Publications

humoral response to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: a serological indicator of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors.	salivary proteins injected by blood feeding arthropods into their hosts evoke a saliva-specific humoral response which can be useful to evaluate exposure to bites of disease vectors. however, saliva of hematophagous arthropods is a complex cocktail of bioactive factors and its use in immunoassays can be misleading because of potential cross-reactivity to other antigens. toward the development of a serological marker of exposure to afrotropical malaria vectors we expressed the anopheles gambiae g ...	2011	21437289
distribution of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in soil of a swiss wetland reserve after 22 years of mosquito control.	recurrent treatments with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis are required to control the floodwater mosquito aedes vexans that breeds in large numbers in the wetlands of the bolle di magadino reserve in canton ticino, switzerland. interventions have been carried out since 1988. in the present study, the spatial distribution of resting b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spores in the soil was measured. the b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis concentration was determined in soil samples co ...	2011	21498758
a survival and reproduction trade-off is resolved in accordance with resource availability by virgin female mosquitoes.	the first 2-4 days after an anopheles gambiae female mosquito emerges are critical to her survival and reproductive success. yet, the order of behavioural events (mating, sugar feeding, blood feeding) during this time has received little attention. we discovered that among female cohorts sampled from emergence, sugar feeding had a higher probability than blood feeding of occurring first, and mating rarely occurred before a meal was taken. the night after emergence, 48% of females fed on sugar in ...	0	21499504
a multi-year study of mosquito feeding patterns on avian hosts in a southeastern focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus.	abstract. eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that cycles in birds but also causes severe disease in humans and horses. we examined patterns of avian host use by vectors of eeev in alabama from 2001 to 2009 using blood-meal analysis of field-collected mosquitoes and avian abundance surveys. the northern cardinal (cardinalis cardinalis) was the only preferred host (fed on significantly more than expected based on abundance) of culiseta melanura, the enzootic vect ...	2011	21540380
altitudinal variation in the morphometric characteristics of aedes vexans meigen from northeastern turkey.	body size is one of the most significant features of organisms and is correlated with a large number of ecological and physiological variables. similar to size, biological shape is one of the most conspicuous aspects of an organism's phenotype and provides a link between the genotype and the environment. body size may change with altitude and also habitat differences associated with altitude may affect the biological shape and some morphological characteristics. four populations of aedes vexans ...	2011	21635639
feeding behaviour of potential vectors of west nile virus in senegal.	west nile virus (wnv) is a widespread pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds with occasional spill-over into dead-end hosts such as horses and humans. migratory birds are believed to play an important role in its dissemination from and to the palaearctic area, as well as its local dispersion between wintering sites. the djoudj park, located in senegal, is a major wintering site for birds migrating from europe during the study period (sept. 2008- jan. 2009). in this ...	2011	21651763
weather and land cover influences on mosquito populations in sioux falls, south dakota.	this study compared the spatial and temporal patterns of culex tarsalis coquillett and aedes vexans meigen populations and examined their relationships with land cover types and climatic variability in sioux falls, sd. between 24 and 30 cdc co2-baited light traps were set annually in sioux falls from may to september 2005-2008. land cover data were acquired from the 2001 national land cover dataset and the percentages of selected land cover types were calculated within a 600-m buffer zone around ...	2011	21661329
the mosquito aedes (aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis as a probable vector bridging the west nile virus between birds and horses in barkedji (ferlo, senegal).	active catches of adult females of aedes vexans arabiensis patton, (diptera: culicidae) patton by nets or aspirator, were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in the vegetation at the edge of temporary ponds in barkedji, senegalese ferlo area. two hundred and forty-one engorged females were captured, dissected and the gut content adsorbed on a whatman filter paper and analysed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique to determinate the bloodmeal origin. results indicated that ae v. ar ...	2011	21790686
Competency of reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus.	Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is endemic throughout most of the eastern United States. Although it is transmitted year round in Florida, transmission elsewhere is seasonal. The mechanism that enables EEEV to overwinter in seasonal foci remains obscure. In previous field studies, early season EEEV activity was detected in mosquito species that feed primarily upon ectothermic hosts, suggesting that reptiles and amphibians might represent overwintering reservoir hosts for EEEV. To determ ...	2011	21896798
circulation of diverse genotypes of tahyna virus in xinjiang, people's republic of china.	tahyna virus (tahv) is widely distributed in europe and asia. a previous study reported a high level of conservation of the tahv genome in isolates from europe. during 2006 and 2007, three tahyna virus isolates from mosquitoes were obtained from various locations in xinjiang, people's republic of china. we analyzed the complete coding sequence of full-length small, medium, and large segments of these isolates. molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the three complete tahv genomes showed that seq ...	2011	21896801
Isolation of usutu virus in Germany.	Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged 2001 in Austria and caused deaths in wild birds. In Germany, 70,378 female mosquitoes were captured in 2009 and 2010 and assayed for USUV. Virus was isolated in cell culture from one pool of Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes trapped exclusively in August 2010 in Weinheim, Germany. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the isolated USUV strain from Germany and a USUV strain from Austria, which was d ...	2011	21896821
