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microrna-induced negative regulation of tlr-5 in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.micrornas (mirnas) are endogenous small non-coding rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. however, the role of mirnas in antibacterial defence in fish has not been fully determined. here, we identified that nine mirnas are differentially expressed in kidney between susceptible and resistant grass carp strains. analysis of spatial and temporal mirna expression patterns suggests that cid-mirn-115 and mir-142a-3p are potential regulators of anti-bacterial activity. overexpre ...201626727169
enhanced muscle nutrient content and flesh quality, resulting from tryptophan, is associated with anti-oxidative damage referred to the nrf2 and tor signalling factors in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella): avoid tryptophan deficiency or excess.flesh quality, muscle antioxidant status and related signalling molecule expressions were investigated in young grass carp fed six levels of tryptophan (trp) for 8 weeks. the results indicated that fish fed 0.7 (deficiency) and 6.1g trp g/kg (excess) diets exhibited lower muscle water-holding capacity, tenderness, cathepsin activity, protein levels, lipids and collagen contents. optimal trp reversed these negative effects, which were related to enhanced glutathione (gsh) content and glutathione ...201626775963
transcriptome analysis of the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) using 454 pyrosequencing methodology for gene and marker discovery.total rna isolated from the brain, muscle, liver, gonad, and intestinal tissues of grass carp was pooled to construct cdna libraries. using 454 pyrosequencing, a total of 738,604 high-quality reads were generated from the normalized cdnas of the pooled individuals. clustering and assembly of these reads produced a set of 37,086 all-unigene sequences after blast. of these, 24,010 (64.74%) were annotated in the national center for biotechnology information database, and 3715 simple sequence repeat ...201526782578
sequence and expression analysis of interferon regulatory factor 10 (irf10) in three diverse teleost fish reveals its role in antiviral defense.interferon regulatory factor (irf) 10 was first found in birds and is present in the genome of other tetrapods (but not humans and mice), as well as in teleost fish. the functional role of irf10 in vertebrate immunity is relatively unknown compared to irf1-9. the target of this research was to clone and characterize the irf10 genes in three economically important fish species that will facilitate future evaluation of this molecule in fish innate and adaptive immunity.201626783745
identification and function analysis of the three dsrbms in the n terminal dsrbd of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) pkr.the protein kinase r (pkr) can inhibit protein translation and lead to apoptosis under the circumstances of virus invasion and multiple other stress conditions. pkr is a dsrna binding protein with a dsrbd and a kinase domain (kd). dsrbd is mostly composed of two (in mammal pkr) or three (in some fish pkr) dsrna binding motifs (dsrbms). multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the three dsrbms of fish pkr share analogous structure but show to be divergence origination. ...201626806165
effect of waterborne zinc exposure on lipid deposition and metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella.the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of waterborne zinc (control, 0.85, 2.20, 3.10 mg/l, respectively) exposure on lipid deposition and metabolism in the hepatopancreas and muscle of grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella. the lipid content, zn accumulation, and the activities and expression levels of several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were determined in hepatopancreas and muscle. waterborne zn exposure reduced growth performance and increased zn accumulation in both test ...201626820140
molecular characterization and dietary regulation of aminopeptidase n (apn) in the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).aminopeptidase n (apn) is a member of the peptidase m1 family and plays an important role in protein digestion. in the present study, an apn gene was cloned from the intestine of ctenopharyngodon idellus. the full-length cdna sequence of apn encodes an 892-amino-acid peptide that includes one helix trans-membrane region. phylogenetic analysis showed that the apn sequence clustered with danio rerio as its closest neighbor, sharing a sequence similarity of 81.5%. apn mrna was differentially expres ...201626828613
trace elements in farmed fish (cyprinus carpio, ctenopharyngodon idella and oncorhynchus mykiss) from beijing: implication from feed.concentrations of 30 trace elements, li, v, cr, mn, fe, ni, cu, mo, zn, se, sr, co, al, ti, as, cs, sc, te, ba, ga, pb, sn, cd, sb, ag, tm, ti, be, hg and u in major cultured freshwater fish species (common carp-cyprinus carpio, grass carp-ctenopharyngodon idella and rainbow trout-oncorhynchus mykiss) with the corresponding feed from 23 fish farms in beijing, china, were investigated. the results revealed that fe, zn, cu, mn, sr, se were the major accumulated essential elements and al, ti were t ...201626892032
thiamin deficiency induces impaired fish gill immune responses, tight junction protein expression and antioxidant capacity: roles of the nf-κb, tor, p38 mapk and nrf2 signaling molecules.in this study, we investigate the effects of dietary thiamin deficiency on immune responses, tight junctions, antioxidant capacity and related signaling molecules in the gills of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). fish were fed diets that contained 0.12-2.04 mg thiamin kg(-1) for 8 weeks. we found that dietary thiamin deficiency resulted in reduced complement 3 content, lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities, mrna levels of hepcidin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptides 2, transform ...201626902706
prevalence, site and tissue preference of myxozoan parasites infecting gills of cultured fish in punjab (india).native carp species cultured in indian farms in punjab (catla catla catla, rohu labeo rohita, mrigal cirrhinus mrigala, exotic carps such as silver carp hypophthalmichthys molitrix, grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella, common carp cyprinus carpio and a catfish sperata seenghala) were examined for the presence of myxozoan parasites infecting gills. firstly, the gills were examined under a zoom-stereomicroscope for the presence of plasmodia. the number of plasmodia per gill was counted to determine ...201626912043
confronting species distribution model predictions with species functional traits.species distribution models are valuable tools in studies of biogeography, ecology, and climate change and have been used to inform conservation and ecosystem management. however, species distribution models typically incorporate only climatic variables and species presence data. model development or validation rarely considers functional components of species traits or other types of biological data. we implemented a species distribution model (maxent) to predict global climate habitat suitabil ...201626941933
dietary vitamin c deficiency depresses the growth, head kidney and spleen immunity and structural integrity by regulating nf-κb, tor, nrf2, apoptosis and mlck signaling in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study investigated the effects of dietary vitamin c on the growth, and head kidney, spleen and skin immunity, structural integrity and related signaling molecules mrna expression levels of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total of 540 grass carp (264.37 ± 0.66 g) were fed six diets with graded levels of vitamin c (2.9, 44.2, 89.1, 133.8, 179.4 and 224.5 mg/kg diet) for 10 weeks. subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of aeromonas hydrophila and the survival r ...201626944716
