Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| freezing infective-stage larvae from anisakis simplex and their produce at -20 degrees c for 24 h does not prevent the occurrence of autonomic imbalance in rat ileum. | in the present report, we analyze the efficacy of the sanitary regulations to kill the anisakis simplex larvae (as l3) (heat or freeze) to avoid the gastrointestinal alterations that it provokes. we studied the effects on intestinal contractility (muscular tone, amplitude, and frequency of the twitches and cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic stimulus) of as l3, their crude extracts (ce) and excretory-secretory products (esp), untreated or heated (60 degrees c for 15 min) or frozen (-20 degrees c fo ... | 2006 | 16544166 |
| anisakis simplex: co(2)-fixing enzymes and development throughout the in vitro cultivation from third larval stage to adult. | we studied the effect of co(2) on the in vitro cultivation of anisakis simplex, an aquatic parasitic nematode of cetaceans (final hosts) and fish, squid, crustaceans and other invertebrates (intermediate/paratenic hosts), and, occasionally, of man (accidental host). the results showed that a high pco(2), at a suitable temperature, is vital for the optimum development of these nematodes, at least from the third larval stage (l3) to adult. after 30 days cultivation in air, molting to l4 (fourth la ... | 2006 | 16600219 |
| seropositivity to a major allergen of anisakis simplex, ani s 1, in dyspeptic patients with helicobacter pylori infection: histological and laboratory findings and clinical significance. | previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of seropositivity to the ani s 1 protein in dyspeptic patients with helicobacter pylori infection, but it is not known whether this represents episodes of anisakiasis misdiagnosis or previous exposure to the parasite without clinical relevance. to investigate the clinical significance of seropositivity to the ani s 1 protein, a cohort study was performed with 87 consecutive dyspeptic patients who were treated for h. pylori infection. fourteen ... | 2006 | 16643522 |
| radioresistance of anisakis simplex third-stage larvae and the possible role of superoxide dismutase. | the radioresistance of anisakis simplex third-stage larvae and the possible role of sublethal radiation on superoxide dismutase (sod) were investigated. larvae were isolated from the viscera of the sea eel anago anago; irradiated with 10, 100, 200, 500, or 1,000 gy; and then given orally to rats. worms were recovered at 16 hr postinoculation. most larvae were found to have invaded the gastric wall, omentum, and abdominal cavity, suggesting that their viability and infectivity were not controlled ... | 2006 | 16729710 |
| anisakis simplex: the activity of larval products on the complement system. | the effects of the larval products (crude extract and excretory-secretory) of anisakis simplex on the classical and alternative pathways of human complement system were investigated. this could constitute a mechanism to evade host defences, similarly than in other parasitic diseases. the larval products showed a stronger effect on the classical pathway than on the alternative pathway. the most pronounced modulating effects were found for the excretory-secretory products. chelation of bivalent ca ... | 2007 | 16777096 |
| in vivo larvicidal activity of monoterpenic derivatives from aromatic plants against l3 larvae of anisakis simplex s.l. | in view of the lack of an effective pharmacological treatment against human anisakiosis, a disease produced by l(3) larvae of the genus anisakis present in raw fish, we studied the in vivo larvicidal effect of certain monoterpenic derivatives against l(3) of a. simplex s.l. the aldehydic monoterpene citral and the alcoholic citronellol, when they are administered together to the larvae of the nematode at the concentration of 46.90 mg/0.5 ml in olive oil, achieve 85.90% and 67.53% dead l(3), resp ... | 2006 | 16785045 |
| anisakid parasites of two forkbeards (phycis blennoides and phycis phycis) from the eastern mediterranean coasts in tunisia. | two gadiform species with a successive bathymetric and an ecological and economical importance in the mediterranean fishing industry, phycis blennoides and phycis phycis, were selected for the present study. a total of 592 fresh specimens belonging to the gadiformes genus were obtained from local commercial fisheries. the investigation was centred on anisakid parasites of 272 specimens of the greater forkbeard (p. blennoides) and 320 of the forkbeard (p. phycis) captured off the mediterranean co ... | 2006 | 16847607 |
| the activity of hydrolases of larval stages of anisakis simplex (nematoda). | activity of hydrolases during the third and fourth larval stage of anisakis simplex was identified by applying the api zym test method. in a. simplex larvae the activity of phosphatases was high, particularly that of acid phosphatase (40 nmol/mg(-1)). among esterases lack of activity of lipase (c14) is worth noticing while the activity of esterases (c4) and (c8) was high. the activity of those later two enzymes was higher in l3 larvae than in l4 larvae. the highest activity in the subclass of gl ... | 2004 | 16865960 |
| macroparasites of five species of ray (genus raja) on the northwest coast of spain. | a parasitological study of rays captured on the atlantic continental shelf off the estuary muros-noia in nw spain (42 degrees 35' to 42 degrees 41' n, 9 degrees 2' to 9 degrees 10' w; mean capture depth 11.6 +/- 4.1 m) was performed. a total of 128 rays were examined: 52 specimens of raja microocellata, 60 of r. brachyura, 6 of r. montagui, 3 of r. undulata and 7 of an unidentified raja species, known locally as 'fancheca'. a total of 23 macroparasite species were detected: 5 monogeneans (acanth ... | 2006 | 16875395 |
| the occurrence of the nematodes anisakis simplex pathogenic to man in pike-perch from the vistula lagoon, poland. | of the 400 pike-perches examined, 12% were infected with l3 anisakis simplex. the infected fish were over 45 cm long. the hypothesis submitted was that the pike-perches may constitute the source of infection in accidental hosts, i.e. in man. | 2000 | 16883693 |
| influence of anisakis simplex stage iii larvae upon the activity of proteases under in vitro conditions. | the larvae of anisakis simplex had the largest influence upon decreasing the activity of porcine pepsin. the activity of that enzyme in tests, where the larvae were present during the entire period of incubation, was lower than in the controls. no similar trends were observed in case of the solutions with bovine and porcine trypsin. the activity of those enzymes in the solutions containing the larvae was higher than in the controls. only the activity of porcine trypsin after 10 h of incubation w ... | 2002 | 16888944 |
