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cryptic microsporidian parasites differentially affect invasive and native artemia spp.we investigated the host specificity of two cryptic microsporidian species (anostracospora rigaudi and enterocytospora artemiae) infecting invasive (artemia franciscana) and native (artemia parthenogenetica) hosts in sympatry. anostracospora rigaudi was on average four times more prevalent in the native host, whereas e. artemiae was three times more prevalent in the invasive host. infection with an. rigaudi strongly reduced female reproduction in both host species, whereas infection with e. arte ...201323851079
group 1 lea proteins, an ancestral plant protein group, are also present in other eukaryotes, and in the archeae and bacteria domains.water is an essential element for living organisms, such that various responses have evolved to withstand water deficit in all living species. the study of these responses in plants has had particular relevance given the negative impact of water scarcity on agriculture. among the molecules highly associated with plant responses to water limitation are the so-called late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins. these proteins are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and accumulate during the late phase ...201323861025
effects of genotoxicity and its consequences at the population level in sexual and asexual artemia assessed by analysis of inter-simple sequence repeats (issr).there is considerable evidence that genetic damage in organisms occurs in the environment as a result of exposure to genotoxins and ionising radiation, but we have limited understanding of the extent to which this results in adverse consequences at a population level. we used inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) markers to quantify genotoxic effects of the mutagen ethylmethane sulfonate (ems) on a sexual (artemia franciscana) and an asexual (artemia parthenogenetica) species of brine shrimp. the ...201323872504
functional differentiation of small heat shock proteins in diapause-destined artemia embryos.encysted embryos of artemia franciscana cease development and enter diapause, a state of metabolic suppression and enhanced stress tolerance. the development of diapause-destined artemia embryos is characterized by the coordinated synthesis of the small heat shock proteins (shsps) p26, arhsp21 and arhsp22, with the latter being stress inducible in adults. the amounts of shsp mrna and protein varied in artemia cysts, suggesting transcriptional and translational regulation. by contrast to p26, kno ...201323879561
maternal transfer of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in aquatic and terrestrial arthropods.the transfer of mercury from females to their offspring plays an important role in mercury accumulation and toxicity during early development. to quantify the transfer of inorganic mercury and methylmercury from female arthropods to their eggs, the authors collected and analyzed brine shrimp (artemia franciscana), wolf spiders (alopecosa spp.), and their attached eggs from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems at the great salt lake, utah, usa. essentially all of the mercury in both the female brin ...201323939924
alachlor oxidation by the filamentous fungus paecilomyces marquandii.alachlor, a popular chloroacetanilide herbicide, can be a potential health risk factor. soil microorganisms are primarily responsible for conversion and migration of alachlor in natural environment, but knowledge concerning alachlor biodegradation is not complete. therefore, we studied the ability of paecilomyces marquandii, soil fungus tolerant to heavy metals, to eliminate alachlor and proposed a new pathway of its transformation. after 7 days of incubation only 3.3% of alachlor was detected f ...201323974531
the vibrio campbellii quorum sensing signals have a different impact on virulence of the bacterium towards different crustacean hosts.pathogenic bacteria communicate with small signal molecules in a process called quorum sensing, and they often use different signal molecules to regulate virulence gene expression. vibrio campbellii, one of the major pathogens of aquatic organisms, regulates virulence gene expression by a three channel quorum sensing system. here we show that although they use a common signal transduction cascade, the signal molecules have a different impact on the virulence of the bacterium towards different ho ...201324055027
quantification of cellular protein expression and molecular features of group 3 lea proteins from embryos of artemia franciscana.late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins are highly hydrophilic, low complexity proteins whose expression has been correlated with desiccation tolerance in anhydrobiotic organisms. here, we report the identification of three new mitochondrial lea proteins in anhydrobiotic embryos of artemia franciscana, afrlea3m_47, afrlea3m_43, and afrlea3m_29. these new isoforms are recognized by antibody raised against recombinant afrlea3m, the original mitochondrial-targeted lea protein previously reported ...201424061850
the suppressor of aac2 lethality sal1 modulates sensitivity of heterologously expressed artemia adp/atp carrier to bongkrekate in yeast.the adp/atp carrier protein (aac) expressed in artemia franciscana is refractory to bongkrekate. we generated two strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae where aac1 and aac3 were inactivated and the aac2 isoform was replaced with artemia aac containing a hemagglutinin tag (araac-ha). in one of the strains the suppressor of δaac2 lethality, sal1, was also inactivated but a plasmid coding for yeast aac2 was included, because the araacδsal1δ strain was lethal. in both strains araac-ha was expressed and ...201324073201
multigenerational demographic responses of sexual and asexual artemia to chronic genotoxicity by a reference mutagen.genotoxins are capable of multigenerational impacts on natural populations via dna damage and mutations. sexual reproduction is assumed to reduce the long term consequences of genotoxicity for individual fitness and should therefore reduce population level effects. however, rather few empirical studies have quantified the magnitude of this effect. we tried to analyse the multigenerational demographic responses of sexual artemia franciscana and asexual artemia parthenogenetica due to chronic geno ...201324141038
artificial and factitious foods support the development and reproduction of the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii.the generalist predatory mite amblyseius swirskii athias-henriot (acari: phytoseiidae) was reared on ephestia kuehniella zeller eggs (lepidoptera: pyralidae), decapsulated dry cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana kellogg (anostraca: artemiidae), and on meridic artificial diets (composed of honey, sucrose, tryptone, yeast extract, and egg yolk) supplemented with pupal hemolymph of the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi (guérin-méneville) (lepidoptera: saturniidae) (ad1), with e. kuehn ...201424154947
