Publications

comparative biochemical studies of litomosoides carinii, dipetalonema viteae, and brugia pahangi adults.		1974	4856594
responses in lymph nodes of cats infected with brugia pahangi.		1972	5048081
ultrastructural morphology of the esophageal region of the infective larva of brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea).		1971	5090953
the microfilarial periodicity of brugia pahangi in white rats.		1971	5092417
preferential susceptibility of male jirds (meriones unguiculatus) to infection with brugia pahangi.		1971	5105963
the preservation of brugia pahangi microfilariae at sub-zero temperatures and their subsequent development to the adult stage.		1971	5145116
the effect of metrifonate on brugia pahangi infections in domestic cats.	metrifonate, an organophosphorus compound, caused a decline in the number of microfilariae in domestic cats experimentally infected with brugia pahangi. it was found that the drug was active against both microfilariae and macrofilariae, but probably its greatest effect was on the macrofilarial stages. it is suggested that the drug should be used in filarial infections of man on a trial basis.	1971	5317080
direct lymphangiography in dogs infected with brugia pahangi (buckley and edeson 1956).		1970	5442078
the effect of infection with brugia pahangi on the flight of aedes aegypti.		1970	5498784
a method of differentiating brugia pahangi larvae from b. malayi larvae.		1971	5556738
mortality of various genotypes of the mosquito aedes aegypti following the uptake of microfilariae of brugia pahangi.		1971	5575898
the toxicity of 6, mercaptopurine (6mp) to albino guinea pigs, and the determination of a workable dose of 6 mp in the transmission of the filarial worm brugia pahangi to albino guinea-pigs.		1968	5678924
the nutrition of developing larvae of brugia pahangi and b. malayi in aedes aegypti.		1969	5789095
the laboratory infection of culex pipiens complex with brugia pahangi.		1969	5820855
microfilarial levels in cats infected with brugia pahangi by two alternative routes.		1969	5824282
american cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) as an experimental host for brugia pahangi.		1965	5857267
culex pipiens molestus as a laboratory vector of brugia pahangi.		1965	5857281
studies on filariasis. i. the migration of the infective larvae of brugia pahangi in aedes togoi and their loss from the mosquito under experimental conditions.		1966	5962368
studies on the transfer of infective brugia pahangi larvae from vector mosquitoes to the mammalian host.		1967	6031937
a chronological study of the histopathology of filarial disease in cats and dogs caused by brugia pahangi (buckley and edeson, 1956).		1967	6047758
the fate of brugia pahangi larvae immediately after feeding by infective vector mosquitoes.		1967	6055557
infections of brugia pahangi in conventional and nude (athymic) mice.	akr, balb/c and cba/ca and t.o. mice were completely resistant to infection with third stage infective larvae of brugia pahangi. third, fourth and fifth stage worms transplanted from the peritoneal cavity of jirds into the peritoneal cavity of mice continued to develop. balb/c mice were the most susceptible of the strains tested and adult worms were obtained after each type of transplanted infection. congenitally athymic nude mice were much less resistant to transplanted worms and infective larv ...	1980	6110323
specific hypo-responsive granulomatous tissue reactions in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	two types of experiments were used to study the degree of tissue responsiveness which occurred in brugia pahangi-infected jirds. in experiment 1, the severity of lymphatic lesions which developed following subcutaneous infection of jirds which has existing intraperitoneal infections was compared to the severity of lymphatic lesions that developed following subcutaneous infection of jirds without previous infections. in experiment 2, comparisons were made of the sizes of granulomas which formed i ...	1981	6118035
filarial infections of mastomys natalensis and their relevance for experimental chemotherapy.	experimental filarial infections of mastomys natalensis, strain gra giessen, with litomosoides carinii, dipetalonema viteae, brugia malayi (subperiodic), and brugia pahangi were compared. mean prepatent periods of 52, 57, 107, and 73 days p.i. were observed after subcutaneous inoculation of 40, 50, 85, and 70 infective larvae of l. carinii, d. viteae, b. malayi, and b. pahangi, respectively, in the neck region. all of the l. carinii, d. viteae, and b. pahangi infected mastomys showed a regularly ...	1981	6118036
the effect of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorocytosine on the development of the filarial nematodes brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis.	5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine at 30 mg/kg body weight daily for four days inhibit microfilarial production in brugia pahangi in the jird. disruption of intrauterine embryogenesis was observed in treated female worms but the compounds were not macrofilaricidal or microfilaricidal under the conditions employed. 5-fluorocytosine possessed no filaricidal or embryostatic activity. the inhibition of microfilaria production by 5-fluorouracil was temporary and larval production was resumed wit ...	1981	6118037
successful development of brugia pahangi in t-cell deprived cba mice.	cba mice were thymectomized and treated with anti-thymocyte serum. seven such mice were given 90--100 infective larvae of brugia pahangi each by intraperitoneal (ip) injection and 5 given 99-100 larvae each by subcutaneous (sc) injection. from 62 days after infection 6 of 7 mice infected ip had microfilariae in their peritoneal cavities. only one mouse infected by sc injection showed microfilariae in peripheral blood and this not until 98 days. at autopsy 5-45 adult worms were recovered from the ...	1981	6118038