| anisakis simplex allergy after eating chicken meat. | allergic reactions to food can be produced by contaminants that induce sensitization. among these, anisakis simplex can cause seafood infestation, and allergic symptoms (urticaria-angioedema, anaphylaxis, and asthma) can follow the eating or handling of affected fish. although seafood is the principal source of human infections by this parasite, we have found allergic symptoms in 8 patients previously diagnosed as having a simplex sensitization after they ate chicken meat. chicken feed usually h ... | 2006 | 16889284 |
| stickleback as a potential paratenic host in the anisakis simplex life cycle in the baltic sea: results of experimental infection. | anisakis simplex stage 3 larvae found in herring were used to experimentally infect 155 sticklebacks and 6 nine-spined sticklebacks, caught in the gdynia marina (gulf of gdańsk). the larvae were observed in the fish body cavity as early as 24 h after infection, only the sticklebacks being affected. altogether, 50 live and 2 dead larvae were found in the stickleback body cavity. the infection prevalence and mean intensity were 13.6% and 2.4 larvae, respectively, from 1 to 8 larvae per fish being ... | 2001 | 16894731 |
| influence of the ph of the cultivation medium on survival and development of stage iii larvae of anisakis simplex. | the cultivation was done on eagle's media as well as eagle's media enriched with the supplement of 10 and 20% of bovine serum. in the media without serum the larvae lived significantly shorter and did not get through molting. they lived the longest and came through molting the fastest in the media with ph 2.0 supplemented with 20% sb. in the media with the ph 4.0 and 7.3 the larvae lived significantly shorter and only a small proportion reached stage iv. | 2001 | 16894741 |
| [the comparison of properties of alpha-amylase from the third and fourth stage of anisakis simplex larvae]. | alpha-amylase is present in the third (l3) and in the fourth-stage (l4) of larvae from anisakis simplex. the enzymes from both sources differ in some of their properties. alpha-amylase from l3 showed a maximum at ph 7.8, enzyme from l4 stage at ph 6.5. the alpha-amylase from l3 was mainly lysosomal enzyme. the enzyme from l4 was located in the microsomal fraction. the l3 alpha-amylase showed the inhibition by edta and by -sh reagent iodoacetic acid. these agents did not change the activity of l4 ... | 2001 | 16894742 |
| molecular identification of anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii (nematoda: anisakidae) from fish and cetacean in japanese waters. | parasites morphologically consistent with anisakis simplex sensu lato collected from the coast of japan and western north pacific ocean were examined by pcr-rflp of the its region (its1, 5.8 subunit rrna gene and its2) and mtdna cox1. the rflp patterns of rdna generated by hinfi and hhai showed that 100% of the larvae collected from hokkaido and 94% of adults collected from western north pacific ocean were identified as a. simplex sensu stricto. on the other hand, 97% of the larvae collected fro ... | 2006 | 16942906 |
| pathological and immunohistochemical study of gastrointestinal lesions in dolphins stranded in the canary islands. | this paper describes the gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of gastrointestinal lesions and regional lymph nodes of six common dolphins (delphinus delphis), 11 striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba) and six atlantic spotted dolphins (stenella frontalis) found stranded along the coasts of the canary islands. the most common lesion was chronic granulomatous gastritis of the glandular stomach, associated with the parasite pholeter gastrophilus, and characterised by t ... | 2006 | 16997997 |
| sensitization to anisakis simplex: inhalant allergy versus gastroallergic anisakiasis. | 2006 | 17030257 | |
| elisa antibody determination in patients with anisakiosis or toxocariosis using affinity chromatography purified antigen. | one of the fundamental aspects of a parasitic infection diagnosis is the use of adequate antigens to develop specific and sensitive immunoassays. this fact is especially complicated in nematode infection cases because of the high cross-reactivity among different parasites in this group. we performed an evaluation of anisakis simplex antigens purified by affinity chromatography. we used sera from 38 patients diagnosed with anisakis sensitization and sera from 35 patients with clinical suspicion o ... | 2006 | 17063674 |
| anisakid nematodes from stranded pygmy sperm whales, kogia breviceps (kogiidae), in three localities of the yucatan peninsula, mexico. | the present paper reports the presence of 3 adult and juvenile anisakid nematode species: anisakis simplex, a. brevispiculata, and pseudoterranova ceticola, which were recovered from the digestive tract of stranded pygmy sperm whales (kogia breviceps) from 3 localities along the coast of the yucatan peninsula. the presence of these anisakid adult nematodes suggests that larval stages may occur in cephalopods or fishes used for human consumption, which represents a potential danger to public heal ... | 2006 | 17152967 |
| contact angioedema and conjunctivitis caused by lumbricus terrestris: cross-reactivity with anisakis simplex. | 2007 | 17156349 | |
| [a case of immediate allergy to anisakis following saury intake]. | we report here a 76-year-old male that presented with an immediate allergy to anisakis following saury intake. three and a half hours after eating pressed saury sushi, whole-body pomphus appeared including itching, facial dropsical swelling, and dyspnea. diagnostic tests revealed specific ige antibodies against anisakis simplex and a skin prick test was positive using an extraction of anisakis simplex. the results of skin prick tests using the body and internal organs of a saury were negative. b ... | 2006 | 17159434 |
| risk factors for sensitization to anisakis simplex: a multivariate statistical evaluation. | anisakis simplex is a nematode belonging to the anisakidae family. the ingestion of third stage larvae in uncooked or undercooked seafood may cause human diseases known as anisakiasis and anisakidosis. a total of 400 (159 atopic and 241 non-atopic) subjects living in an area of southern italy (bari district) were consecutively evaluated to identify the association of some factors (sex, age, atopy, consumption of uncooked seafood and sensitization to dust mites) with the risk of anisakis simplex ... | 2006 | 17166406 |
| immune reactions and allergy in experimental anisakiasis. | the third-stage larvae (l3) of the parasitic nematode, anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. in this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with a. simplex l3. the patterns of serum antibody productions in the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (esp) of a. simplex l3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding sp ... | 2006 | 17170569 |
| molecular cloning and expression of two new allergens from anisakis simplex. | the nematode anisakis simplex is a marine parasite that causes allergy as well as anisakiasis. although five anisakis allergens have already been identified, immunoblotting studies suggested that unidentified allergens still exist. in this study, an expression cdna library constructed from a. simplex was subjected to immunoscreening using an anisakis-allergic patient serum, and two positive clones coding for allergens (named ani s 5 and 6) were obtained. ani s 5 (152 amino acid residues) is homo ... | 2007 | 17180690 |