determination of extremely high pressure tolerance of brine shrimp larvae by using a new pressure chamber system.hydrostatic pressure is the only one of a range of environmental parameters (water temperature, salinity, light availability, and so on) that increases in proportion with depth. pressure tolerance is therefore essential to understand the foundation of populations and current diversity of faunal compositions at various depths. in the present study, we used a newly developed pressure chamber system to examine changes in larval activity of the salt-lake crustacean, artemia franciscana, in response ...201324224473
removal of phosphorus from wastewaters by biomass ashes.removal batch assays of phosphates from a synthetic wastewater (sww) and a pulp and paper mill wastewater (ppww) with two forestry biomass ashes were performed. the supernatants were not only chemically characterized but also the ecotoxicity was determined using two organisms: vibrio fischeri and artemia franciscana. the addition of fly ash and bottom ash to the sww in solid/liquid (s/l) ratios of 3.35 and 9.05 g l(-1), respectively, achieved removal percentages of phosphates >97% for both ashes ...201324225103
bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp artemia franciscana in its native american range.since darwin's time, waterbirds have been considered an important vector for the dispersal of continental aquatic invertebrates. bird movements have facilitated the worldwide invasion of the american brine shrimp artemia franciscana, transporting cysts (diapausing eggs), and favouring rapid range expansions from introduction sites. here we address the impact of bird migratory flyways on the population genetic structure and phylogeography of a. franciscana in its native range in the americas. we ...201324255814
characterization of the distal-less gene homologue, nldll, in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål).the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål), is a globally devastating insect pest of rice, particularly in eastern asia. distal-less or dll is a highly conserved and well studied transcription factor required for limb formation in invertebrates and vertebrates. we have identified a homologue of this gene, nldll, and demonstrated that it is expressed in all life stages of n. lugens, particularly in adult brachypterous females. when we compared between specific adult tissues it was expressed ...201424321689
artemin, a diapause-specific chaperone, contributes to the stress tolerance of artemia franciscana cysts and influences their release from females.females of the crustacean artemia franciscana produce either motile nauplii or gastrula stage embryos enclosed in a shell impermeable to nonvolatile compounds and known as cysts. the encysted embryos enter diapause, a state of greatly reduced metabolism and profound stress tolerance. artemin, a diapause-specific ferritin homolog in cysts has molecular chaperone activity in vitro. artemin represents 7.2% of soluble protein in cysts, approximately equal to the amount of p26, a small heat shock pro ...201424526727
effects of surface-engineered nanoparticle-based dispersants for marine oil spills on the model organism artemia franciscana.fine particles are under active consideration as alternatives to chemical dispersants for large-scale petroleum spills. fine carbon particles with engineered surface chemistry have been shown to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions, but the environmental impacts of large-scale particle introduction to the marine environment are unknown. here we study the impact of surface-engineered carbon-black materials on brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) as a model marine microcrustacean. mortality was characte ...201424823274
group 1 lea proteins contribute to the desiccation and freeze tolerance of artemia franciscana embryos during diapause.water loss either by desiccation or freezing causes multiple forms of cellular damage. the encysted embryos (cysts) of the crustacean artemia franciscana have several molecular mechanisms to enable anhydrobiosis-life without water-during diapause. to better understand how cysts survive reduced hydration, group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins, hydrophilic unstructured proteins that accumulate in the stress-tolerant cysts of a. franciscana, were knocked down using rna interference (rn ...201424846336
reactive oxygen species generated by a heat shock protein (hsp) inducing product contributes to hsp70 production and hsp70-mediated protective immunity in artemia franciscana against pathogenic vibrios.the cytoprotective role of heat shock protein (hsp70) described in a variety of animal disease models, including vibriosis in farmed aquatic animals, suggests that new protective strategies relying upon the use of compounds that selectively turn on hsp genes could be developed. the product tex-oe® (hereafter referred to as hspi), an extract from the skin of the prickly pear fruit, opuntia ficus indica, was previously shown to trigger hsp70 synthesis in a non-stressful situation in a variety of a ...201424950414
effect of artemia franciscana on the removal of nickel by bioaccumulation.the present study evaluates the feasibility of using artemia franciscana in reducing the ni concentration of synthetic wastewater by the process of bioaccumulation. metallothionein protein plays a key role in the uptake of nickel by artemia. artemia (brine shrimp) was exposed to an initial nickel concentration of 40 mg/l. gradual decrease of nickel was observed from 40 mg/l to 5 mg/l with a removal efficiency of 87.5%. the number of organisms were varied to determine the number for the maximum r ...201424975411
artemia biodiversity in asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced american species artemia franciscana kellogg, 1906.asia harbors a diverse group of sexual and asexual artemia species, including the invasive artemia franciscana, which is native to the americas. the phylogeny of asian artemia species and the phylogeography of the introduced a. franciscana from 81 sampling localities in eurasia, africa and america were elucidated using mitochondrial (coi) and nuclear dna (its1) sequences. according to a coi phylogeny, 6 distinctive genetic groups were recognized, with a complex phylogeographic structure among as ...201425019975
larval helminths in the invasive american brine shrimp artemia franciscana throughout its annual cycle.one of the best examples of rapid displacement of native species by an invader is the eradication of native artemia salina and a. parthenogenetica in the mediterranean by the introduced american a. franciscana. previous studies based on sampling from limited time periods suggest that the success of the american species as a competitor may be due partly to different parasite burden, since native artemia spp. have high cestode infection rates regulating their density. the aim of this study is to t ...201425119350
surface area estimation of the gut segments of artemia franciscana nauplii fed with mnn9 yeast vs. wild type yeast. 201325141655
effect of environmental factors on heritability and its biometrics of artemia franciscana vinh chau by mass selection of small sized cysts. 201325141698
a gnotobiotic model system: the case of artemia franciscana. 201325141743