immunity decreases, antioxidant system damages and tight junction changes in the intestine of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) during folic acid deficiency: regulation of nf-κb, nrf2 and mlck mrna levels.this investigation used the same growth trial as the previous study, which showed that folic acid deficiency retarded growth in young grass carp (the percent weight gain of groups 1-6 were 102.32 ± 3.41%, 137.25 ± 10.48%, 179.78 ± 3.95%, 164.33 ± 3.21%, 143.35 ± 8.12% and 115.28 ± 2.66%) [1]. in the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary folic acid on the immune response, antioxidant status and tight junctions in the intestine of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total ...201626968494
a specific cpg oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective antiviral responses against grass carp reovirus in grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella.cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) show strong immune stimulatory activity in vertebrate, however, they possess specific sequence feature among species. in this study, we screened out an optimal cpg odn sequence for grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), 1670a 5'-tcgaacgttttaacgttttaacgtt-3', from six published sequences and three sequences designed by authors based on grass carp head kidney mononuclear cells and cik (c. idella kidney) cells proliferation. vp4 mrna expression was strongly inhibited ...201626972738
dietary choline regulates antibacterial activity, inflammatory response and barrier function in the gills of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).an 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of choline (197-1795 mg/kg) on antibacterial properties, inflammatory status and barrier function in the gills of grass carp. the results showed that optimal dietary choline supplementation significantly improved lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities, complement component 3 (c3) content, and the liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and hepcidin mrna levels in the gills of fish (p < 0.05). in addition, appropria ...201626988287
grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) atf6 (activating transcription factor 6) modulates the transcriptional level of grp78 and grp94 in cik cells.atf transcription factors are stress proteins containing alkaline area-leucine zipper and play an important role in endoplasmic reticulum stress. atf6 is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to er stress by modulating the transcription of upr (unfolded protein response) target genes, including grp78 and grp94. in the present study, a grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) atf6 full-length cdna (named ciatf6, kt279356) has been cloned and identified. ciatf6 is 4176 bp in len ...201626988288
bioinformatics analysis of organizational and expressional characterizations of the ifns, irfs and crfbs in grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella.interferons (ifns) play crucial roles in the immune response of defense against viral infection and bacteria invasion. in the present study, we systematically identified and characterized the ifns, their regulatory factors (interferon regulatory factors, irfs) and receptors (cytokine receptor family b, crfbs) in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). grass carp ifns can be classified into type i ifn (ifn-i) and type ii ifn (ifn-ii) like other teleosts. ifn-i consist of two groups with two (group ...201627012995
sigz exhibited maternal transmission in embryonic development and played a prominent role in mucosal immune response of megalabrama amblycephala.igz is considered to be the last immunoglobulin discovered in vertebrate species. in this study, the structure of secreted form of blunt snout bream (megalabrama amblycephala) igz (sigz) heavy chain gene is vh-cζ1-cζ2-cζ3-cζ4, in which cζ4 provides the specificity to the igz isotype. the deduced amino acid sequence of sigz shows highest similarity with that of ctenopharyngodon idella (79%). the ontogeny of sigz gene expression showed a v-shape change pattern: decreased initially from unfertilize ...201627044330
variation in susceptibility pattern of fish to argulus siamensis: do immune responses of host play a role?branchiuran ectoparasites of the genus argulus can have extensive damaging effects on cultured fish. there exist no systematic studies that evaluate susceptibility or resistance of various carp species to argulus sp. and the underlying mechanisms. the present study aimed at identifying the most susceptible and resistant cultured species, studying settlement and survival of parasite on these species, and finally unravelling the variations of immune response in both resistant and susceptible speci ...201627084477
lipolytic enzymes involving lipolysis in teleost: synteny, structure, tissue distribution, and expression in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).lipolysis is the biochemical pathway responsible for the sequential hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (tags) stored in cellular lipid droplets. three enzymes are known to participate in tags hydrolysis, including adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl), hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl), and monoglyceride lipase (mgl), and each is present in mammals as only one isoform. here we show that the genome of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) and other teleosts codes for one atgl, two hsls, and one mgl isoforms ...201627131420
ctenopharyngodon idella nf-κb subunit p65 modulates the transcription of iκbα in cik cells.nf-κb is an important transcription factor for regulating the multiple inflammatory and immune related gene transcription. it can bind with the nuclear factor κb site within the promoter of target genes to regulate their transcriptions. p65, the all-important subunit of nf-κb, is ubiquitously expressed in cells. in the present study, we cloned and identified the p65 subunit from grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) (named cip65) by homologous cloning and race technique. the full length of cip65 ...201627142933
immunogenicity of a cell culture-derived inactivated vaccine against a common virulent isolate of grass carp reovirus.grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) hemorrhagic disease, caused by grass carp reovirus (gcrv), is emerging as a serious problem in grass carp aquaculture. there is no available antiviral therapy and vaccination is the primary method of disease control. in the present study, the immunological effects and protective efficacy of an inactivated hunan1307 vaccine in grass carp were evaluated. the gcrv isolate hunan1307 was produced by replication onto the grass carp psf cell line, and inactivated wi ...201627142935
dietary low or excess levels of lipids reduced growth performance, and impaired immune function and structure of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) under the infection of aeromonas hydrophila.our study explored the effect of dietary lipids on growth and immunity and structure (head kidney, spleen and skin) of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total of 540 young grass carp with an average initial weight of 261.41 ± 0.53 g were fed diets containing six graded levels of lipids at 5.9-80.1 g/kg diet for 8 weeks. after that, a challenge trial was conducted by injection of aeromonas hydrophila over 2 weeks. the results indicated that compared with optimal lipids supplementation ...201627157598
