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experimental infection of liver flukes, fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna, in bison (bison bison).this experimental study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of american bison (bison bison) to liver flukes, fascioloides magna and fasciola hepatica. six bison were each experimentally inoculated with 600 metacercariae of fascioloides magna, and three were later treated with triclabendazole suspension at 40 mg/kg of body weight. four additional bison were each experimentally inoculated with 600 metacercariae of fasciola hepatica. five control bison were placebo controls. two controls a ...201020090045
mixed conditional logistic regression for habitat selection studies.1. resource selection functions (rsfs) are becoming a dominant tool in habitat selection studies. rsf coefficients can be estimated with unconditional (standard) and conditional logistic regressions. while the advantage of mixed-effects models is recognized for standard logistic regression, mixed conditional logistic regression remains largely overlooked in ecological studies. 2. we demonstrate the significance of mixed conditional logistic regression for habitat selection studies. first, we use ...201020202010
[non-indigenous and non-specific parasitic nematodes--the background and the consequences].introduction of the host is the main reason behind introduction of the parasite, e. g., nematodes. the introduction of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) in europe in the 1980s resulted in expansion of the swimbladder nematode anguillicola crassus which soon invaded not only populations of the european eel (a. anguilla), but also other local fish. the raccoon (procyon lotor) is native to north america. it is the specific host of strongyloides procyonis and baylisascaris procyonis. more than 90 ...200920209803
vaccination strategies for managing brucellosis in yellowstone bison.concerns over migratory bison (bison bison) at yellowstone national park transmitting brucellosis (brucella abortus) to cattle herds on adjacent lands led to proposals for bison vaccination. we developed an individual-based model to evaluate how brucellosis infection might respond under alternate vaccination strategies, including: (1) vaccination of female calves and yearlings captured at the park boundary when bison move outside the primary conservation area; (2) combining boundary vaccination ...201020362620
brucellosis in the united states: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs.regulatory programs for brucellosis in domestic livestock have been active in the u.s. for almost 80 years. wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis include bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsonii) for brucella abortus whereas brucella suis is the predominant species infecting feral swine. the persistence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs poses a risk for reintroduction of brucella into domestic livestock. reducing the prevalence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs is anticipated to ...201020362627
characterization of bison (bison bison) myoglobin.bison is an alternate meat species gaining increased popularity in north america. although previous investigations reported that bison meat discolors faster than beef, the molecular basis of this observation has not been investigated. therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the redox stability, thermostability, and primary structure of bison myoglobin (mb), in comparison with beef mb. purified bison and beef myoglobins were analyzed for autoxidation, lipid oxidation-induce ...201020374756
cd8(+)/perforin(+)/wc1(-) gammadelta t cells, not cd8(+) alphabeta t cells, infiltrate vasculitis lesions of american bison (bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a gamma-herpesvirus in the macavirus genus, is a fatal disease associated with lymphoproliferation, lymphocytic vasculitis, and mucosal ulceration in clinically susceptible species. sa-mcf is an important threat to american bison (bison bison) due to their high susceptibility to this disease. currently, the pathogenesis of disease in sa-mcf is poorly understood, and the immunophenotype of lymphocytes that ...201020413164
foraging decisions of bison for rapid energy gains can explain the relative risk to neighboring plants in complex swards.herbivores commonly base their foraging decisions not only on the intrinsic characteristics of plants, but also on the attributes of neighboring species. although herbivores commonly orient their food choices toward the maximization of energy intake, the impact of such choices on neighboring plants remains largely unexplored. we evaluated whether foraging decisions by herbivores aiming at a rapid intake of digestible energy could explain multiple neighboring effects in complex swards. specifical ...201020583724
cattle ancestry in bison: explanations for higher mtdna than autosomal ancestry.understanding and documenting the process of hybridization and introgression between related species is a major focus of recent evolutionary research using molecular techniques. many north american bison herds have cattle ancestry introduced by crossbreeding over a century ago. molecular estimates of this ancestry have shown much higher levels for cattle mtdna than for autosomal cattle genes. a large part of this difference appears to be the result of partial reproductive isolation between the t ...201020637048
status of brucellosis in free-ranging elk and bison in wyoming.brucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis, a disease enzootic in populations of free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem, usa. we define the distribution of the disease in elk throughout wyoming, usa, using three epidemiologic/geographic classifications based on winter-foraging opportunity. antibody prevalence for >3,300 yearling and adult, female elk, sampled from supplemental feedgrounds in western wyoming, usa, since 1985, was ...201020688637
in vitro isolation and identification of the first neospora caninum isolate from european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.).peripheral blood from european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) living in białowieża forest, north-east poland, were investigated for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum and isolation of parasite. out of 23 animals three of them showed a strong positive response to n. caninum (13%). the white blood cells from two positive and two negative bison were loaded on monolayer vero cells culture. the first viable tachyzoites were detected only in positive samples at days 60 and 70 after incub ...201020702042
mycoplasma bovis outbreak in a herd of north american bison (bison bison).a disease outbreak of high morbidity and high mortality in bison (bison bison) was investigated. clinical signs included lameness, swollen joints, respiratory distress, and lethargy. fifty-three of 194 animals died. cows between 5 and 10 years of age were the most affected group, in which 40 of 88 animals died. necropsies were performed on several animals. there were abscesses in the lung and liver, as well as fibrinosuppurative pleuritis, polyarthritis, and disseminated microabscesses in variou ...201020807947