| cross-reactivity of anisakis simplex: possible role of ani s 2 and ani s 3. | anisakis simplex is a fish parasite that can cause allergy in humans. the multiple cross-reactivities of this nematode make diagnostic tests for allergy unreliable, because of frequent false-positive results. to date, only four allergens of a. simplex have been characterized, but their role in cross-reactivity is largely unknown. | 2007 | 17269964 |
| anisakis simplex and cross-reacting antigens. | 2007 | 17269984 | |
| cloning and characterisation of the anisakis simplex allergen ani s 4 as a cysteine-protease inhibitor. | anisakis simplex is a nematode that can parasitise humans who eat raw or undercooked fish containing live l3s. larvae invading the gastrointestinal mucosa excrete/secrete proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of anisakiasis that can induce ige mediated symptoms. misdiagnosis of anisakiasis, due to cross-reactivity, makes it necessary to develop new diagnostic tools. recombinant allergens have proved to be useful for diagnosis of other parasitoses. among the anisakis allergens, ani s 4 was cons ... | 2007 | 17324433 |
| molecular identification of the etiological agent of the human anisakiasis in japan. | anisakis simplex complex presently comprises three sibling species, a. simplex sensu stricto, a. pegreffii and a. simplex c. a. simplex is a common parasite in fishes and cephalopods and capable of causing anisakiasis in humans. therefore, identification of sibling species of a. simplex was important for human health. in this study, one hundred anisakis type i larvae isolated from eighty five patients with anisakiasis in hokkaido and kyushu in japan were analyzed by adapting the new molecular me ... | 2007 | 17428725 |
| anisakis simplex: analysis of expressed sequence tags (ests) of third-stage larva. | this study analyzed the expressed sequence tags (ests) of the third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex, in an attempt to gain further insight into its genomic expression patterns. an a. simplex cdna library was constructed using the uni-zap xr expression vector. a total of 493 clones (insert dna>400 bp) were sequenced out of 580 clones selected randomly from a cdna library of the a. simplex third-stage larva. after blast search analyses, 154 (31.2%) ests were found to have very low similarity, or ... | 2007 | 17466979 |
| cloning and expression of a biologically active anisakis simplex allergen ani s 1 in the yeast pichia pastoris. | 2007 | 17537527 | |
| comparison of a manual and an automated method to estimate the number of uterine eggs in anisakid nematodes: to coulter or not to coulter. is that the question? | studies reporting numbers of eggs in vagina and utero in nematodes often give little information of the technique used for the estimations. this situation hampers comparison among studies, because, so far, differences in estimations provided by different techniques have not been assessed. this note examines whether a manual method based on visual counts in aliquots and an automated method using a coulter counter yield equivalent estimations of egg numbers in vagina and utero of 3 anisakid nemato ... | 2007 | 17539430 |
| anisakids in marine fish from the coast of chon buri province, thailand. | a total of 1,600 specimens, consisting of 16 different species of marine fish, were dissected and examined for anisakid larvae and adults in visceral organs, abdominal cavity, and muscles. one species of adult-stage nematode was found in two of 16 species of marine fish studied, johnius carouna and dendrophysa russelli. no anisakid larvae (third-stage) was found in any of the 16 species of marine fish studied. morphological study of the adult-stage nematode showed similar morphology to anisakis ... | 2006 | 17547049 |
| sensitization to the fish parasite anisakis simplex: clinical and laboratory aspects. | hypersensitivity to anisakis simplex is a worldwide medical problem. the parasite larvae die after freezing or cooking, but the tolerance of sensitized subjects to eating frozen fish remains a matter of controversy with contradictory findings. the aim of this study was to test if intolerance to properly cooked/frozen fish was due to the recognition of a particular allergen. sixty-four patients with anisakis simplex sensitization were studied by an ige multiblot using simultaneously five differen ... | 2007 | 17574476 |
| spatial and temporal variations in parasite prevalence and infracommunity structure in herring (clupea harengus l.) caught to the west of the british isles and in the north and baltic seas: implications for fisheries science. | herring clupea harengus l. viscera were examined for endoparasitic infections as part of a multidisciplinary stock identification project (westher, eu contract no. q5rs-2002-01 056) which applied a range of stock discrimination techniques to the same individual fishes to obtain comparable results for multivariate analysis. spawning and non-spawning adults, and juvenile herring were caught, over 3 years, by commercial and research vessels from numerous locations to the west of the uk and ireland, ... | 2007 | 17578594 |
| involvement of hidden allergens in food allergic reactions. | hidden allergens in foods can induce allergic reactions. currently it is not possible to estimate the exact prevalence of these reactions but they are clearly a growing problem. | 2007 | 17583104 |
| [new data on anisakiasis]. | acute anisakiasis is generally due to the third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex, and occasionally to other anisakidae. human infection occurs through consumption of raw seafish, and especially herring, hake, black plaice and cod. patients sensitized by prior consumption of parasitized fish develop, within a few hours, violent abdominal pain and an allergic reaction. anisakis-induced urticaria is seen in about one in five cases. preventive measures have reduced the number of cases. in france for ... | 2007 | 17645107 |
| purification and cdna cloning of a new heat-stable allergen from anisakis simplex. | the nematode anisakis simplex is a representative parasite for marine animals and occasionally causes not only anisakiasis but also allergic reactions in sensitized subjects. besides the known allergens, a number of unidentified allergens have been suggested to still exist in a. simplex. in this study, a new heat-stable allergen of 15kda (named ani s 8) was purified from the third stage larvae of a. simplex by gel filtration on sephacryl s-300, anion-exchange hplc on mono q and reverse-phase hpl ... | 2007 | 17689675 |
| identification of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential from europe and china by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of nuclear ribosomal dna. | using genetic markers defined previously in the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna), isotopic, and non-isotopic polymerase-chain-reaction-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) were utilized to identify each of three anisakid species [anisakis simplex (s.l.), contracaecum osculatum (s.l.), and hysterothylacium aduncum] from different host species and geographical locations in poland and sweden. while subtle microheterogeneity was observed wi ... | 2007 | 17694403 |