Prevalence of toscana and sicilian phlebovirus antibodies in classic Kaposi sarcoma case patients and control subjects in sicily.	To assess whether arthropod bites promote Kaposi sarcoma (KS), we determined the seroprevalence of Sicilian (SFSV) and Toscana (TOSV) phlebovirus antibodies in 30 patients with classic KS and 100 controls in Sicily. Nine (6.9%) subjects, all controls, were positive for SFSV, whereas 41 (31.5%) were positive for TOSV. Seroprevalence with immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG against either virus was significantly higher in controls (43% vs 13.3% in case patients; P < .01). Adjusted for age, IgG seropreval ...	2011	21900487
the status of rift valley fever in animals in saudi arabia: a mini review.	in august-september 2000, an overwhelming outbreak of rift valley fever (rvf) struck the southwestern part of saudi arabia and adjoining yemeni territories. during the outbreak, which was the first ever to be recorded outside africa, around 40,000 animals, mostly sheep and goats, died or aborted and 883 cases, with 124 deaths, were recorded among humans in saudi arabia. an additional 1328 human cases, with 166 deaths, were concurrently recorded in northwestern yemen. vector studies in saudi arab ...	2011	21923257
temporal and spatial patterns of west nile virus transmission in saginaw county, michigan, 2003-2006.	the dynamics of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) infection in mosquitoes, sentinel pheasants, and wild dead birds were evaluated during 2003-2006 in saginaw co., mi. mosquitoes were collected by new jersey light traps at 22 sites during may-september, pooled by species and sample location, and tested for presence of wnv rna by using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. oral swabs from wild dead birds submitted by the public were tested by ...	2011	21936324
implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions.	the saliva of haematophagous arthropods contains an array of anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the success of the blood meal. the saliva of haematophagous arthropods is also involved in the transmission and the establishment of pathogens in the host and in allergic responses. this survey provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activity and immunogenic properties of the main salivary proteins characterised in various haematophag ...	2011	21951834
unexpected rift valley fever outbreak, northern mauritania.	during september-october 2010, an unprecedented outbreak of rift valley fever was reported in the northern sahelian region of mauritania after exceptionally heavy rainfall. camels probably played a central role in the local amplification of the virus. we describe the main clinical signs (hemorrhagic fever, icterus, and nervous symptoms) observed during the outbreak.	0	22000364
Longevity and efficacy of bifenthrin treatment on desert-pattern US military camouflage netting against mosquitoes in a hot-arid environment.	The current Department of Defense pest management system does not provide adequate protection from arthropod disease vectors to personnel deployed in support of US military operations. We hypothesized that military camouflage netting, ubiquitous around living and working areas in current US military operations in Africa and the Middle East, treated with a residual pesticide such as bifenthrin may reduce the presence of biting insects and improve the military pest management system. In this study ...	2011	22017092
the centers for disease control and prevention resting trap: a novel device for collecting resting mosquitoes.	commercially available wood-fiber pots used to collect resting mosquitoes were modified to improve sampling efficiency. the modified traps, called the centers for disease control and prevention resting traps, collected 16.0 and 5.2 times more adult culex pipiens and cx. tarsalis than the conventional wood-fiber pots. the resting trap increases the mean number of resting mosquitoes collected per trap-night and is useful for collecting blood-engorged mosquitoes.	2011	22017100
Mosquito species composition and Plasmodium vivax infection rates on Baengnyeong-do (island), Republic of Korea.	Vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in the north of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The island of Baengnyeong-do is the westernmost point of the ROK and is located close to the southwestern coast of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Mosquitoes were collected using a black light trap on Baengnyeong-do, and Anopheles spp. were assayed by PCR, to identify the species, and screened for sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Of a subsample of 257 mosquitoes, Anop ...	2011	22072836
Environmental factors associated with the distribution of floodwater mosquito eggs in irrigated fields in Wroclaw, Poland.	A survey of distribution patterns of floodwater mosquito eggs related to environmental conditions such as moisture and plant associations was conducted by using soil samples from irrigated fields in Wroclaw, Poland. Mosquito egg distribution was determined by repeatedly flooding the soil samples with aerated water at a temperature of 25° C. Under laboratory conditions, hatching in installments of Aedes caspius (Pallas) and Aedes vexans (Meigen) were commonly observed. The results show that ~75% ...	2011	22129404
Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution of West Nile virus vectors in eastern Piedmont Region, Italy.	ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: West Nile Virus (WNV) transmission in Italy was first reported in 1998 as an equine outbreak near the swamps of Padule di Fucecchio, Tuscany. No other cases were identified during the following decade until 2008, when horse and human outbreaks were reported in Emilia Romagna, North Italy. Since then, WNV outbreaks have occurred annually, spreading from their initial northern foci throughout the country. Following the outbreak in 1998 the Italian public health authority def ...	2011	22152822
clinical aspects of dermatitis associated with dirofilaria repens in pets: a review of 100 canine and 31 feline cases (1990-2010) and a report of a new clinic case imported from italy to dubai.	cutaneous dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the mosquito-borne filarial nematodes dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens, living in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs, cats, wild carnivores, and humans. cases have been recently reported also from germany, czech republic, hungary, ukraine, russia, austria, switzerland, france, the netherlands, and the middle east. d. repens is not widely known to cause chronic pruritic dermatitis in animals. dermatological signs observed in 100 canine clinic ...	2011	22203888
a diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate west nile virus from japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses.	abstract the detection of west nile virus (wnv) in areas endemic for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. a testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-wnv antibody in areas endemic for jev. using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as bein ...	2012	22217162