molecular characterization of coprophilous fungal communities reveals sequences related to root-associated fungal endophytes.this paper reports the use of molecular methods to characterize the coprophilous fungal communities (cfc) that inhabit the dung of four species of mammalian herbivores at two sites, sevilleta national wildlife refuge (snwr) in new mexico and wind cave national park (wcnp) in south dakota. results reveal that cfc from domesticated cattle (bos taurus) at snwr, and bison (bison bison) and black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) at wcnp were diverse but dominated primarily by members within ...201120842497
complete mitochondrial dna sequence analysis of bison bison and bison-cattle hybrids: function and phylogeny.complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genomes from 43 bison and bison-cattle hybrids were sequenced and compared with other bovids. selected animals reflect the historical range and current taxonomic structure of bison. this study identified regions of potential nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities in hybrids, provided a complete mtdna phylogenetic tree for this species, and uncovered evidence of bison population substructure. seventeen bison haplotypes defined by 66 polymorphic sites were disco ...201020870040
epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), cattle (bos taurus), and goats (capra hircus) in colorado, u.s.a.an ungulate research facility in fort collins, colorado, u.s.a., experienced mortality in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) because of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection from 20 august 2007 through 26 september 2007. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation from the spleen and lung tissues of two white-tailed deer. virus neutralization tests were performed on pre- and postoutbreak ser ...201020945651
surgical repair of a cleft palate in an american bison (bison bison).a 4-mo-old bison (bison bison) was evaluated and treated at a university veterinary hospital for a cleft defect in the hard and soft palate. using a mandibular symphysiotomy approach, the palatal defect was repaired with a z-plasty pattern in the soft palate and mucoperiosteal flaps in the hard palate. a small area of dehiscence in the rostral aspect of the hard palate, and aspiration pneumonia, were complications, but the bison calf recovered with medical management. even though this surgical p ...201020945663
some blood biochemical parameter values in a herd of american bison (bison bison l.) from an experimental animal farm in poland.the blood samples of 17 bison (7 cows, a heifer, a young bull and 8 calves) formed the basis for conducting analyses of blood plasma. the measurements were carried out by using ionoselective electrodes aided by a hitachi 917 biochemical analyser. an interpretation of the results was possible due to comparison with the results of similar analyses completed in the united states. many differences in blood chemistry values in bison bred at kurozweki were found in comparison to bison from the us.201020968177
pathological lesions in european bison (bison bonasus) with infestation by ashworthius sidemi (nematoda, trichostrongylidae).asworthius sidemi schulz, 1933 is a blood sucking gastrointestinal nematode, primarily typical for asiatic deer. it was found for the first time in poland in european bison in 1997. to estimate the level of invasion of a. sidemi and histopathological changes connected with the presence of the parasite in the years 2004-2007 parasitological and histopathological examinations of 54 european bison from białowieza forest were carried out. parasitological examination was carried out by the sedimentat ...201021077432
rapid response of a grassland ecosystem to an experimental manipulation of a keystone rodent and domestic livestock.megaherbivores and small burrowing mammals commonly coexist and play important functional roles in grassland ecosystems worldwide. the interactive effects of these two functional groups of herbivores in shaping the structure and function of grassland ecosystems are poorly understood. in north america's central grasslands, domestic cattle (bos taurus) have supplanted bison (bison bison), and now coexist with prairie dogs (cynomys spp.), a keystone burrowing rodent. understanding the ecological re ...201021141180
sperm characteristics in plains (bison bison bison) versus wood (bison bison athabascae) bison.the objective was to compare sperm characteristics between the two subspecies of north american bison, plains bison (bison bison bison) and wood bison (bison bison athabascae). frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm from age-matched plains (n = 3) and wood (n = 2) bison were evaluated for morphometry, motility, viability, protein profile, and in vitro fertilization characteristics. sperm morphometry and motility were assessed with computer-based systems, viability was assessed with sybr-14 and propidium ...201121295823
predicting bison migration out of yellowstone national park using bayesian models.long distance migrations by ungulate species often surpass the boundaries of preservation areas where conflicts with various publics lead to management actions that can threaten populations. we chose the partially migratory bison (bison bison) population in yellowstone national park as an example of integrating science into management policies to better conserve migratory ungulates. approximately 60% of these bison have been exposed to bovine brucellosis and thousands of migrants exiting the par ...201121340035
possibilities of using the european bison (bison bonasus) epididymal spermatozoa collected post-mortem for cryopreservation and artificial insemination: a pilot study.european bison is the largest mammal in europe with the population of approximately 4000 individuals. however, there is no report of post-mortem spermatozoa collection and cryopreservation from this species and the aim of this study was to test if the epididymal spermatozoa collected post-mortem from european bison are suitable for cryopreservation and artificial insemination (ai).201121385402
strontium isotope evidence for migration in late pleistocene rangifer: implications for neanderthal hunting strategies at the middle palaeolithic site of jonzac, france.in order to understand the behaviours and subsistence choices of palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, it is essential to understand the behavioural ecology of their prey. here, we present strontium isotope data from sequentially-sampled enamel from three reindeer (rangifer tarandus ssp.) and a single bison (bison cf. priscus) from the late middle palaeolithic site of jonzac (chez-pinaud), france. the results are used to investigate the ranging and migratory behaviours of these important prey species. ...201121497882
the annual cycle of shedding eimeria oocysts by european bison (bison bonasus) in the bialowieza primeval forest, poland.abstract between april 2008, and march 2009, we analyzed the pattern of coccidian oocysts present in the feces of the european bison (bison bonasus l., 1758) and found 4 species (eimeria bovis, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. zuernii) previously reported from this host and 3 species (eimeria alabamensis, e. cylindrica, e. pellita), which are new host and locality records. all the species occurred in bison females and only 4 in males; e. bovis was the most prevalent in both sexes. the overall ...201121506851