| anisakis simplex: the high prevalence in madrid (spain) and its relation with fish consumption. | anisakiosis is a nematodosis with high prevalence in spain. in this work we (a) investigated whether a recently introduced elisa of anisakis simplex-specific ige in serum suffers from cross-reactivity with other common allergens; (b) used this assay to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of a. simplex-specific ige in the population of madrid; and (c) related positivity to fish consumption habits. no evidence of cross-reactivity between the elisa and other allergens was found. the prevalence of ... | 2008 | 17825294 |
| intestinal anisakidosis (anisakiosis). | a case of intestinal anisakidosis in a 42-year-old man in japan is presented. his chief complaint was an acute onset of severe abdominal pain. approximately 12 hours before the onset of this symptom, he had eaten sliced raw mackerel ("sashimi"). upper endoscopy was unremarkable. at exploratory laparotomy, an edematous, diffusely thickened segment of jejunum was observed, which was resected. the postoperative course was uneventful. the segment of small intestine showed a granular indurated area o ... | 2007 | 17870022 |
| prevalence of allergy and anaphylactic symptoms in 210 adult and pediatric patients with mastocytosis in spain: a study of the spanish network on mastocytosis (rema). | mast cells (mcs) play a key role in allergic diseases through the release of inflammatory mediators, which are responsible of allergic symptoms. mastocytosis is characterized by an abnormal proliferation and accumulation of mast cells, in which mediators are released intermittingly or continuously. despite these clinical similarities, few studies have addressed the presence of allergic symptoms in mastocytosis patients, including anaphylaxis. | 2007 | 17883734 |
| parasite communities of eels anguilla anguilla in freshwater and marine habitats in iceland in comparison with other parasite communities of eels in europe. | ninety-five eels from one marine and three freshwater localities in iceland were examined for parasites. twenty species were found, 12 from marine habitat, 12 from freshwater and 4 species were found in both habitats. these are: eimeria anguillae, chilodonella hexasticha, trichodina fultoni, t. jadranica, myxidium giardi, myxobolus kotlani, two zschokkella spp., derogenes varicus, deropristis inflata, diplostonmum sp., plagioporus angulatus, podocotyle atomon, anisakis simplex (larva), eustrongy ... | 2007 | 17886743 |
| anisakis simplex allergy and nephrotic syndrome. | anisakis simplex is a helmintic parasite of fish and shellfish that can induce in humans, after consumption, an immunoallergic response with multiorganic affectation, especially cutaneous (urticaria and angioedema), gastrointestinal and anaphylactic symptoms. nephrotic syndrome can be produced by helmintic infection, especially schistosomiasis. | 2007 | 17923077 |
| multiplex pcr for the identification of anisakis simplex sensu stricto, anisakis pegreffii and the other anisakid nematodes. | a multiplex pcr method was established for the rapid identification of anisakis simplex sensu stricto, a. pegreffii, a. physeteris, pseudoterranova decipiens, contracaecum osculatum and hysterothylacium aduncum. the sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (its-1) between a. simplex s. str. and a. pegreffii showed a high degree of similarity, but only two c-t transitions were observed. to differentiate a. simplex s. str. from a. pegreffii, an intentional mismatch primer wit ... | 2008 | 17962067 |
| western blot antibody determination in sera from patients diagnosed with anisakis sensitization with different antigenic fractions of anisakis simplex purified by affinity chromatography. | using western blot techniques, the specificities of crude and purified (pak and pas) anisakis simplex antigens were compared against 24 sera from patients diagnosed with anisakis sensitization. all patients recognized a 60 kda protein against the a. simplex crude extract, while 37.5% and 12.5% reacted with proteins of 40 and 25 kda, respectively, when igg was tested. in the case of ige determination, 41.6% of sera were negative, while 12.5% and 20.8% appeared to cross-react against toxocara cani ... | 2007 | 17974043 |
| [epidemiology and nosology of anisakiosis, a rather rare helminthozoonosis in central europe--two case reports]. | two cases of anisakiosis are reported. two male patients (54 and 58 years old) had spent their holidays in alaska for salmon fishing at the end of july 2006 and consumed the self caught cold smoked salmon. back in austria both patients suffered from abdominal pain within 6 and 15 days respectively, after consumption and received in-patient treatment (patient 1: subileus; patient 2: ileus). patient 1 received aprednisolon alone and recovered within 3 days, patient 2, however, was treated surgical ... | 2007 | 17987368 |
| occurrence and molecular identification of anisakis spp. from the north african coasts of mediterranean sea. | larval forms of the genus anisakis were reported infecting several fish species from the north african coasts of central mediterranean sea. polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis was used to investigate the occurrence of larval forms of different anisakis species in teleost fishes and squid from north african coasts of the mediterranean sea and to establish the geographical and host range of these parasites in this area. a total of 282 anisakis lar ... | 2008 | 18026753 |
| glycogen catabolism enzymes and protein fractions in the third and fourth larval stages of anisakis simplex. | extracts of anisakis simplex third (l3) and fourth (l4) larval stages were assayed for protein content and activity and properties of alpha-amylase, glucoamylase and glycogen phosphorylase. protein content in l4 was twice that in l3. sds-page applied to both larval stages revealed 22 protein fractions in each, including five stage-specific fractions in each larval stage. the l3 extracts contained three amylase isoenzymes: alpha 1, alpha 2 and alpha 3; their molecular weights were 64, 29 and 21 k ... | 2008 | 18053298 |
| parasite communities of common dolphins (delphinus delphis) from patagonia: the relation with host distribution and diet and comparison with sympatric hosts. | we studied the helminths of 18 common dolphins, delphinus delphis, from northern patagonia. parasites were found only in the gastrointestinal tract. four species were in the stomach, the nematode anisakis simplex, the acanthocephalan corynosoma cetaceum, and the digeneans braunina cordiformis and pholeter gastrophilus, plus 1 digenean in the hepatopancreatic ducts, oschmarinella rochebruni. infection levels were low (0-155 parasites). braunina cordiformis and c. cetaceum were the most prevalent ... | 2007 | 18163339 |