a short-term laboratory and in situ sediment assay based on the postexposure feeding of the estuarine isopod cyathura carinata.in situ assays based on feeding depression have been proposed as sublethal assays able to assess immediate contaminant effects on key ecosystem functions, long before effects on life-history traits can be detected. the in situ peculiarities provide more realistic exposure scenarios than laboratory-controlled conditions, which is particularly relevant for estuarine ecosystems where environmental conditions are highly variable. in this context, we developed a short-term cost-effective in situ assa ...201425173058
bacillus sp. lt3 improves the survival of gnotobiotic brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) larvae challenged with vibrio campbellii by enhancing the innate immune response and by decreasing the activity of shrimp-associated vibrios.bacteria belonging to the genus bacillus are amongst the most intensively studied group of bacteria for use as probiotics in aquaculture. however, the exact mechanism of action of these bacteria is often not well described, and the microbiota that are naturally present in cultures of test organisms often compromise the interpretation of the results. the present study aimed to evaluate the putative probiotic effect of bacillus sp. lt3 in a model system with gnotobiotic brine shrimp artemia franci ...201425190276
group 3 late embryogenesis abundant proteins from embryos of artemia franciscana: structural properties and protective abilities during desiccation.group 3 late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins are highly hydrophilic, and their expression is associated with desiccation tolerance in both plants and animals. here we show that two lea proteins from embryos of artemia franciscana, afrlea2 and afrlea3m, are intrinsically disordered in solution but upon desiccation gain secondary structure, as measured by circular dichroism. trifluoroethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate are both shown to induce α-helical structure in afrlea2 and afrlea3m. bioi ...201425244376
intracellular localization of group 3 lea proteins in embryos of artemia franciscana.late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins are accumulated by anhydrobiotic organisms in response to desiccation and improve survivorship during water stress. in this study we provide the first direct evidence for the subcellular localizations of afrlea2 and afrlea3m (and its subforms) in anhydrobiotic embryos of artemia franciscana. immunohistochemistry shows afrlea2 to reside in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and the four afrlea3m proteins to be localized to the mitochondrion. cellular locations a ...201425311474
supplemental food that supports both predator and pest: a risk for biological control?supplemental food sources to support natural enemies in crops are increasingly being tested and used. this is particularly interesting for generalist predators that can reproduce on these food sources. however, a potential risk for pest control could occur when herbivores also benefit from supplemental food sources. in order to optimize biological control, it may be important to select food sources that support predator populations more than herbivore populations. in this study we evaluated the ...201525349063
synthesis of maculalactone a and derivatives for environmental fate tracking studies.maculalactone a (1) constitutes a promising antifouling agent, inhibiting the formation of biofilms in marine and freshwater systems. in this study, we developed a new route, based on a late-stage formation of the butenolide core, leading to the total synthesis of maculalactone a (three steps, overall yield of 45%) and delivering material on a gram scale. in addition, analogues of the title compound were assayed concerning their biological activity, utilizing artemia franciscana and thamnocephal ...201525360848
a novel model of early development in the brine shrimp, artemia franciscana, and its use in assessing the effects of environmental variables on development, emergence, and hatching.the brine shrimp, artemia (crustacea, anostraca), is a zooplankton that is commonly used in both basic and applied research. unfortunately, artemia embryos are often cultured under conditions that alter early development, and reports based on these cultures oversimplify or fail to describe morphological phenotypes. this is due in part to the lack of a comprehensive developmental model that is applicable to observations of live specimens. the objective of this study was to build and test a descri ...201525427440
sex-dependent transcriptome analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) discovery in the brine shrimp artemia franciscana.in order to enhance genomic resources for the brine shrimp artemia franciscana, rna-seq analysis was conducted for adult females and males. through de novo assembly, 36,896 high quality contigs were obtained, of which 13,749 sequences were annotated with arthropod sequences. just 4.5% matched against previously reported sequences for artemia spp. additionally, different transcriptional patterns between males and females were found, evidencing sex-related transcriptional responses. furthermore, 2 ...201425450167
ecotoxicity of diethylene glycol and risk assessment for marine environment.diethylene glycol (deg) is a chemical compound used during offshore oil activities to prevent hydrate formation, and it may be released into the sea. a full ecotoxicological characterization is required according to european and italian regulations for chemical substances. we have evaluated long-term toxic effects of deg on indicator species of the marine environment as algae (phaeodactylum tricornutum), crustaceans (artemia franciscana), molluscs (tapes philippinarum) and fish (dicentrarchus la ...201525463226
non-lethal heat shock induces hsp70 and hmgb1 protein production sequentially to protect artemia franciscana against vibrio campbellii. 201525463291
detoxification and color removal of congo red by a novel dietzia sp. (dts26) - a microcosm approach.the present study deals with the decolorization and detoxification of congo red (cr) by a novel marine bacterium dietzia sp. (dts26) isolated from divar island, goa, india. the maximum decolorization of 94.5% (100 mg l(-1)) was observed under static condition within 30 h at ph 8 and temperature 32±2°c. bacterially treated samples could enhance the light intensity by 38% and the primary production levels 5 times higher than the untreated. the strain was also able to reduce cod by 86.4% within 30 ...201525600715
marine lactobacillus pentosus h16 protects artemia franciscana from vibrio alginolyticus pathogenic effects.vibrio alginolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen which may affect different aquatic organisms. the aim of this study was to assess the probiotic properties and the protective mode of action of lactobacillus pentosus h16 against v. alginolyticus 03/8525, through in vitro and in vivo studies using artemia franciscana (hereafter artemia). this strain showed antimicrobial activity against v. alginolyticus 03/8525 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc33658 possibly related to lactobacill ...201525667335