impact of exogenous lipase supplementation on growth, intestinal function, mucosal immune and physical barrier, and related signaling molecules mrna expression of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study investigated the effects of exogenous lipase supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal growth and function, immune response and physical barrier function, and related signaling molecules mrna expression of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total of 450 grass carp (255.02 ± 0.34 g) were fed five diets for 60 days. there were 5 dietary treatments that included a normal protein and lipid diet containing 30% crude protein (cp) with 5% ether extract (ee), and the lo ...201627164217
deficiency of dietary niacin impaired gill immunity and antioxidant capacity, and changes its tight junction proteins via regulating nf-κb, tor, nrf2 and mlck signaling pathways in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).to investigate the effects of dietary niacin on gill immunity, tight junction proteins, antioxidant system and related signaling molecules mrna expression, young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) were fed six diets containing graded levels of niacin (3.95-55.01 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks. the study indicated that niacin deficiency decreased lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities, and complement 3 content, and caused oxidative damage that might be partly due to the decreased copper, zinc supero ...201627181596
identification and characterization of a constitutively expressed ctenopharyngodon idella adar1 splicing isoform (ciadar1a).as one member of adar family, adar1 (adenosine deaminase acting on rna 1) can convert adenosine to inosine within dsrna. there are many adar1 splicing isoforms in mammals, including an interferon (ifn) inducible ∼150 kd protein (adar1-p150) and a constitutively expressed ∼110 kd protein (adar1-p110). the structural diversity of adar1 splicing isoforms may reflect their multiple functions. adar1 splicing isoforms were also found in fish. in our previous study, we have cloned and identified two di ...201627185203
moroxydine hydrochloride inhibits grass carp reovirus replication and suppresses apoptosis in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells.moroxydine hydrochloride (mor) is known to have multi-antiviral activities against dna and rna viruses but very little information exists on its pharmacology. the paper was undertaken to explore the antiviral response and antiapoptotic mechanism of mor against grass carp reovirus (gcrv) in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (cik) cells. the results showed that exposing gcrv-infected cell to 6.3 μg ml(-1) of mor for 96 h avoid ca. 50% apoptosis. meanwhile, mor had lower cytotoxicity than ribavirin (r ...201627188236
optimal dietary protein level improved growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier function of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study investigated the effects of dietary proteins on the growth, disease resistance, intestinal immune and physical barrier functions of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total of 540 young grass carp (264.11 ± 0.76 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of protein (143.1, 176.7, 217.2, 257.5, 292.2 and 322.8 g digestible protein kg(-1) diet) for 8 weeks. after the growth trial, fish were challenged with aeromonas hydrophila and mortalities were recorded for 14 days. th ...201627211261
complete mitochondrial genome of ctenopharyngodon idella var. gold grass carp and its intraspecific comparison.we determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogome) of ctenopharyngodon idella var. gold grass carp (c. idella var.) (accession no.:kt894100) and compered it with a previously published mitogenome (accession no.:nc010288.1) of chinese common grass carp. the total length of mitogenome is 16 609 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and a control region. the nucleotide compositions of the l-strand are 31.87% for a, 26.20% for t, 15.68% for g, 26.26% for c. most of the ...201727211306
characterization, expression analysis and localization pattern of toll-like receptor 1 (tlr1) and toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) genes in grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella.in this study, the toll-like receptor 1 (tlr1) and toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) genes of grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella were cloned and characterized. tlr1 and tlr2 were found to be highly expressed in immune system organs such as spleen, middle kidney and heart kidney. the expression level of tlr1 and tlr2 was found to be up-regulated at the later stage of viral challenge process. moreover, subcellular localization indicated that tlr1 and tlr2 shared similar localization pattern and both of ...201627221024
profiling kidney micrornas from juvenile grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) after 56days of oral exposure to decabromodiphenyl ethane.grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most important species in china. decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe) is a brominated flame retardant that has been used widely in industry, and has been observed to accumulate in the tissues of fish from south china. evidence has shown that dbdpe is toxic to aquatic animals, but the molecular response has been unclear. micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding and negative regulatory rnas that are 20-24 nucleotides in length, which are involved in a w ...201627266303
histidine prevents cu-induced oxidative stress and the associated decreases in mrna from encoding tight junction proteins in the intestine of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).copper (cu) is a common heavy metal pollutant in aquatic environments that originates from natural as well as anthropogenic sources. the present study investigated whether cu causes oxidative damage and induces changes in the expression of genes that encode tight junction (tj) proteins, cytokines and antioxidant-related genes in the intestine of the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). we demonstrated that cu decreases the survival rate of fish and increases oxidative damage as measured by incr ...201627280406
immunomodulatory effects of a bioactive compound isolated from dryopteris crassirhizoma on the grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella.in the present study, we investigated effects of compound kaempferol 3-a-l-(4-o-acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7-a-l-rhamnopyranoside (sa) isolated from dryopteris crassirhizoma during immune-related gene expression in ctenopharyngodon idella head kidney macrophages (cihkm). the expression of immune-related genes (il-1β, tnf-α, myd88, and mx1) were investigated using real-time pcr at 2 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h after incubation with 1, 10, and 50 μg ml(-1) of sa. furthermore, fish were injected intraperit ...201627294155
structural characterization and functional analysis of the follistatin promoter of larimichthys crocea.follistatin is a secreted glycoprotein, which involved in numerous physiological activities as an antagonist of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. however, little is known about the regulation mechanism of follistatin in fish. in this study we cloned and analyzed part of the 5' flanking region of the follistatin gene in larimichthys crocea. sequence analysis revealed several putative binding sites for transcription factors including activator protein 1 (ap1), myogenic differentiation ...201627294388
