Publications

q fever in humans and animals in the united states.	coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of q fever, is a worldwide zoonotic pathogen. although q fever is present in the united states, little is known about its current incidence or geographic distribution in either humans or animals. published reports of national disease surveillance, individual cases, outbreak investigations, and serologic surveys were reviewed to better characterize q fever epidemiology in the united states. in national disease surveillance reports for 1948-1986, 1,396 human ...	2002	12737547
reconstructing the spread of dirofilaria immitis in california coyotes.	dirofilaria immitis is a filarial nematode parasite that is currently widely enzootic in dog and coyote (canis latrans) populations of california. weak historical evidence suggests that the initial focus of d. immitis in california occurred 3 decades ago in the sierra nevada foothills (snf) and spread to other parts of california thereafter. however, this hypothesis is difficult to evaluate because of the lack of epidemiological studies on heartworm in california before 1970. we investigated thi ...	2003	12760647
using faecal dna sampling and gis to monitor hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the us fish and wildlife service's (usfws) red wolf recovery program recognizes hybridization with coyotes as the primary threat to red wolf recovery. efforts to curb or stop hybridization are hampered in two ways. first, hybrid individuals are difficult to identify based solely on morphology. second, managers need to effectively search 6000 km(2) for the presence of coyotes and hybrids. we develop a noninvasive method to screen large geographical areas for coyotes and hybrids with maternal coyo ...	2003	12859637
clinical impact of persistent bartonella bacteremia in humans and animals.	bartonella spp. are emerging vector-borne pathogens that cause persistent, often asymptomatic bacteremia in their natural hosts. as our knowledge progresses, it appears that chronic infection may actually predispose the host to mild, insidious nonspecific manifestations or induce, in selected instances, severe diseases. persistent asymptomatic bacteremia is most common in animals that serve as the main reservoir for the specific bartonella. in humans, these organisms are b. bacilliformis and b. ...	2003	12860639
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted infection of domestic dogs caused by a recently recognized species of apicomplexan parasite, hepatozoon americanum. the known definitive host of the protozoan is the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum. presently recognized intermediate hosts include the domestic dog and the coyote, canis latrans. laboratory-reared larval or nymphal a. maculatum can be infected readily by feeding to repletion on a parasitemic intermediate host; spo ...	2003	12885206
determination of mifepristone levels in wild canid serum using liquid chromatography.	an hplc method was developed to determine levels of mifepristone, in coyote (canis latrans) serum where mifepristone will be used as an oral contragestive agent for nonlethal predator control. serum samples were extracted using c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. a synthetic analog of mifepristone, rti-3021-003, was used as the internal standard. separation of the compounds was achieved by using a c(18) (150 x 4.6 mm) column. the mobile phase was 55% acetonitrile in water running at 1.0 ml/ ...	2003	12888193
rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the united states, 1960-2000.	most cases of rabies reported annually in the united states occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (procyon lotor), skunks (mephitis, spilogale, and putorius), foxes (vulpes, urocyon, and alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). however, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, georgia (usa), from 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico. three species of t ...	2003	12910751
serologic survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from two ecologically distinct areas of utah.	the influence of habitat and associated prey assemblages on the prevalence of canine diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) has received scant attention. from december 1997 through december 1999, we captured 67 coyotes in two ecologically distinct areas of utah (usa): deseret land and livestock ranch and us army dugway proving ground. these areas differ in habitat and prey base. we collected blood samples and tested for evidence of various canine diseases. prevalence of antibodies against canine pa ...	2003	12910777
the intestinal helminths of the coyote canis latrans say, in utah.		1954	13192542
tularemia in the coyote, canis latrans lestes merriam.		2012	13475873
studies on infectious diseases in wild animals in utah. v. experimental rocky mountain spotted fever in the coyote, canis latrans lestes merriam.		1963	14170550
the coyote, a potential host for babesia canis and ehrlichia sp.		1964	14215497
canine transmissible venereal tumour: cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. a review.	canine transmissible venereal tumour (ctvt) is the only known naturally occurring tumour that can be transplanted as an allograft across major histocompatibility (mhc) barriers within the same species, and even to other members of the canine family, such as foxes, coyotes and wolves. the progression of this tumour is unique in that, it follows a predictable growth pattern. in natural and experimental cases, the growth pattern includes progressive growth phase, static phase and regression phase, ...	2003	14535580
american canine hepatozoonosis.	american canine hepatozoonosis (ach) is a tick-borne disease that is spreading in the southeastern and south-central united states. characterized by marked leukocytosis and periosteal bone proliferation, ach is very debilitating and often fatal. dogs acquire infection by ingesting nymphal or adult gulf coast ticks (amblyomma maculatum) that, in a previous life stage, ingested the parasite in a blood meal taken from some vertebrate intermediate host. ach is caused by the apicomplexan hepatozoon a ...	2003	14557294