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.	arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...	2012	22219660
molecular detection of setaria tundra (nematoda: filarioidea) and an unidentified filarial species in mosquitoes in germany.	knowledge of the potential vector role of culicidae mosquitoes in germany is very scanty, and until recently it was generally assumed that they are not involved in the transmission of anthroponotic or zoonotic pathogens in this country. however, anticipated changes in the course of global warming and globalization may alter their status.	2012	22236560
effects of co-habitation between anopheles gambiae s.s. and culex quinquefasciatus aquatic stages on life history traits.	the effective measures for the control of malaria and filariasis vectors can be achieved by targeting immature stages of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in productive habitat. to design this strategy, the mechanisms (like biotic interactions with conspecifc and heterospecific larvae) regulating mosquito aquatic stages survivorship, development time and the size of emerging adults should be understood. this study explored the effect of co-habitation between an. gambiae s.s. and cx. quinquefasc ...	2012	22321562
tabanidae and other diptera on camel's hump vermont: ecological observations.	a canopy trap and aerial nets led to finding 8 species of tabanidae. there was an abundance of calyptrate muscoid flies. camel's hump is in the green mountains of western new england, usa. discovering diptera on camel's hump involved sixteen visits over 40 years. upwards of 23 other diptera species are listed. habitats on the east side and above 762 m (2500 ft) elevation on camel's hump differ from the west slope but the boreal forest on both sides is influenced by cloud and fog precipitation on ...	2011	22371675
detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in europe.	the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. in addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, kamiti river virus, culex flavivirus, aedes flavivirus, quang binh virus, nakiwogo virus and calbertado virus ...	2012	22377581
impact of mosquito bites on asexual parasite density and gametocyte prevalence in asymptomatic chronic plasmodium falciparum infections and correlation with ige and igg titers.	an immunomodulatory role of arthropod saliva has been well documented, but evidence for an effect on plasmodium sp. infectiousness remains controversial. mosquito saliva may orient the immune response toward a th2 profile, thereby priming a th2 response against subsequent antigens, including plasmodium. orientation toward a th1 versus a th2 profile promotes igg and ige proliferation, respectively, where the former is crucial for the development of an efficient antiparasite immune response. here ...	2012	22451520
detection and molecular characterization of avian plasmodium from mosquitoes in central turkey.	assessing vector-parasite relationship is important in understanding the emergence of vector-borne diseases and the evolution of parasite diversity. this study investigates avian plasmodium parasites in mosquitoes collected from kayseri province in central anatolian, turkey and determines the haemosporidian parasite lineages from these mosquito species. a total of 6153 female mosquitos from 6 species were collected from 46 sites during june-august of 2008 and 2009. each mosquito's head-thorax an ...	2012	22455723
ecological approaches to informing public health policy and risk assessments on emerging vector-borne zoonoses.	pathogens associated with vector-borne zoonoses occur in enzootic cycles within nature. they are driven by a combination of vertebrate host and invertebrate vector population dynamics, which in turn respond to changes in environmental stimuli. human involvement in these cycles, and hence the occurrence of human disease, is often to act as incidental host. from a public health perspective our ability to better predict human outbreaks of these diseases and prepare intervention and mitigation strat ...	2010	22460391
weather variability affects abundance of larval culex (diptera: culicidae) in storm water catch basins in suburban chicago.	culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) and culex restuans theobald are the primary enzootic and bridge vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states north of 36 degrees latitude. recent studies of the natural history of these species have implicated catch basins and underground storm drain systems as important larval development sites in urban and suburban locales. although the presence of larvae in these habitats is well-documented, the influence of abiotic factors on the ecology of cu ...	0	22493843
molecular xenomonitoring of dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern italy by real-time pcr coupled with melting curve analysis.	dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are transmitted by bloodsucking culicid mosquitoes belonging to culex, aedes, ochlerotatus, anopheles and mansonia genera. the detection of filarioids in mosquitoes for assessing distribution of vectors and/or of pathogens in a given area (also known as "xenomonitoring"), when based on individual dissection of wild-caught female mosquitoes is time consuming and hardly applicable in large epidemiological surveys. our study aimed to evaluate the recently ...	2012	22520170
analysis of post-blood meal flight distances in mosquitoes utilizing zoo animal blood meals.	we assessed the post-blood meal flight distance of four mosquito species in a unique environment using blood meal analysis. mosquitoes were trapped at the rio grande zoo in albuquerque, nm, and the blood source of blood-engorged mosquitoes was identified. the distance from the enclosure of the animal serving as a blood source to the trap site was then determined. we found that mosquitoes captured at the zoo flew no more than 170 m with an average distance of 106.7 m after taking a blood meal. th ...	0	22548540
modifiable risk factors for west nile virus infection during an outbreak--arizona, 2010.	west nile virus (wnv) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the united states; however, risk factors for infection are poorly defined. we performed a case-control study to identify modifiable risk factors for wnv infection. case-patients (n = 49) had laboratory evidence of recent wnv infection, whereas control-subjects (n = 74) had negative wnv serology. we interviewed participants, surveyed households, and assessed environmental data. wnv infection was associated with living in or n ...	0	22556093
mosquito, bird and human surveillance of west nile and usutu viruses in emilia-romagna region (italy) in 2010.	in 2008, after the first west nile virus (wnv) detection in the emilia-romagna region, a surveillance system, including mosquito- and bird-based surveillance, was established to evaluate the virus presence. surveillance was improved in following years by extending the monitoring to larger areas and increasing the numbers of mosquitoes and birds tested.	2012	22666446
habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in walton county florida.	eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; family togaviridae, genus alphavirus) a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus is endemic to eastern north america. the ecology of eeev in florida differs from that in other parts of the united states; eeev in the northeastern united states is historically associated with freshwater wetlands. no formal test of habitat associations of eeev in florida has been reported. geographical information sciences (gis) was used in conjunction with sentinel chicken ee ...	0	22679885
analysis and optimization of a synthetic milkweed floral attractant for mosquitoes.	a pentane extract of flowers of common milkweed, asclepias syriaca (asclepiadaceae), elicited significant orientation from both male and female culex pipiens in a dual-port flight olfactometer. analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed six major constituents in order of relative abundance: benzaldehyde, (e)-β-ocimene, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, nonanal, and (e)-2-nonenal. although not all were collected from the headspace profile of live flowers, a synthet ...	2012	22711028
human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic.	dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (dirofilaria immitis and d. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. at the same time, both d. immitis and d. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hos ...	0	22763636
culicinae (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in chabahar county, sistan and baluchistan province, southeastern iran.	mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health threat in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the fauna of culicinae mosquitoes for future mosquito control programs.	2009	22808369
larval habitat characteristics of the genus anopheles (diptera: culicidae) and a checklist of mosquitoes in guilan province, northern iran.	ecological data are important in the vector control management of mosquitoes. there is scattered published information about the larval habitat characteristics and ecology of the genus anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in iran and most of available data is in relation to malaria vectors in southern iran.	2011	22808409
development of a multi-target taqman assay to detect eastern equine encephalitis virus variants in mosquitoes.	disease outbreaks caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; togaviridae, alphavirus) may be prevented by implementing effective surveillance and intervention strategies directed against the mosquito vector. methods for eeev detection in mosquitoes include a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr technique (taqman assay), but we report its failure to detect variants isolated in connecticut in 2011, due to a single base-pair mismatch in the probe-binding site. to improve the molecular detect ...	2012	22835151
cross-correlation map analyses show weather variation influences on mosquito abundance patterns in saginaw county, michigan, 1989-2005.	weather is important determinant of mosquito abundance that, in turn, influences vectorborne disease dynamics. in temperate regions, transmission generally is seasonal as mosquito abundance and behavior varies with temperature, precipitation, and other meteorological factors. we investigated how such factors affected species-specific mosquito abundance patterns in saginaw county, mi, during a 17-yr period. systematic sampling was undertaken at 22 trapping sites from may to september, during 1989 ...	2012	22897045
combining hydrology and mosquito population models to identify the drivers of rift valley fever emergence in semi-arid regions of west africa.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a vector-borne viral zoonosis of increasing global importance. rvf virus (rvfv) is transmitted either through exposure to infected animals or through bites from different species of infected mosquitoes, mainly of aedes and culex genera. these mosquitoes are very sensitive to environmental conditions, which may determine their presence, biology, and abundance. in east africa, rvf outbreaks are known to be closely associated with heavy rainfall events, unlike in the semi ...	2012	22928055
stage and age structured aedes vexans and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) climate-dependent matrix population model.	aedes vexans and culex pipiens mosquitoes are potential vectors of many arbovirial diseases. due to the ongoing climate changes and reappearance of some zoonoses that were considered eradicated, there is a growing concern about potential disease outbreaks. therefore, the prediction of increased adult population abundances becomes an essential tool for the appropriate implementation of mosquito control strategies. in order to describe the population dynamics of a. vexans and c. pipiens mosquitoes ...	2013	22971424
satellite microwave remote sensing for environmental modeling of mosquito population dynamics.	environmental variability has important influences on mosquito life cycles and understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of mosquito populations is critical for mosquito control and vector-borne disease prevention. meteorological data used for model-based predictions of mosquito abundance and life cycle dynamics are typically acquired from ground-based weather stations; however, data availability and completeness are often limited by sparse networks and resource availability. in contrast, ...	0	23049143
identifying the main mosquito species in china based on dna barcoding.	mosquitoes are insects of the diptera, nematocera, and culicidae families, some species of which are important disease vectors. identifying mosquito species based on morphological characteristics is difficult, particularly the identification of specimens collected in the field as part of disease surveillance programs. because of this difficulty, we constructed dna barcodes of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, the coi gene, for the more common mosquito species in china, including the major dise ...	2012	23071708
key factors influencing canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in the united states.	an examination of the companion animal parasite council's (capc) canine heartworm data to clarify the spatial prevalence of heartworm in the united states. factors thought to influence the spatial risk of disease, as identified in a recent capc workshop, are discussed.	2012	23111089