molecular genetic investigations on balantidium ctenopharyngodoni chen, 1955, a parasite of the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).balantidium ctenopharyngodoni is a common ciliate in hungary, infecting the hindgut of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), a cyprinid fish of chinese origin. although data have already been presented on its occasional pathogenic effect on the endothelium of the host, generally it is a harmless inhabitant of the gut. phylogenetic analysis of the 18s rdna and its fragments of this protozoan proved that it is in the closest phylogenetic relationship with endocommensalist and symbiont ciliates of ...201627342092
tnf-α is involved in apoptosis triggered by grass carp reovirus infection in vitro.grass carp reovirus (gcrv) infection causes apoptosis in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells (cik). however, the cause of gcrv-induced apoptosis and its signaling pathways remain unknown. this study investigated the role of tnf-α-induced capase-8 pathways in mediating gcrv-induced apoptosis in the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). recombinant tnf-α was expressed and purified from escherichia. coli. the western blot assay indicated that tnf-α expression level in kidney and spleen was higher ...201627346157
hematological and immunological plasma assays for grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with aeromonas hydrophila as an immune model in carp aquaculture.aeromonas hydrophila is the causative agent of bacterial septicemia, a common disease observed in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella. in our study, c. idella specimens were infected with a. hydrophila, and parameters of hematological and immunological plasma parameters were monitored. at blood cell level, levels of red blood cells (rbcs), hematocrit (hct), and mean corpuscular volume (mcv) showed no differences between the treatment and control groups, but levels of white blood cells (wbcs) inc ...201627368540
identification and functional analysis of the toll-like receptor 20.2 gene in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.we characterized and identified the cdna sequence of toll-like receptor 20.2 in ctenopharyngodon idella (gctlr20.2); it consisted of 3197 bp, with an open reading frame of 2835 bp that encoded a 944 amino acid polypeptide. relatively, high expression levels of gctlr20.2 were observed in the spleen, head kidney, liver and brain tissues, with lower expression levels in the trunk kidney, intestine and heart tissues. in vivo and in vitro, after being challenged with aeromonas hydrophila or grass car ...201627370974
sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on two commonly cultured carps: a sem- and eds-based hematological biomarker analysis.blood being a vehicle for the transport of industrial pollutants in living system, fish hematology is considered as potent biomarker. in the present study, we investigated respective sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on hematology of two commonly cultured carps, cyprinus carpio and ctenopharyngodon idella, using optical, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. irrespective of species, results showed significant decrease in erythrocyte, hematocrit a ...201627378480
transcriptome analysis of the innate immunity-related complement system in spleen tissue of ctenopharyngodon idella infected with aeromonas hydrophila.the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) is an important commercial farmed herbivorous fish species in china, but is susceptible to aeromonas hydrophila infections. in the present study, we performed de novo rna-seq sequencing of spleen tissue from specimens of a disease-resistant family, which were given intra-peritoneal injections containing pbs with or without a dose of a. hydrophila. the fish were sampled from the control group at 0 h, and from the experimental group at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and ...201627383749
changes in integrity of the gill during histidine deficiency or excess due to depression of cellular anti-oxidative ability, induction of apoptosis, inflammation and impair of cell-cell tight junctions related to nrf2, tor and nf-κb signaling in fish.this study firstly explored the possible effects of dietary histidine on structural integrity and the related signaling factor gene expression in the gills of fish. young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) were fed with six diets containing gradual levels of histidine for 8 weeks. the results firstly demonstrated that histidine deficiency caused increases in reactive oxygen species (ros) contents, and severe oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation) in the gills of fish, whic ...201627394967
methionine hydroxy analogue enhanced fish immunity via modulation of nf-κb, tor, mlck, mapks and nrf2 signaling in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).our study investigated the effect of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue (mha) on growth and immunity (head kidney, spleen and skin) of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). a total of 630 grass carp (259.70 ± 0.47 g) were fed graded levels of mha (0, 2.4, 4.4, 6.4, 8.5 and 10.5 g/kg diet) and one dl-methionine (dlm) group (6.4 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. at the end of the feeding trial, fish were challenged with aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. the results indicated that optimal mha increase ...201627422756
case report of chondroma in a grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) is a herbivorous, freshwater fish species of the family cyprinidae, and the only species of the genus ctenopharyngodon. neoplasms in fishes are generally less aggressive than neoplasms in mammals and are most commonly discrete, focal and benign neoplasms. a 3-year-old grass carp with a big mass on the vertebrae was referred to the clinic. according to the owner's statements, the fish had no signs of lethargy, ataxia and abnormal behaviors. the size of the ...201627482364
effect of tributyltin, cadmium, and their combination on physiological responses in juvenile grass carp.tributyltin (tbt) and cadmium (cd) are two common pollutants in aquatic environments. this study was designed to examine the physiological responses of juvenile grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella to tbt, cd, and their combination. fish were apportioned into a control group, a tbt group (7.5 μg/l), a cd group (2.97 mg/l), and a tbt-cd group (7.5 μg/l tbt, 2.97 mg/l cd(2+)) for 7 d. the following activities were measured: na(+),k(+)-atpase in gill tissues; nitric oxide synthase (nos), acetylcholin ...201627484920
functional characterizations and expression profiles of adar2 gene, responsible for rna editing, in response to gcrv challenge in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).adar (adenosine deaminases acting on rna)-mediated adenosine-to-inosine (a-to-i) editing to double-stranded rna (dsrna) is a critical arm of the antiviral response. the present study focused on the structural and functional characterizations of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) adar2 (ciadar2) gene. the complete genomic sequence of ciadar2 is 150,458 bp in length, containing 12 exons and 11 introns. the open reading frame (orf) of 2100 bp encodes a polypeptide of 699 amino acids (aa) which co ...201627514783
the protective effects of taurine on acute ammonia toxicity in grass carp ctenopharynodon idellus.the four experimental groups were carried out to test the response of grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella to ammonia toxicity and taurine: group 1 was injected with nacl, group 2 was injected with ammonium acetate, group 3 was injected with ammonium acetate and taurine, and group 4 was injected taurine. fish in group 2 had the highest ammonia content in the liver and brain, and alanine, arginine, glutamine, glutamate and glycine contents in liver. brain alanine and glutamate of fish in group 2 we ...201627514785
