and land use variation present in the southeastern united states. avian serum samples (n=14,077) from 83 ... | 2006 | 16584328 |
| effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by culex tarsalis (diptera: culicidae). | culex tarsalis coquillett females were infected with the ny99 strain of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) and then incubated under constant temperatures of 10-30 degrees c. at selected time intervals, transmission was attempted using an in vitro capillary tube assay. the median time from imbibing an infectious bloodmeal until infected females transmitted wnv (median extrinsic incubation period, eip50) was estimated by probit analysis. by regressing the eip rate (invers ... | 2006 | 16619616 |