canine heartworms in coyotes in illinois.	canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) disease affects wild canids and may be a factor impacting the health and population dynamics of coyotes (canis latrans). coyotes may serve also as a potential reservoir for transmission of these parasites to domestic dogs. we investigated 920 coyotes harvested by hunters and trappers throughout illinois (usa) from 1995-1997. the objectives of the study were to: 1) survey the regional prevalence and intensity of heartworms in coyotes in illinois, 2) determin ...	2003	14567221
a survey of the parasites of coyotes (canis latrans) in new york based on fecal analysis.	coyotes (canis latrans) have colonized northeastern north america only within the past 10-80 yr. we examined feces of coyotes in 2000-01 at three sites in new york (usa) to survey parasites in the region. two cestodes, nine nematodes, five protozoa, one trematode, and two arthropods were identified from 145 coyote fecal samples. parasite component community diversity was higher (n = 16 species) in southern new york than in middle and northern sites (nine species each) and infracommunity species ...	2003	14567236
pedigree-based assignment tests for reversing coyote (canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (canis rufus) population.	the principal threat to the persistence of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) in the wild is hybridization with the coyote (canis latrans). to facilitate idengification and removal of hybrids, assignment tests are developed which use genotype data to estimate identity as coyote, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or full red wolf. the tests use genotypes from the red wolves that founded the surviving population and the resulting pedigree, rather than a contemporary red wolf sample. the tests are evaluated by anal ...	2003	14629346
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.	during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...	2003	14690203
experimental babesia gibsoni infection in coyotes (canis latrans).	four 5 mo old captive raised coyotes (canis latrans) were experimentally inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(6) babesia gibsoni organisms. parasites were detected 1 wk post-inoculation in all coyotes with maximum parasitemia of 8-11% occurring at 34 wk. parasitemias remained at or above 1% for at least 12 wk and were still detectable 20 wk post-inoculation. all experimentally infected coyotes developed pale mucous membranes, splenomegaly, and a positive heme reaction in urine while one coyote e ...	2003	14733288
first report of giardia in coyotes (canis latrans).		2003	14736229
coyotes (canis latrans) are definitive hosts of neospora caninum.	four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from neospora caninum-infected calves. faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. one pup shed n. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni using pcr tests. coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of n. caninum, after dogs. in north america, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. to reduce the ris ...	2004	15037103
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.	toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...	2004	15040668
life-history studies on two molecular strains of mesocestoides (cestoda: mesocestoididae): identification of sylvatic hosts and infectivity of immature life stages.	life-cycle studies were conducted on 2 molecular strains of mesocestoides tapeworms that represent different evolutionary lineages (clades a and b). wild carnivores, reptiles, and rodents were examined for tapeworm infections at 2 enzootic sites: (1) san miguel island (smi), a small island off the coast of southern california and (2) hopland research and extension center (hrec), a field station in northern california. results indicate that deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) and coyotes (canis la ...	2004	15040675
occurrence of the gulf coast tick (acari: ixodidae) on wild and domestic mammals in north-central oklahoma.	parasitic life stages of amblyomma maculatum koch were collected from domestic cattle and several species of wild mammals during a 3.5-yr study (may 1998-october 2001) in north-central oklahoma. adult ticks were the predominant life stage collected from cattle, white-tailed deer, coyotes, and raccoons, whereas only immature ticks were collected from cotton rats and white-footed mice. the prevalence of adult a. maculatum on white-tailed deer (n = 15) examined in june, july, and august 1998 was 80 ...	2004	15061275
population structure of california coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks and illuminates species history.	little is known about the relationship between animal movements and the emergent structure of populations, especially for species occupying large continuous distributions. some such mammals disperse disproportionately into habitat similar to their natal habitat, a behavioural bias that might be expected to lead to habitat-conforming genetic structure. we hypothesized that coyotes (canis latrans) would exhibit such natal-biased dispersal, and used 13 microsatellite loci to test, correspondingly, ...	2004	15078462
from wild wolf to domestic dog: gene expression changes in the brain.	despite the relatively recent divergence time between domestic dogs (canis familiaris) and gray wolves (canis lupus), the two species show remarkable behavioral differences. since dogs and wolves are nearly identical at the level of dna sequence, we hypothesize that the two species may differ in patterns of gene expression. we compare gene expression patterns in dogs, wolves and a close relative, the coyote (canis latrans), in three parts of the brain: hypothalamus, amygdala and frontal cortex, ...	2004	15249144
detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, lycalopex gymnocercus and cerdocyon thous from brazil.	domestic dog (canis domesticus) and the coyote (canis latrans) are the only known definitive hosts for the protozoan neospora caninum that causes abortion in dairy cattle. in the present study, antibodies to n. caninum were sought in three species of wild canids, cerdocyon thous, lycalopex gymnocercus and dusicyon vetulus from brazil. antibodies to n. caninum were assayed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and the neospora agglutination test (nat). n. caninum antibodies were found ...	2004	15325054
secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada.	records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ...	2004	15362815
evaluation of a rapid single multiplex microsatellite-based assay for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	to develop a set of microsatellite markers, composed of a minimal number of these markers, suitable for use in forensic genetic investigations in dogs.	2004	15524334
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
serologic survey for canine infectious diseases among sympatric swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) in southeastern colorado.	swift foxes (vulpes velox) and coyotes (canis latrans) are sympatric canids distributed throughout many regions of the great plains of north america. the prevalence of canid diseases among these two species where they occur sympatrically is presently unknown. from january 1997 to january 2001, we collected blood samples from 89 swift foxes and 122 coyotes on the us army piñon canyon maneuver site, las animas county, se colorado (usa). seroprevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv) ...	2004	15650093
transmission of neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals.	to determine whether deer can transmit neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni. the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated nc-deer1) was identical to n. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that n. caninum is transmitted ...	2004	15715229
conservation of mhc class ii doa sequences among carnivores.	we obtained the nucleotide sequence for most of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii doa locus for weddell, leopard, northern elephant, and southern elephant seals and from the coyote and compared them to all known doa data available to date. we found generally low levels of interspecific polymorphisms, providing further support for stabilizing selection acting on the doa locus. this suggests that do gene products play a substantial functional role in the regulation of antigen pre ...	2005	15730524
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
coyote movements and social structure along a cryptic population genetic subdivision.	a recent region-wide study determined that the central california coyote (canis latrans) population was genetically subdivided according to habitat bioregions, supporting the hypothesis that coyotes exhibit a dispersal bias toward their natal habitat type. here, we further investigated this hypothesis using radio-collared coyotes captured on a 150-km(2) study site on the border of (i.e. overlapping) two bioregions (great valley and cascade mountains). as predicted, most coyotes were assigned (ba ...	2005	15773950
'candidatus borrelia texasensis', from the american dog tick dermacentor variabilis.	txw-1, a borrelia strain isolated in march 1998 from an adult male dermacentor variabilis tick feeding on a coyote from webb county, texas, usa, was characterized by using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, rflp and sequence analysis of flab and rrs (16s rrna gene), dna-dna hybridization analysis, sds-page and western blotting with mabs. it shows different banding patterns in rflp analysis of flab and forms distinct branches in phylogenetic analysis derived from flab and rrs gen ...	2005	15774644
monitoring coyote population dynamics by genotyping faeces.	reliable population estimates are necessary for effective conservation and management, and faecal genotyping has been used successfully to estimate the population size of several elusive mammalian species. information such as changes in population size over time and survival rates, however, are often more useful for conservation biology than single population estimates. we evaluated the use of faecal genotyping as a tool for monitoring long-term population dynamics, using coyotes (canis latrans) ...	2005	15813796
gis-facilitated spatial epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) in northern and coastal california.	ixodes pacificus is the main tick vector for transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi to large vertebrates in california. the present study was undertaken in i. pacificus-infested counties in california to examine spatial and temporal relationships among a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi-exposed coyotes with vegetation type and climate. the overall a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi seroprevalences were 39.5% (n=215) and 18.9% (n=148), respectively, with no assoc ...	2005	15857659
evaluation of cocoa- and coffee-derived methylxanthines as toxicants for the control of pest coyotes.	methylxanthines were quantified in coffee, tea, and chocolate products. tarajuilie tea from india, cocoa powder, and cocoa nibs contained the highest levels of methylxanthines. theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline combined in the ratios observed in tea and chocolate were ingested by coyotes. although both mixtures induced acute toxicity, the symptoms accompanying the chocolate methylxanthine mimic were preferable. manipulation of the ratios of methylxanthines in the chocolate mimic led to the ...	2005	15884841
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
influence of extender, freezing rate, and thawing rate on post-thaw motility, viability and morphology of coyote (canis latrans) spermatozoa.	the objective of this study was to examine the post-thaw effects of three cryoprotective extenders (tris-fructose-citric acid extender, tris-glucose-citric acid extender, and lactose extender), three linear freezing rates (-1, -6, and -20 degrees c/min), and three thawing rates (37 degrees c water bath for 120s, 60 degrees c water bath for 30s, and 70 degrees c water bath for 8s) on coyote spermatozoa. after thawing, the findings supported that cryopreservation of coyote (canis latrans) spermato ...	2005	15961151
