Publications

tularemia in a mule deer.	a case of tularemia was confirmed in a 51-year-old man who acquired the disease from a mule deer, odocoileus hemionus. francisella tularensis was isolated from bone marrow of the deer carcass.	1976	16498895
experimental infection of domestic sheep and mule deer with elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935.		1970	16512021
prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in adult and fetal mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from nebraska.	toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of mammals and birds. herbivores acquire postnatal infection by ingesting oocysts from contaminated food or water. toxoplasma gondii infection is common in white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, but little is known about the prevalence of infection in mule deer, o. hemionus. we examined sera from 89 mule deer from nebraska for agglutinating antibodies to t. gondii using the modified direct agglutination test (mat) with formalin-fixed tachyzoites ...	2005	16539039
comparison of two automated immunohistochemical procedures for the diagnosis of scrapie in domestic sheep and chronic wasting disease in north american white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	two commercially available automated immunohistochemistry platforms, ventana nexes and dakocytomation autostainer universal staining system, were compared for diagnosing sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease. both automated platforms used the same antiprion protein monoclonal primary antibodies, but different platform-specific linker and amplification reagents and procedures. duplicate sections of brainstem (at the level of the obex) and lymphoid tissue (retropharyngeal lymph node or ...	2006	16617694
determining prevalence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in mule deer in arizona (usa) using whole blood dried on paper strips compared to serum analyses.	we investigated the feasibility of using whole blood dried on paper strips as a means to collect antibody prevalence data for the epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv) and bluetongue viruses (btv) from hunter-harvested male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in october 2002 from arizona, usa. we compared antibody prevalence estimates in mule deer from paired paper strip and serum samples. prevalence data obtained from elution of dried blood on paper strips proved to be consistent with result ...	2006	16699159
spatial context influences patch residence time in foraging hierarchies.	understanding responses of organisms to spatial heterogeneity in resources has emerged as a fundamentally important challenge in contemporary ecology. we examined responses of foraging herbivores to multi-scale heterogeneity in plants. we asked the question, "is the behavior observed at coarse scales in a patch hierarchy the collective outcome of fine scale behaviors or, alternatively, does the spatial context at coarse scales entrain fine scale behavior?" to address this question we created a n ...	2006	16705439
testis and antler dysgenesis in sitka black-tailed deer on kodiak island, alaska: sequela of environmental endocrine disruption?	it had been observed that many male sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) on kodiak island, alaska, had abnormal antlers, were cryptorchid, and presented no evidence of hypospadias. we sought to better understand the problem and investigated 171 male deer for phenotypic aberrations and 12 for detailed testicular histopathology. for the low-lying aliulik peninsula (ap), 61 of 94 deer were bilateral cryptorchids (bcos); 70% of these had abnormal antlers. elsewhere on the kodiak a ...	2006	16818246
linking chronic wasting disease to mule deer movement scales: a hierarchical bayesian approach.	observed spatial patterns in natural systems may result from processes acting across multiple spatial and temporal scales. although spatially explicit data on processes that generate ecological patterns, such as the distribution of disease over a landscape, are frequently unavailable, information about the scales over which processes operate can be used to understand the link between pattern and process. our goal was to identify scales of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) movement and mixing that ...	2006	16827000
first chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of belgium.	cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in wild cervids have yet not been reported in europe, whereas the disease is considered enzootic in free-ranging mule deer, rocky mountain elk and white-tailed deer in the area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska. new foci of cwd continue to be detected in other parts of the united states. however, no large-scale active epidemiosurveillance of european wild cervids is yet installed in europe. in accordance with the opinion of the european scientific steering ...	2006	16841567
transmission of elk and deer prions to transgenic mice.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal prion disease in deer and elk. unique among the prion diseases, it is transmitted among captive and free-ranging animals. to facilitate studies of the biology of cwd prions, we generated five lines of transgenic (tg) mice expressing prion protein (prp) from rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), denoted tg(elkprp), and two lines of tg mice expressing prp common to white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), denote ...	2006	16940522
prion protein in cardiac muscle of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) infected with chronic wasting disease.	to investigate the possible presence of disease-associated prion protein (prp(d)) in striated muscle of chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected cervids, samples of diaphragm, tongue, heart and three appendicular skeletal muscles from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces shirasi) were examined by elisa, western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry (ihc). prp(d) was detected in samples of heart muscle from se ...	2006	17030881
patterns of prpcwd accumulation during the course of chronic wasting disease infection in orally inoculated mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	patterns of abnormal prion protein (prp) accumulation during the course of chronic wasting disease (cwd) infection were studied and the distribution and timing of disease-associated prp (prp(cwd)) deposition and lesions in 19 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) 90-785 days after oral inoculation were described. prp(cwd) deposition occurred relatively rapidly and widely in lymphoid tissues, later in central and peripheral nervous tissues and sporadically in a variety of tissues and organs in terminal ...	2006	17030882
sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma ovis strains.	anaplasma ovis (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) is a tick-borne pathogen of sheep, goats and wild ruminants. the genetic diversity of a. ovis strains has not been well characterized due to the lack of sequence information. in this study, we evaluated bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from montana for infection with a. ovis by serology and sequence analysis of the msp4 gene. antibodies to anaplasma spp. were detected in 37% and 39% of bighorn sheep and mule deer ...	2007	17052866
test for detection of disease-associated prion aggregate in the blood of infected but asymptomatic animals.	we have developed a sensitive in vitro assay for detecting disease-associated prion aggregates by combining an aggregation-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (as-elisa) with the fluorescent amplification catalyzed by t7 rna polymerase technique (factt). the new assay, named aggregation-specific factt (as-factt), is much more sensitive than as-elisa and could detect prion aggregates in the brain of mice as early as 7 days after an intraperitoneal inoculation of prp(sc). however, as-factt ...	2007	17079434
parelaphostrongylus odocoilei in columbian black-tailed deer from oregon.	documenting the occurrence of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei has historically relied on the morphological examination of adult worms collected from the skeletal muscle of definitive hosts, including deer. recent advances in the knowledge of protostrongylid genetic sequences now permit larvae to be identified. dorsal-spined larvae (dsls) collected in 2003-2004 from the lung and feces of six columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from oregon were characterized genetically. th ...	2006	17092883
oral transmission of chronic wasting disease in captive shira's moose.	three captive shira's moose (alces alces shirasi) were orally inoculated with a single dose (5 g) of whole-brain homogenate prepared from chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). all moose died of causes thought to be other than cwd. histologic examination of one female moose dying 465 days postinoculation revealed spongiform change in the neuropil, typical of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. immunohistochemistry staining for the proteinase-resistant isofor ...	2006	17092895
passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prpc.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) is one of three naturally occurring forms of prion disease, the others being creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep. in the last few decades, cwd has spread among captive and free-ranging cervids in 13 us states, two canadian provinces and recently in korea. the origin of the cwd agent(s) in cervids is not known. this study describes the development of a transgenic mouse line (tgel ...	2006	17098997
detection of prp(cwd) in postmortem rectal lymphoid tissues in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) infected with chronic wasting disease.	preclinical diagnostic tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been described for mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), using biopsy tissues of palatine tonsil, and for sheep, using lymphoid tissues from palatine tonsil, third eyelid, and rectal mucosa. the utility of examining the rectal mucosal lymphoid tissues to detect chronic wasting disease (cwd) was investigated in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), a species for which there is not a live-animal diagnostic test. post ...	2006	17121082
transmission of chronic wasting disease of mule deer to suffolk sheep following intracerebral inoculation.	to determine the transmissibility of chronic wasting disease (cwd) to sheep, 8 suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes (4 arq/arr, 3 arq/arq, 1 arq/vrq at codons 136, 154, and 171, respectively) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from mule deer with cwd (cwdmd). two other lambs were kept as noninoculated controls. within 36 months postinoculation (mpi), 2 inoculated animals became sick and were euthanized. only 1 sheep (euthanized at 35 mpi) showed clinical signs that ...	2006	17121083
dynamics of prion disease transmission in mule deer.	chronic wasting disease (cwd), a contagious prion disease of the deer family, has the potential to severely harm deer populations and disrupt ecosystems where deer occur in abundance. consequently, understanding the dynamics of this emerging infectious disease, and particularly the dynamics of its transmission, has emerged as an important challenge for contemporary ecologists and wildlife managers. although cwd is contagious among deer, the relative importance of pathways for its transmission re ...	2006	17205898
retrospective investigation of chronic wasting disease of cervids at the toronto zoo, 1973-2003.	the occurrence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) at the toronto zoo was investigated retrospectively, based on an examination of management, animal health, and postmortem records, and immunohistochemical studies. records of animal movements, clinical signs, and postmortem findings were examined for all cervids 1973-2003. all available samples of fixed, wax-embedded lymphoid or central nervous system tissue from cervids that died at the toronto zoo from 1973 to 2003, > 12 months of age, were teste ...	2006	17217088
transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains.	in vitro screening using the cell-free prion protein conversion system indicated that certain rodents may be susceptible to chronic wasting disease (cwd). therefore, cwd isolates from mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk were inoculated intracerebrally into various rodent species to assess the rodents' susceptibility and to develop new rodent models of cwd. the species inoculated were syrian golden, djungarian, chinese, siberian, and armenian hamsters, transgenic mice expressing the syrian gold ...	2007	17287284
surveillance for selected bacterial and toxicologic contaminants in donated carcass meat fed to carnivores.	wildlife safari, a zoo located in winston, oregon, has fed donated carcass meat as a diet to carnivores for over 30 yr. carcass meat is an alternative to commercially prepared meat. donated meat arrives at wildlife safari as an entire animal. cattle (bos taurus), horse (equus caballus), deer (odocoileus hemionus), and elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) have been donated. bacterial testing was performed on site with the use of neogen reveal immunosorbent assays. testing focused on salmonella spp., l ...	2006	17312786
mycobacteriosis in a black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) caused by mycobacterium kansasii.	an eviscerated hunter-harvested female black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) was submitted to the washington department of fish and wildlife. the deer was emaciated, devoid of adipose tissue, and the parietal surface of the thoracic cavity contained multiple granulomas. acid-fast bacteria were detected histologically from the granulomas and were isolated and identified as mycobacterium kansasii, a nontuberculous mycobacterium sporadically reported to cause tuberculosis-like disease ...	2005	17315467