effects of dietary protein levels on the disease resistance, immune function and physical barrier function in the gill of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) after challenged with flavobacterium columnare.the effects of dietary protein levels on the disease resistance, gill immune function and physical barrier function of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) were investigated in this study. a total of 540 grass carp (264.11 ± 0.76 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of protein (143.1, 176.7, 217.2, 257.5, 292.2 and 322.8 g digestible protein kg(-1) diet) for 8 weeks. after the growth trial, fish were challenged with flavobacterium columnare for 3 days. the results indicated that optima ...201627539702
molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor-associated factor (traf)-interacting protein (trip) in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.trip (tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor-associated factor (traf)-interacting protein), a member of the tnf superfamily, plays a crucial role in the modulation of inflammation in vertebrates. however, no information about trip is available in teleosts. in this study, the full-length cdna of trip, containing a 5'utr of 112 bp, an orf of 1359 bp, and a 3'utr of 29 bp before the poly (a) tail, was cloned from grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella. the trip gene encoded a protein of 452 amino acids ...201627546552
molecular characterization of an interleukin-4/13b homolog in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) and its role in fish against aeromonas hydrophila infection.mammalian interleukin 4 (il-4) and interleukin 13 (il-13) molecules are anti-inflammatory cytokines mediating the alternative activation of macrophages. however, the role of fish il-4/13 homologs in monocytes/macrophages (mo/mф) polarization remains unclear. in this study, we have functionally identified an il-4/13b homolog in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), which is termed as ciil-4/13b. multiple alignment showed that ciil-4/13b shared the typical characteristics and structure with other ...201627546554
checklists of parasites of farm fishes of babylon province, iraq.literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of babylon province, middle of iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (carassius auratus, liza abu, and heteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. the parasi ...201627559480
identification and functional characterization of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (tnfr1) of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) exerts its regulatory effects by binding one of two tnf receptors, tnf-α receptor 1 (tnfr1) or tnfr2. in this study, we isolated and identified the cdna sequence of grass carp tnfr1 (gctnfr1). similar to its homologs in other fish species, the putative protein of gctnfr1 possessed an extracellular region containing three tnf homology domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region with a conserved death domain. consistent with the widespread expressio ...201627620818
dietary vitamin c deficiency depressed the gill physical barriers and immune barriers referring to nrf2, apoptosis, mlck, nf-κb and tor signaling in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of flavobacterium columnare.this study explored the effects of vitamin c on the physical barriers and immune barriers, and relative mrna levels of signaling molecules in the gill of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of flavobacterium columnare. the results indicated that compared with optimal vitamin c supplementation, vitamin c deficiency (2.9 mg/kg diet) (1) increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl (pc) contents (p < 0.05), decreased the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, ...201627640333
comparative expression and regulation of duplicated fibroblast growth factor 1 genes in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).fibroblast growth factor 1 (fgf1) is known as a mitogenic factor involved in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation in vertebrates. here, we report the isolation and characterization of two fgf1 genes in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). grass carp fgf1a and fgf1b cdnas are highly divergent, sharing a relatively low amino acid sequence identity of 50%, probably due to fish-specific gene duplication. fgf1a and fgf1b mrnas were detected in the zygote and expressed th ...201727677452
immune response induced by oral delivery of bacillus subtilis spores expressing enolase of clonorchis sinensis in grass carps (ctenopharyngodon idellus).clonorchiasis, caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing infective metacercariae of clonorchis sinensisis (c.sinensis), remains a common public health problem. new effective prevention strategies are still urgent to control this food-borne infectious disease. the previous studies suggested bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis) spores was an ideal vaccines delivery system, and the c.sinensis enolase (cseno) was a potential vaccine candidate against clonorchiasis. in the ...201727729275
detection limits of quantitative and digital pcr assays and their influence in presence-absence surveys of environmental dna.a set of universal guidelines is needed to determine the limit of detection (lod) in pcr-based analyses of low-concentration dna. in particular, environmental dna (edna) studies require sensitive and reliable methods to detect rare and cryptic species through shed genetic material in environmental samples. current strategies for assessing detection limits of edna are either too stringent or subjective, possibly resulting in biased estimates of species' presence. here, a conservative lod analysis ...201727768244
the effect of ginger and garlic addition during cooking on the volatile profile of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) soup.ginger and garlic have long been used in asian countries to enhance the flavor and to neutralize any unpleasant odors present in fish soup. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in the amount of volatile components present in fish soup compared to boiled water solutions of ginger and garlic. the fish soup was prepared by boiling oil-fried grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) with or without ginger and/or garlic. generally, boiling garlic and ginger in water led to a decrease in th ...201627784920
two isoforms of hormone-sensitive lipase b are generated by alternative exons usage and transcriptional regulation by insulin in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).the aim of this study was to investigate the gene structure of two hormone-sensitive lipase b (hslb) isoforms and their transcriptional regulation by insulin in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). hsl is an important lipolytic enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (tags). two isoforms (hsla and hslb) have been cloned in fish, but information about their gene structure and function is very few. in this study, a novel grass carp hslb isoform (hslb2) were firstly isolated and ...201727807710
forkhead box o1 in grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella: molecular characterization, gene structure, tissue distribution and mrna expression in insulin-inhibited adipocyte lipolysis.factor forkhead box o1 (foxo1) is a transcription factor and plays an important role in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. in the present study, two distinct foxo1 cdnas, designated foxo1a and foxo1b, were firstly isolated and characterized from grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella, encoding peptides of 654 and 631 amino acids, respectively. phylogenetic and synteny analyses suggested that foxo1a and foxo1b were derived from paralogous genes that could be originated from teleost-specific genome du ...201727872010