isolation and genomic characterization of chaoyang virus strain rok144 from aedes vexans nipponii from the republic of korea.	during june 2003, mosquito surveillance was conducted at a us army installation and a us military training site 2 km south of the demilitarized zone, republic of korea. mosquitoes were collected using mosquito magnets™, sorted to species, and assayed for the presence of arboviruses. from the 3,149 mosquitoes that were sorted into 126 pools, one aedes vexans nipponii pool (out of 73 pools) tested positive for flavivirus rna by reverse transcription-pcr. after isolation from c6/36 cell culture sup ...	2013	23127596
japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and swine in yunnan province, china 2009-2010.	the residential regions of yunnan province, canton of jing hong, in china were surveyed for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquito and swine vectors to determine the frequency of jev-carrying zoonotic vectors in 2009-2010. a total of 21,500 mosquitoes were collected and divided by species, and brain tissue was collected from 108 stillborn piglets. the infection rates for the different jev species were 13.2% for culex tritaeniorhynchus, 2.7% for anopheles sinensis, 0.7% for armig ...	2012	23199264
an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, maine, usa in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies.	from july to september, 2009, an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) occurred in five counties in maine. the virus was isolated from 15 horses, 1 llama, and pheasants in three separate captive flocks. one wild turkey, screened before translocation, also showed exposure to the virus in january 2010. two pools of culiseta melanura (coquillett) tested positive for eeev during routine seasonal surveillance in york county in september, but none of the mosquitoes collected during rapi ...	2012	23208877
north american wetlands and mosquito control.	wetlands are valuable habitats that provide important social, economic, and ecological services such as flood control, water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, and primary/secondary production export to terrestrial and aquatic food chains. there is disagreement about the need for mosquito control in wetlands and about the techniques utilized for mosquito abatement and their impacts upon wetlands ecosystems. mosquito control in wetlands is a complex issue influenced by ...	2012	23222252
mosquito species composition and plasmodium vivax infection rates for korean army bases near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea, 2011.	vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in northern republic of korea (rok). mosquito collections were performed at two rok army installations, paju near the demilitarized zone (dmz) using black light traps in 2011. the dmz, a 4 km wide border, is the northernmost point of the rok and separates the rok from the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk). anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for plasmodium vivax sporozoites. of 4,35 ...	2012	23243112
modifying the nss gene to improve live-attenuated vaccine for rift valley fever.		0	23249225
theoretical potential of passerine filariasis to enhance the enzootic transmission of west nile virus.	vertebrate reservoirs of arboviruses are often infected with microfilariae (mf). laboratory studies have shown that mf can enhance the infectivity of arboviruses to mosquitoes. soon after being ingested, mf penetrate the mosquito midgut. if the host blood also contains virus (i.e., vertebrate is dually infected), penetrating mf may introduce virus into the hemocoel. this can transform otherwise virus-incompetent mosquito species into virus-competent species and simultaneously accelerate viral de ...	2012	23270173
vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in europe.	presently, 45% of the total human population of europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (vbh) causing diseases. a plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. although canine dirofilarioses by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of vbh spreading into non-endemic areas, another e ...	2013	23324440
recurrence of japanese encephalitis epidemic in wuhan, china, 2009-2010.	japanese encephalitis (je) was once epidemic in most areas of china, including wuhan, a city located in the central part of china. the incidence of je dramatically decreased due to nationwide immunization with the live attenuated je virus (jev) vaccine, and no je cases were reported during 2005-2008 in wuhan. in 2009 and 2010, 31 je cases reoccurred in this area. in this study, we investigated the causes of je recurrence.	2013	23326348
surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ...	2013	23358634
molecular detection and genotyping of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the republic of korea.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis. to reduce the impact of japanese encephalitis among children in the republic of korea (rok), the government established a mandatory vaccination program in 1967. through the efforts of this program only 0-7 (mean 2.1) cases of japanese encephalitis were reported annually in the rok during the period of 1984-2009. however, in 2010 there was an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of j ...	2013	23390520
identifying landscape features associated with rift valley fever virus transmission, ferlo region, senegal, using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery.	dynamics of most of vector-borne diseases are strongly linked to global and local environmental changes. landscape changes are indicators of human activities or natural processes that are likely to modify the ecology of the diseases. here, a landscape approach developed at a local scale is proposed for extracting mosquito favourable biotopes, and for testing ecological parameters when identifying risk areas of rift valley fever (rvf) transmission. the study was carried out around barkedji villag ...	2013	23452759
risk of canine and human exposure to dirofilaria immitis infected mosquitoes in endemic areas of italy.	the occurrence of infections by dirofilaria immitis in canine and human populations depends on several factors linked to both the definitive and intermediate hosts. little data are available on the risk of human and dog exposure to d. immitis in endemic areas. data collected on dog- and human-bait traps in endemic areas of north-eastern italy were used to estimate the likelihood of a receptive host coming into contact with an infected vector.	2013	23510597
host compatibility rather than vector-host-encounter rate determines the host range of avian plasmodium parasites.	blood-feeding arthropod vectors are responsible for transmitting many parasites between vertebrate hosts. while arthropod vectors often feed on limited subsets of potential host species, little is known about the extent to which this influences the distribution of vector-borne parasites in some systems. here, we test the hypothesis that different vector species structure parasite-host relationships by restricting access of certain parasites to a subset of available hosts. specifically, we invest ...	2013	23595266