survey on 'lumpy jaw' on deer farms in western canada: prevalence and distribution, and identification of associated factors.	to investigate the prevalence and geographical distribution of 'lumpy jaw' (lj) in a population of white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) farms from the western canadian provinces of saskatchewan and alberta, and to identify factors associated with its occurrence.	2007	17339914
first observation of elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935 (nematoda:filariidae) in mule deer from nebraska.	between november 2000 and november 2005, approximately 200 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from western nebraska were extensively examined for the presence of elaeophora schneideri, wehr and dikmans, 1935; three adult e. schneideri were detected from three mule deer. this represents the first documented occurrence of e. schneideri from wild deer in nebraska.	2007	17347405
the morphology of the filaroid nematode setaria tundra, the cause of peritonitis in reindeer rangifer tarandus.	in finland during 2003-2005, large numbers of nematodes, tentatively identified as setaria sp., were observed in the peritoneal cavity of reindeer rangifer tarandus during a peritonitis outbreak associated with poor body condition. the morphology of worms recovered from slaughtered reindeer is described based on light and scanning electron microscopy. worms were confirmed as belonging to the superfamily filarioidea by the presence of microfilariae-producing females and the size and the shape of ...	2007	17381867
dermatomycosis (ringworm) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with dermatomycosis are described. trichophyton verrucosum was isolated from four. all infections were mild and were not debilitating. the lesions involved the legs in five animals and the face in two. this is the second report of ringworm in a wild ungulate in north america.	1983	17422319
saskatchewan. prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in pronghorns and mule deer in southern saskatchewan.		1990	17423564
british columbia. besnoitia infection in game-farmed reindeer: a trial to determine susceptibility of domestic cattle and mule deer.		1992	17423941
alberta. polioencephalomalacia in a wild mule deer.		1993	17424259
chronic wasting disease of deer and elk in transgenic mice: oral transmission and pathobiology.	to study the pathogenesis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk, transgenic (tg) mice were generated that expressed the prion protein (prp) of deer containing a glycine at amino acid (aa) 96 and a serine at aa 225 under transcriptional control of the murine prp promoter. this construct was introduced into murine prp-deficient mice. as anticipated, neither non-tg mice nor prp ko mice were susceptible when inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) or orally with cwd brain material (scrapie pool ...	2007	17451773
a meta-baci approach for evaluating management intervention on chronic wasting disease in mule deer.	advances in acquiring and analyzing the spatial attributes of data have greatly enhanced the potential utility of wildlife disease surveillance data for addressing problems of ecological or economic importance. we present an approach for using wildlife disease surveillance data to identify areas for (or of) intervention, to spatially delineate paired treatment and control areas, and then to analyze these nonrandomly selected sites in a meta-analysis framework via before-after-control impact (bac ...	2007	17479841
prion protein genes in caribou from alaska.	prion protein genes were sequenced in free-ranging alaska caribou (rangifer tarandus grantii). caribou prion alleles are identical or nearly so to those of wapiti, white-tailed deer, and mule deer. five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected with substitutions at residues 2 (v-->m), 129 (g-->s), 138 (s-->n), 146 (n-->n), and 169 (v-->m). the 138n codon had been previously reported only in prion pseudogenes of other cervids. in caribou, the 138s and 138n alleles are present at frequencies ...	2007	17495306
deer exposed to exceptionally high concentrations of lead near the continental mine in idaho, usa.	habitat surrounding the inactive continental mine in northern idaho, usa, supports bear (ursus arctos, ursus americanus), moose (alces alces), elk (cervus elaphus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), and abundant mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). tailings on the mining site were capped and remediated in 2003 to reduce environmental exposure of surrounding soil and sediments of blue joe creek, downslope of the mine. before capping, the mean pb c ...	2007	17521153
prpcwd in rectal lymphoid tissue of deer (odocoileus spp.).	the utility of rectal lymphoid tissue sampling for the diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) infections in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was evaluated. cwd-associated prion protein (prp(cwd)) deposits were observed in the rectal mucosa from 19 orally inoculated mule deer by 381 days post-inoculation (p.i.); similarly, 45 out of 50 naturally infected mule deer had prp(cwd) in their rectal mucosa. in orally inoculated white-tailed deer, the pre ...	2007	17554043
susceptibility of cattle to first-passage intracerebral inoculation with chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer.	fourteen, 3-month-old calves were intracerebrally inoculated with the agent of chronic wasting disease (cwd) from white-tailed deer (cwdwtd) to compare the clinical signs and neuropathologic findings with those of certain other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse, prion diseases) that have been shown to be experimentally transmissible to cattle (sheep scrapie, cwd of mule deer [cwdmd], bovine spongiform encephalopathy [bse], and transmissible mink encephalopathy). two uninoculated cal ...	2007	17606510
effect of time and temperature on prpcwd immunoreactivity as evidenced by western blot.	the protease-resistant infectious prion protein, prpres, that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is remarkably resistant to conventional physical and chemical sterilization methods, including heat. it was hypothesized that thermal-dependent prpres degradation has been underestimated, and the effect of prolonged incubation at 37 degrees c, 55 degrees c, and 80 degrees c on prpres detection was examined using brain homogenates from chronic wasting disease-affected elk and mule deer ...	2007	17609348