the number and distribution of brugia pahangi in cats at different times after a primary infection.	the number of larvae and adults of brugia pahangi and their distribution throughout the lymphatics and extra-lymphatic tissue were studied in cats infected by subcutaneous injection of larvae into their hind feet. for the first 20 days approximately 55% of the inoculum is recovered as living worms. after 25 days the recovery falls by a half. it is suggested that this loss of worms may be due to either the developing immunological response or the moult from the 4th to the 5th stage. larvae penetr ...	1982	6126097
analysis of brugia pahangi microfilariae surface carbohydrates: comparison of the binding of a panel of fluoresceinated lectins to mature in vivo-derived and immature in utero-derived microfilariae.	a fluoresceinated lectin binding assay was employed to detect carbohydrates on the sheath and cuticle of mature in vivo-derived, and immature in utero-derived brugia pahangi microfilariae. the sheath of mature microfilariae bound concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin, indicating the presence of n-acetylglucosamine and glucose or mannose. in addition to binding concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin, the sheath of in utero-derived microfilariae also bound limulus polyphemus agglutinin, peanu ...	1983	6134452
the susceptibility of balb/c and other inbred mouse strains to brugia pahangi.	the susceptibility of several strains of inbred mice to infection with the filarial worm brugia pahangi has been examined. balb/c, c57bl/10, c3h/he, 101, cba/ca mice, congenitally asplenic (dh/+) mice and their normal litter-mates (+/+) were each challenged by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 50 infective larvae. during the first four weeks of infection high (19-42%) larval recoveries were obtained from the cba/ca, balb/c and dh/+ mice but fewer than 10% of inoculated larvae were recovered fro ...	1983	6142632
[preliminary report on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi].	a comparative study on the susceptibility of eight species of four genera of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi was carried out. aedes aegypti (liverpool strain), aedes togoi, armigeres subalbatus and mansonia uniformis (taiwan strains) were found with the third-stage larvae 14 days after feeding on infected rats (sprague-dawley). the remaining of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoalbopictus, culex p. fatigans and culex annutus (taiwan strains) were found refractory to infection. to determi ...	1984	6150813
the conversion of exogenous retinol and related compounds into retinyl phosphate mannose by adult brugia pahangi in vitro.	adult brugia pahangi took up and incorporated beta-carotene and free retinol in vitro. the uptake of retinol was 50 times greater than that of beta-carotene under similar incubation conditions. beta-carotene was almost entirely metabolized, primarily to retinol. the metabolism of retinol by b. pahangi in vitro was less extensive, with a variety of retinoids tentatively identified, including retinyl phosphate (ret-p), retinyl phosphate mannose (ret-p-man) and anhydroretinol as minor metabolites. ...	1983	6193781
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. iii. demonstration and characterization of antigen-specific suppressor cells in the spleen of brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	antigen specific immunoregulatory phenomena in both human and experimental filariasis are correlated with the presence of circulating microfilariae. previous studies of inbred jirds infected with brugia pahangi have demonstrated that the onset of microfilaremia (8-10 weeks post-infection) is associated with a loss of responsiveness to parasite antigens in the spleen, but not the lymph nodes of infected animals. the present experiments defined immunoregulatory phenomena responsible for altered an ...	1984	6203831
demonstration of antibodies to phosphoglucomutase of parasitic origin in brugia pahangi-infected cats.	antibodies inhibitory to the activity of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (pgm) ec 2.7.5.1. of brugia pahangi adult worm were demonstrated in sera from five rabbits immunized against this filarioid and from 5 of 27 cats infected with b. pahangi, by isoelectricfocusing and spectrophotometric techniques. this anti-pgm activity was species- and stage-specific. this raises the possibility of using species-specific isoenzymes of parasitic origin as antigens in serological tests.	1982	6214101
comparative isoenzyme analysis of various stages of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi.		1983	6231360
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. iv. induction of non-specific suppression following in vitro exposure of spleen cells from infected jirds to brugia pahangi antigen.	studies with inbred jirds chronically infected (greater than 5 months) with brugia pahangi have demonstrated splenic suppressor cells which modulate in vitro responsiveness to mitogens and parasite antigens. the stimuli which induce suppression were characterized by analysing the effect of activated cells from inbred normal or b. pahangi-infected jirds on the pha and pwm responsiveness of cultures on normal cells. regulatory cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin a (con a; 5 micrograms ...	1984	6234227