| novel sequences and epitopes of diagnostic value derived from the anisakis simplex ani s 7 major allergen. | anisakis simplex allergens may cause severe allergic reactions in infected patients. human anisakiasis can be specifically diagnosed by detection of immunoglobulin e (ige) antibodies against o-deglycosylated nani s 7 allergen captured by monoclonal antibody (mab) ua3 (ua3-elisa), although the nature of this important allergen is unknown. the aim of this study was to clone and characterize the ani s 7 major allergen, and to obtain a recombinant fragment suitable for serodiagnosis. | 2008 | 18186812 |
| application of the pcr-sequence-specific primers for the discrimination among larval anisakis simplex complex. | the fish-borne zoonotic nematode, anisakis simplex, is not a single specie but a complex composed of three sibling species, a. simplex sensu stricto, anisakis pegreffii, and a. simplex c. discrimination among these sibling species have been performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of ribosomal dna (rdna). in the present study, pcr-sequence-specific primers were applied for the disc ... | 2008 | 18239942 |
| identification of potentially emerging food safety issues by analysis of reports published by the european community's rapid alert system for food and feed (rasff) during a four-year period. | the safe foods project undertakes to design a new approach towards the early identification of emerging food safety hazards. this study explored the utility of notifications filed through rasff, the european commission's rapid alert system for food and feed, to identify emerging trends in food safety issues. rasff information and alert notifications published in the four-year period of july 2003-june 2007 were assigned to categories of products and hazards. for chronological trend analysis, a ba ... | 2009 | 18255210 |
| trehalose catabolism enzymes in l3 and l4 larvae of anisakis simplex. | the presence of trehalase and trehalose phosphorylase in l3 and l4 larvae of anisakis simplex was demonstrated. the activity of trehalase and trehalose phosphorylase in l3 larvae was 6 and 10 times higher, respectively, than in l4 larvae. this suggests that trehalose metabolism is more important for l3 than la larvae. trehalases of l3 and l4 differ in their characteristics. the enzyme of l3 was present mainly in the lysosomes and cytosol, whereas in l4 the highest enzyme activity was measured in ... | 2007 | 18314671 |
| histopathology and ultrastructure of platichthys flesus naturally infected with anisakis simplex s.l. larvae (nematoda: anisakidae). | the histopathology, ultrastructure, and immunohistochemistry of the alimentary canal of flounder platichthys flesus (l.), naturally infected with the nematode anisakis simplex s.l. (rudolphi 1809) from the river forth (scotland), were investigated and described. eight of the 16 flounders were infected with a. simplex s.l. larvae (l3); parasites were encapsulated by serosa on the external surface of the host's digestive tract (intensity of infection 1-8 parasites per host), although nematode larv ... | 2007 | 18314688 |
| ani s 1, the major allergen of anisakis simplex: purification by affinity chromatography and functional expression in escherichia coli. | third stage larvae of the nematode anisakis simplex often infect marine fish and invertebrates. when the larvae are ingested orally via seafood, they can cause ige-mediated allergic reactions as well as anisakiasis. of the known a. simplex allergens, ani s 1 (kunitz/bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor family protein) has been demonstrated to be a major allergen, being expected to be a useful tool for diagnosis of a. simplex allergy. for a diagnostic purpose, sufficient amounts of either natural ... | 2008 | 18374626 |
| an antibody-based elisa for quantification of ani s 1, a major allergen from anisakis simplex. | anisakis simplex is a nematode parasite that can infect humans who have eaten raw or undercooked seafood. larvae invading the gastrointestinal mucosa excrete/secrete proteins that are implicated in the pathogenesis of anisakiasis and can induce ige-mediated symptoms. since ani s 1 is a potent secreted allergen with important clinical relevance, its measurement could assess the quality of allergenic products used in diagnosis/immunotherapy of anisakis allergy and track the presence of a. simplex ... | 2008 | 18377696 |
| cloning and expression of ani s 9, a new anisakis simplex allergen. | the larvae of the nematode anisakis simplex parasitize seafood. when people eat raw or undercooked parasitized fish, they can suffer anisakiasis, an important immune human response to parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract. even more, allergic manifestations like angioedema, urticaria or anaphylaxis can occur in sensitized patients. the aim of this work was to clone ani s 9-cdna and overproduce this recombinant allergen in escherichia coli. the finding of this allergen was an unexpect ... | 2008 | 18378015 |
| anisakis simplex: from obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. | infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. during the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by t ... | 2008 | 18400801 |
| [use of anamnesis and immunological techniques in the diagnosis of anisakidosis in patients with acute abdomen]. | anisakis simplex can be a cause of digestive symptoms. our aim was to evaluate the epidemiological antecedents and immunological data available for a differentiation between patients with anisakidosis and those with other acute abdominal problems. | 2008 | 18416639 |
| expression of a recombinant protein immunochemically equivalent to the major anisakis simplex allergen ani s 1. | anisakis simplex is a nematode which can parasitize humans, producing anisakiasis and can induce immunoglobulin-(ig)-e-mediated allergic symptoms. parasite recombinant proteins, such as the major allergen ani s 1, may be useful tools to avoid misdiagnosis of a simplex allergy due to cross-reactivity when whole parasite extracts are used. | 2008 | 18447135 |
| anisakis simplex and kudoa sp.: evaluation of specific antibodies in appendectomized patients. | high prevalence and intensity of infection with anisakid larvae has been reported in commercially important fish in spain. likewise, kudoa-infected fish have lately been detected in both fresh and frozen fish. in the present study the possible relation between appendectomy and specific antibodies to these fish parasites was investigated. one hundred and sixty patients were enrolled in this study. they were divided into two groups of eighty patients each and matched for sex and age: group 1 (appe ... | 2008 | 18456263 |
| the complete mitochondrial genomes for three toxocara species of human and animal health significance. | studying mitochondrial (mt) genomics has important implications for various fundamental areas, including mt biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology. in addition, mt genome sequences have provided useful markers for investigating population genetic structures, systematics and phylogenetics of organisms. toxocara canis, toxocara cati and toxocara malaysiensis cause significant health problems in animals and humans. although they are of importance in human and animal health, no information o ... | 2008 | 18482460 |