artemia franciscana as a vector for infectious myonecrosis virus (imnv) to litopenaeus vannamei juvenile.in 2004, the infectious myonecrosis virus (imnv) was recognized as the main cause of litopenaeusvannamei shrimp culture's drop in brazil. in health animal control programs, in order to reduce virus prevalence in production units it is necessary to screen live feed used. among live diets used in aquaculture, the brine shrimp artemia sp. is essential in crustacean larviculture and maturation. the aim of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of artemiafranciscana to imnv through a ...201525676109
a comparison of the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of six combretum and two terminalia species from southern africa.plants of the family combretaceae are amongst the most widely used plants for traditional medicinal purposes in southern africa. in particular, many species of combretum and terminalia are used for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antidiarrhoeal, analgesic, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, yet their antimicrobial potential has not been rigorously studied and compared.201525709234
developmental critical windows and sensitive periods as three-dimensional constructs in time and space.a critical window (sensitive period) represents a period during development when an organism's phenotype is responsive to intrinsic or extrinsic (environmental) factors. such windows represent a form of developmental phenotypic plasticity and result from the interaction between genotype and environment. critical windows have typically been defined as comprising discrete periods in development with a distinct starting time and end time, as identified by experiments following an on and an off prot ...201525730265
molecular approaches for improving desiccation tolerance: insights from the brine shrimp artemia franciscana.we have evaluated the endogenous expression and molecular properties of selected group 3 lea proteins from artemia franciscana , and the capacity of selected groups 1 and 3 proteins transfected into various desiccation-sensitive cell lines to improve tolerance to drying. organisms inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems frequently are confronted with the problem of water loss for multiple reasons--exposure to hypersalinity, evaporative water loss, and restriction of intracellular wate ...201525809151
probing the protective mechanism of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate against vibriosis by using gnotobiotic artemia franciscana and vibrio campbellii as host-pathogen model.the compound poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate (phb), a polymer of the short chain fatty acid ß-hydroxybutyrate, was shown to protect experimental animals against a variety of bacterial diseases, (including vibriosis in farmed aquatic animals), albeit through undefined mechanisms. here we aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanism behind the protective effect of phb against bacterial disease using gnotobiotically-cultured brine shrimp artemia franciscana and pathogenic vibrio campbellii as host-pathogen ...201525822312
toxicity of two imidazolium ionic liquids, [bmim][bf4] and [omim][bf4], to standard aquatic test organisms: role of acetone in the induced toxicity.the main goal of this study was to investigate the toxicity of the imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ils), [bmim][bf4] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and [omim][bf4] (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), in battery of standard aquatic toxicity test organisms. specifically, exposure of the algae scenedesmus rubescens, crustaceans thamnocephalus platyurus and artemia franciscana, rotifers brachionus calyciflorus and brachionus plicatilis and bivalve mytilus galloprovinci ...201525839183
effects of alginate on stability and ecotoxicity of nano-tio2 in artificial seawater.the large-scale use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-tio₂) in consumer and industrial applications raised environmental health and safety concerns. potentially impacted ecosystems include estuarine and coastal organisms. results from ecotoxicological studies with nano-tio₂ dispersed in salt exposure media are difficult to interpret due to fast flocculation and sedimentation phenomena affecting the dispersion stability. the goal of this study was to investigate the stabilisation effect of ...201525841066
enhancing the efficacy of electrolytic chlorination for ballast water treatment by adding carbon dioxide.we examined the synergistic effects of co2 injection on electro-chlorination in disinfection of plankton and bacteria in simulated ballast water. chlorination was performed at dosages of 4 and 6ppm with and without co2 injection on electro-chlorination. testing was performed in both seawater and brackish water quality as defined by imo g8 guidelines. co2 injection notably decreased from the control the number of artemia franciscana, a brine shrimp, surviving during a 5-day post-treatment incubat ...201525841887
helminth parasites of artemia franciscana (crustacea: branchiopoda) in the great salt lake, utah: first data from the native range of this invader of european wetlands.the present study is the first survey on the role of artemia franciscana kellogg as intermediate host of helminth parasites in its native geographical range in north america (previous studies have recorded nine cestode and one nematode species from this host in its invasive habitats in the western mediterranean). samples of artemia franciscana were collected from four sites in the great salt lake (gsl), utah, across several months (june-september 2009). a. franciscana serves as intermediate host ...201526040582
physiological strategies during animal diapause: lessons from brine shrimp and annual killifish.diapause is a programmed state of developmental arrest that typically occurs as part of the natural developmental progression of organisms that inhabit seasonal environments. the brine shrimp artemia franciscana and annual killifish austrofundulus limnaeus share strikingly similar life histories that include embryonic diapause as a means to synchronize the growth and reproduction phases of their life history to favorable environmental conditions. in both species, respiration rate is severely dep ...201526085666
comparing cestode infections and their consequences for host fitness in two sexual branchiopods: alien artemia franciscana and native a. salina from syntopic-populations.the american brine shrimp artemia franciscana is invasive in the mediterranean region where it has displaced native species (the sexual a. salina, and the clonal a. parthenogenetica) from many salt pond complexes. artemia populations are parasitized by numerous avian cestodes whose effects have been studied in native species. we present a study from the ebro delta salterns (ne spain), in a salt pond where both a. franciscana and native a. salina populations coexist, providing a unique opportunit ...201526157636