molecular cloning and nutrient regulation analysis of long chain acyl-coa synthetase 1 gene in grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella l.long chain acyl-coa synthetase 1 (acsl1), a key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid metabolism, catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to acyl-coenzyme a. the full-length cdnas of acsl1a and acsl1b were cloned from the liver of a grass carp. both cdnas contained a 2094bp open reading frame encoding 697 amino acids. amino acid sequence alignment showed that acsl1a shared 73.5% sequence identity with acsl1b. each of the two acsl1s proteins had a transmembrane domain, a p-loop domain, and l ...201727888064
protective role of phenylalanine on the ros-induced oxidative damage, apoptosis and tight junction damage via nrf2, tor and nf-κb signalling molecules in the gill of fish.this study explored the possible preventive effects of dietary phenylalanine (phe) on antioxidant responses, apoptosis and tight junction protein transcription in the gills of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). fish were fed six different experimental diets containing graded levels of phe (3.4-16.8 g kg(-1)) for 8 weeks. the results showed that phe deficiency induced protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation by decreasing the glutathione content and the activities and mrna levels of cu/z ...201727888130
vitamin e deficiency depressed fish growth, disease resistance, and the immunity and structural integrity of immune organs in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella): referring to nf-κb, tor and nrf2 signaling.this study investigated the effects of dietary vitamin e on growth, disease resistance and the immunity and structural integrity of head kidney, spleen and skin in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). the fish were fed six diets containing graded levels of vitamin e (0, 45, 90, 135, 180 and 225 mg/kg diet) for 10 weeks. subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of aeromonas hydrophila. the results showed that compared with optimal vitamin e supplementation, vitamin e deficiency ...201727888132
two grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 genes exhibit different yet conserved functions in development and growth.insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 5 (igfbp5), the most conserved member of the igfbp family in vertebrates, plays a critical role in controlling cell survival, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. here, we characterized the expression patterns of igfbp5a and igfbp5b in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), which are retained in many fish species, likely from the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. both igfbp5a and igfbp5b encode 268- and 263-aa peptides, respectively, which sh ...201727913274
transcriptome profiling of developing spleen tissue and discovery of immune-related genes in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella is an important freshwater aquaculture species. however, studies regarding transcriptomic profiling of developing spleen tissue in the grass carp are lacking. here, the transcriptome sequencing from the spleen tissue of one-year-old (cis1) and three-year-old (cis3) grass carp was performed using illumina paired-end sequencing technology. the de novo assemblies yielded 48,970 unigenes with average lengths of 1264.51 bp from the two libraries. the assembled unige ...201727965162
stimulation of glycerol kinase in grass carp preadipocytes by epa.this study was conducted to assess the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) on grass carp preadipocyte glycerol kinase (gyk) expression, as well as to explore the mechanism. here, we cloned partial sequence of grass carp gyk gene and analyzed its tissue distribution. the result showed that gyk gene expressed most in the liver, followed by adipose tissue and the kidney. besides, 400 μm oleic acid (18:1n-9, oa) was used to establish a hypertrophic preadipocyte model. gyk gene expression and enzym ...201728058519
dietary alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid ratios modulate immune response, physical barrier and related signaling molecules mrna expression in the gills of juvenile grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study was conducted to explore the possible effects of dietary ala/lna ratios on the gill immunity, tight junction and antioxidant capacity, and the related signaling factor mrna levels of juvenile grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). fish were fed diets with different ala/lna ratios (0.01, 0.34, 0.68, 1.03, 1.41, 1.76 and 2.15) for 60 days. the present results showed that ala/lna ratio of 1.03 significantly enhanced lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities, complement 3 contents, promoted ...201728063950
vitamin a deficiency suppresses fish immune function with differences in different intestinal segments: the role of transcriptional factor nf-κb and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways.the present study investigated the effects of dietary vitamin a on immune function in the proximal intestine (pi), mid intestine (mi) and distal intestine (di) of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). fish were fed graded levels of dietary vitamin a for 10 weeks, and then a challenge test using an injection of aeromonas hydrophila was conducted for 14 d. the results showed that, compared with the optimum vitamin a level, vitamin a deficiency significantly decreased fish growth performance, ...201728098047
molecular cloning and gene/protein expression of fat/cd36 from grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) and the regulation of its expression by dietary energy.fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (fat/cd36) functions as a membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter in various tissues in land animals. not much is known about the cd36 molecule in teleost fish. therefore, we studied cd36 in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella, cicd36). the full-length complementary dna sequence of cicd36 was 1976 bp, with an orf of 468 amino acids, which had high sequence similarity to the cd36 of common carp. the messenger rna (mrna) expression of cicd36 ...201728101704
pigment epithelium-derived factor improves tnfα-induced hepatic steatosis in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfα), may contribute to hepatic steatosis in the situation of excess lipid accumulation in farmed fish. pigment epithelium-derived factor (pedf) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory factor and promotes lipolysis. accordingly, we isolated pedf from grass carp and investigated its role in tnfα-induced hepatic steatosis. sequence analysis showed that pedf gene, which possesses 8 exons and 7 introns, encodes a protein with 409 amino aci ...201728111231
effect of egg albumen protein addition on physicochemical properties and nanostructure of gelatin from fish skin.the physicochemical properties and nanostructure of mixtures of egg albumen protein (eap) and gelatin from under-utilised grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) skins were studied. the gelatin with 1% eap had an acceptable gel strength. the addition of 5% eap significantly increased the melting and gelling temperatures of gelatin gels. additionally, the colour turned white and the crystallinity was higher in gelatin gels with gradient concentrations of eap (1, 3, and 5%). gelatin with 5% eap had t ...201628115763