biochemical surface components of brugia pahangi microfilariae.	the sheath and cuticle of microfilariae of brugia pahangi were examined by electron microscopy and the presence of various proteins, carbohydrate and enzymes sought. the epicuticle of microfilariae consists of a pentalaminate structure (24.0 +/- 1.4 nm), a cortex (13.7 +/- 3.6 nm) and a basal zone (27.8 +/- 4.8 nm) which is often banded in appearance. the pentalaminate layers are not continuous at the base of the interannular grooves. the sheath and the epicuticle of b. pahangi stained positivel ...	1984	6240012
effect of immunosuppressive or inflammatory agents on lymphatic dilatation in cats infected with brugia pahangi.	cats infected with brugia pahangi were immunosuppressed and the development of lymphatic pathology, as measured xeroradiographically by dilatation of the vessels, in these animals was compared with that of normally infected cats. individual cats showed wide variations in response. niridazole and antilymphocyte serum both reduced dilatation, niridazole being particularly effective in the early stages of infection. when silica, used as an inflammatory agent, was injected subcutaneously in conjunct ...	1983	6302626
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. ii. responses to parasite and nonparasite antigens in jirds with brugia pahangi.	chronic b. pahangi infection (greater than or equal to 5 mo) in the jird, meriones unguiculatus, leads to the induction of adherent nonspecific suppressor cells that are capable of modulating the in vitro mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells. in the present studies, a correlation between suppression of mitogen responsiveness and lack of reactivity to b. pahangi antigens was observed in vitro with splenic lymphocytes from chronically infected animals. however, the ability of jirds with a chroni ...	1983	6337217
increased activity of macrophages from mice infected with brugia pahangi: in vitro adherence to microfilariae.	after the inoculation of infective larvae of brugia pahangi into the peritoneal cavities of cba/ca mice adult worms developed, but by 12 weeks post-infection the parasites were usually dead and surrounded by granulomatous tissue. macrophages were the most common cell type in these granulomas and were also found in increasing numbers free in the peritoneal cavity. we have investigated the ability of macrophages to damage microfilariae in vitro, in a system where microfilariae were cultured togeth ...	1984	6371669
brugia pahangi: serum-dependent cell-mediated reactions to sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae.	the immune mechanisms operating on the sheath and the cuticle of the brugia pahangi microfilariae have been studied in vitro. the intact and exsheathed parasites were used for this purpose with serum from albino rats immunized with sonicated homogenates of the parasites as the source of antibodies. the igg component of the serum was found to promote adherence of rat leucocytes and death of the sheathed and exsheathed parasites in presence of fresh normal serum. edta and egta abolished the adhere ...	1984	6490092
effect of diethylcarbamazine on serum-dependent cell-mediated immune reactions to microfilariae in vitro.	the effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) on serum-dependent cellular adherence and cytotoxicity to sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae of litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi in vitro has been investigated. dec at 5 micrograms/ml promoted antibody-mediated neutrophil adherence and cytotoxicity with sheathed l. carinii microfilariae. with exsheathed parasites, the drug promoted significantly complement-and antibody-mediated cellular adherence and cytotoxicity. in the case of b. pahangi ...	1984	6495386
induction of host resistance to brugia pahangi in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) protected by chemoprophylaxis.	jirds were given a chemoprophylactic inoculation of flubendazole (fmbz) and then five injections of infective larvae of brugia pahangi whilst still protected by the fmbz. when the drug was thought to be non-effective the jirds (and controls) were given a challenge infection of b. pahangi larvae. by comparison with control jirds the treated-infected-challenged jirds had 40% fewer adult worms. the control treated-challenged jirds contained mostly sterile female worms showing that they were still p ...	1984	6501858
defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: comparative studies on the response of three different mosquitoes to inoculated brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis microfilariae.		1984	6501919
defense reaction of mosquitoes to filarial worms: role of the microfilarial sheath in the response of mosquitoes to inoculated brugia pahangi microfilariae.		1984	6501920
immunoglobulin interactions with surfaces of sheathed and unsheathed microfilariae.	the sheath surface of brugia pahangi microfilariae (mf) and the cuticle surface of dirofilaria immitis mf were compared with regard to the ultrastructural arrangement of neutral and charged polysaccharides and binding of immunoglobulins from dog sera. brugia pahangi: mf demonstrated large amounts of neutral sugar and negatively charged sugars just above the sheath surface, projecting some distance from the surface, in addition to a dense layer of sulphated material on the sheath surface. microfi ...	1984	6504556
hybridization between brugia malayi and brugia pahangi from south kalimantan, indonesia.	hybridization experiments were carried out between sub-periodic brugia malayi and b. pahangi recovered from cats originating from the same area in south kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. five to six week-old immature males and females of both species from mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) intraperitoneal infections were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of other gerbils. mating occurred between the species and microfilariae developed into infective third-stage larvae in mosquitoes. larv ...	1984	6505786