| identification and allergenic characterisation of a new isoform of the a. simplex allergen ani s 4. | anisakis simplex hypersensitivity is a growing disease in developed countries. a positive diagnosis usually leads to the dietary recommendation of avoiding fish and seafood consumption. the protein ani s 4 is a clinically relevant allergen due to its heat and pepsin resistant properties and its importance in the anaphylaxis process. the attempt of cloning ani s 4 has led to the identification and characterisation of a new isoform that differs only in one amino acid with the previously published. ... | 2008 | 18501441 |
| towards a differential definition of atopy: anisakis simplex and the relationship between parasites and arthropods in respiratory allergy. | protective as well as enhancing effects of parasite infections on allergic disease have been postulated. previous studies on this relationship focused frequently on skin test reactivity against aeroallergens, being house dust mites (hdm) the main agents responsible for a positive atopy outcome. we aimed to analyse the possible relationship between human parasite infection induced anisakis simplex urticaria and respiratory allergy. a total of 86 patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis and 203 p ... | 2008 | 18507783 |
| anisakis simplex as a risk factor for relapsing acute urticaria: a case-control study. | ige-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to anisakis simplex have been described after ingestion of fish, suggesting that sensitisation to this parasite may induce acute urticaria and anaphylaxis. anisakis simplex allergens are highly resistant to heat and freezing, and sensitisation may occur even in populations with low consumption of raw/undercooked fish. this study aimed to quantify the association between sensitisation to a. simplex and relapsing acute urticaria. | 2008 | 18559447 |
| parasites in stranded cetaceans of patagonia. | there is an increasing interest in parasites of marine mammals of argentina. here, we examined several poorly known cetaceans, i.e., 2 spectacled porpoises and 1 burmeister's porpoise (phocoenidae), and 1 gray's beaked whale and 1 cuvier's beaked whale (ziphidae); we also updated the parasite information for 1 sperm whale (physeteridae). these hosts strand only occasionally. we found anisakis simplex s.l. in 2 spectacled porpoises and the burmeister's porpoise, and recorded its distribution amon ... | 2008 | 18576713 |
| helminth component community of the loggerhead sea turtle, caretta caretta, from madeira archipelago, portugal. | the helminth fauna of pelagic-stage loggerhead sea turtles, caretta caretta, is still poorly known. here, we describe the helminth-component community of healthy, free-ranging juvenile loggerhead sea turtles captured in the waters around madeira island, portugal. fifty-seven were used in this study. the esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, trachea, bronchi, urinary bladder, heart, left and right aortas, and coelomic cavity were macroscopically inspected; organs and ... | 2009 | 18576835 |
| study of the effect of anisakis simplex larval products on the early and late components in the classical complement pathway. | in previous studies, we have reported that the larval products (crude extract [ce] and excretory-secretory [es]) of anisakis simplex showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the lysis mediated by classical (cp) and alternative pathways (ap) of the human complement system, with the major inhibition on the cp rather than on ap. this inhibition of hemolysis is due to the consumption of complement factors because the assays performed shortening the preincubation period result in a significant decrease ... | 2009 | 18576871 |
| [pseudoterranovosis and sushi]. | a case of accidental ingestión of pseudoterranova decipiens is reported, on account of this patient we review main concepts related to this emerging pathology in chile. consumption of raw fish in different preparations such as sushi or sashimi, cebiche and seafood is becoming more and more popular. through intermediary hosts used in the preparation, one can acquire the third stage larval of anisakis simplex or p. decipiens. these parasites frequently cause gastritis, acutely after the consumptio ... | 2008 | 18580998 |
| anisakis antigens detected in fish muscle infested with anisakis simplex l3. | anisakis simplex is a fish parasite that is a public health risk to those consuming raw or poorly cooked marine fish and cephalopods because of the possibility of becoming infested with live larvae. in humans, penetration of the larvae into the gastrointestinal track can cause acute and chronic symptoms and allergic anisakiasis. excretion and secretion products released by the larvae are thought to play a role in migration through the tissues and induce an immunoglobulin e-mediated immune respon ... | 2008 | 18592760 |
| morphological differences between larvae and in vitro-cultured adults of anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) and anisakis pegreffii (nematoda: anisakidae). | proper identification of anisakis species infecting host fishes is very important to both human health and fish disease diagnosis. the foremost problem in the identification of anisakis larvae in fishes is that l3 larvae cannot be easily differentiated morphologically, especially between a. simplex (sensu stricto) (s.s.) (rudolphi, 1809) and a. pegreffii campana-rouget et biocca, 1955. instead, molecular means such as allozyme, mitochondrial dna (mtdna) cox2 region and polymerase chain reaction- ... | 2008 | 18644463 |
| the mitochondrial genome of toxocara canis. | toxocara canis (ascaridida: nematoda), which parasitizes (at the adult stage) the small intestine of canids, can be transmitted to a range of other mammals, including humans, and can cause the disease toxocariasis. despite its significance as a pathogen, the genetics, epidemiology and biology of this parasite remain poorly understood. in addition, the zoonotic potential of related species of toxocara, such as t. cati and t. malaysiensis, is not well known. mitochondrial dna is known to provide g ... | 2008 | 18682828 |
| anisakis simplex s.l.: larvicidal activity of various monoterpenic derivatives of natural origin against l3 larvae in vitro and in vivo. | this paper describes the activity against anisakis simplex s.l. l(3) larvae of six monoterpenic derivatives obtained from different essential oils, (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, ocimene, myrcene, geranyl acetate, and cineole). in in vitro assays, alpha-pinene, ocimene and cineole showed high activity at a concentration of 125 microg/ml (48h) but only alpha-pinene and ocimene were active at 62.5 microg/ml. in in vivo assays, l(3) larvae and study compounds were simultaneously administered per os to ... | 2008 | 18713626 |