xenografting of testis tissue from bison calf donors into recipient mice as a strategy for salvaging genetic material.the objective was to evaluate the long-term outcome of testis tissue xenografting from neonatal bison calves as a model for closely related rare or endangered ungulates. testis tissue was collected postmortem from two newborn bison calves (bison bison bison) and small fragments of the tissue were grafted under the back skin of immunodeficient recipient mice (n = 15 mice; eight fragments/mouse). single xenograft samples were removed from representative recipient mice every 2 mo after grafting (fo ...201121529912
evaluation of an animal protein-free semen extender for cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from north american bison (bison bison).the objective was to evaluate the suitability of an animal protein-free semen extender for cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from the two subspecies of north american bison: plains (bison bison bison) and wood (bison bison athabascae) bison. both cauda epididymides (from six plains and five wood bison) were minced and incubated in sp-talph buffer for approximately 2 h at 37 °c to release actively motile sperm. sperm suspensions were filtered, centrifuged and the sperm pellet from each bull wa ...201121550101
energy gains predict the distribution of plains bison across populations and ecosystems.developing tools that help predict animal distribution in the face of environmental change is central to understanding ecosystem function, but it remains a significant ecological challenge. we tested whether a single foraging currency could explain bison (bison bison) distribution in dissimilar environments: a largely forested environment in prince albert national park (saskatchewan, canada) and a prairie environment in grasslands national park (saskatchewan, canada). we blended extensive behavi ...201121560694
predicting potential european bison habitat across its former range.habitat loss threatens large mammals worldwide, and their survival will depend on habitat in human-dominated landscapes. conservation planners thus face the challenge to identify areas of least conflict with land use, yet broadscale species distribution models rarely incorporate real landscape patterns nor do they identify potential conservation conflicts. an excellent example of such conservation challenges is provided by european bison (bison bonasus). almost extinct by the early 20th century, ...201121639048
dna vaccination of bison to brucellar antigens elicits elevated antibody and ifn-+¦ responses.brucella abortus remains a threat to the health and well-being of livestock in states bordering the greater yellowstone area. during the past several years, cohabitation of infected wildlife with cattle has jeopardized the brucellosis-free status of idaho, usa; wyoming, usa; and montana, usa. current livestock b. abortus vaccines have not proven to be efficacious in bison (bison bison) or elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). one problem with the lack of vaccine efficacy may stem from the failure to und ...201121719815
exome-wide dna capture and next generation sequencing in domestic and wild species.abstract:201121729323
a survey of the fecal bacteria of bison (bison bison) for potential pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility of bison-origin e. coli.an observational study determined the normal fecal bacterial flora of clinically healthy bison, detected the presence of common potential zoonotic pathogens, and determined the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated e. coli strains. ninety-six fecal samples from 10 captive herds were cultured for aerobic, anaerobic, facultative, and microaerophillic bacteria. nineteen major genera of gram-positive and 8 genera of gram-negative bacteria were identified. salmonella spp. were not detected but som ...201121731097
electrochemical identification of artificial oligonucleotides related to bovine species. potential for identification of species based on mismatches in the mitochondrial cytochrome c1 oxidase gene.our studies show that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (secm) of films of ds-dna on gold allow us to distinguish between mitochondrial dna fragments of the cytochrome c(1) oxidase (mt-cox1) of three related species of the subfamily 'bovinae' (bos taurus, bison bison, and bison bonasus). in eis, a perfectly matched dna gives rise to a considerably larger charge transfer resistance r(ct) compared to mismatched pairings. differences in charge tran ...201121847503
The efficacy of pour-on ivermectin in bison (Bison bison).To test the effectiveness of pour-on ivermectin in parasitized bison, changes in fecal parasite egg counts after treatment with ivermectin injectable or pour-on preparations were compared to a negative control group. There was no difference between the two ivermectin groups, and both forms of ivermectin were effective in reducing fecal parasite egg counts in parasitized bison.201122043076
blast chilling and low voltage electrical stimulation influences on bison (bison bison bison) meat quality.conventional carcass chilling is a lengthy and energy expensive process. blast chilling (bl) can reduce cooling time and associated shrink loss, although its application may compromise meat quality, particularly in lean carcasses or those with localized finish such as bison. low voltage electrical stimulation (lves) can reduce the risk of decreased meat quality by inducing rapid rigor onset prior to exposure of the musculature to extreme cold temperature. bl (-20°c, 3 m·s(-1) air velocity, 2 h) ...200122061713
the influence of elevated temperature conditioning on bison (bison bison bison) meat quality.elevated temperature conditioning (etc: 10°c until 10 h post mortem) was effectively employed as a means of cooling bison carcasses in order to avoid the cold-induced meat quality defects that are a risk with conventional bison carcass chilling (0-2°c for 24 h). the etc treatment maintained internal m. longissimus lumborum and m. semimembranosus temperature above 10°c within the first 10 h post mortem. the time/temperature combination did not result in significant evaporative loss, although loss ...200022062079
quantification of damage at different stages of cryopreservation of endangered north american bison (bison bison) semen and the effects of extender and freeze rate on post-thaw sperm quality.semen cryopreservation is an important technique for the banking of animal germplasm from endangered species and exploitation of genetically superior sires through artificial insemination. being a member of bovidae family, bison semen has poor freezing ability as compared to dairy and beef bulls' semen. this study was designed to quantify the damage to bison sperm at different stages of cryopreservation, and to determine the effects of extender (commercial triladyl(®) vs. custom made tris-citric ...201122240453
inferring the phylogeny of bovidae using mitochondrial dna sequences: resolving power of individual genes relative to complete genomes.molecular techniques that assess biodiversity through the analysis of a small segment of mitochondrial genome have been getting wide attention for inferring the mammalian diversity. due to their highly conserved nature, specific mitochondrial genes offer a promising tool for phylogenetic analysis. however, there is no established criteria for selecting the typical mitochondrial dna (mtdna) segments to achieve a greater resolving power. we therefore chose the family bovidae as a model and compare ...201222399841