immunity to brugia pahangi in athymic nude and normal mice: eosinophilia, antibody and hypersensitivity responses.	congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, immunologically reconstituted by thymus grafting before inoculation with infective larvae, and mice heterozygous for the nu gene (nu/+), mounted potent protective humoral and cellular immune responses to brugia pahangi. although responses were not identical, both groups of mice produced igm, igg and ige antibodies specific for adult worm antigen (s-ag) present in a crude aqueous extract, made immediate and delayed hypersensitivity footpad swelling response ...	1984	6522098
intra-testicular inoculation of brugia pahangi infective larvae into inbred gn hamsters.		1984	6527182
separation of viable microfilariae free of blood cells on percoll gradients.	a consistent and reproducible method is described for isolating pure populations of microfilariae of litomosoides carinii, brugia pahangi, b. malayi and dipetalonema viteae, free of cells, from blood, by density gradient centrifugation on percoll in 0.25 m sucrose. the recovery of the microfilariae was 85 to 97%.	1984	6538892
microfilarial periodicity in mastomys natalensis.	the microfilarial level in the peripheral blood of mastomys natalensis infected with the filarial parasites, litomosoides carinii, brugia pahangi, b. malayi and dipetalonema viteae was monitored at two-hour intervals for 24 hours. the microfilariae of b. pahangi and b. malayi exhibited nocturnal and diurnal subperiodicity, respectively; no such periodicity was seen in l. carinii and d. viteae infections. the level of b. pahangi and d. viteae microfilariae in peripheral blood was significantly in ...	1984	6540281
the microfilaricidal activity of ivermectin in vitro and in vivo.	ivermectin has been tested against the microfilariae of onchocerca lienalis, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis in vitro and in vivo. all in vitro tests were performed on larvae incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees c in hepes buffered medium 199 containing 20% serum, benzylpenicillin and streptomycin. in vivo tests were performed on larvae in female balb/c mice dosed with ivermectin, 5 mg/kg, orally. the microfilariae of b. pahangi in vitro were insensitive to ivermectin at concentrations to ...	1984	6546818
effect of immune reconstitution on resistance to brugia pahangi in congenitally athymic nude mice.	the dichotomy of resistance to brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea) between nonsusceptible, euthymic c3h/hen mice, heterozygotic for the "nu" gene (+/nu), and susceptible, congenitally-athymic "nude" (nu/nu) c3h/hen mice, suggests that resistance is thymus-dependent. to test this hypothesis, the effect of syngeneic neonatal thymus grafts and neonatal thymus cell suspensions on recovery of worms at day 40 pi, and responses to concanavalin a (con a) were examined in reconstituted nudes. nude rec ...	1983	6605421
brugia pahangi: antibodies and microfilaremias in lewis rats.	male and female lewis rats were inoculated subcutaneously in the left groin with 75 infective larvae of brugia pahangi and microfilaremias were followed for as long as 420 days postinoculation. patent infections developed in 64% of the female rats and 95% of the male rats. mean prepatent periods were similar (65.9 and 63.9 days, respectively), but mean microfilaremias in males rose much higher, to a mean of 218 mf/0.25 ml blood at 270 days postinoculation. igg titers, as measured by enzyme-linke ...	1983	6605877
infection of inbred and nude (athymic) rats with brugia spp.	infective larvae of brugia pahangi were injected subcutaneously into inbred pvg (-rtic) rats, and 'nude' (pvg-rnu/rnu) (athymic) rats. adult worms or circulating microfilariae were recovered from 20/34 (59%) of pvg-rtic rats and from 30/30 (100%) of 'nude' rats. fertile worms were regularly found in the lumbar lymphatics and hearts of both strains of rat. blood eosinophilia first developed in pvg-rtic rats about 17 days, and in all such animals by 6 weeks. high circulating eosinophil counts pers ...	1983	6606795
the mode of action of suramin on the filarial worm brugia pahangi.	the mode of action of suramin upon brugia pahangi has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. the drug was without effect on the glycolytic activity of worms in vitro at 2 x 10(-4) m. the lack of effect was correlated with the failure of [14c]suramin to penetrate the worms in vitro. suramin bound to the surface of worms in vitro presumably by virtue of its polyanionic nature. b. pahangi adults ingested [14c]suramin in vivo but no reduction in the rate of lactate production, of glucose utilizatio ...	1983	6622063
improvement of in vitro culture conditions of brugia pahangi four day old developing larvae for use in an antifilarial drug assay.	four day old third stage larvae of brugia pahangi were cultured in the presence of differing concentrations of early passage dog kidney cells and inactivated foetal calf serum. after a six day culture period worm length, number of moults and worm mortality were determined. analysis of the length data demonstrated a significant interactive relationship between cell and serum concentration. the greatest increases in length were obtained using an initial cell density of dog kidney cells of 40 x 10( ...	1983	6636298