environmental factors associated with bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern california.	bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. coyotes (canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western united states, but its vectors are still unknown. our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern california, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in addition, associations were evaluated between b. v. berkhoffii and two ...	2005	16011426
the sylvatic cycle of neospora caninum: where do we go from here?	bovine abortions due to neospora caninum infection are a major cattle-production problem worldwide. the parasite is readily maintained in cattle populations by vertical transmission. the domestic dog excretes oocysts in its feces and, after sporulation, these oocysts are infectious to cattle. current control measures are aimed at culling infected cows and limiting the access of cattle to infective oocysts. the recent revelations that coyotes (canis latrans) can excrete n. caninum oocysts in thei ...	2005	16098812
characterizing noise in nonhuman vocalizations: acoustic analysis and human perception of barks by coyotes and dogs.	measuring noise as a component of mammalian vocalizations is of interest because of its potential relevance to the communicative function. however, methods for characterizing and quantifying noise are less well established than methods applicable to harmonically structured aspects of signals. using barks of coyotes and domestic dogs, we compared six acoustic measures and studied how they are related to human perception of noisiness. measures of harmonic-to-noise-ratio (hnr), percent voicing, and ...	2005	16119370
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003.	to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.	2005	16178403
experimental infection of adult and juvenile coyotes with domestic dog and wild coyote isolates of hepatozoon americanum (apicomplexa: adeleorina).	each of five adult and four juvenile coyotes (canis latrans) was exposed to an oral dose of 50 hepatozoon americanum oocysts recovered from amblyomma maculatum ticks that previously fed on either naturally infected domestic dogs (canis familiaris) or naturally infected wild coyotes. all coyotes exposed to h. americanum became infected, regardless of isolate source, and all exhibited mild to moderate clinical disease that simulated american canine hepatozoonosis in naturally infected dogs. at 100 ...	2005	16244069
[epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses].	rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ...	2005	16363690
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
protecting babies: vaccine strategies to prevent foetopathy in neospora caninum-infected cattle.	neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is a significant infectious abortifacient agent in cattle. despite the fact that it is a member of a well described taxonomic group, it is a relatively newly discovered parasite and its biology is not yet fully understood. cattle become infected either congenitally via transplacental transmission or post-natally by ingesting oocysts derived from the definitive host; dogs and coyotes are the only definitive hosts that have been described ...	2006	16441503
serologic survey of select infectious diseases in coyotes and raccoons in nebraska.	to obtain data about select zoonotic and other infectious diseases in free-ranging predators in five ecoregions in nebraska, sera were collected from 67 coyotes (canis latrans) and 63 raccoons (procyon lotor) from november 2002 through january 2003. for coyotes, antibodies were detected against canine distemper virus (cdv, 61%), francisella tularensis (32%), rickettsia rickettsi (13%), and flaviviruses (48%). none of the coyote sera had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, brucella canis, or six ...	2005	16456169
angiostrongylus vasorum infection in a coyote (canis latrans) from newfoundland and labrador, canada.	tissue samples and feces were collected from a dead, adult female coyote (canis latrans) found at the side of the road in late march 2003 in the avalon peninsula region of newfoundland, canada. the coyote apparently died of vehicular-related trauma. samples of lung, brain, heart, liver, and kidney were fixed in formalin and submitted for histologic examination. the entire remaining lung and heart also were submitted for examination. the coyote was diagnosed with moderate, multifocal, granulomato ...	2005	16456176
a bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii typing scheme based upon 16s-23s its and pap31 sequences from dog, coyote, gray fox, and human isolates.	since the isolation of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis in 1993, this organism has emerged as an important pathogen in dogs and as an emerging pathogen in people. current evidence indicates that coyotes, dogs and gray foxes potentially serve as reservoir hosts. based upon sequence differences within the 16s-23s its region and pap31 gene, we propose a classification scheme that divides b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii isolates into four distinct types. two conse ...	2006	16460911
the prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in some ontario mammals.	a survey of serum samples from mammals trapped in central ontario showed that many contained antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. the prevalence of infection as reflected by positive reactions in the sabin-feldman dye test appeared to be related to the type of diet of each species examined, and specifically, to the proportion of rodents in the diet. of the fox blood samples tested, 84% were positive. the percentage of positive samples diminished through, coyote, mink, bear, fisher skunk, raccoon, ma ...	1976	16498870
hematologic values of conditioned, captive wild coyotes.	hemograms were performed on blood samples collected from 35 coyotes (canis latrans). hematologic values were established for conditioned, captive wild coyotes under controlled conditions of environment and nutrition.	1976	16498887