tracking of wisent-bison-yak mitochondrial evolution.one of the most informative sources which allow the drawing of far-reaching conclusions about the origins and phylogenetics of many species, including domestic animals and humans, is mitochondrial dna (mtdna). one of the important research targets should include the identification of similarities between wild and domestic species. the analysis involved the nucleotide sequences of mtdna of wisent, auroch, bison, yak, bovine reference sequence (brs) t3, t3a, t3b, t1, t1a, t1'2'3, t2, t3, t4, t5, q ...201222415349
antioxidant enzyme activity and mrna expression in reproductive tract of adult male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).antioxidants in the male reproductive tract are the main defence factors against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species production, which compromises sperm function and male fertility. this study was designed to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx), in the testicular and epididymidal tissues of adult male european bison (bison bonasus). the reproductive tract tissues were subjected to real-t ...201322458932
immune responses and safety after dart or booster vaccination of bison with brucella abortus strain rb51.one alternative for management of brucellosis in yellowstone national park bison (bison bison) is vaccination of calves and yearlings. although brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination protects bison against experimental challenge, the effect of booster vaccinations was unknown. this study characterized immunologic responses after dart or booster vaccination of bison with brucella abortus strain rb51. in two studies, 8- to 10-month-old female bison were inoculated with saline (n = 14), hand vacc ...201222461528
detection of mitochondrial dna from domestic cattle in european bison (bison bonasus) from the altai republic in russia. 201222486514
low major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc i) variation in the european bison (bison bonasus).variation in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i of the european bison was characterized in a sample of 99 individuals using both classical cloning/sanger sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing. three common (frequencies: 0.348, 0.328, and 0.283) haplotypes contain 1-3 classical class i loci. a variable and difficult to estimate precisely number of nonclassical transcribed loci, pseudogenes, and/or gene fragments were also found. the presence of additional 2 rare haplotypes (frequency ...201222496313
a novel usp9y polymorphism allowing a rapid and unambiguous classification of bos taurus y chromosomes into haplogroups.a new sequence-tagged site (sts) was identified within intron 26 of the bovine usp9y gene, showing an 81-base pair insertion (g.76439_76440ins81 in sequence with genbank accession fj195366) able to distinguish y2 and y3 bos y haplogroups from y1. moreover, four y3-specific sequence variants allow a distinction from haplogroup y2. the typing of a bison bison y chromosome indicates that the ancestral allele for the usp9y 81-bp insertion is the short y1 version. the results from typing the new sts ...201222497446
polymorphism and haplotype structure in river buffalo (bubalus bubalis) toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) coding sequence.most of the 160 million river buffalo in the world are in asia where they are used extensively, both as a food source and for draught power. only recently have investigations begun exploring the buffalo genome for variation that might influence health and productivity of these economically important animals. this paper describes the sequence variability of the toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) gene, which recognizes bacterial flagellin and is a key player in the immune system. tlr5 is comprised of a s ...201222537062
ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in american bison: virus and host dynamics in the development of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a gammaherpesvirus that causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal disease mainly of ruminants. this study was designed to define virus-host dynamics following experimental ovhv-2 infection in bison. a transient peak in viral dna accompanied by the presence of ovhv-2 orf25, orf50 and orf73 transcripts was observed in lungs only from 9 to 12 days post-inoculation (dpi), suggesting occurrence of viral replication. this initial vir ...201222592216
phenotypic characteristics and virulence genotypes of trueperella (arcanobacterium) pyogenes strains isolated from european bison (bison bonasus).trueperella (arcanobacterium) pyogenes is an opportunistic animal pathogen, which in european bison is associated with different suppurative infections mainly of the urogenital tract. little is known about the virulence of this bacterium and about the pathogenesis of infections. the main objective of this study was to determine phenotypic properties and virulence genotypes of the twenty-five t. pyogenes strains isolated from lesions in various tissues of free-living european bison. classical bac ...201222658663
estimating survival rates with time series of standing age-structure data.it has long been recognized that age-structure data contain useful information for assessing the status and dynamics of wildlife populations. for example, age-specific survival rates can be estimated with just a single sample from the age distribution of a stable, stationary population. for a population that is not stable, age-specific survival rates can be estimated using techniques such as inverse methods that combine time series of age-structure data with other demographic data. however, esti ...201222690623
magnesium concentrations in the tissues of free-ranging european bison.the european bison (bison bonasus) is the only living species of the bison genus in the old world. it is the largest, wild, herbivorous mammal living in europe. as a result of the efforts of biologists, the european bison has been saved as a species. in poland, they were reintroduced into the natural conditions of the bialowieza forest. by 2011, this herd of free-living bison comprised more than 700 animals. the aim of the present work was to determine tissue levels of magnesium in free-living b ...201222728583
yersinia enterocolitica: an unlikely cause of positive brucellosis tests in greater yellowstone ecosystem bison (bison bison).yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:9 has identical o-antigens to those of brucella abortus and has apparently caused false-positive reactions in numerous brucellosis serologic tests in elk (cervus canadensis) from southwest montana. we investigated whether a similar phenomenon was occurring in brucellosis antibody-positive bison (bison bison) using y. enterocolitica culturing techniques and multiplex pcr of four diagnostic loci. feces from 53 yellowstone bison culled from the population and 113 ...201222740518