the moulting process and the phenomenon of intermoult growth in the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	the larvae of brugia pahangi recovered from the jird have been shown to grow continuously between moults, their length increasing at least 5-fold during the 4th instar. this intermoult growth is achieved without an increase in the surface area of larvae. the cuticle of very early 4th and 5th-stage worms is highly folded and intermoult growth is accommodated by an expansion of surface annular folds. the major increases in the surface area of larvae occur only through ecdysis, with an 8-fold incre ...	1983	6657306
studies on brugia pahangi in inbred hamsters. 1. susceptibility of inbred gn and apg hamsters.	the susceptibility of inbred gn and apg hamsters to brugia pahangi infection was studied. male gn hamsters infected subcutaneously with 100 infective larvae showed 100% patency with the average prepatent period of 69 days. the average microfilarial density was 148/40 c.mm at 26 weeks and reached 1,000/40 c.mm at days 280. the rate of adult recovery was as high as 36%. most worms were recovered from the heart and lungs (46%) and testes (40%). the male gn hamster-b. pahangi model could be a good s ...	1983	6658511
successful cryopreservation of brugia pahangi third-stage larvae in liquid nitrogen.	experiments are described which lead to the retention of infectivity of brugia pahangi third-stage larvae after cooling to -196 degrees c. methanol, a well documented cryoprotectant was used at a concentration of 20% (v/v). the schedule consisted of a 5 degrees c min-1 cool to an intermediate temperature of -21 degrees c and a subsequent rapid cool into liquid nitrogen. a rapid thaw of the parasites led to approximately 34% of motile cryopreserved larvae developing in multimammate rats (mastomys ...	1983	6665835
comparative efficacy of some benzimidazoles and amoscanate (go.9333) against experimental filarial infections.	the comparative efficacy of mebendazole, fenbendazole, oxibendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole, flubendazole and micronized amoscanate (particle size 5-8 micron) against litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi infections in mastomys natalensis was studied on administration of the compounds per os (150 mg/kg/day for 5 days) and subcutaneous (100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) routes. it was found that benzimidazoles when given by the oral route had no effect on adults of l. carinii and b. pahangi. with mos ...	1983	6665868
parameters influencing the susceptibility of neonate mice to infection with brugia pahangi.	a total of 307 young mice between less than 1 day (neonate) and 4 wk after birth were inoculated either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with infective larvae of brugia pahangi to determine the best protocol for the establishment of patent infections. for both male and female neonates, i.p. infection produced higher adult worm burdens than did s.c. infection. although the numbers of adult worms harbored by male and female mice were not statistically different, male mice were more prone to dev ...	1983	6674453
characterization of the exposed carbohydrates on the sheath surface of in vitro-derived brugia pahangi microfilariae by analysis of lectin binding.	adult female brugia pahangi were maintained metabolically active in vitro for up to 35 days in click's medium supplemented with 10% horse serum. for the first 14 to 18 days microfilariae were released into culture. although these in vitro-derived microfilariae were morphologically identical to in vivo-derived microfilariae, they could be differentiated by their characteristic of binding to a panel of fluorescein-conjugated lectins. the results suggest that maturation and release of microfilariae ...	1983	6674454
karyotypes of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi (nematoda: filarioidea).	using air-dried preparations of the testis and ovary, karyotypes were analyzed and compared to each other in two species of filarial parasites, brugia pahangi and b. malayi. both species had a diploid number of 10 chromosomes and were karyotypically very similar. c-banding analyses disclosed that the sex-determining mechanism of these species was of the xy-xx type, where the x chromosome was the largest, and the y chromosome was of medium-size.	1983	6674460
activation of jird (meriones unguiculatus) macrophages by the filarial parasite brugia pahangi.	peritoneal macrophages from mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) with either lymphatic or intraperitoneal infections of brugia pahangi were studied to determine the effects of infection on macrophage function and morphology. macrophages were collected at 40, 90, 140, and 200 days after inoculation of infective third-stage larvae and assayed for phagocytic and bactericidal activity by the acridine orange method and for morphological changes by light and electron microscopy. significant increas ...	1984	6690414
effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune responsiveness of jirds infected with brugia pahangi.	the in vitro immune responsiveness of lymphocytes from brugia pahangi-infected jirds was examined after serial administration of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg). cyclophosphamide had no effect on parasite burdens, anti-b. pahangi antibody titers, or suppressed spleen cell reactivity to b. pahangi antigens. cyclophosphamide restored cellular responsiveness to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin a, and pokeweed mitogen.	1984	6693175