| immediate and cell-mediated reactions in parasitic infections by anisakis simplex. | anisakis simplex is responsible for allergic symptoms after repeated ingestion or contact with parasitized fish. | 2008 | 18714532 |
| specific pcr assays for the identification of common anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential. | based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (its-1 and its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) for six taxa of anisakids, namely, anisakis simplex (s.s.), anisakis typica, anisakis pegreffii, hysterothylacium aduncum, hysterothylacium sp, and contracaccum osculatum c, specific primers were designed in the its-1 and/or its-2 for each of the six anisakid taxa. these specific primers were used to develop polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tools for the identification of these anisakid ta ... | 2008 | 18758823 |
| the role of pelagic swarm fish (myctophidae: teleostei) in the oceanic life cycle of anisakis sibling species at the mid-atlantic ridge, central atlantic. | first information is provided on the parasitation and feeding ecology of the myctophid fish species myctophum punctatum and notoscopelus kroyeri from the mid-atlantic ridge (mar), central atlantic. four different parasite species were found in both fish with a similar high prevalence and intensity of infestation. the digeneans gonocerca phycidis and lethadena sp. were isolated as adults from the stomach, larval tetraphyllidean cestodes (scolex pleuronectis) from the intestine, and genetically id ... | 2008 | 18758825 |
| [acute abdomen due to anisakidosis]. | anisakidosis is the infestation of man by the larval stage of the parasite anisakis simplex. a history of ingestion of raw or undercooked fish up to 48-72 hours before the onset is highly orientative. based on the location of the lesions, various types of human anisakidosis have been identified: gastric, intestinal and luminal forms constitute the majority of cases and symptoms often mimic a variety of acute conditions such as gastritis, acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, or ileitis. we present ... | 2008 | 18837268 |
| anisakis simplex sensu lato associated with red vent syndrome in wild adult atlantic salmon salmo salar in england and wales. | wild atlantic salmon salmo salar with swollen and/or bleeding vents (red vent syndrome) have been observed in rivers across england and wales. low numbers of salmon with this condition have previously been recorded, but reports have increased in 2006 and 2007. affected and non-affected salmon were sampled from fish traps and their vent pathology was examined. third stage larvae of the nematode anisakis simplex sensu lato were observed in the tissue surrounding the vent in all affected fish. hist ... | 2008 | 19062754 |
| allergenic properties and cuticle microstructure of anisakis simplex l3 after freezing and pepsin digestion. | this article examines the viability of and the alterations to the larval cuticle and the pattern of the antigens released when live or frozen anisakis simplex larvae were treated with acid and pepsin. the results showed that freezing did not greatly alter the larva body. if ruptures were observed, the antigen release to the incubation media was not enhanced, and most of the antigenic content was retained inside the bodies of the larvae. the immunoblotting assay demonstrated that most of the anti ... | 2008 | 19244918 |
| protein contact dermatitis and allergic asthma caused by anisakis simplex. | 2009 | 19338604 | |
| identification of larval anisakis spp. (nematoda: anisakidae) in alaska pollock (theragra chalcogramma) in northern japan using morphological and molecular markers. | the alaska pollock, theragra chalcogramma (pallas), is an important raw source for surimi and other food products in japan. however, alaska pollock caught in the atlantic and mediterranean regions has been reported to harbor anisakis species that pose considerable food safety problems. here, we identified the third-stage (l3) anisakis spp. sampled from alaska pollock caught in northern japan using a combination of morphological and molecular analyses which included pcr-rflp and sequencing of the ... | 2009 | 19413366 |
| the anisakis simplex ani s 7 major allergen as an indicator of true anisakis infections. | ani s 7 is currently the most important excretory/secretory (es) anisakis simplex allergen, as it is the only one recognized by 100% of infected patients. the allergenicity of this molecule is due mainly to the presence of a novel cx(17-25)cx(9-22)cx(8)cx(6) tandem repeat motif not seen in any previously reported protein. in this study we used this allergen as a model to investigate how es allergens are recognized during anisakis infections, and the usefulness of a recombinant fragment of ani s ... | 2009 | 19438600 |
| macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologs of anisakis simplex suppress th2 response in allergic airway inflammation model via cd4+cd25+foxp3+ t cell recruitment. | we have cloned the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif)-like protein (anisakis simplex (as)-mif) from larvae of the whale worm (anisakis simplex third-stage larvae). asthma was induced in the mice using ova/alum, with or without various concentrations of ras-mif treatment before ova/alum challenge. treatment with ras-mif coupled with ova/alum during the challenge period induced a complete inhibition of eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia within the lung and profoundly ameliorated th ... | 2009 | 19454687 |
| significance of infrequent and unspecific pathologies recorded in the spanish survey alergológica-2005. | there are infrequent or unspecific diseases that occupy an important part of time in the job of the allergists. | 2009 | 19530420 |
| mitochondrial dna of anisakis simplex s.s. as a potential tool for differentiating populations. | anisakis simplex s.s. specimens from gadus morhua, gadus ogac, reinhardtius hippoglossoides, clupea harengus, micromesistius poutassou, pleurogrammus monopterygius, and oncorhynchus nerka, caught in the north atlantic and pacific, were examined. identity of the parasite species was confirmed using a molecular key. all specimens were used for amplifying a part of the non-coding sequence of the at-rich region, flanked by the nad6-nad4l-trnw-trne-rrns-trns2, and trnn-trny-nad1 genes. this part of t ... | 2009 | 19530887 |
| [acute abdomen by anisakiasis and globalization]. | the aa report a case of a patient with acute abdomen caused by intestinal anisakiasis, a fish-transmitted infection that results from ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish contaminated by live larvae of anisakis simplex, a round worm from the order of ascaridida. | 2009 | 19537127 |
| the clinical characteristics of anisakis allergy in korea. | anisakidae larvae can cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans. although several groups have reported a gastrointestinal anisakis allergy among people in spain and japan, our report is the first to summarize the clinical features of 10 anisakis allergy cases in korea. we enrolled 10 korean patients (6 men and 4 women) who complained of aggravated allergic symptoms after ingesting raw fish or seafood. sensitization to anisakis was confirmed by detecting serum specific ige to anisakis simplex. th ... | 2009 | 19543498 |