genetic diversity among bacillus anthracis soil isolates at fine geographic scales.environmental samples were collected from carcass sites during and after anthrax outbreaks in 2000 and 2001 in the bison (bison bison) population within wood buffalo national park and the hook lake region north of wood buffalo national park. bacillus anthracis spores were isolated from these samples and confirmed using phenotypic characterization and real-time pcr. confirmed b. anthracis isolates were typed using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva15) and single-nucleotid ...201222773624
serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi.bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ...201222795672
farm crops depredation by european bison (bison bonasus) in the vicinity of forest habitats in northeastern poland.european bison, the largest mammal in europe, after being exterminated in the wild and then restored during the 20th century is still listed by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn red list of threatened species) as a species vulnerable to extinction. however, the increasing number of european bison, through creation of new and expansion of existing populations strongly increases the risk of human-bison conflict in the near future. we analyzed the depredation of farm crops by ...201222842710
phenotypic effects of cattle mitochondrial dna in american bison.hybridization between endangered species and more common species is a significant problem in conservation biology because it may result in extinction or loss of adaptation. the historical reduction in abundance and geographic distribution of the american plains bison (bison bison bison) and their recovery over the last 125 years is well documented. however, introgression from domestic cattle (bos taurus) into the few remaining bison populations that existed in the late 1800s has now been identif ...201222862781
mitochondrial dna haplotype analysis of liver fluke in bison from bialowieza primaeval forest indicates domestic cattle as the likely source of infection.we have determined the mitochondrial genotype of liver fluke present in bison (bison bonasus) from the herd maintained in the bialowieza national park in order to determine the origin of the infection. our results demonstrated that the infrapopulations present in the bison were genetically diverse and were likely to have been derived from the population present in local cattle. from a consideration of the genetic structure of the liver fluke infrapopulations we conclude that the provision of hay ...201322925823
genetic variation and mating success in managed american plains bison.the american plains bison (bison bison) was pushed to the brink of extinction in the late 1800s but has since rebounded. less than 5% of animals currently exist in conservation herds that are critical for maintaining genetic variability. here, we use 25 microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity and patterns of mating success over a 3-year period in a managed conservation herd at konza prairie biological station, kansas (total number of individuals genotyped = 587). heterozygosity was compa ...201323203599
morphometric measurements of the seminiferous tubules of the testes in 2-year-old and 3-year-old european bison males with or without spermiogenesis.the area, perimeter and diameter of the seminiferous tubules in the european bison bison bonasus (l.) were statistically higher in the animals with than in those without spermiogenesis, both among 2-year-old and 3-year-old males (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001).201223214382
toxocara vitulorum in a bison (bison bison) herd from western canada.the discovery of the parasite toxocara vitulorum in bison calves in the province of manitoba, canada is discussed. this parasite is more commonly found in the small intestines of bovid calves living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. this is the first time that toxocara vitulorum has been reported from hosts in canada.201223277649
effect of chilling duration on post-thaw characteristics of sperm from the north american bison (bison bison).the objective of this study was to determine the duration for which sperm from the north american bison (bison bison) could be chilled prior to being cryopreserved, without compromising post- thaw sperm quality. this would permit transport of samples collected remotely, to the laboratory (at 4°c) for cryopreservation. epididymal sperm from plains bison (n = 11) and ejaculated sperm from wood bison (n = 3) were collected, extended and held at 4°c for extended periods of time. at intervals, an ali ...201323279606
the modification and evaluation of an elisa test for the surveillance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wild ruminants.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is often used to test wildlife samples for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection. however, commercially available kits are only validated for use with domestic ruminant species. a literature review was performed to document the current use of map serum elisa in wild and semi-domestic ruminants. we then modified and evaluated a commercial elisa kit (idexx mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody test kit) for use with species for whic ...201323302439
effects of pipothiazine palmitate on handling stress and on the characteristics of semen collected by electroejaculation in bison (bison bison) bulls.handling north american bison can pose risk to the handler and evoke stress in the animal. moreover, this induced stress might affect qualities of semen collected by electroejaculation. the objective of this study was to investigate if a long acting neuroleptic tranquilizer (lan) would reduce the stress of bison and thereby improve the quality of electroejaculated semen. eight experimental replicates were conducted between may and november. in each replicate, the same six bison bulls were random ...201323474277
conservation implications of native and introduced ungulates in a changing climate.in many grasslands, grazing by large native or introduced ungulates drives ecosystem structure and function. the behavior of these animals is important as it directs the spatial effects of grazing. to the degree that temperature drives spatial components of foraging, understanding how changes in climate alter grazing behavior will provide guidance for the conservation of ecosystem goods and services. we determined the behavioral response of native bison (bison bison) and introduced cattle (bos t ...201323505266
necrotic pharyngitis associated with mycoplasma bovis infections in american bison (bison bison).mycoplasma bovis has emerged as a significant and costly infectious disease problem in bison, generally presenting as severe, caseonecrotic pneumonia. three diagnostic cases in which m. bovis is associated with necrotic pharyngitis in bison are described in the current study. the bacterium was isolated from lesions of the pharynx or lung of 3 american bison (bison bison), at 2 different locations in the upper midwestern united states, with severe, necrotic pharyngeal abscesses. chronic caseonecr ...201323512925
ovarian synchronisation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory season.two experiments were performed in wood bison during the anovulatory season to establish an effective protocol for ovarian synchronisation. in an untreated control phase, bison cows (n=19) were examined daily to establish the interval to new follicular wave emergence (4.9±0.7 days) for the purposes of comparison with the experimental treatments. in experiment 1, bison were treated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular ablation (n=9) or with 2mg, i.m., 17β-oestradiol (n=10). in experiment 2 ...201423595420
disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland.ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ...201323649757
genetic variation and differentiation of bison (bison bison) subspecies and cattle (bos taurus) breeds and subspecies.the genetic relationship of american plains bison (bison bison bison) and wood bison (bison bison athabascae) was quantified and compared with that among breeds and subspecies of cattle. plains bison from 9 herds (n = 136), wood bison from 3 herds (n = 65), taurine cattle (bos taurus taurus) from 14 breeds (n = 244), and indicine cattle (bos taurus indicus) from 2 breeds (n = 53) were genotyped for 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci. bayesian cluster analyses indicate 3 groups, 2 of which are pl ...201323667052
contrasting results of culture-dependent and molecular analyses of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from wood bison.reduced to near extinction in the late 1800s, a number of wood bison populations (bison bison athabascae) have been re-established through reintroduction initiatives. although an invaluable tool for conservation, translocation of animals can spread infectious agents to new areas or expose animals to pathogens in their new environment. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, a bacterium that causes chronic enteritis in ruminants, is among the pathogens of potential concern for wood bison man ...201323686265
the efficacy and safety of alphacypermethrin as a pour-on treatment for water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) infested with haematopinus tuberculatus (phthiraptera: haematopinidae).the sucking louse haematopinus tuberculatus (burmeister 1839) is an ectoparasite of buffaloes, cattle, camels, and american bison. alphacypermethrin (acyp) is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control arthropods of veterinary and public health interest. therapeutics, such as antiparasitic compounds, is often administered to buffaloes based on dosage and intervals recommended for cattle because very few drugs have buffalo-specific label indications. a trial was conducted on 20 louse-infes ...201323733232
evaluation of transmission of brucella abortus strain 19 in bison by intravaginal, intrauterine, and intraconjunctival inoculation.bovine brucellosis, caused by the bacterium brucella abortus, is endemic in bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in the area of yellowstone national park, usa. two strategies have been proposed to reduce the risk of transmission of disease in bison: remote vaccination with the vaccine rb51, and the use of immunocontraception of bison to decrease shedding of organisms from infected females. the frequent occurrence of venereal transmission in bison would complicate eith ...201323778600
evaluation of bison (bison bison) semen from yellowstone national park, montana, usa, bulls for brucella abortus shedding.to determine if bison (bison bison) bulls from yellowstone national park (ynp), montana, usa, shed an infective dose of brucella abortus in semen, 50 ynp bulls were captured on public lands in montana during the winter and early spring (april-may) of 2010 and 2011. the bulls were immobilized, and blood and semen samples were collected for serology and brucella culture. thirty-five bulls (70%) were antibody-positive, and b. abortus was cultured from semen in three (9%) of the 35 antibody-positive ...201323778628
serial ovarian ultrasonography in wild-caught wood bison (bison bison athabascae).the objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of daily examination of wild-caught wood bison and to characterize the ovarian function using serial transrectal ultrasonography and blood hormone analysis. ten 2-year-old wood bison heifers obtained from elk island national park were placed in a corral adjacent to a handling system designed for restraining bison. the handling system was left open to the corral allowing the bison to explore it freely for 2 months. active acclimation ...201323816285
superovulation and embryo transfer in wood bison (bison bison athabascae).two experiments were done to develop an effective superovulatory treatment protocol in wood bison for the purpose of embryo collection and transfer. in experiment 1, donor bison were assigned randomly to four treatment groups (n = 5 per group) to examine the effects of method of synchronization (follicular ablation vs. estradiol-progesterone treatment) and ovarian follicular superstimulation (single slow-release vs. split dose of fsh). recipient bison were synchronized with donor bison by either ...201323831114
risks of brucella abortus spillover in the greater yellowstone area.recurrent spillover of brucella abortus from wildlife reservoirs to domestic cattle in the greater yellowstone area (gya) has prevented the united states from completely eradicating bovine brucellosis. risks to cattle are a function of the size and location of wildlife and livestock populations, the degree and nature of spatio-temporal interactions between the various hosts, the level of disease in wildlife, and the susceptibility of livestock herds. while the brucellosis prevalence in wild, fre ...201323837366
integrating ecology with management to control wildlife brucellosis.bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem have long been infected with brucella abortus. the continued culling of large numbers of yellowstone bison to reduce the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle could negatively affect long-term conservation. a desirable management objective is to reduce the level of b. abortus infection while conserving wildlife populations. identifying the ecological factors that influence immune suppression and vulnerabilityt ...201323837381
bovine brucellosis in wildlife: using adaptive management to improve understanding, technology and suppression.eradication of brucellosis from bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area is not possible with current technology. there are considerable uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of management techniques and unintended effects on wildlife behaviour and demography. however, adaptive management provides a framework for learning about the disease, improving suppression techniques, and lowering brucellosis transmission among wildlife and to cattle. sin ...201323837383
systemic mycoplasmosis with dystocia and abortion in a north american bison (bison bison) herd.the current study describes a fatal mycoplasma bovis infection in a north american bison (bison bison) cow and her aborted fetus in a herd suffering unusual mortality associated with dystocia and abortion. postmortem evaluation of the subject case found severe caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia, chronic fibrinous pleuritis and pulmonary sequestra, foci of caseous necrosis in the kidneys, and necrotizing endometritis and placentitis. histologic findings in the maternal tissues include endometrial and ...201323847228