[bovine neosporosis: general concepts, immunity and perspectives for vaccination].	neospora caninum causes abortions in cattle worldwide. the neospora-cycle of life is heteroxenous. dogs (canis familiaris) and coyotes (canis latrans) are the definitive hosts known at present. although, transplacental infection is an efficiently mode of transmission in cattle; there are also experimental and field data that prove horizontal transmission. several techniques are available for diagnosis since neosporosis is recognized as a disease that causes economic losses in cattle. the mechani ...	2005	16502644
electrophoretic protein analysis in the conditioned captive wild coyote, canis latrans.	total protein, albumin and serum protein values were determined on 19 male and 14 female captive, vaccinated, wild coyotes. male coyotes had significantly higher total protein, alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulin levels than female coyotes. captive, wild coyotes had lower values for total protein, albumin and beta globulins, and higher values for alpha 2 and gamma globulins than similar values for laboratory dogs. albumin values determined by bromcresol green were slightly higher than values derived by ...	1976	16502686
toxoplasmosis: a serological survey in ontario wildlife.	sera from seven species of wild animals in ontario were examined for antibody to toxoplasma gondii using the sabin-feldman dye test. of 158 sera tested, 53% of the red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 56% of the striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 78% of the coyotes (canis latrans), 33% of the black bears (ursus americanus), 18% of the short tailed shrews (blarina brevicauda) and none of the field voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) had antibody. antibody to t. gondii was present in sera from wild animals cap ...	1976	16502687
perceptual specificity in the alarm calls of gunnison's prairie dogs.	gunnison's prairie dogs have a complex alarm communication system. we show that the escape responses of prairie dogs to naturally occurring live predators differed depending upon the species of predator. we also show that playbacks of alarm calls that were elicited originally by the live predators produced the same escape responses as the live predators themselves. the escape responses fell into two qualitatively different categories: running to the burrow and diving inside for hawks and humans, ...	2006	16529880
neospora caninum in wildlife.	neosporosis, which is caused by the coccidian parasite neospora caninum, is recognized as a major disease of domestic animals that causes high abortion rates in cattle and fatal neurological disease in dogs. a life cycle of n. caninum in wild animals (i.e. sylvatic) has long been suspected because neosporosis has been detected in several wildlife species. recently, the transmission of n. caninum has been confirmed in coyotes and white-tailed deer. the newly confirmed wild hosts and other wild an ...	2006	16616642
antibodies to west nile virus in asymptomatic mammals, birds, and reptiles in the yucatan peninsula of mexico.	surveillance for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in taxonomically diverse vertebrates was conducted in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2003 and 2004. sera from 144 horses on cozumel island, quintana roo state, 415 vertebrates (257 birds, 52 mammals, and 106 reptiles) belonging to 61 species from the merida zoo, yucatan state, and 7 farmed crocodiles in ciudad del carmen, campeche state were assayed for antibodies to flaviviruses. ninety (62%) horses on cozumel island had epitope-b ...	2006	16687701
a southern california freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores.	roads present formidable barriers to dispersal. we examine movements of two highly mobile carnivores across the ventura freeway near los angeles, one of the busiest highways in the united states. the two species, bobcats and coyotes, can disappear from habitats isolated and fragmented by roads, and their ability to disperse across the ventura freeway tests the limits of vertebrates to overcome anthropogenic obstacles. we combine radio-telemetry data and genetically based assignments to identify ...	2006	16689893
acoustic structures in the alarm calls of gunnison's prairie dogs.	acoustic structures of sound in gunnison's prairie dog alarm calls are described, showing how these acoustic structures may encode information about three different predator species (red-tailed hawk-buteo jamaicensis; domestic dog-canis familaris; and coyote-canis latrans). by dividing each alarm call into 25 equal-sized partitions and using resonant frequencies within each partition, commonly occurring acoustic structures were identified as components of alarm calls for the three predators. alt ...	2006	16708970
coyote laparotomy: in vivo determination of reproductive success.	reproductive tracts of 24 female coyotes hand-reared for behavioral research were examined by laparotomy following the 1977-78 breeding season. litter counts revealed 51 whelps with 10 of the 24 females while examination by laparotomy indicated 83 uterine swellings in 18 of the same 24 females. the laparotomy proved to be an effective, relatively precise procedure and gave a 39% increase in data acquisition.	1979	16725413
electroejaculation of the coyote.	two electroejaculators were used to collect semen from 40 adult male coyotes. the most effective apparatus used a two-ring rectal probe and an ac voltage of 18 (vrms) at 1000 hz. with this ejaculator, 11 of 15 coyotes produced a satisfactory semen sample, which averaged 0.9 ml in volume and 70 million spermatozoa per ml.	1983	16725831
antifertility effect of busulfan and dl-6-(n-2-pipecolinomethyl)-5-hydroxy-indane maleate (pmhi) in coyotes (canis latrans ).	antifertility effects of busulfan were evaluated using adult coyotes. in addition, antifertility effects of pmhi were evaluated in adult males. adult males and females were alloted randomly to the following treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) a single oral dose of 3 mg busulfan/kg of body weight (bw) or (3) two oral doses of 3 mg busulfan/kg bw given nine days apart. the untreated males were used as controls in both experiments. additional male coyotes were allotted randomly to pmhi treatment ...	1984	16725985