mosquito and west nile virus surveillance in northeast montana, u.s.a., 2005 and 2006.	mosquito and west nile virus (wnv) surveillance was conducted on a national wildlife refuge in northeast montana in 2005 and 2006, during which outbreaks of wnv in a colony of american white pelicans (pelecanus erythrorhynchos gmelin) (pelecaniformes: pelecanidae) resulted in juvenile mortality rates of ∼ 31%. both years, floodwater species ochlerotatus dorsalis (meigen) (diptera: culicidae), aedes vexans (meigen) (diptera: culicidae) and ochlerotatus flavescens (muller) (diptera: culicidae) com ...	2014	23647177
geographic distribution of wolbachial infections in mosquitoes from thailand.	members of the genus wolbachia are inherited intracellular bacterial endosymbionts that infect a diverse range of arthropods. here i report the results of a survey of these endosymbionts in different mosquito species from six geographic regions of northern, northeastern, western, central, eastern and southern thailand. using gene amplification assays with wsp and groe gene primers, wolbachiae were detected in 999 mosquitoes representing 28 species of 1622 specimens collected representing 74 spec ...	2013	23660513
genetic diversity and differentiation between palearctic and nearctic populations of aedimorphus (=aedes) vexans (meigen, 1830) (diptera, culicidae).	genetic diversity was studied at allozyme loci in two palearctic and one nearctic population of aedimorphus (=aedes) vexans, a species of public health and veterinary importance. the population from serbia was the most polymorphic (p= 35%) with the highest observed heterozygosity (h(o) = 0.027). the lowest observed heterozygosity (h(o) = 0.010) was obtained for the nearctic population. all analyses based on individual (structure analysis) and population level (pairwise f(st), nm values, amova, n ...	2013	23701620
the effect of multiple vectors on arbovirus transmission.	many mosquito-borne arboviruses have more than one competent vector. these vectors may or may not overlap in space and time, and may interact differently with vertebrate hosts. the presence of multiple vectors for a particular virus at one location over time will influence the epidemiology of the system, and could be important in the design of intervention strategies to protect particular hosts. a simulation model previously developed for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses and culex ni ...	0	23741205
aedes mosquito saliva modulates rift valley fever virus pathogenicity.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a severe mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domestic ruminants. mosquito saliva contains compounds that counteract the hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses of the host. modulation of these defensive responses may facilitate virus infection. indeed, aedes mosquito saliva played a crucial role in the vector's capacity to effectively transfer arboviruses such as the cache valley and west nile viruses. the role of mosquito saliva in the transmission of r ...	2013	23785528
re-emergence of rift valley fever virus in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002-2003: identification of new vectors and epidemiological implications.	the rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a threat that must not be neglected, as the consequences of rvfv are dramatic, both for human and animal health. this virus is a zoonotic virus that already has demonstrated a real capacity for re-emerging after long periods of silence, as observed in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002. in this article we present the 2nd emergence in barkedji after the 1st manifestation in 1993, and for the 1st time the circulation of rvfv during 2 consecutive years amo ...	2012	23833896
survey of mosquito fauna in san antonio, texas.	a faunal survey of mosquitoes was conducted in 2008, 2009, and 2010 at various trapping locations throughout the city of san antonio, tx. a total of 22,739 mosquitoes representing 41 species in 8 genera were collected during this study. the most prevalent mosquito species collected were aedes vexans (25%), ae. sollicitans (14%), culex tarsalis (13.5%), and cx. erraticus (11%). four mosquito species (ae. bimaculatus, anopheles freeborni, cx. declarator, and psorophora horrida) not previously reco ...	2012	23833905
dirofilaria repens microfilariae in aedes vexans mosquitoes in slovakia.	in this study, we screened field-caught mosquitoes for presence of dirofilaria spp. by using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. potential occurrence of dirofilaria repens and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae was examined in 3,600 mosquitoes of eight species (aedes vexans, aedes cinereus, aedes rossicus, culex pipiens, culiseta annulata, ochlerotatus sticticus, ochlerotatus cantans and ochlerotatus caspius) collected from five locations in two districts (kosice and trebisov) of eastern slo ...	2013	23846240
avian hosts of west nile virus in arizona.	west nile virus (wnv) causes sporadic outbreaks of human encephalitis in phoenix, arizona. to identify amplifying hosts of wnv in the phoenix area, we blood-sampled resident birds and measured antibody prevalence following an outbreak in the east valley of metropolitan phoenix during summer, 2010. house sparrow (passer domesticus), house finch (haemorhous mexicanus), great-tailed grackle (quiscalus mexicanus), and mourning dove (zenaida macroura) accounted for most wnv infections among locally r ...	2013	23857022
the transmission potential of rift valley fever virus among livestock in the netherlands: a modelling study.	rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a zoonotic vector-borne infection and causes a potentially severe disease. many mammals are susceptible to infection including important livestock species. although currently confined to africa and the near-east, this disease causes concern in countries in temperate climates where both hosts and potential vectors are present, such as the netherlands. currently, an assessment of the probability of an outbreak occurring in this country is missing. to evaluate the ...	2013	23876054
first detection of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods.	heartland virus (hrtv), the first pathogenic phlebovirus (family: bunyaviridae) discovered in the united states, was recently described from two missouri farmers. in 2012, we collected 56,428 ticks representing three species at 12 sites including both patients' farms. amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis accounted for nearly all ticks collected. ten pools composed of deplete nymphs of a. americanum collected at a patient farm and a nearby conservation area were reverse transcription-p ...	2013	23878186
identification of hotspots in the european union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade.	live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. the species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. this could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. the objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the e ...	2013	23894573