superstimulatory response and oocyte collection in north american bison during the non-breeding season.a 2×2 design was used to compare the ovarian response and oocyte collection characteristics in bison given a superstimulatory dose of ecg or fsh, with or without a follow-up dose of lh. follicular wave emergence was synchronized by follicle ablation (day -1) and bison were assigned randomly to two superstimulatory treatment groups (n=10 per group): (i) a single intramuscular dose of 2500iu of ecg given on day 0, or (ii) two subcutaneous doses of 200mg of fsh given on days 0 and 2. on day 4, 200m ...201323849853
estimation of male gene flow from measures of nuclear and female genetic differentiation.an approach is provided to estimate male gene flow and the ratio of male to female gene flow, given that there are estimates of diploid, nuclear gene flow and haploid, female gene flow. this approach can be applied to estimates of differentiation (f st ) from biparentally and maternally inherited markers, assuming the equilibrium island model and equal effective numbers of males and females. corrections to formulas used previously for california sea lions (gonzález-suárez m, flatz r, aurioles-ga ...201323894193
the effect of chilled conditioning at 4°c on selected water and lipid-soluble flavor precursors in bison bison longissimus dorsi muscle and their impact on sensory characteristics.water and lipid-soluble flavor precursors were monitored using chromatography methods in the longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of six grain-fed bison bison, stored at 4°c for 2, 4, 8, 15 and 21 days in order to investigate their potential impact on sensory attributes of cooked bison meat. while ph and lipid-soluble compounds remained mostly unchanged, several changes in water-soluble compounds were observed. the breakdown of inosine-5'-monophosphate (imp) led to increases in inosine, hypoxanthine an ...201423896147
co-expression pattern of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dβh) and neuropeptide y (npy) within sympathetic innervation of ovary and umbilical cord of the european bison (bison bonasus l.).co-expression of dopamine β-hydroxylase (dβh) and neuropeptide y (npy) has never been examined in ovary (ov) and umbilical cord (uc) of the european bison (eb), the endangered wild species. the ov and uc samples were harvested from seasonally eliminated eb females (45-120 days post coitum). frozen histological sections were examined by double fluorescent immunohistochemistry (df-ihc), using the primary mouse anti-dβh monoclonals and rabbit anti-npy polyclonals and then the immunocomplexes were v ...201323928217
fibroblasts express ovhv-2 capsid protein in vasculitis lesions of american bison (bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.american bison (bison bison) are particularly susceptible to developing fatal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a γ-herpesvirus in the macavirus genus. this generally fatal disease is characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, and mucosal ulceration in american bison, domestic cattle (bos taurus), and other clinically susceptible species which are considered non-adapted, dead-end hosts. the pathogenesis and cellular tropism of ovhv ...201323953727
malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer).within the tribe bovini in the subfamily bovinae, the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), american bison (bison bison), european bison (bubalus bonasus) and yak (bos grunniens) are recognized as species highly susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). in contrast, the lack of reports describing clinical mcf in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) whether free ranging or captive has led to a perception that african buffaloes are resistant to mcf. during the last decade, several cases of mcf i ...201523957274
first detection of schmallenberg virus in elk (alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in białowieża national park in poland.schmallenberg virus (sbv) rna was detected in the serum of an elk (alces alces) calf captured on the outskirts of białowieża national park (bnp) in december 2012, and shortly afterwards the calf died of acute bronchopneumonia. serum samples from 169 animals, including bison, red and fallow deer, originating from eight locations situated in four polish provinces, were tested for the presence of sbv-specific antibodies between 2011 and 2013. although no antibodies were found in samples collected u ...201324021421
spatial heterogeneity in the strength of plant-herbivore interactions under predation risk: the tale of bison foraging in wolf country.spatial heterogeneity in the strength of trophic interactions is a fundamental property of food web spatial dynamics. the feeding effort of herbivores should reflect adaptive decisions that only become rewarding when foraging gains exceed 1) the metabolic costs, 2) the missed opportunity costs of not foraging elsewhere, and 3) the foraging costs of anti-predator behaviour. two aspects of these costs remain largely unexplored: the link between the strength of plant-herbivore interactions and the ...201324039909
the arteries of brain base in species of bovini tribe.studies were conducted on 78 preparations of head and brain arteries in four species of bos genus, that is in domestic cattle (n = 59), including 22 foetuses (crl 36.5-78.5 cm), in banteng (bos javanicus, n = 3), yak (bos mutus f. grunniens, n = 2), american bison (bison bison, n = 4), and european bison (bison bonasus, n = 10). the comparative analysis permitted to demonstrate a similar pattern of brain base arteries in the studied animals. in the studied species, blood vessels of the arterial ...201324106047
preliminary analyses of the frozen mummies of mammoth (mammuthus primigenius), bison (bison priscus) and horse (equus sp.) from the yana-indigirka lowland, yakutia, russia.the frozen bodies of a young woolly mammoth (mammuthus primigenius), a wild horse (equus sp.) and a steppe bison (bison priscus) were recently found in the northern yakutia (northeastern siberia). all specimens have preserved bones, skin and soft tissues. whereas the woolly mammoth and the pleistocene horse were represented by partial frozen bodies, the steppe bison body was recovered in an absolutely complete state. all specimens were found frozen in the permafrost, with some of the tissues mum ...201424148659
the first finding of a frozen holocene bison (bison priscus bojanus, 1827) carcass in chukotka. 201324150651
ovarian superstimulation and oocyte collection in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the ovulatory season.the objective of the study was to establish an effective ovarian superstimulatory protocol and subsequently obtain oocytes from bison by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. two experiments involving 22 wood bison were done during the breeding season (september to december). in experiment 1, the bison were given a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin (day 0) and underwent follicular ablation (day 8) to induce ovarian synchrony. synchronized bison were then assigned randomly to two g ...201424182739
movements of european bison (bison bonasus) beyond the białowieża forest (ne poland): range expansion or partial migrations?the european bison is the largest terrestrial mammal in europe. after extinction in the wild at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was re-introduced to białowieża forest and other woodlands in eastern europe. in this paper, we analysed the movements of european bison beyond the continuous woodlands of the białowieża forest (ne poland) between 1964 and 2010. in total, 1,117 direct observations of bison were collected. the number of males moving out of the forest fluctuated during the stud ...201324244043