epidemiological characteristics of an invading parasite: dicrocoelium dendriticum in sympatric wapiti and beef cattle in southern alberta, canada.	previous surveys of wild ungulates indicate that the liver fluke, dicrocoelium dendriticum, was rare in the cypress hills area of southeastern alberta. however, 41 of 59 wapiti (cervus elaphus) sampled during the 2003 and 2004 hunting seasons from this region were infected, with 7 hosts containing >1,000 worms. prevalence and mean intensity were similarly high in sympatric beef cattle and mule deer. worm abundance in wapiti was age related, with calves containing significantly higher numbers of ...	2007	17626339
some observations on corynebacterial infections: with particular reference to their occurence in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, in british columbia.		1942	17647842
malignant catarrhal fever associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 in free-ranging mule deer in colorado.	malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was diagnosed in four free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in january and february of 2003. diagnosis was based on typical histologic lesions of lymphocytic vasculitis and pcr identification of ovine herpesvirus-2 (ohv-2) viral genetic sequences in formalin-fixed tissues. the animals were from the uncompahgre plateau of southwestern colorado. deer from these herds occasionally resided in close proximity to domestic sheep (ovis aries), the reservoir host of ...	2007	17699095
evaluation of repetitive extragenic palindromic-pcr for discrimination of fecal escherichia coli from humans, and different domestic- and wild-animals.	the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of repetitive extragenic palindromic anchored polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) in differentiating fecal escherichia coli isolates of human, domestic- and wild-animal origin that might be used as a molecular tool to identify the possible source(s) of fecal pollution of source water. a total of 625 fecal e. coli isolates of human, 3 domestic- (cow, dog and horse) and 7 wild-animal (black bear, coyote, elk, marmot, mule deer, raccoon a ...	2007	17704635
irruptive population dynamics in yellowstone pronghorn.	irruptive population dynamics appear to be widespread in large herbivore populations, but there are few empirical examples from long time series with small measurement error and minimal harvests. we analyzed an 89-year time series of counts and known removals for pronghorn (antilocapra americana) in yellowstone national park of the western united states during 1918-2006 using a suite of density-dependent, density-independent, and irruptive models to determine if the population exhibited irruptiv ...	2007	17913126
febrile response and decrease in circulating lymphocytes following acute infection of white-tailed deer fawns with either a bvdv1 or a bvdv2 strain.	although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), european roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation ...	2007	17984260
demodicosis in a mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) from saskatchewan, canada.	infestation of deer with demodex spp. mites has been described in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and in columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in north america, as well as in four species of deer in europe. we describe demodex sp. infestation in an adult female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) with skin lesions found dead near saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada. this is believed to be the first report of demodicosis in mule deer.	2007	17984276
age-related lesions in laboratory-confined raccoons (procyon lotor) inoculated with the agent of chronic wasting disease of mule deer.	this communication documents age-associated pathologic changes and final observations on experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) by the intracerebral route to raccoons (procyon lotor). four kits were inoculated intracerebrally with a brain suspension from mule deer with cwd. two uninoculated kits served as controls. one cwd-inoculated raccoon was humanely killed at 38 months after inoculation, and 1 control animal died at 68 months after inoculation. both animals had lesions t ...	2007	17998557
relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments.	habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open-space needs of human populations. nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. we used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and infor ...	2008	18254856
muscleworms, parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae), discovered in columbia white-tailed deer from oregon and washington: implications for biogeography and host associations.	parelaphostrongylus andersoni is considered a characteristic nematode infecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). host and geographic distribution for this parasite, however, remain poorly defined in the region of western north america. fecal samples collected from columbia white-tailed deer (o. v. leucurus) in a restricted range endemic to oregon and washington, usa, were examined for dorsal-spined larvae characteristic of many protostrongylid nematodes. multilocus dna sequence data ( ...	2008	18263818
validation of an anaplasma marginale celisa for use in the diagnosis of a. ovis infections in domestic sheep and anaplasma spp. in wild ungulates.	a commercially available (celisa) kit for diagnosing anaplasma marginale infection in cattle was validated for diagnosing a ovis infection in sheep using the bovine serum controls as supplied by the manufacturer (bcelisa) and sheep serum controls from pathogen-free sheep (ocelisa). true positives were identified using two previously established assays, a nested pcr (npcr) test and an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa). the bcelisa was also applied to sera from various species of wild ruminan ...	2008	18272296
a prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in colorado mule deer. the discovery of cwd beyond the borders of colorado and wyoming, in canada and as far east as new york, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. epidemiological studies indicate that cwd is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. experimental c ...	2008	18381058
hepatic minerals of white-tailed and mule deer in the southern black hills, south dakota.	because there is a paucity of information on the mineral requirements of free-ranging deer, data are needed from clinically healthy deer to provide a basis for the diagnosis of mineral deficiencies. to our knowledge, no reports are available on baseline hepatic mineral concentrations from sympatric white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using different habitats in the northern great plains. we assessed variation in hepatic minerals of female white-tailed d ...	2008	18436666
experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to white-tailed deer by intracerebral route.	to compare clinical and pathologic findings of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a natural host, 3 groups (n = 5) of white-tailed deer (wtd) fawns were intracerebrally inoculated with a cwd prion of wtd, mule deer, or elk origin. three other uninoculated fawns served as controls. approximately 10 months postinoculation (mpi), 1 deer from each of the 3 inoculated groups was necropsied and their tissues were examined for lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (se) and for the presence of abnormal pri ...	2008	18487485
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus).	deer are considered important intermediate hosts for the coccidian parasites, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. antibodies to n. caninum and t. gondii were determined in sera of 42 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and 43 black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) from washington state, usa, using direct agglutination test with specific antigens. a titer of 1:25 was considered diagnostic for both parasites. n. caninum antibodies were found in 7 of 42 mule deer and 8 of 43 b ...	2008	18650016
spawning salmon disrupt trophic coupling between wolves and ungulate prey in coastal british columbia.	as a cross-boundary resource subsidy, spawning salmon can strongly affect consumer and ecosystem ecology. here we examine whether this marine resource can influence a terrestrial wolf-deer (canis lupus-odocoileus hemionus) predator-prey system in coastal british columbia, canada. data on resource availability and resource use among eight wolf groups for three seasons over four years allow us to evaluate competing hypotheses that describe salmon as either an alternate resource, consumed in areas ...	2008	18764930
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of colorado.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a significant viral pathogen of domestic cattle. worldwide, there is evidence of bvdv exposure and infection in wild ungulates; however, the frequency and significance of such events are unknown. to determine the prevalence and distribution of colorado deer, elk, and moose persistently infected (pi) with bvdv, a cross-sectional study was conducted using full-thickness ear tissue samples collected from animals presented to the colorado division of wildlife fo ...	2008	18776103
ocular plague (yersinia pestis) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from wyoming and oregon.	although plague is relatively rare in wild ungulates, this report describes ocular lesions associated with yersinia pestis infection in three free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from wyoming and oregon, usa. all deer were observed antemortem and seemed to be blind. post-mortem examination revealed gross lesions of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis and/or panophthalmitis in the first two deer, but only partial retinal detachment in the third deer. microscopically, all deer had moderate-to-s ...	2008	18957655
evidence for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a captive mountain goat (oreamnos americanus).	bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) viruses are pestiviruses that have been isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. there is serologic evidence of pestiviral infection in more than 40 species of free-range and captive mammals. vertical transmission can produce persistently infected animals that are immunotolerant to the infecting strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and shed virus throughout their lives. seven species (white-tailed deer, mouse deer, eland, domestic cattle, alpaca, sheep, and ...	2008	18987224
dna typing in populations of mule deer for forensic use in the province of alberta.	the present study involves the development of forensic dna typing tests and databases for mule deer in the province of alberta. two multiplex pcr reactions interrogating 10 loci were used to analyze samples from three populations of mule deer. additionally, an amelogenin based sex-typing marker was used to determine the gender of samples. results show that the tests and databases are appropriate for use in forensic applications. additionally, the results indicate that there is little population ...	2008	19083820
lions and prions and deer demise.	contagious prion diseases--scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease of several species in the deer family--give rise to epidemics that seem capable of compromising host population viability. despite this prospect, the ecological consequences of prion disease epidemics in natural populations have received little consideration.	2008	19107193
landscape genetics of california mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): the roles of ecological and historical factors in generating differentiation.	landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data to understand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. niche modelling has added a new dimension to such efforts by allowing species-environmental associations to be projected into the past so that hypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data. however, previous approaches have primarily utilized dna sequence data to test inferences about historical i ...	2009	19302356
species-wide phylogeography of north american mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): cryptic glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization.	quaternary climatic oscillations greatly influenced the present-day population genetic structure of animals and plants. for species with high dispersal and reproductive potential, phylogeographic patterns resulting from historical processes can be cryptic, overshadowed by contemporary processes. here we report a study of the phylogeography of odocoileus hemionus, a large, vagile ungulate common throughout western north america. we examined sequence variation of mitochondrial dna (control region ...	2009	19302464
dermoid cysts in caribou.	subcutaneous dermoid cysts were identified in eight wild caribou (rangifer tarandus) from widely dispersed locations in northern canada and in one wild caribou from alaska. the dermoid cysts from canadian caribou were found among 557 diagnostic specimens that had been detected by hunters and submitted by resource officers and biologists between 1 january 1966 and 15 may 2007. all of the cysts were located in the cervical region, and five of nine cysts were found in the throat area. all of the an ...	2009	19395761
predator and heterospecific stimuli alter behaviour in cattle.	wild and domestic ungulates modify their behaviour in the presence of olfactory and visual cues of predators but investigations have not exposed a domestic species to a series of cues representing various predators and other ungulate herbivores. we used wolf (canis lupus), mountain lion (puma concolor), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) stimuli (olfactory and visual), and a control (no stimuli) to experimentally test for differences in behaviour of cattle (bos taurus) raised in arizona. we mea ...	2009	19429201