serosuppression in experimental filariasis.	both antigen specific and non-specific immunoregulation by cells have been described in jirds infected with brugia pahangi, but the contribution of serum factors to immunoregulatory phenomena in this infection has not been examined. the present study determined the effect of serum from normal or b. pahangi infected jirds on the mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells from uninfected animals and on the antigen responsiveness of lymph node cells (lnc) from infected jirds. addition of heat-inactivat ...	1984	6705270
the effect of humidity on the transmission of brugia pahangi infective larvae to mammalian hosts by aedes aegypti.	the transmission of brugia pahangi by aedes aegypti to the mammalian host was compared at low and high humidity. there was no statistical difference between the number of infected mosquitoes feeding or the egress of infective larvae from these mosquitoes at high or low humidity. the penetration of the host by the infective larvae was however significantly greater (p less than 0.05) at high than at a low humidity.	1984	6710572
parasitological observations on meriones unguiculatus singly or multiply infected with brugia pahangi.	when jirds were infected with a single inoculum of 25-50 infective larvae of brugia pahangi an overall mean recovery of adult worms of 44.5% (n = 41) was obtained. there was no difference in recoveries between male and female jirds. if jirds were repeatedly inoculated with larvae into the peritoneal cavity yields were only slightly reduced. yields were 30.5% for 5 infections (n = 10), 26.7% for 10 infections (n = 8), 34.4% for 15 infections (n = 10) and 28.5% for 20 infections (n = 7). twice as ...	1984	6718056
chemoprophylactic activity of flubendazole against brugia pahangi in jirds.		1984	6737168
effects of amoscanate on the utilization of glucose by brugia pahangi and litomosoides carinii.		1984	6737169
the lymphatic pathology of brugia pahangi in nude (athymic) and thymic mice c3h/hen.	the nude (congenitally athymic) mouse, c3h/hen is highly susceptible to infection with brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea). normal, hairy mice show a strong thymus-dependent resistance and usually terminate the infection in the larval stages. the present study examined chronological histopathologic changes in the lumbar lymph nodes and adjacent lymphatic vessels of both hosts. in thymic mice, lymphangitis and perilymphangitis reached a maximum 14 to 17 days pi, about the time of disappearance ...	1984	6737173
synthesis of potential antifilarial agents. 1-(5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-alkyl- and -arylureas.	a series of 1-(5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-substituted ureas have been synthesized by reacting an appropriate isocyanate with 2-amino-5-benzoylbenzimidazole or by reacting methyl (5-benzoylbenzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate with various amines. several of the compounds have demonstrated antifilarial activity against brugia pahangi and litomosoides carinii.	1984	6737434
nondevelopment of wuchereria bancrofti in nude (congenitally athymic) mice.	infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti (nematoda: filarioidea) were harvested from aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed in vitro on microfilaremic blood of haitian volunteers. larvae were inoculated either into the subcutaneous tissue (sc) or peritoneal cavity (ip) of congenitally athymic (nude) mice, c3h/hen (nu/nu). initially 15 male and two female mice received larval doses from 38-180, and necropsy was done between 11 and 75 days post-inoculation. no worms were found at necropsy. four additional m ...	1982	6751107
studies on the inheritance of susceptibility to infection with brugia pahangi and wuchereria bancrofti in the aedes scutellaris group of mosquitoes.		1982	6751252
detection of antibodies in brugia pahangi-infected cats by counter immunoelectrophoresis, indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	in cats infected with brugia pahangi, antibodies first appeared against the larvae (l3), then against the adults (l5) and the microfilariae (mf). homologous antigens were better than antigens prepared from heterologous species (dirofilaria immitis, dipetalonema viteae, litomosoides carinii and onchocerca gutturosa) in detecting antibodies to b. pahangi in the infected cats by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). metabolic products of l5, but not l3 or mf, of b. pahangi were antigenic and w ...	1982	6760573
immunoregulation in experimental filariasis. i. in vitro suppression of mitogen-induced blastogenesis by adherent cells from jirds chronically infected with brugia pahangi.	nonspecific immunoregulatory events were examined in inbred jirds chronically infected with brugia pahangi. the responsiveness of spleen cells from infected animals to the t cell mitogens pha and con a and to the b cell mitogens, lps and pwm, was found to be suppressed by as much as 90% when compared with the reactivity of lymphocytes from normal animals. furthermore, spleen cells from infected jirds were capable of suppressing the mitogen reactivity of normal spleen cells. depletion of cells ad ...	1983	6822740
brugia malayi and b. pahangi: cultivation in vitro of infective larvae to the fourth and fifth stages.	cultivation of fourth stage brugia pahangi and b. malayi larvae from infective larvae (stage 3) were obtained in culture medium rpmi 1640 supplemented with 10% human ab serum and an lcc-mk2 rhesus monkey kidney continuous cell line feeder layer. this culture system kept larvae alive in excess of 7 weeks, and served as a source for collection of the worms' secretory, excretory, and moulting antigens.	1983	6832282