dataset on differential gene expression analysis for splenic transcriptome profiling and the transcripts related to six immune pathways in grass carp.the data presented in this paper are related to the research article entitled "transcriptome profiling of developing spleen tissue and discovery of immune-related genes in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella)" (li et al. 2016) [1]. please refer to this article for interpretation of the data. data provided in this submission are comprised of the expression levels of unigenes, significantly differentially expressed genes(degs), significant enrichment go term and kegg pathway of degs, and informati ...201728116337
physical and flavor characteristics, fatty acid profile, antioxidant status and nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzyme gene expression changes in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets fed dietary valine.this study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary valine on the physical and flavor characteristics, fatty acid (fa) profile, antioxidant status and nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the muscle of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) fed increasing levels of valine (4.3, 8.0, 10.6, 13.1, 16.9 and 19.1 g/kg) for 8 weeks. compared with the control group, the group fed valine showed improved physical characteristics of fish fillets (increased relative shear force, ...201728118364
effect of n-acetyl cysteine and glycine supplementation on growth performance, glutathione synthesis, and antioxidative ability of grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella.an 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of n-acetyl cysteine (nac) and glycine supplementation on growth performance, glutathione (gsh) synthesis, and antioxidative ability of grass carp, ctenopharyngodon idella. four practical diets were formulated: control, control + 0.2% nac, control + 0.5% glycine, and control + 0.2% nac + 0.5% glycine. each diet was randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 30 fish (approximately 8.8 g). weight gain and specific growth rate were sign ...201728124206
molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and pharmacological characterization of melanocortin-4 receptor in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) plays a pivotal role in the mediation of leptin action on food intake and energy expenditure in mammals. the mc4r has also been identified in several teleosts, and its importance in the regulation of fish energy homeostasis is emerging. we herein reported on the molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and pharmacological characterization of mc4r in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella), an economically and ecologically important fish. we showed that grass carp mc4r ...201728152402
molecular detection of genotype ii grass carp reovirus based on nucleic acid sequence-based amplification combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (nasba-elisa).grass carp reovirus (gcrv) is the causative agent of the grass carp hemorrhagic disease that has resulted in severe economic losses in the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) farming industry in china. early diagnosis and vaccine administration are important priorities for gcrv control. in this study, a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (nasba-elisa) was developed for to detect genotype ii gcrv (gcrv- ii). primers specifically targeting viral rna g ...201728174075
effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the growth, immune function and structural integrity of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study evaluates the effects of dietary phosphorus on the growth, immune function and structural integrity (head kidney, spleen and skin) of young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) that were fed graded levels of available phosphorus (0.95-8.75 g/kg diet). results indicated that phosphorus deficiency decreased the growth performance of young grass carp. in addition, the results first demonstrated that compared with the optimal phosphorus level, phosphorus deficiency depressed the lysozyme ...201728192254
gill structural integrity changes in fish deficient or excessive in dietary isoleucine: towards the modulation of tight junction protein, inflammation, apoptosis and antioxidant defense via nf-κb, tor and nrf2 signaling pathways.this study firstly aimed to test the impact of dietary isoleucine (ile) on tight junction protein, inflammation, apoptosis, antioxidant defense and related signaling molecule gene expression in the gill of fish. young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) (weighing 256.8 ± 3.5 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of ile, namely, 3.8, 6.6, 9.3, 12.5, 15.2 and 18.5 g/kg diet for 8 weeks. the results firstly revealed that ile deficiency down-regulated the mrna expressions of claudin-3, cla ...201728193461
chemical characterization of the glycated myofibrillar proteins from grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) and their impacts on the human gut microbiota in vitro fermentation.in this study, the chemical characterization of glycoconjugates of myofibrillar proteins from grass carp conjugated with glucose via maillard reaction for up to 24 h of dry-heating was investigated, and their impacts on the microbial community in vitro human fecal fermentation were firstly evaluated by high-throughput sequencing technologies. the glycation greatly increased the furosine levels in glycoconjugates, which reached the maximum level (2.87 ± 0.08 mg per 100 mg protein) for 9 h of heat ...201728197578
identification of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) xbp1s as a primary member in er stress.x-box binding protein 1 (xbp1), a vital basic leucine zipper transcription factor for the related gene transcription in endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress, belongs to the creb/atf family. in mammals, xbp1s is the activated one of xbp1 isoform. in order to study the role of fish xbp1s, we cloned and identified the xbp1s (ku509247) from grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) (named cixbp1s) by homologous cloning and race technique. the full length of cixbp1s is 1694 bp along with 124 bp of 5' utr, 41 ...201728215742
magnolol and honokiol from magnolia officinalis enhanced antiviral immune responses against grass carp reovirus in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells.medicinal plants have been widely used for a long history. exploration of pharmacologically active compounds from medicinal plants present a broad prevalent of application. by examining viral mrna expression in gcrv-infected ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (cik) cells treated with thirty kinds of plant extracts, we identified magnolia officinalis rehd et wils. was able to preferably suppress viral replication. further studies demonstrated that the main ingredients of magnolia bark, namely, magnol ...201728232195
molecular cloning and expression analysis of megalobrama amblycephala transferrin gene and effects of exposure to iron and infection with aeromonas hydrophila.transferrin (tf) plays an important function in iron homeostasis and metabolism of organisms. in this study, we identified and characterized the tf gene in megalobrama amblycephala and evaluated its expression in basal conditions as well as after iron overload and experimental infection with aeromonas hydrophila. furthermore, we studied the iron binding properties of recombinant tf. the full-length m. amblycephala tf complementary dna (cdna) (genbank accession no.: kx698308) of 2245 bp was clone ...201728236008
ctenopharyngodon idella irf2 and atf4 down-regulate the transcriptional level of prkra.prkra (interferon-inducible double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase activator a) is a protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to er stress and virus-stimulated signaling pathways by activating pkr. in the present study, a grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) prkra full-length cdna (named ciprkra, kt891991) was cloned and identified. the full-length cdna is comprised of a 5' utr (36 bp), a 3' utr (350 bp) and the longest orf (882 bp) encoding a polypeptide of 293 amino aci ...201728263879