neosporosis in dairy cattle: an update from an epidemiological perspective.	our understanding of the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis is advancing rapidly with considerable research activity being facilitated by improving methods. the dynamics of the infection in the known definitive hosts, the dog and the coyote, are being described. improved procedures for production of oocysts enables the horizontal transmission to intermediate hosts and the subsequent more natural infection process to be studied. details of the sylvatic cycles, potentially involving other animals ...	2006	16737732
mechanistic home range models capture spatial patterns and dynamics of coyote territories in yellowstone.	patterns of space-use by individuals are fundamental to the ecology of animal populations influencing their social organization, mating systems, demography and the spatial distribution of prey and competitors. to date, the principal method used to analyse the underlying determinants of animal home range patterns has been resource selection analysis (rsa), a spatially implicit approach that examines the relative frequencies of animal relocations in relation to landscape attributes. in this analys ...	2006	16769637
relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial dna following domestication.	the domestication of dogs caused a dramatic change in their way of life compared with that of their ancestor, the gray wolf. we hypothesize that this new life style changed the selective forces that acted upon the species, which in turn had an effect on the dog's genome. we sequenced the complete mitochondrial dna genome in 14 dogs, six wolves, and three coyotes. here we show that dogs have accumulated nonsynonymous changes in mitochondrial genes at a faster rate than wolves, leading to elevated ...	2006	16809672
possible vector dissemination by swift foxes following a plague epizootic in black-tailed prairie dogs in northwestern texas.	to determine whether swift foxes (vulpes velox) could facilitate transmission of yersinia pestis to uninfected black-tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies by acquiring infected fleas, ectoparasite and serologic samples were collected from swift foxes living adjacent to prairie dog towns during a 2004 plague epizootic in northwestern texas, usa. a previous study (1999-2001) indicated that these swift foxes were infested almost exclusively with the flea pulex irritans. black-tailed pr ...	2006	16870868
species resilience in pleistocene hominids that traveled far and ate widely: an analogy to the wolf-like canids.	morphological and genetic analyses have yet to resolve the question of whether more than one species of homo existed contemporaneously in the pleistocene. in an effort to contribute a process-related perspective to hominid phylogenetic reconstruction, this paper uses an analogy to the northern wolf-like canids (the wolves and coyotes) to ask the question, how many homo species should there be, given their likely behavioral profile(s)? in contrast to earlier comparisons to social carnivores which ...	2006	16904731
carnivore-livestock conflicts: effects of subsidized predator control and economic correlates on the sheep industry.	despite the importance of carnivores in terrestrial ecosystems, many nations have implemented well-coordinated, state-funded initiatives to remove predators, largely because of conflicts with humans over livestock. although these control efforts have been successful in terms of the number of carnivores removed, their effects on the viability of the industries they seek to protect are less understood. i assessed the efficacy of long-term efforts by the u.s. government to improve the viability of ...	2006	16909568
patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in michigan wildlife and bovine isolates of mycobacterium bovis.	the state of michigan has recognized the presence of mycobacterium bovis in its free-ranging white-tailed deer population since 1994. this endemic infection is primarily located in a 12-county area in the northeastern lower peninsula of michigan. a statewide surveillance and eradication program of the disease has been in effect since 1994. worldwide, mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms have a known predilection toward development of antimicrobial resistance. the objective of this study ...	2006	16921884
dynamics of hybridization and introgression in red wolves and coyotes.	hybridization and introgression are significant causes of endangerment in many taxa and are considered the greatest biological threats to the reintroduced population of red wolves (canis rufus) in north carolina (u.s.a.). little is known, however, about these processes in red wolves and coyotes (c. latrans). we used individual-based simulations to examine the process of hybridization and introgression between these species. under the range of circumstances we considered, red wolves in colonizing ...	2006	16922243
relaxin as a diagnostic tool for pregnancy in the coyote (canis latrans).	the diagnosis of pregnancy in the domestic dog (canis familiaris) often employs specialized equipment, experienced staff, and the cooperation of the bitch. these procedures can be challenging when the subject is a wild canid, particularly in a field setting. in addition, reproductive hormone assays are unreliable as a diagnostic tool because the estrous profiles of pregnant and pseudopregnant canines are similar. however, research has demonstrated that the hormone relaxin can be detected in mate ...	2007	17069998
improved bioavailability of orally administered mifepristone from plga nanoparticles.	the objective of this study was to prepare an oral dosage formulation of mifepristone that will improve the oral bioavailability of mifepristone and sustain the release of mifepristone for at least 3 days to effectively control reproduction, especially in coyotes. nanoparticles containing mifepristone were prepared from dl-lactide/glycolide copolymers (plga). encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles was determined by hplc. in vitro release study was done in 30% isopropyl alcohol in water. i ...	2007	17101249