the resistance to re-infection of cats repeatedly inoculated with infective larvae of brugia pahangi.	seven microfilaraemic and five amicrofilaraemic cats which had been repeatedly infected with brugia pahangi were challenged along with normal cats 28, 14 and 1 day before autopsy. the lymphatics of the amicrofilaraemic cats contained no female adult worms originating from the repeat infections and only two adult males (both from the same cat). only 5.2% of the worms in the control cats were recovered from the amicrofilaraemic cats. most of the challenge worms were killed in the first 24 h. the m ...	1983	6835693
infections of brugia pahangi in neonate mice.		1983	6854483
the filaricidal activity of some derivatives of n-[2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]benzamide against brugia pahangi adults.	a series of analogues of n-[2-(4-thiazolyl)benzamidazol-5-yl]benzamide with halogen substituents on the benzamide ring was tested for activity against adult brugia pahangi in the peritoneal cavities of jirds. none of the chloro, bromo or iodo analogues was active at 5 x 100 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection. the 2-fluoro, 3-fluoro and 4-fluoro analogues showed greater activity than the parent compound and the 2,5-difluoro analogue had the same activity as the parent. the 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 2,5 ...	1983	6855343
the mechanisms of amino acid uptake by brugia pahangi in vitro.	the transcuticular uptake of l-glycine and l-arginine by adult female brugia pahangi has been shown to involve both a saturable carrier transport system and diffusion. the uptake of l-glycine was competitive with regard to l-methionine, l-valine, and l-phenylalanine but noncompetitive with l-arginine. it is suggested that at least two distinct loci are involved in the transcuticular movement of amino acids in this filarial nematode.	1983	6858312
synthesis and antifilarial activity of n-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]- 2-pyrimidinyl]-n'-phenylguanidines.	a series of n-[4-[[4-alkoxy-3-[(dialkylamino)methyl]phenyl]amino]- 2-pyrimidinyl]-n'-phenylguanidines have been synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. reaction of the appropriate benzenamines with n-cyanoguanidine, followed by condensation of the resultant n-phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamides (v) with ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate provided the intermediate n-(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-n'-phenylguanidines via. alternatively, compounds via were synthesized by reaction of the requisite beta ...	1983	6887202
n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-n4-phenyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamines and n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-n4-phenyl-2,4-quinazolinediamines as potential antifilarial agents.	a series of n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-n4-phenyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamines and n2-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-n4-phenyl-2,4-quinazolinediamines (xi) was synthesized for antifilarial evaluation. condensation of the requisite beta-keto ester (vi) with n-cyanoguanidine afforded 2-pyrimidinylcyanamides (viia,b) and (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-2-quinazolinyl)cyanamide (viic). reaction of vii with a substituted o-phenylenediamine gave 2-(1h-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)-4-pyrimidinols and 2-[(5,6-di ...	1983	6887206
brugia pahangi: growth improvement with lecithin in the diet of axenically reared hosts, aedes aegypti.		1981	6894428
folate metabolism in filariae. enzymes associated with 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.	adult dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi were found to possess the following folate-related enzymes that catalyze the formation of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (methenylfh4) or 10-formylfh4 (f10fh4): f10fh4 synthetase, methenylfh4 cyclohydrolase, f5fh4 cyclodehydrase, and a bifunctional complex composed of formiminoglutamate: fh4 formiminotransferase and 5-fomiminofh4 cyclodeaminase. the properties of these filarial enzymes were generally similar to those of their counterparts from inverteb ...	1980	6967110
development of brugia pahangi in normal and nude mice.		1980	6967111
brugia pahangi: uptake and incorporation of nuclei acid precursors by microfilariae and macrofilariae in vitro.		1981	6970680
brugia pahangi: immunologic evaluation of the differential susceptibility of filarial infection in inbred lewis rats.		1981	6972325
folate metabolism in filariae: enzymes associated with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.	adult brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis were found to possess the following four enzymes that are associated with the cofactor 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (ch2fh4): serine hydroxymethyltransferase, thymidylate synthetase, ch2fh4 dehydrogenase, and ch2fh4 reductase. the properties of the isoenzymes from the two filariae were virtually indistinguishable, except that diethylcarbamazine inhibited ch2fh4 reductase from b. pahangi 50% at 10 mum, but did not not affect the isoenzyme from d. imm ...	1980	6988563
on the longevity and behaviour of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia pahangi and dirofilaria immitis transfused to laboratory rodents.	microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia pahangi, which were inoculated into meriones unguiculatus and mastomys natalensis respectively, were found in the peripheral blood of the rodents until the ninth day after infection, but no microfilarial periodicity was observed. microfilariae of w. bancrofti disappeared much faster from the peripheral blood of jirds after reinfection than after the first inoculation. microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis inoculated into m. natalensis and laborator ...	1980	7003830