carbazole hydroxylation by the filamentous fungi of the cunninghamella species.nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, especially carbazole, quinolone, and pyridine are common types of environmental pollutants. carbazole has a toxic influence on living organisms, and the knowledge of its persistence and bioconversion in ecosystems is still not complete. there is an increasing interest in detoxification of hazardous xenobiotics by microorganisms. in this study, the ability of three filamentous fungi of the cunninghamella species to eliminate carbazole was evaluated. the cunningham ...201526276273
lethal and sublethal endpoints observed for artemia exposed to two reference toxicants and an ecotoxicological concern organic compound.swimming speed alteration and mortality assays with the marine crustacean artemia franciscana were carried out. ec50 and lc50 values after 24-48h exposures were calculated for two reference toxicants, copper sulphate pentahydrate (cuso4·5h2o) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds), and an ecotoxicological concern organic compound, diethylene glycol (deg). different end-points have been evaluated, in order to point out their sensitivity levels. the swimming speed alteration (ssa) was compared to morta ...201626344887
nano-sized polystyrene affects feeding, behavior and physiology of brine shrimp artemia franciscana larvae.nano-sized polymers as polystyrene (ps) constitute one of the main challenges for marine ecosystems, since they can distribute along the whole water column affecting planktonic species and consequently disrupting the energy flow of marine ecosystems. nowadays very little knowledge is available on the impact of nano-sized plastics on marine organisms. therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of 40nm anionic carboxylated (ps-cooh) and 50nm cationic amino (ps-nh2) polystyrene nanop ...201626422775
the gnotobiotic brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) model system reveals that the phenolic compound pyrogallol protects against infection through its prooxidant activity.the phenolic compound pyrogallol is the functional unit of many polyphenols and currently there has been a growing interest in using this compound in human and animal health owing to its health-promoting effects. the biological actions of pyrogallol moiety (and polyphenols) in inducing health benefitting effects have been studied; however, the mechanisms of action remain unclear yet. here, we aimed at unravelling the underlying mechanism of action behind the protective effects of pyrogallol agai ...201526459033
study of model systems to test the potential function of artemia group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins.embryos of the brine shrimp, artemia franciscana, are genetically programmed to develop either ovoviparously or oviparously depending on environmental conditions. shortly upon their release from the female, oviparous embryos enter diapause during which time they undergo major metabolic rate depression while simultaneously synthesize proteins that permit them to tolerate a wide range of stressful environmental events including prolonged periods of desiccation, freezing, and anoxia. among the know ...201626462928
does a change from whole to powdered food (artemia franciscana eggs) increase oviposition in the ladybird coleomegilla maculata?the limited availability of alternative foods to replace natural prey hinders cost-effective mass production of ladybird beetles for augmentative biological control. we compared the effects of powdered vs. whole artemia franciscana (a. franciscana) (brine shrimp) eggs with or without a dietary supplement on development and reproduction of coleomegilla maculata (c. maculata) (coleoptera: coccinellidae). we tested the hypotheses that (1) powdered a. franciscana eggs are more suitable than whole eg ...201526466902
effects of rearing density on survival, growth, and development of the ladybird coleomegilla maculata in culture.our research focuses on developing techniques to rear ladybird beetles (coleoptera: coccinellidae). we evaluated the effects of rearing density on survival, growth, and development of coleomegilla maculata. the hypothesis that a low to moderate rearing density has limited or no effects on survival and development was tested. c. maculata first instars were reared to pupae at a density of 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 individuals per arena (2.5 cm high, 9.0 cm diameter, and 159 cm3 volume) and fed powdered ...201526466904
degradation and toxicity reduction of the endocrine disruptors nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-cumylphenol by the non-ligninolytic fungus umbelopsis isabellina.nonylphenol (np), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-op) and 4-cumylphenol (4-cp) are pollutants that are known as endocrine disruptors mainly due to their estrogen-mimicking activity. these phenolic substances are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. in the present study, biodegradation of tnp, 4-t-op and 4-cp using the non-ligninolytic fungus umbelopsis isabellina was investigated. after 12h of incubation, more than 90% of initially applied tnp, 4-t-op and 4-cp (25mgl(-1)) were ...201626492175
liposomes with diverse compositions are protected during desiccation by lea proteins from artemia franciscana and trehalose.intracellular accumulation of late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins and the disaccharide trehalose is associated with cellular desiccation tolerance in a number of animal species. two lea proteins from anhydrobiotic embryos of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana were tested for the ability to protect liposomes of various compositions against desiccation-induced damage in the presence and absence of trehalose. damage was assessed by carboxyfluorescein leakage after drying and rehydration. f ...201626518519
nodularia spumigena peptides--accumulation and effect on aquatic invertebrates.thus far, the negative effects of nodularia spumigena blooms on aquatic organisms have been mainly attributed to the production of the hepatotoxic nodularin (nod). in the current work, the accumulation of other n. spumigena metabolites in blue mussels and crustaceans, and their effect on thamnocephalus platyurus and artemia franciscana, were examined. the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) analyses provided evidence that both blue mussels collected after a cyanobacterial b ...201526529012
an interlaboratory comparison of nanosilver characterisation and hazard identification: harmonising techniques for high quality data.within the fp7 eu project nanovalid a consortium of six partners jointly investigated the hazard of silver nanoparticles (agnps) paying special attention to methodical aspects that are important for providing high-quality ecotoxicity data. laboratories were supplied with the same original stock dispersion of agnps. all partners applied a harmonised procedure for storage and preparation of toxicity test suspensions. altogether ten different toxicity assays with a range of environmentally relevant ...201626638016
salt sensitivity of the morphometry of artemia franciscana during development: a demonstration of 3d critical windows.a 3d conceptual framework of 'critical windows' was used to examine whether the morphometry of artemia franciscana is altered by salinity exposure during certain key periods of development. artemia franciscana were hatched at 20 ppt (designated control salinity) and were then exposed to 10, 30, 40 or 50 ppt either chronically (days 1-15) or only on days 1-6, 7-9, 10-12 or 13-15. on day 15, maturity was assessed and morphometric characteristics, including mass, total body length, tail length and ...201626685168