use of infrared thermography to detect thermographic changes in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease.	infrared thermography (irt) measures the heat emitted from a surface, displays that information as a pictorial representation called a thermogram, and is capable of being a remote, noninvasive technology that provides information on the health of an animal. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) caused by fmd virus (fmdv) is a severe, highly communicable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including both domestic and wild ruminants. early detection of the disease may reduce economic loss and loss of s ...	2009	19569476
cervids with different vocal behavior demonstrate different viscoelastic properties of their vocal folds.	the authors test the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and biomechanical properties covary with species-specific vocal function. they investigate mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) vocal folds, building on, and extending data on a related cervid, the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the mule deer, in contrast to the elk, is a species with relatively little vocal activity in adult animals. mule deer and elk vocal folds show the typical three components of the mammalian vocal fold (ep ...	2010	19603411
granulomatous inflammation in retropharyngeal lymph nodes of wild cervids in saskatchewan.	a portion of retropharyngeal lymph nodes from 6,824 wild cervids, comprising 1,458 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 5,345 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), 11 unidentified deer (odocoileus spp.), and 10 elk (cervus elaphus), were examined histologically for evidence of inflammation. focal granulomatous lymphadenitis was detected in 0.3% of white-tailed deer, 1.3% of mule deer, and in one of 10 elk. material consistent with splendore-hoeppli phenomenon was present in 70 (93%) of 75 case ...	2009	19617472
polymorphisms at the prnp gene influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in two species of deer (odocoileus spp.) in western canada.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is increasingly prevalent in multiple wild mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) herds in north america. cwd was first found in canadian wild mule deer in saskatchewan in 2000 and has since spread into the neighboring province of alberta. the infectious agent for cwd is a misfolded prion protein encoded by the prnp gene. previous studies revealed association between prnp genotype and susceptibility to cwd in both mule and white-tailed dee ...	2009	19697236
asymptomatic deer excrete infectious prions in faeces.	infectious prion diseases-scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of several species in the deer family-are transmitted naturally within affected host populations. although several possible sources of contagion have been identified in excretions and secretions from symptomatic animals, the biological importance of these sources in sustaining epidemics remains unclear. here we show that asymptomatic cwd-infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) excrete cwd prions in their faeces long be ...	2009	19741608
visual pathology in animal prion diseases.	prion diseases, also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), are a group of slowly developing neurodegenerations occurring in human and animals. prion diseases can be transferred between animals, humans, from humans to animals, and from animals to humans. as a result, the central nervous system is attacked, resulting in microglia activation, astrocytosis, prion plaque deposition, and neuronal degeneration. prion also targets on the eye and brain visual system. in scrapie-i ...	2009	19795355
mountain lions prey selectively on prion-infected mule deer.	the possibility that predators choose prey selectively based on age or condition has been suggested but rarely tested. we examined whether mountain lions (puma concolor) selectively prey upon mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) infected with chronic wasting disease, a prion disease. we located kill sites of mountain lions in the northern front range of colorado, usa, and compared disease prevalence among lion-killed adult (> or =2 years old) deer with prevalence among sympatric deer taken by hunters ...	2010	19864271
estimating habitat selection when gps fix success is less than 100%.	inferences about habitat selection by animals derived from sequences of relocations obtained with global positioning system (gps) collars can be influenced by gps fix success. environmental factors such as dense canopy cover or rugged terrain can reduce gps fix success, making subsequent modeling problematic if fix success depends on the selected habitat. ignoring failed fix attempts may affect estimates of model coefficients and lead to incorrect conclusions about habitat selection. here, we pr ...	2009	19886504
echinococcus granulosus in gray wolves and ungulates in idaho and montana, usa.	we evaluated the small intestines of 123 gray wolves (canis lupus) that were collected from idaho, usa (n=63), and montana, usa (n=60), between 2006 and 2008 for the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus. the tapeworm was detected in 39 of 63 wolves (62%) in idaho, usa, and 38 of 60 wolves (63%) in montana, usa. the detection of thousands of tapeworms per wolf was a common finding. in idaho, usa, hydatid cysts, the intermediate form of e. granulosus, were detected in elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer ( ...	2009	19901399
identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape-level conservation.	as habitat loss and fragmentation increase across ungulate ranges, identifying and prioritizing migration routes for conservation has taken on new urgency. here we present a general framework using the brownian bridge movement model (bbmm) that: (1) provides a probabilistic estimate of the migration routes of a sampled population, (2) distinguishes between route segments that function as stopover sites vs. those used primarily as movement corridors, and (3) prioritizes routes for conservation ba ...	2009	20014575
experimental deerpox infection in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).	the pathogenic potential of deerpox virus was investigated via an experimental study utilizing seven black-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) between june and august of 2007. successful transmission was achieved via intracutaneous and intravenous routes, and by commingling an uninoculated animal with experimentally infected fawns. one fawn became depressed and reluctant to eat but systemic clinical signs in the other fawns were confined to mild transient pyrexia. typical multifocal poxviral ...	2010	20090016