methionine hydroxy analogue improves intestinal immunological and physical barrier function in young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella).this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that methionine hydroxy analogue (mha) enhances the defense against enteritis occurrence via improving intestinal barrier function in fish. after 630 young grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) (259.70 ± 0.47 g) fed six graded levels of mha (0, 2.4, 4.4, 6.4, 8.5 and 10.5 g/kg diet) and one dl-methionine group (6.4 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. at the end of feeding trial, 15 fish from each treatment were challenged with aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. ...201728279791
transcriptome data analysis of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) infected by reovirus provides insights into two immune-related genes.grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) was one of the economically important freshwater fish in china. however, hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (gcrv) results in a tremendous loss in the process of grass carp cultivation. transcriptome analysis could provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in specific biological processes and diseases for the resistance to reovirus infection of grass carp. in this study, the raw data from ncbi (accession number: ...201728279792
genome-wide identification and characterization of conserved and novel micrornas in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) by deep sequencing.micrornas (mirnas) are post-transcriptional regulators which bind to target to regulate protein expression by repressing translation or promoting degradation of the target mrna. studies have shown that deep sequencing is a powerful tool for the identification of mirnas, and it is believed that may more mirnas remain to be discovered in grass carp. in the present study, a pool of equal amounts of rna obtained from 8 different adult grass carp tissues (spleen, liver, muscle, kidney, skin, testis, ...201728282565
mda5 induces a stronger interferon response than rig-i to gcrv infection through a mechanism involving the phosphorylation and dimerization of irf3 and irf7 in cik cells.retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) are critical cytosolic sensors that trigger the production of interferons (ifns). though their recognition functions are well identified, their unique roles in the downstream signal transduction remain to be elucidated. herein, we report the differential effect between grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) mda5 (cimda5) and cirig-i on the production of various ifns upon grass carp reovirus (gcrv) infectio ...201728286505
protective immunity of grass carp induced by dna vaccine encoding capsid protein gene (vp7) of grass carp reovirus using bacterial ghost as delivery vehicles.grass carp reovirus (gcrv) is one of the most pathogenic aquareovirus and can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). however, management of gcrv infection remains a challenge. therefore, it is necessary to find effective means for the control of its infection. the uses of bacterial ghost (bg, non-living bacteria) as carriers for dna delivery have received considerable attentions in veterinary and human vaccines studies. nevertheless, there is still no report ab ...201728300681
lernaea cyprinacea infection in a new host puntius pulchellus in intensive culture system and its control by doramectin.the present study explored the susceptibility of puntius pulchellus subadults to lernaea cyprinacea infection subsequent upon their first introduction to an intensive culture system that had a previous history of lernaea infection and evaluated the efficacy of doramectin against the parasite. all the p. pulchellus introduced to the culture pond got infected demonstrating 100 % susceptibility of this species to lernaea infection. pathological changes caused by the parasite as evidenced by the ext ...201728316399
effects of dietary administration of shewanella xiamenensis a-1, aeromonas veronii a-7, and bacillus subtilis, single or combined, on the grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) intestinal microbiota.gut microbiota of grass carp plays an important role in host. however, detailed information regarding the changes of microbiota after probiotics administration in relation to the gastrointestinal microbiota is absent. in the present study, dietary administration of putative probiotics shewanella xiamenensis a-1, aeromonas veronii a-7, and bacillus subtilisstrains was conducted in grass carp to investigate if there is a discernible alteration in intestinal microbiota and whether the alteration is ...201728321827
oral delivery of bacillus subtilis spores expressing cysteine protease of clonorchis sinensis to grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus): induces immune responses and has no damage on liver and intestine function.clonorchis sinensis (c. sinensis) is a fish-borne trematode. human can be infected by ingestion of c. sinensis metacercariae parasitized in grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). for induction of effective oral immune responses, spores of bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis) wb600 were utilized as vehicle to delivery cscp (cysteine protease of c. sinensis) cooperated with cotc (b.s-cotc-cp), one of coat proteins, to the gastrointestinal tract. after routine culture of 8-12 h in lb medium, b. subtilis ...201728323213
interaction of irf9 and stat2 synergistically up-regulates ifn and pkr transcription in ctenopharyngodon idella.irf9 is a key factor in the jak-stat pathway. under the stimulation of type i ifn, irf9 interacts with stat1 and stat2 to form the ifn-i-stimulated gene factor 3 (isgf3) which activates the transcription of isg. however, many studies also showed that the dimmer irf9/stat2 rather than the tripolymer irf9/stat1/stat2 acts as the isgf3 in cells in response to ifn signals. in the present study, the full-length cdna sequence of irf9 (termed ciirf9, kt601055) and stat2 (term cistat2, kt781914) from gr ...201728347954
inhibition of grass carp reovirus infection by dna aptamers against s10 protein.grass carp reovirus (gcrv) is one of the most pathogenic agents among aquareovirus isolates and has the ability to cause a severe epidemic outbreak of hemorrhagic disease, thus resulting in both a high mortality rate during the culture of grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella and an enormous economic loss. aptamers have been demonstrated to have strong promising applications in antiviral drug development. in the present study, a complementary dna fragment encoding the s10 gene of gcrv was cloned. t ...201728379065
grass carp laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 serves as a negative regulator in retinoic acid-inducible gene i- and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-mediated antiviral signaling in resting state and early stage of grass carp reovirus infection.laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (lgp2) is a key component of rig-i-like receptors (rlrs). however, the lack of the caspase recruitment domains (cards) results in its controversial functional performance as a negative or positive regulator in antiviral responses. especially, no sufficient evidence uncovers the functional mechanisms of lgp2 in rlr signaling pathways in teleost. here, negative regulation mechanism of lgp2 in certain situations in retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and m ...201728396670
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