assessing estuarine quality: a cost-effective in situ assay with amphipods.in situ assays based on feeding depression can be powerful ecotoxicological tools that can link physiological organism-level responses to population and/or community-level effects. amphipods are traditional target species for toxicity tests due to their high sensitivity to contaminants, availability in the field and ease of handling. however, cost-effective in situ assays based on feeding depression are not yet available for amphipods that inhabit estuarine ecosystems. the aim of this work was t ...201626874320
a case study to optimise and validate the brine shrimp artemia franciscana immobilisation assay with silver nanoparticles: the role of harmonisation.brine shrimp artemia sp. has been recognised as an important ecotoxicity and nanotoxicity test model organism for salt-rich aquatic environments, but currently there is still no harmonised testing protocol which would ensure the comparable results for hazard identification. in this paper we aimed to design the harmonised protocol for nanomaterial toxicity testing using artemia franciscana and present a case study to validate the protocol with silver nanoparticles (agnps). we (i) revised the exis ...201626895539
may arsenic pollution contribute to limiting artemia franciscana invasion in southern spain?limited information exists regarding the complex interactions between biological invasions, pollution, and climate change. most studies indicate that pollution tends to favor invasive species. here, we provide evidence that arsenic (as) pollution may have a role in limiting the invasion of the exotic brine shrimp artemia franciscana. we tested as toxicity in natural populations of artemia parthenogenetica (a native taxon) and a. franciscana from localities in southern spain with differing degree ...201626925327
remediation of mercury contaminated saltwater with functionalized silica coated magnetite nanoparticles.the study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of dithiocarbamate functionalized silica coated magnetite nanoparticles (nps) for hg decontamination of saltwater either contaminated with hg alone or with as and cd. for this, the residual levels of hg in seawater were assessed and hg-contaminated or hg+as+cd-contaminated seawater toxicity to aquatic biota, before and after the sorption process, was compared. the results showed that under highly competitive conditions (water salts, cd and as), the remo ...201627039062
gamma radiation reduced toxicity of azoxystrobin tested on artemia franciscana.fungicide azoxystrobin toxicity was monitored by means of a 96-h biotest with artemia franciscana nauplius stages after exposure to solutions with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg l(-1) irradiated with (60)co gamma radiation with doses of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 kgy. the effects of ionization radiation on azoxystrobin toxicity were mainly manifested by a statistically significant reduction of lethality after 72- and 96-h exposure. a maximum reduction of lethality of 72 % was achieved using do ...201627107585
the effects of feeding with synbiotic (pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide) enriched adult artemia on skin mucus immune responses, stress resistance, intestinal microbiota and performance of angelfish (pterophyllum scalare).the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding on synbiotic (pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide) enriched adult artemia franciscana on skin mucus immune responses, stress resistance, intestinal microbiota and growth performance of angelfish (pterophyllum scalare). three hundred and sixty fish with initial weight 3.2 ± 0.13 g were randomly divided into twelve aquaria (50 l) assigned to four groups in triplicates. fish were fed for 7 weeks with dietary treatments, inc ...201627150050
maladaptive sex ratio adjustment in the invasive brine shrimp artemia franciscana.sex allocation theory is often hailed as the most successful area of evolutionary theory due to its striking success as a predictor of empirical observations [1]. most naturally occurring sex ratios can be explained by the principle of equal investment in the sexes [2-4] or by cases of "extraordinary" sex allocation [5]. deviations from the expected sex ratio are often correlated with weak selection or low environmental predictability (e.g., [6, 7]); true cases of aberrant sex allocation are sur ...201627185556
impacts of harvesting on brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) in great salt lake, utah, usa.selective harvesting can cause evolutionary responses in populations via shifts in phenotypic characteristics, especially those affecting life history. brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) cysts in great salt lake (gsl), utah, usa are commercially harvested with techniques that select against floating cysts. this selective pressure could cause evolutionary changes over time. our objectives are to (1) determine if there is a genetic basis to cyst buoyancy, (2) determine if cyst buoyancy and nauplii ...201627209783
biochemical and toxicological effects of organic (herbicide primextra(®) gold tz) and inorganic (copper) compounds on zooplankton and phytoplankton species.in europe, mainly in the mediterranean region, an intensive usage of pesticides was recorded during the past 30 years. according to information from agricultural cooperatives of the mondego valley (figueira da foz, portugal), primextra(®) gold tz is the most used herbicide in corn crop fields and one of the 20 best-selling herbicides in portugal. copper is mainly used in pesticide formulations. this study aims to determine the ecotoxicological and biochemical (namely fatty acid profiles) effects ...201627239776
high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of high antioxidant australian fruits with antiproliferative activity against cancer cells.high antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment and prevention of several cancers. recent reports have identified several native australian fruits with high antioxidant capacities. despite this, several of these species are yet to be tested for anticancer activity.201627279705
cryopreservation of lipid bilayers by lea proteins from artemia franciscana and trehalose.the capacity of late embryogenesis abundant (lea) proteins and trehalose to protect liposomes against freezing-induced damage was examined by measuring the leakage of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (cf). liposomes were prepared to simulate the lipid compositions of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane (omm), and inner mitochondrial membrane (imm). two recombinant lea proteins belonging to group 3 (afrlea2 and afrlea3m) were expressed and purified from embryos of artemi ...201627393243