integrating multiple lines of evidence into historical biogeography hypothesis testing: a bison bison case study.one of the grand goals of historical biogeography is to understand how and why species' population sizes and distributions change over time. multiple types of data drawn from disparate fields, combined into a single modelling framework, are necessary to document changes in a species's demography and distribution, and to determine the drivers responsible for change. yet truly integrated approaches are challenging and rarely performed. here, we discuss a modelling framework that integrates spatio- ...201424403338
examination of north american bison saliva for potential plant growth regulators.a series of laboratory bioassays were utilized to test for the presence of potential plant growth factors in saliva from a large native ungulate, the north american bison (bison bison l.). whole saliva enhancedavena coleoptile growth at high ph, whether alone or in combination with indoleacetic acid (iaa). however, this enhancement was a result of salts in the saliva (primarily nahco3) rather than of other compounds acting hormonally, enhancing iaa activity, or inhibiting iaa oxidase activity as ...198124420469
romance without responsibilities: the use of the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida to manage free-ranging bison (bison bison) on catalina island, california, usa.prior to 2010, the introduced population of american bison (bison bison) on santa catalina island, california, was managed through the shipment of surplus bison to private ranches, native american reservations, and livestock auctions on the mainland. in response to escalating costs, transport-induced stress to the animals, and ecologic impacts associated with high bison numbers on-island between shipments, the use of the immunocontraceptive vaccine porcine zona pellucida (pzp) as a fertility con ...201324437092
the use of contraception as a disease management tool in wildlife.contraception offers potential as a tool for managing certain diseases in wildlife, most notably venereally transmitted diseases or diseases transmitted at parturition. brucellosis is an excellent example of an infectious disease present in wild populations that could potentially be managed through immunocontraception. previous studies in bison (bison bison) suggest that a single injection of gonacon (national wildlife research center, u.s. department of agriculture/animal and plant health inspe ...201324437094
dances with anthrax: wolves (canis lupus) kill anthrax bacteremic plains bison (bison bison bison) in southwestern montana.bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax, was recovered from two plains bison (bison bison bison) cows killed by wolves (canis lupus) in montana, usa, without associated wolf mortality in july 2010. this bison herd experienced an epizootic in summer 2008, killing ∼ 8% of the herd, the first documented in the region in several decades. no wolf deaths were associated with the 2008 event. surveillance has continued since 2008, with research, ranch, and wildlife personnel diligent during summer. as ...201424484485
feasibility of quarantine procedures for bison (bison bison) calves from yellowstone national park for conservation of brucellosis-free bison.objective--to determine the feasibility of qualifying individuals or groups of yellowstone national park bison as free from brucellosis. design--cohort study. sample--serum, blood, and various samples from live bison and tissues taken at necropsy from 214 bison over 7 years. procedures--blood was collected from bison every 30 to 45 days for serologic tests and microbiological culture of blood for brucella abortus. seropositive bison were euthanized until all remaining bison had 2 consecutive neg ...201424548234
molecular analysis of lungworms from european bison (bison bonasus) on the basis of small subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu).dictyocaulosis (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) is a widespread parasitosis of the european bison (bison bonasus) inhabiting bialowieza primeval forest. bearing in mind the current coexistence of bison with wild cervids, and with domestic ruminants in the 19th and 20th century, the need arose for molecular identification of lungworm species. molecular analysis was done on adult lungworms that were obtained from the respiratory track of four free-roaming bison euthanized as a part of the populatio ...201424570058
hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland.hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ...201524655475
the first report of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living european bison (bison bonasus bonasus linnaeus).toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 is an apicomplexan parasite with a worldwide distribution. it is of great medical and veterinary importance because it may cause abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts, including man. the european bison, the largest herbivorous animal in europe, is a species that has been saved from extinction. twenty-four of 95 examined sera of the european bison (bison bonasus bonasus) from the białowieza forest, poland collected from 2008 to 2011 w ...201424684049
coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) of the lowland european bison bison bonasus bonasus (l.).coprological studies conducted between 2007 and 2011 in free-roaming and captive european bison bison bonasus (linnaeus, 1758) from poland revealed 11 species of eimeria infecting the host, i.e., eimeria alabamensis, eimeria auburnensis, eimeria bovis, eimeria brasiliensis, eimeria bukidnonensis, eimeria canadensis, eimeria cylindrica, eimeria ellipsoidalis, eimeria pellita, eimeria subspherica, and eimeria zuernii. the typical host for all isolated species is cattle. the most prevalent species ...201424702772
descriptive epidemiology of detected anthrax outbreaks in wild wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in northern canada, 1962-2008.we inventoried and assessed historical anthrax outbreak data from 1962-2008 in wild wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in wood buffalo national park and the slave river lowlands (srl), northwest territories, canada. we compared these results with a 2010 outbreak in the srl. anthrax outbreaks have occurred in 12 of the years between 1962 and 2008 in wild wood bison with 1,515 anthrax deaths detected. the average number of carcasses found each outbreak year was 126 (range 1-363), though local ave ...201424779457
malignant catarrhal fever in american bison (bison bison) experimentally infected with alcelaphine herpesvirus 2.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), due to ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), causes appreciable death loss in ranched bison (bison bison) throughout north america. no vaccine exists to protect animals from disease. since ovhv-2 has not been propagated in vitro, one strategy to develop a modified live vaccine is to use a closely related, non-pathogenic member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus family as a vector expressing potentially protective ovhv-2 epitopes. to date, no controlled experimental c ...201424803260
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