detection of circulating antigens and immune complexes in feline and human lymphatic filariasis.	circulating worm antigens were detected in 61% to 81% of sera from brugia pahangi -infected cats and in 0-93% of sera from humans with malayan of bancroftian filariasis by counter immunoelectrophoresis and a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using rabbit antisera to b. pahangi adult worms. in some situations, both antigen tests were as sensitive as antibody tests. however, elisa was likely to be affected by the presence of antiglobulins, such as rheumatoid factor, in th ...	1981	7046073
seroepidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in the seychelles islands.	wuchereria bancrofti is the only human filarioid present in the seychelles archipelago. the last parasitological survey carried out in mahé revealed a microfilaraemia rate of 3.6%. serum samples from 417 native individuals living in mahé were tested for the presence of filarial antibodies by elisa method, using crude soluble extract of brugia pahangi adult worm as antigen. the results seem to show a proportion of the population (17%) has been exposed to w. bancrofti (with od values greater than ...	1982	7048670
detection of filarial antibodies in malayan and bancroftian filariasis by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using different filarial antigens.	indirect fluorescent antibody tests (ifat) using wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae as antigen had the highest positivity rates in detecting malayan and bancroftian filariasis as compared to ifat using antigens prepared from 5 other animal filarial species, brugia pahangi, dirofilaria immitis, dipetalonema viteae, litomosoides carinii and onchocerca gutturosa. this study also recommends the use of human filarioids as the source of antigen in serological tests. however, before b. malayi and es ...	1982	7051338
efficacy of the avermectins against filarial parasites: a short review.	the avermectins are macrocyclic lactones produced by streptomyces avermitilis. one of them has been chemically modified and given the non-proprietary name ivermectin. the compounds have shown efficacy against various stages of filarial parasites. with respect to pre-adult stages in the mammalian host, activity has been observed against dirofilaria immitis in ferrets and dogs, and dipetalonema viteae and litomosoides carinii in jirds (meriones); but activity has not been observed against the deve ...	1982	7051527
inhibition of adherence and cytotoxicity by circulating immune complexes formed in experimental filariasis.	peritoneal exudate cells (pec) from normal jirds (meriones unguiculatus) showed adherence of brugia pahangi microfilariae, and subsequent cytotoxicity in the presence of antimicrofilarial antisera. heat inactivation of the antisera diminished both adherence and cytotoxicity, but readdition of fresh normal jird sera only partially restored the reactions. macrophages were the predominant adherent cell type. circulating immune complexes precipitated with polyethylene glycol (peg) from the sera of j ...	1982	7058063
effects of presensitization on the development of lymphatic lesions in brugia pahangi-infected jirds.	experiments were conducted to measure the degree of lymphatic pathology which develops in mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) sensitized to brugia pahangi antigens prior to subcutaneous infections. two protocols were used to sensitize jirds. one group of animals received three intravenous (iv) inoculations of 5,000 frozen, washed, b. pahangi-microfilariae at 10-day intervals. a second group received three inoculations of 150 micrograms of soluble somatic adult b. pahangi antigen (ag) in freu ...	1982	7072891
in vitro cultures of infective-stage larvae of dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi.		1982	7092377
the infectivity of microfilariae of brugia pahangi of different ages to aedes aegypti.	by transferring microfilariae of brugia pahangi which had been born over a 24-hour period in the peritoneal cavities of jirds (meriones unguiculatus) to the blood circulation of other jirds, infections of known age were tested for their ability to develop into third-stage larvae (l3) in mosquitoes aedes aegypti. microfilariae less than three days old were not able to develop to l3. microfilariae which had been in circulation for three days to six months were capable of developing if ingested.	1982	7096971
scanning electron microscope study of adult brugia malayi.	the fine structures of the surface of brugia malayi obtained from mastomys natalensis are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. the head of the parasite is bulbous in shape. the amphidial openings lie beside small elevations. the surface structure of the inner papillae is smooth with a small elevation in the middle. the outer papillae are grooved. the cuticular annulation in the midbody region of the female worm is narrower than that of the male cuticle. in the posterior region of the fe ...	1982	7101437
vaccination of jirds, meriones unguiculatus, against litomosoides carinii and brugia pahangi using irradiate larvae of l. carinii.	this study has shown tht exposure of jirds to radiation-attenuated larvae of one filarial species confers resistance to another species and thus indicates the potential for developing zooprophylactic regimens for the control of human filariasis. 13 and 8 meriones unguiculatus were vaccinated with infective 3rd stage larvae of litomosoides carinii attenuated by 40 krad cobalt 60 irradiation and challenged with either l. carinii or brugia pahangi respectively. vaccinated jirds showed a 98% reducti ...	1982	7101438