evaluation of methods for collecting blood-engorged mosquitoes from habitats within a wildlife refuge.	mortality of american white pelican (pelecanus erythrorhynchos) chicks attributed to west nile virus (wnv) prompted field studies on the bionomics of mosquitoes on a wildlife refuge in northern montana. one component of these studies was to identify blood meal sources for culex tarsalis, the primary vector of wnv in the region, and the potential bridge vectors aedes vexans and culiseta inornata. to accomplish this, 3 methods were evaluated to collect bloodfed mosquitoes: a gasoline powered aspir ...	2013	23923324
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis (nematoda: filarioidea) in mosquitoes from northeast arkansas, the united states.	a mosquito survey was conducted to identify which species of mosquitoes carry dirofilaria immitis (leidy) (nematoda: filarioidea), dog heartworm, in northeast arkansas. using polymerase chain reaction, mosquitoes were analyzed for d. immitis, dirofilaria repens railliet & henry, and acanthocheilonema dracunculoides cobbold. mosquitoes were collected from april to october 2009 using black light ultraviolet traps baited with dry ice. sixteen mosquito species were identified. d. immitis was identif ...	2013	23926787
monitoring resistance to bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the field by performing bioassays with each cry toxin separately.	bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) is increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control and is the only larvicide used in the french rhône-alpes region since decades. the artificial selection of mosquitoes with field-persistent bti collected in breeding sites from this region led to a moderate level of resistance to bti, but to relatively high levels of resistance to individual bti cry toxins. based on this observation, we developed a bioassay procedure using each bti cry toxin separ ...	0	24037105
francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica occurs in swedish mosquitoes, persists through the developmental stages of laboratory-infected mosquitoes and is transmissible during blood feeding.	in sweden, mosquitoes are considered the major vectors of the bacterium francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, which causes tularaemia. the aim of this study was to investigate whether mosquitoes acquire the bacterium as aquatic larvae and transmit the disease as adults. mosquitoes sampled in a swedish area where tularaemia is endemic (örebro) were positive for the presence of f. tularensis deoxyribonucleic acid throughout the summer. presence of the clinically relevant f. tularensis subsp. h ...	2013	24057273
molecular identification of vertebrate and hemoparasite dna within mosquito blood meals from eastern north dakota.	to understand local transmission of vector-borne diseases, it is important to identify potential vectors, characterize their host feeding patterns, and determine if vector-borne pathogens are circulating within the region. this study simultaneously investigated these aspects of disease transmission by collecting engorged mosquitoes within two rural study sites in the central red river valley of north dakota. mosquitoes were identified, midguts were excised, and the blood was expelled from the mi ...	2013	24107213
ecological niche modelling of potential west nile virus vector mosquito species and their geographical association with equine epizootics in italy.	in italy, west nile virus (wnv) equine outbreaks have occurred annually since 2008. characterizing wnv vector habitat requirements allows for the identification of areas at risk of viral amplification and transmission. maxent-based ecological niche models were developed using literature records of 13 potential wnv italian vector mosquito species to predict their habitat suitability range and to investigate possible geographical associations with wnv equine outbreak occurrence in italy from 2008 ...	2014	24121802
european surveillance for west nile virus in mosquito populations.	a wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in europe or through risk of introduction. prominent among these is west nile virus (wnv), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. endemic outbreaks of west nile fever have been reported in italy, greece, france, romania, hungary, russia and spain, with further spread expected. most outbreaks in western europe have been due ...	2013	24157510
west nile virus: a re-emerging pathogen revisited.	west nile virus (wnv), a flavivirus of the flaviviridae family, is maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between avian hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors, although the virus occasionally infects other vertebrates. wnv causes sporadic disease outbreaks in horses and humans, which may result in febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. until recently, its medical and veterinary health concern was relatively low; however, the number, frequency and sever ...	0	24175211
potential for mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from florida to transmit rift valley fever virus.	we evaluated aedes atlanticus dyar and knab, aedes infirmatus dyar and knab, aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles crucians wiedemann, coquillettidia perturbans (walker), culex nigripalpus theobald, mansonia dyari belkin, heinemann, and page, and psorophora ferox (von humboldt) from florida to determine which of these species should be targeted for control should rift valley fever virus (rvfv) be detected in north america. female mosquitoes that had fed on adult hamsters inoculated with rvfv were inc ...	2013	24180117
identification of blood meal sources in aedes vexans and culex quinquefasciatus in bernalillo county, new mexico.	culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) and aedes vexans meigen are two of the most abundant mosquitoes in bernalillo county, new mexico, usa. in this study, a polymerase chain reaction based methodology was used to identify the sources of blood meals taken by these two species. ae. vexans was found to take a large proportion of its meals from mammals. although less specific in terms of its blood meal preferences, cx. quinquefasciatus was found to feed more commonly on birds. the results ...	0	24224615
socio-economic impact of rift valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions in tanzania.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of rvf and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling rvf in selected areas of tanzania. data were collected in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with ke ...	2013	24255846