surfactant toxicity to artemia franciscana and the influence of humic acid and chemical composition.surfactants can be extremely toxic to aquatic species and are introduced to the environment in a variety of ways. it is thus important to understand how other environmental constituents, in this case humic acids (has), may alter the toxicity of anthropogenic surfactants. hatching and mortality assays of artemia franciscana were performed for three different toxic surfactants: triton x-100 (tx-100, non-ionic), cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc, cationic), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds, anionic). hu ...201727453688
the total and mitochondrial lipidome of artemia franciscana encysted embryos.encysted embryos (cysts) of the crustacean artemia franciscana exhibit enormous tolerance to adverse conditions encompassing high doses of radiation, years of anoxia, desiccation and extreme salinity. so far, several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to this extremophilia, however, none were sought in the lipid profile of the cysts. here in, we used high resolution shotgun lipidomics suited for detailed quantitation and analysis of lipids in uncharacterized biological membranes and sam ...201627542539
arhsp40, a type 1 j-domain protein, is developmentally regulated and stress inducible in post-diapause artemia franciscana.upon diapause termination and exposure to favorable environmental conditions, cysts of the crustacean artemia franciscana reinitiate development, a process dependent on the resumption of metabolic activity and the maintenance of protein homeostasis. the objective of the work described herein was to characterize molecular chaperones during post-diapause growth of a. franciscana. an hsp40 complementary dna (cdna) termed arhsp40 was cloned and shown to encode a protein with an amino-terminal j-doma ...201627581971
non-lethal heat shock increases tolerance to metal exposure in brine shrimp.pollution and temperature increase are two of the most important stressors that aquatic organisms are facing. exposure to elevated temperatures and metal contamination both induce heat shock proteins (hsps), which may thus be involved in the induced cross-tolerance in various organisms. this study aimed to test the hypothesis that exposure to a non-lethal heat shock (nlhs) causes an increased tolerance to subsequent metal exposure. using gnotobiotic cultures of the brine shrimp artemia francisca ...201627619211
rotenone decreases hatching success in brine shrimp embryos by blocking development: implications for zooplankton egg banks.while many zooplankton species recover quickly after the treatment of water resources with the piscicide, rotenone, some fail to reach pretreatment population density or, in rare cases, do not reappear at all. the variable impact of rotenone on zooplankton populations could stem from differences in the capacity of species to switch entirely to anaerobic catabolic pathways in the presence of rotenone, which blocks mitochondrial electron transport. alternatively, variable responses among species c ...201727655396
evaluation of a battery of marine species-based bioassays against raw and treated municipal wastewaters.the present study evaluates a battery of marine species-based bioassays against chemically characterized municipal wastewater samples (raw and wwtp treated). we estimated dunaliella tertiolecta growth rate inhibition (24-96h ic50 values), artemia franciscana immobilization (24h lc50 values), mussel hemocytes viability and lipid peroxidation enhancement (in terms of neutral red retention assay/nrrt and malondialdehyde/mda content, respectively) in influent- and wwtp effluent-treated species. we f ...201727676080
potential effects of tio2 nanoparticles and ticl4 in saltwater to phaeodactylum tricornutum and artemia franciscana.nanosized titanium dioxide (ntio2) is widespread in many commercial products and several authors investigated its ecotoxicity effects focusing mainly on freshwater environments. data on saltwater species are still lacking or present contradicting results. we compared for the first time the toxicity of ticl4 and ntio2 considering standard toxicity tests with microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum (growth inhibition test, 1.8-90mg/l) and crustacean artemia franciscana (mortality test, 0.5-64mg/l). f ...201727913027
yellow-emitting carbon nanodots and their flexible and transparent films for white leds.we report carbon nanodots that can be utilized as effective color converting phosphors for the production of white light-emitting diodes (leds). blue-excitable and yellow-emitting carbon nanodots, functionalized with 3-(imidazolidin-2-on-1-yl)propylmethyldimethoxysilane (ipmds)-derived moieties (is-cds), are synthesized by a novel one-pot reaction in which the products from the initial reaction occurring between urea and 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyl-dimethoxysilane (aepmds) are further trea ...201627934198
molecular phylogeny and toxicity of harmful benthic dinoflagellates coolia (ostreopsidaceae, dinophyceae) in a sub-tropical marine ecosystem: the first record from hong kong.coolia are marine benthic dinoflagellates which are globally distributed and potentially toxic. this study provides the first investigation of species diversity and toxicity assessment of coolia in hong kong waters. fifty-one strains of four coolia species, including c. malayensis, c. canariensis, c. tropicalis, and c. palmyrensis, were isolated from twelve sub-tidal habitats, and identified phylogenetically using 28s rdna sequences. exposure experiments (48-hour) demonstrated that the algal lys ...201728139234
influence of surfactants and humic acids on artemia franciscana's embryonic phospho-metabolite profile as measured by (31)p nmr.surfactants, such as triton x-100 (tx-100), cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) are known to be toxic to artemia franciscana (artemia) - an organism, frequently used to monitor the health of the aquatic environment. the phospho-metabolite profile of a living organism is often indicative of imbalances that may have been caused by environmental stressors, such as surfactants. this study utilizes in vivo(31)p nmr to monitor temporal changes in the phospho-metabolite pro ...201728285196
identification and characterization of a masculinizer (masc) gene involved in sex differentiation in artemia.the sex of relatively primitive animals such as invertebrates is mostly determined by environmental factors and chromosome ploidy. heteromorphic chromosomes may also play an important role, as in the zw system in lepidopterans. however, the mechanisms of these various sex determination systems are still largely undefined. in the present study, a masculinizer gene (ar-masc) was identified in the crustacean artemia franciscana kellogg 1906. sequence analysis revealed that the 1140-bp full-length o ...201728300613
enhanced resistance against vibrio harveyi infection by carvacrol and its association with the induction of heat shock protein 72 in gnotobiotic artemia franciscana.induction of hsp72 is a natural response of stressed organisms that protects against many insults including bacterial diseases in farm (aquatic) animals. it would therefore be of great health benefit to search for natural compounds that are clinically safe yet able to induce hsp72 in animals. the phenolic compound carvacrol, an approved food component, had been shown in in vitro study to act as a co-inducer of hsp72, enhancing hsp72 production only in combination with a bona fide stress compared ...201728303510