| additional records of metazoan parasites from caribbean marine mammals, including genetically identified anisakid nematodes. | studies of marine mammal parasites in the caribbean are scarce. an assessment for marine mammal endo- and ectoparasites from puerto rico and the virgin islands, but extending to other areas of the caribbean, was conducted between 1989 and 1994. the present study complements the latter and enhances identification of anisakid nematodes using molecular markers. parasites were collected from 59 carcasses of stranded cetaceans and manatees from 1994 to 2006, including globicephala macrorhynchus, kogi ... | 2009 | 19582477 |
| comparison of magnified endoscopic images of ancylostoma duodenale(hookworm) and anisakis simplex. | 2009 | 19637119 | |
| anisakid larvae in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) grilse and post-smolts: molecular identification and histopathology. | the molecular identification and histopathology are described for the parasitic larvae of a nematode species present in the abdominal cavity of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) grilse caught in fish traps on their natal river in the west of ireland and post-smolts collected during experimental trawls on the continental shelf edge of the northeast atlantic ocean. larvae in the adult and juvenile salmon were identified as anisakis simplex sensu stricto by pcr amplification and rflp and sequencing o ... | 2010 | 19747018 |
| pathological and ultrastructural studies on anisakis simplex rudolphi-1809 infecting carangoides bajad with special reference to intestinal maturation in puppies. | thirty five (70%) of 51 carangoides bajad were naturally infected with anisakis simplex during the period from september 2007 to january 2008. the fish were collected from eastern south coast of the red sea at hurgada. the morphological and ultrastructures of anisakis larvae and adults, and the induced lesions in the fish (intermediate host), five puppies (final host) were orally given infected fish. the body of the larvae is gradually tapering towards the anterior part. it is covered by striate ... | 2009 | 19795767 |
| [anisakis simplex larvae from the baltic herring as tag organisms in biological and fisheries research. i. baltic herring and a. simplex nematodes: the models of parasitic infection and fish migration tags]. | models relating infection intensity with anisakis simplex larvae to the fish length and weight were developed and applied to estimate the asymptotic size of herring. generalized linear models (glm) were used to analyse the prevalence and intensity of infection as dependent on time and area of sampling and the biological parameters of fish. for the characterization of herring populations in the southern baltic, two complementary approaches were used: morphometric and meristic analyses to quantify ... | 2009 | 19856835 |
| [anisakis simplex larvae from the baltic herring as tag organisms in biological and fisheries research. ii. host and parasite acetylcholinesterases]. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in the tissues of host and the parasite and the impact of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide on the ache activity in a. simplex larvae was investigated. generalized linear models (glm) were used for modeling enzymatic activity in herring and a. simplex nematodes. | 2009 | 19856836 |
| usefulness of the cd63 basophil activation test in detecting anisakis hypersensitivity in patients with chronic urticaria: diagnosis and follow-up. | the basophil activation test (bat) has been recently described as a useful in vitro tool for diagnosis of allergy to anisakis species in patients with acute urticaria. | 2010 | 19874355 |
| risk factors for human anisakis infection and association between the geographic origins of scomber japonicus and anisakid nematodes. | it has been reported that nearly all cases of anisakiasis in japan are caused by anisakis simplex sensu stricto. to elucidate this further, we investigated the presence of anisakis type i larvae and pseudoterranova decipiens in 218 scomber japonicus fish collected from the seas of japan. anisakis type i larvae were detected in 74.3% (162/218) of the fish, and 99.8% of the anisakis type i larvae comprised a. simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii. molecular identification techniques were us ... | 2010 | 19892425 |
| identification of lipids in the cuticle of the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex and the somatic tissues of the atlantic cod gadus morhua. | the main aim of this work was to assign the cuticular lipids identified in a parasitic nematode and to distinguish those originating from its host. the hypothesis that long-chained fatty acids and sterols are imported by the parasite in the absence of certain enzymes was also tested. the organisms (anisakis simplex and gadus morhua) were extracted in petroleum ether and dichloromethane. matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof) was used to identify unknown com ... | 2010 | 19945456 |
| different th1/th2 responses to anisakis simplex are related to distinct clinical manifestations in sensitized patients. | anisakis simplex is a fish parasite capable of inducing inflammatory and allergic reactions in humans who eat raw or undercooked fish. the aim of this study was to characterize the t helper type 1 (th1)/th2 immune response to parasite crude (ce) and thermostable (tse) extracts in a. simplex-sensitized patients. cytokines were quantified by a multiplex flow cytometric method in short-term whole blood cultures. higher concentrations of il-2, il-4 and il-5, measured with the ce and tse, were found ... | 2010 | 20042009 |
| helminth parasites from the stomach of conger eel, conger conger, from madeira island, atlantic ocean. | geographic variations in the diversity and prevalence of helminth parasites of fish can provide important clues as to the relatedness of fish populations. in the present work, the stomachs of 64 conger eels, conger conger, collected during 1999 and 2000, were examined for the presence of parasites. four fish were infected with l3 stages of the nematode anisakis simplex s.l. (anisakidae), 1 with the nematode cristitectus congeri (cystidicolidae), 1 with the acanthocephalan rhadinorhynchus pristis ... | 2009 | 20050008 |
| antigenicity and viability of anisakis larvae infesting hake heated at different time-temperature conditions. | heat treatments (40 to 94 degrees celsius, 30 s to 60 min) were applied to different batches of anisakis simplex l3 larvae isolated from hake ovaries and viscera to study the effect of heat on the viability of the larvae measured as mobility, emission of fluorescence under uv light, and changes in color after staining with specific dyes, and on a. simplex antigenic proteins. the aim was to determine the lowest time-temperature conditions needed to kill the larvae to avoid anisakiasis in consumer ... | 2010 | 20051205 |