vector contact rates on eastern bluebird nestlings do not indicate west nile virus transmission in henrico county, virginia, usa.	sensitive indicators of spatial and temporal variation in vector-host contact rates are critical to understanding the transmission and eventual prevention of arboviruses such as west nile virus (wnv). monitoring vector contact rates on particularly susceptible and perhaps more exposed avian nestlings may provide an advanced indication of local wnv amplification. to test this hypothesis we monitored wnv infection and vector contact rates among nestlings occupying nest boxes (primarily eastern blu ...	2013	24287858
equine seroprevalence rates as an additional indicator for a more accurate risk assessment of the west nile virus transmission.	the west nile virus (wnv) is a zoonotic arbovirus that has recently been causing outbreaks in many countries in southern and central europe. in 2012, for the first time, it caused an outbreak in eastern croatia with total of 7 human clinical cases. with an aim of assisting public health personnel in order to improve survey protocols and vector control, the high risk areas of the wnv transmission were estimated and mapped. the study area included cities of osijek and slavonski brod and 8 municipa ...	2013	24308242
west nile virus state of the art report of malwest project.	during the last three years greece is experiencing the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) epidemics. within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (malwest project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. one out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the state of the art report for wnv. three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. medical dat ...	2013	24317379
rift valley fever outbreaks in mauritania and related environmental conditions.	four large outbreaks of rift valley fever (rvf) occurred in mauritania in 1998, 2003, 2010 and 2012 which caused lots of animal and several human deaths. we investigated rainfall and vegetation conditions that might have impacted on rvf transmission over the affected regions. our results corroborate that rvf transmission generally occurs during the months of september and october in mauritania, similarly to senegal. the four outbreaks were preceded by a rainless period lasting at least a week fo ...	2014	24413703
molecular detection of dirofilaria immitis, dirofilaria repens and setaria tundra in mosquitoes from germany.	as a result of globalization and climate change, dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens, the causative agents of dirofilariosis in europe, continue to spread from endemic areas in the mediterranean to northern and northeastern regions of europe where autochthonous cases of dirofilarial infections have increasingly been observed in dogs and humans. whilst d. repens was recently reported from mosquitoes in putatively non-endemic areas, d. immitis has never been demonstrated in mosquitoes from ...	2014	24433279
rift valley fever outbreak, southern mauritania, 2012.	after a period of heavy rainfall, an outbreak of rift valley fever occurred in southern mauritania during september-november 2012. a total of 41 human cases were confirmed, including 13 deaths, and 12 rift valley fever virus strains were isolated. moudjeria and temchecket departments were the most affected areas.	0	24447334
reemergence of rift valley fever, mauritania, 2010.	a rift valley fever (rvf) outbreak in humans and animals occurred in mauritania in 2010. thirty cases of rvf in humans and 3 deaths were identified. rvfv isolates were recovered from humans, camels, sheep, goats, and culex antennatus mosquitoes. phylogenetic analysis of isolates indicated a virus origin from western africa.	0	24447381
stable transmission of dirofilaria repens nematodes, northern germany.		0	24447653
diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the pacific coast of mexico.	the abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the pacific coast of mexico. diversity was estimated using the shannon index (h'), similarity measures and cluster analysis.	2014	24450800
evolutionary and plastic responses of freshwater invertebrates to climate change: realized patterns and future potential.	we integrated the evidence for evolutionary and plastic trait changes in situ in response to climate change in freshwater invertebrates (aquatic insects and zooplankton). the synthesis on the trait changes in response to the expected reductions in hydroperiod and increases in salinity indicated little evidence for adaptive, plastic, and genetic trait changes and for local adaptation. with respect to responses to temperature, there are many studies on temporal trait changes in phenology and body ...	2013	24454547
a video clip of the biting midge culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged anopheles mosquito in hainan, china.	biting midges are hematophagus ectoparasites of insects, humans and other animals. culicoides (trithicoides) anophelis edwards1922 is a predator of engorged mosquitoes.	2013	24499575
worthy of their name: how floods drive outbreaks of two major floodwater mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).	an understanding of how climate variables drive seasonal dynamics of mosquito populations is critical to mitigating negative impacts of potential outbreaks, including both nuisance effects and risk of mosquito-borne infectious disease. here, we identify climate variables most affecting seasonal dynamics of two major floodwater mosquitoes, aedes vexans (meigen, 1830) and aedes sticticus (meigen, 1838) (diptera: culicidae), along the lower courses of the dyje river, at the border between the czech ...	2014	24605456
evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of west nile virus vectors in bernalillo county, new mexico, united states: implications for disease transmission.	many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. we have examined the feeding patte ...	0	24605477
survey of new mosquito species of meghalaya, india.	a study on mosquitoes in parts of meghalaya revealed the presence of 64 species of mosquitoes under 10 genera. in monsoon (june to october) and post-monsoon (november to may) survey, 42 and 48 species of mosquitoes were detected, respectivily. higher species diversity was found at lower elevations (up to 1050 m). anopheles peditaeniatus, an. sinensis, aedes vexans, ae. nigrostriatus, ae. annandalei, culex. fuscocephala, cx. pseudovishnui, cx. murrelli, cx. brevipalpis, coquillettidia novochracea ...	2013	24620578
a tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in baltimore (maryland, usa).	infrastructure degradation in many post-industrial cities has increased the availability of potential mosquito habitats, including container habitats that support infestations of invasive disease-vectors. this study is unique in examining both immature and adult mosquito abundance across the fine-scale variability in socio-economic condition that occurs block-to-block in many cities. we hypothesized that abundant garbage associated with infrastructure degradation would support greater mosquito p ...	2014	24651396