cell-specific endopolyploidy in developing artemia.cells in developing artemia franciscana sfb demonstrated tissue-specific differences in dna content, as determined by fluorescence intensity of bisbenzimide-stained nuclei and by nuclear area. the general epidermis comprised proliferating diploid (2c) cells. the setal cells had 4c-8c dna content and did not divide during the first two instars. salt gland cells were polyploid (>8c) and also did not undergo mitosis. neural cells in the brain were diploid and were replicating. cells in the thorax r ...198828305474
segmentation in the crustacean artemia: engrailed staining studied with an antibody raised against the artemia protein.we have studied the process of post-embryonic segmentation in the anostracan crustacean artemia franciscana using a specific antibody raised against the engrailed protein of this organism. three cephalic segments are specified during embryonic development, before larval hatching, whilst trunk (thoracic) segmentation begins after the first stage free-swimming nauplius larva has emerged from the dormant cyst. thus, cephalic and trunk segmentation seem to be at least in part independent and superim ...199628306093
food-web modification by an invertebrate predator in the great salt lake (usa).during unusually wet years the salinity of the great salt lake (utah) decreased from above 100 g/l to 50 g/l. this allowed the predaceous insect trichocorixa verticalis to invade the pelagic region of the lake and reach a mean summer density of 52/m(3). concurrent changes in the pelagic ecosystem were: a decrease in the dry biomass of the previously dominant filter-feeding brine shrimp artemia franciscana from 720 to 2 mg/m(3), the invasion of three other zooplankton taxa, a 10 × decrease in com ...199228312870
effect of methylparaben in artemia franciscana.in this study, the toxicity of methylparaben (mep) an emerging contaminant, was analysed in the sexual species artemia franciscana, due to its presence in coastal areas and marine saltworks in the mediterranean region. the acute toxicity (24h-lc50) of mep in nauplii was tested and its chronic effect (9days) evaluated by measuring survival and growth under two sublethal concentrations (0.0085 and 0.017mg/l). also, the effect on several key enzymes involved in: antioxidant defences (catalase (cat) ...201728428009
determination of the optimal enrichment artemia franciscana with a synbiotic combination of probiotics pediococcus acidilactici and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide.in this study the optimal amount of enriching artemia franciscana with a synbiotic combination of pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide (fos( was investigated. the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in ten treatments: multi-level probiotics p. acidilactici (1×10(9), 1×10(8) and 1× 10(7) cfu per l) and multi-level enriched prebiotic fos (1, 2 and 5) g per l of solution and control. to evaluate the enrichment of adult artemia with each treatment, sampling was p ...201728473897
defense systems in developing artemia franciscana nauplii and their modulation by probiotic bacteria offer protection against a vibrio anguillarum challenge.the alterations of immune responses of artemia franciscana nauplii as a function of culture time and after a challenge with the pathogen vibrio anguillarum were studied. the effect of the administration of the probiotic bacteria bacillus subtilis, lactobacillus plantarum and lactococcus lactis either alone or in combination with the pathogen was evaluated. the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione reductase (gred), glutathione transferase (gst) and phenoloxi ...201728478257
terminalia ferdinandiana exell. extracts inhibit the growth of body odour-forming bacteria.terminalia ferdinandiana extracts are potent growth inhibitors of many bacterial pathogens. they may also inhibit the growth of malodour-producing bacteria and thus be useful deodorant components, although this is yet to be tested.201728488331
long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species dunaliella tertiolecta and artemia franciscana.plastic pollution has been globally recognized as a critical issue for marine ecosystems and nanoplastics constitute one of the last unexplored areas to understand the magnitude of this threat. however, current difficulties in sampling and identifying nano-sized debris make hard to assess their occurrence in marine environment. polystyrene nanoparticles (ps nps) are largely used as nanoplastics in ecotoxicological studies and although acute exposures have been already investigated, long-term tox ...201728644993
effects of polystyrene microbeads in marine planktonic crustaceans.plastic debris accumulates in the marine environment, fragmenting into microplastics (mp), causing concern about their potential toxic effects when ingested by marine organisms. the aim of this study was to verify whether 0.1µm polystyrene beads are likely to trigger lethal and sub-lethal responses in marine planktonic crustaceans. mp build-up, mortality, swimming speed alteration and enzyme activity (cholinesterases, catalase) were investigated in the larval stages of amphibalanus amphitrite ba ...201728750293
[evaluation of the toxicity of basidiomycota fungi on the hatching of artemia franciscana cysts].the consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years. however, not all mushrooms are edible and some of them may cause poisoning. therefore, their toxicity needs to be studied. artemia franciscana is a crustacean used in toxicity tests including toxins of fungi.201728830736
in vitro and in vivo exploration of palmitic acid from synechococcus elongatus as an antibiofilm agent on the survival of artemia franciscana against virulent vibrios.biofilm formation of vibrio spp. has been demonstrated as a potentially important mechanism contributing antibiotic treatment failure in aquaculture. in the present study, the effect of palmitic acid (pa) identified from synechococcus elongatus was assessed for the inhibition of quorum sensing (qs) regulated biofilm formation in aquatic bacterial pathogens. the biofilm inhibitory concentration (bic) of pa against vibrio spp. was found to be 100µgml(-1). in this concentration, pa exhibited a sign ...201728887169
rapid biosynthesized agnps from gelidiella acerosa aqueous extract mitigates quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of vibrio species-an in vitro and in vivo approach.the present study explores the non-bactericidal anti-virulence efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) from gelidiella acerosa against multi-drug resistant vibrio spp. spectral characterization of agnps was performed through uv-visible, ft-ir, and energy-dispersive spectroscopic techniques followed by x-ray crystallography and zeta potential analysis. further, the structural characterization was done by electron and atomic force microscopic techniques. agnps profoundly quelled ...201728965300
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