a weighted surveillance approach for detecting chronic wasting disease foci.	a key component of wildlife disease surveillance is determining the spread and geographic extent of pathogens by monitoring for infected individuals in regions where cases have not been previously detected. a practical challenge of such surveillance is developing reliable, yet cost-effective, approaches that remain sustainable when monitoring needs are prolonged or continuous, or when resources to support these efforts are limited. in order to improve the efficiency of chronic wasting disease (c ...	2010	20090025
identification of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: protostrongylidae) first-stage larvae in the feces of gray wolves (canis lupus) by molecular methods.	first-stage nematode larvae with a dorsal-spine (dsl) were detected in five of 1,565 fecal samples from gray wolves (canis lupus) collected in british columbia, canada, between 2005 and 2008. molecular techniques were used to identify the dsl because it was not possible to determine their species identity using morphologic characters. the dsl were identified as parelaphostrongylus odocoilei based on the results of single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analyses and dna sequencing of the ...	2010	20090048
bovine tuberculosis in canadian wildlife: an updated history.	mycobacterium bovis infection in wild animals attracted little attention in canada until the disease was almost eliminated from domestic livestock. tuberculosis was endemic in plains bison and occurred in elk, moose, and mule deer in buffalo national park (bnp), alberta during the 1920s and 1930s. bison were moved from bnp to wood buffalo national park (wbnp), where tuberculosis became, and remains, endemic in bison, posing a risk to efforts to restore bison in northern canada. tuberculosis was ...	2009	20119541
antimicrobial activity of long-chain (e)-3-alken-2-ones.	(e)-3-tridecen-2-one, a compound identified from the interdigital glands of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. homologues of (e)-3-tridecen-2-one were prepared and screened for antimicrobial activity. for the fungus, trichophyton mentagrophytes, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of (e)-3-tetradecen-2-one was 12.5 microg/ml, and for the bacteria, propionibacterium acnes, the mic of (e)-3-heptadecen-2-one was 3. ...	2010	20185306
anticipating forest and range land development in central oregon (usa) for landscape analysis, with an example application involving mule deer.	forest policymakers, public lands managers, and scientists in the pacific northwest (usa) seek ways to evaluate the landscape-level effects of policies and management through the multidisciplinary development and application of spatially explicit methods and models. the interagency mapping and analysis project (imap) is an ongoing effort to generate landscape-wide vegetation data and models to evaluate the integrated effects of disturbances and management activities on natural resource condition ...	2010	20300934
molecular identification of host feeding patterns of snow-melt mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae): potential implications for the transmission ecology of jamestown canyon virus.	we collected blood-fed, snow-melt mosquitoes (culicidae: culiseta and aedes) to describe the feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors of jamestown canyon virus (jcv, bunyaviridae: orthobunyavirus). jcv is an arthropod-borne, zoonotic virus with deer as the primary amplifying host in western alpine ecosystems. we collected mosquitoes from natural resting areas, fiber pots, and carbon-dioxide baited miniature light traps in the colorado rocky mountains in 2007. we conducted two polymerase ch ...	2010	20380304
the role of geographic information systems in wildlife landscape epidemiology: models of chronic wasting disease in colorado mule deer.	the authors present findings from two landscape epidemiology studies of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in northern colorado mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). first, the effects of human land use on disease prevalence were explored by formulating a set of models estimating cwd prevalence in relation to differences in human land use, sex and geographic location. prevalence was higher in developed areas and among male deer suggesting that anthropogenic influences (changes in land use), differences in ...	2007	20422537
faecal cwd prion excretion and inflammation.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse)--or prion disease (pd)--that has become of increasing concern throughout years among different captive and free-living deer species and populations in north america. starting from the recent pre-clinical evidence of prion infectivity in faecal material from cwd-infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), this contribution takes into special consideration the potential role of certain gut inflammatory conditions as a f ...	2010	20518283
chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease that affects free-ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, rocky mountain elk and moose. cwd-infected cervids have been reported in 14 usa states, two canadian provinces and in south korea. the possibility of a zoonotic transmission of cwd prions via diet is of particular concern in north america where hunting of cervids is a popular sport. to investigate the potential public health risks posed by cwd prions, we have in ...	2010	20610667
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in alaska wildlife.	free-ranging caribou and moose populations in some regions of alaska undergo periodic declines in numbers. caribou and moose are managed by the state as valuable resources for not only sustenance and subsistence, but also for cultural heritage. incidence and prevalence of diseases that may impact herd health and recruitment from year to year are relevant to management decisions aimed to protect the long-term viability of these herds. neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are two apicomplexan pa ...	2010	20688628
new records of hair follicle mites (demodecidae) from north american cervidae.	individuals of three species of cervids, with varying degrees of alopecia, were examined for ectoparasites: rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in colorado and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south dakota. hair follicle mites were recovered and identified as demodex kutzeri, a species originally described from the european red deer (cervus elaphus, from austria) and the sika deer (cervus nippon pseudaxis, captive in germany). the ...	2010	20688655
select tissue mineral concentrations and chronic wasting disease status in mule deer from north-central colorado.	trace mineral imbalances have been suggested as having a causative or contributory role in chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of several north american cervid species. to begin exploring relationships between tissue mineral concentrations and cwd in natural systems, we measured liver tissue concentrations of copper, manganese, and molybdenum in samples from 447 apparently healthy, adult (> or = 2 yr old) mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) culled or vehicle killed from free-ranging popul ...	2010	20688718