on the application of computational fluid dynamics codes for liquefied natural gas dispersion.	computational fluid dynamics (cfd) codes are increasingly being used in the liquefied natural gas (lng) industry to predict natural gas dispersion distances. this paper addresses several issues regarding the use of cfd for lng dispersion such as specification of the domain, grid, boundary and initial conditions. a description of the k-epsilon model is presented, along with modifications required for atmospheric flows. validation issues pertaining to the experimental data from the burro, coyote, ...	2007	17113710
movement and resource use by a group of alouatta pigra in a forest fragment in balancán, méxico.	uncommonly observed behaviors were systematically recorded in a troop (n = 9 individuals) of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) inhabiting a small forest fragment (1.7 ha) in leona vicario, balancán, tabasco, mexico. between february 2002 and january 2003 (n = 499 h), we observed behaviors such as ground travel (85 occasions, total = 269 min/10.8% of total locomotion time), ground foraging (eight occasions, total = 50 min/0.84% of total feeding time) and drinking water pooled in tree holes (2 ...	2007	17136475
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.	during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...	2006	17173527
canine scavenging of human remains in an indoor setting.	this case study documents the nearly complete consumption of adult human remains by two domestic dogs (canis familiaris) inside a residence. while scavenging behavior has been observed for coyotes, wolves, hyenas and other canines in natural outdoor environments, little information is available concerning canine scavenging of human remains in an indoor setting. in this case, the dogs were confined with the body inside a residence for approximately 1 month. the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic f ...	2007	17210237
evaluation of four serological techniques to determine the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) on prince edward island, canada.	the objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the performance and agreement of serological assays (elisa, ifat, neospora caninum agglutination test and immunoblot) using reference sera and field sera from foxes and coyotes and (2) to estimate the n. caninum seroprevalence in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada. with fox and coyote reference sera the test performance of the elisa, ifat and ib was excellent (100% sensitivity and specificity). nat showed a low sensitivity (50%). s ...	2007	17223270
sodium fluoroacetate poisoning.	sodium fluoroacetate was introduced as a rodenticide in the us in 1946. however, its considerable efficacy against target species is offset by comparable toxicity to other mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds and its use as a general rodenticide was therefore severely curtailed by 1990. currently, sodium fluoroacetate is licensed in the us for use against coyotes, which prey on sheep and goats, and in australia and new zealand to kill unwanted introduced species. the extreme toxicity of fluoro ...	2006	17288493
neospora caninum-like oocysts observed in feces of free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the aim of this study was to examine the feces of free-ranging foxes and coyotes for the presence of neospora caninum oocysts. feces were collected from 271 foxes and 185 coyotes in the canadian province of prince edward island, processed by sucrose flotation, and examined by light microscopy for the presence of coccidian oocysts. in 2 fox and 2 coyote samples, oocysts morphologically and morphometrically similar to oocysts of n. caninum were observed. dna was extracted from these samples and su ...	2006	17304805
giardia and cryptosporidium species and genotypes in coyotes (canis latrans).	feces and duodenal scrapings were collected from 22 coyotes (canis latrans) killed in managed hunts in northeastern pennsylvania. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods were used to detect giardia and cryptosporidium spp. pcr-amplified fragments of giardia and cryptosporidium spp. ssu-rrna genes were subjected to dna sequence analysis for species/genotype determination. seven coyotes (32%) were positive for g. duodenalis: three assemblage c, three assemblage d, and one assemblage b. six coyotes ...	2006	17312792
oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait uptake by captive striped skunks.	aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in north america this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus and vulpes vulpes), raccoons (procyon lotor), and coyotes (canis latrans). skunks are also a major reservoir and vector of rabies, but at present oral vaccines for use in skunks are not licensed. furthermore, given differences in morphology (smaller jaws) and behav ...	2007	17347398
locating hybrid individuals in the red wolf (canis rufus) experimental population area using a spatially targeted sampling strategy and faecal dna genotyping.	hybridization with coyotes (canis latrans) continues to threaten the recovery of endangered red wolves (canis rufus) in north carolina and requires the development of new strategies to detect and remove coyotes and hybrids. here, we combine a spatially targeted faecal collection strategy with a previously published reference genotype data filtering method and a genetic test for coyote ancestry to screen portions of the red wolf experimental population area for the presence of nonred wolf canids. ...	2007	17444895
mitochondrial dna analysis of the domestic dog: control region variation within and among breeds.	the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control regions of 125 domestic dogs (canis familiaris) encompassing 43 breeds, as well as one coyote and two wolves were sequenced and subsequently examined for sequence variation in an effort to construct a reference dog mtdna data set for forensic analysis. forty informative variable sites were identified that described 45 haplotypes, 29 of which were observed only once. substantial variation was found both within and among breeds in the mtdna derived from tissue ...	2007	17456083
prevalence of cryptosporidium species in wildlife populations within a watershed landscape in southeastern new york state.	a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium in wildlife in the new york city (nyc) watershed in southeastern new york state. a total of 6227 fecal samples were collected and evaluated from 5892 mammals (38 species), 263 birds (14 species), 2 reptiles (2 species), 8 amphibians (4 species), and 62 fish (15 species). cryptosporidium was detected in 30 species. of the species found positive for cryptosporidium, 16 represented new records for this parasite-alo ...	2007	17466459
food webs and intraguild predation: community interactions of a native mesocarnivore.	trophic level interactions between predators create complex relationships such as intraguild predation. theoretical research has predicted two possible paths to stability in intraguild systems: intermediate predators either outcompete higher-order predators for shared resources or select habitat based on security. the effects of intraguild predation on intermediate mammalian predators such as swift foxes (vulpes velox) are not well understood. we examined the relationships between swift foxes an ...	2007	17479752
canine bartonellosis: serological and molecular prevalence in brazil and evidence of co-infection with bartonella henselae and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii.	the purpose of this study was to determine the serological and molecular prevalence of bartonella spp. infection in a sick dog population from brazil. at the são paulo state university veterinary teaching hospital in botucatu, 198 consecutive dogs with clinicopathological abnormalities consistent with tick-borne infections were sampled. antibodies to bartonella henselae and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii were detected in 2.0% (4/197) and 1.5% (3/197) of the dogs, respectively. using 16s-2 ...	2007	17583666
patterns of gastrointestinal parasitism among five sympatric prairie carnivores: are males reservoirs?	male vertebrates are believed to be disproportionately vulnerable to parasites, but empirical support for this contention is mixed. we tested the hypothesis of higher levels of parasitism in males with the use of counts of gastrointestinal helminths in 5 sympatric mammalian carnivores (american badgers, coyotes, red foxes, raccoons, striped skunks) from central saskatchewan. parasite burdens for females and males of each host species were compared with the use of prevalence (percentage of hosts ...	2007	17626341
agouti sequence polymorphisms in coyotes, wolves and dogs suggest hybridization.	domestic dogs have been shown to have multiple alleles of the agouti signal peptide (asip) in exon 4 and we wished to determine the level of polymorphism in the common wild canids of canada, wolves and coyotes, in comparison. all canadian coyotes and most wolves have banded hairs. the asip coding sequence of the wolf did not vary from the domestic dog but one variant was detected in exon 4 of coyotes that did not alter the arginine at this position. two other differences were found in the sequen ...	2007	17630272
symptoms noted in rabid coyotes in alberta.		1958	17649031
genetic polymorphism of tetrazolium oxidase in dogs.	two alleles, to(a) and to(b), determine a genetic polymorphism of tetrazolium oxidase in canine erythrocytes. the approximate gene frequencies for most dog breeds are 0.94 for to(a) and 0.06 for to(b). the gene frequencies' of the german shepherd, 0.8 for to(a) and 0.2 for to(b), differ significantly from those of other breeds. the electrophoretic tetrazolium oxidase isozyme pattern of canis latrans closely resembles the tetrazolium oxidase a pattern of canis familiaris.	1969	17655049
patterns in the occurrence of saprophytic fungi carried by arthropods caught in traps baited with rotted wood and dung.	fungi from approximately 1700 individual arthropods that had been captured in traps set in aspen-dominated woodland in western canada and baited with coyote dung, moose dung, white-rotted wood, brown-rotted wood and fiberglass were isolated in pure culture and identified. these data were analysed with principal components analysis (pca) to determine whether different types of substrate attracted specific arthropods and whether these animals carried unique assemblages of fungi with known proclivi ...	2007	17663118
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006.	during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ...	2007	17696853
feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) as sentinels for bovine mycobacteriosis (mycobacterium bovis) infection in wild cervids in and around riding mountain national park, manitoba, canada.	elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the riding mountain national park (rmnp) region of southwestern manitoba have been identified as a likely wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine mycobacteriosis in livestock. the feasibility of using coyotes (canis latrans) collected from trappers as a sentinel species was investigated. retropharyngeal, mesenteric, and colonic lymph nodes and tonsils collected at necropsy from 82 ...	2007	17699081
species-specific visitation and removal of baits for delivery of pharmaceuticals to feral swine.	within the domestic swine industry there is growing trepidation about the role feral swine (sus scrofa) play in the maintenance and transmission of important swine diseases. innovative disease management tools for feral swine are needed. we used field trials conducted in southern texas from february to march 2006 to compare species-specific visitation and removal rates of fish-flavored and vegetable-flavored baits with and without commercially available raccoon (procyon lotor) repellent (trial 1 ...	2007	17699086
presence of antibotulinum neurotoxin antibodies in selected wild canids in israel.	serum samples from 35 golden jackals (canis aureus syriacus), eight wolves (canis lupus), and four red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from various regions of israel were collected during the years 2001-04 and tested for antibodies to clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) types c and d. antibodies against bont types c and d were detected in 10 (29%) and in 3 (9%) of 35 golden jackals, respectively, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. this report describes detection of anti bont antibodies in wild c ...	2007	17699099