deep mitochondrial dna lineage divergences within alberta populations of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae) do not indicate distinct species.	the winter tick dermacentor albipictus (packard) has a single-host life cycle that allows it to reach severe infestation levels on ungulates, particularly moose. genotypic variation within these and related ticks has been a source of taxonomic confusion, although the continuity in their morphology and life history has generally been interpreted as indicating the existence of a single species. to further investigate this variation, we sequenced regions of two mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genes (coi ...	2010	20695271
effects of an invasive forest pathogen on abundance of ticks and their vertebrate hosts in a california lyme disease focus.	invasive species, including pathogens, can have important effects on local ecosystems, including indirect consequences on native species. this study focuses on the effects of an invasive plant pathogen on a vertebrate community and ixodes pacificus, the vector of the lyme disease pathogen (borrelia burgdorferi) in california. phytophthora ramorum, the causative agent of sudden oak death, is a non-native pathogen killing trees in california and oregon. we conducted a multi-year study using a grad ...	2010	20941513
estimating chronic wasting disease effects on mule deer recruitment and population growth.	chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), accelerates mortality and in so doing has the potential to influence population dynamics. although effects on mule deer survival are clear, how cwd affects recruitment is less certain. we studied how prion infection influenced the number of offspring raised to weaning per adult (≥2 yr old) female mule deer and subsequently the estimated growth rate (λ) of an infected deer herd. infected and presumably uninfected r ...	2010	20966260
nodeomics: pathogen detection in vertebrate lymph nodes using meta-transcriptomics.	the ongoing emergence of human infections originating from wildlife highlights the need for better knowledge of the microbial community in wildlife species where traditional diagnostic approaches are limited. here we evaluate the microbial biota in healthy mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) by analyses of lymph node meta-transcriptomes. cdna libraries from five individuals and two pools of samples were prepared from retropharyngeal lymph node rna enriched for polyadenylated rna and sequenced using ...	2010	20976145
parasites, diseases, injuries, and anomalies of the columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus columbianus (richardson), in british columbia.		1946	20990807
behavioral response races, predator-prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey.	the predator-prey shell game predicts random movement of prey across the landscape, whereas the behavioral response race and landscape of fear models predict that there should be a negative relationship between the spatial distribution of a predator and its behaviorally active prey. additionally, prey have imperfect information on the whereabouts of their predator, which the predator should incorporate in its patch use strategy. i used a one-predator-one-prey system, puma (puma concolor)-mule de ...	2010	21058559
association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk.	abstract:	2010	21087518
effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns.	to compare the effects of a low-starch, high-fibre diet [lshf; 51.6% neutral detergent fibre (ndf), 3.0% starch, 14.8% crude protein (cp)] and a high-starch, low-fibre diet (hslf; 33.3% ndf, 20.0% starch, 19.6% cp) on the nutritional status of captive exotic ruminants, 16 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were fed one of these two diets ad libitum with ≤25% alfalfa hay cubes from 10 days to 68 weeks of age. during five sampling periods beginning in november and spaced 6-12 weeks apart thereafter, ...	2011	21091543
homogenization of large-scale movement models in ecology.	a difficulty in using diffusion models to predict large scale animal population dispersal is that individuals move differently based on local information (as opposed to gradients) in differing habitat types. this can be accommodated by using ecological diffusion. however, real environments are often spatially complex, limiting application of a direct approach. homogenization for partial differential equations has long been applied to fickian diffusion (in which average individual movement is org ...	2011	21194012
soil clay content underlies prion infection odds.	environmental factors-especially soil properties-have been suggested as potentially important in the transmission of infectious prion diseases. because binding to montmorillonite (an aluminosilicate clay mineral) or clay-enriched soils had been shown to enhance experimental prion transmissibility, we hypothesized that prion transmission among mule deer might also be enhanced in ranges with relatively high soil clay content. in this study, we report apparent influences of soil clay content on the ...	2011	21326232
bovicola tibialis (phthiraptera:trichodectidae): occurrence of an exotic chewing louse on cervids in north america.	through a recent (2003-2007) survey of ectoparasites on hoofed mammals in western north america, a literature review, and examination of archived museum specimens, we found that the exotic deer-chewing louse, bovicola tibialis (piaget), is a long-term, widespread resident in the region. the earliest known collection was from salt spring island, canada, in 1941. we found these lice on the typical host, that is, introduced european fallow deer (dama dama l.), and on asian chital (axis axis [erxleb ...	2011	21337942
presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (prp(tse)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (wtd), mule deer or elk in north america. despite efficient horizontal transmission of cwd among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein prp(tse) and of prp(tse)-associated se ...	2011	21483771
stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate.	1. birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migration as quickly as possible. stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strategy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. we used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer odocoileus hemionus- a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influ ...	2011	21545586
alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the united states, three canadian provinces, and south korea. whether noncervid species can be infected by cwd and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. to investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (spmca) to demonstrate that cwd prions can amplify in brain homogenates from several species sympatric with cer ...	2011	21697475