Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| a cross-sectional study of tritrichomonas foetus infection in feral and shelter cats in prince edward island, canada. | a cross-sectional study examined the occurrence of tritrichomonas foetus, and other intestinal parasites, in feral and shelter cats in prince edward island (pei). fecal samples were collected from 100 feral cats, 100 cats from the pei humane society, and 5 cats from a private residence. the occurrence of t. foetus, based on fecal culture, was 0% in feral and shelter cats. a single positive sample was obtained from an owned abyssinian cat that was imported to pei. intestinal parasites were identi ... | 2016 | 26933262 |
| development of a real-time pcr for a sensitive one-step coprodiagnosis allowing both the identification of carnivore feces and the detection of toxocara spp. and echinococcus multilocularis. | studying the environmental occurrence of parasites of concern for humans and animals based on coprosamples is an expanding field of work in epidemiology and the ecology of health. detecting and quantifying toxocara spp. and echinococcus multilocularis, two predominant zoonotic helminths circulating in european carnivores, in feces may help to better target measures for prevention. a rapid, sensitive, and one-step quantitative pcr (qpcr) allowing detection of e. multilocularis and toxocara spp. w ... | 2016 | 26969697 |
| concomitant infestation of toxocara cati and ancylostoma tubaeforme in a mongrel cat. | a 3½ years old mongrel female cat was brought with the history of inappetence, seizure and lateral recumbency since 4 days and motion sickness since 2 days. faecal examination confirmed toxocara cati and ancylostoma tubaeforme along with un-hatched live toxocara cati larvae. treatment has been initiated with pyrantel pamoate and along with supportive therapy. | 2016 | 27065627 |
| the prevalence of intestinal nematodes in cats and dogs from lancashire, north-west england. | to estimate prevalence of clinically-relevant intestinal nematodes in uk cats and dogs using the sensitive faecal analysis technique flotac. | 2016 | 27071856 |
| risk factors for toxocara spp. seroprevalence and its association with atopy and asthma phenotypes in school-age children in a small town and semi-rural areas of northeast brazil. | toxocara canis, toxocara cati, are roundworms that live in the intestines of dogs and cats, respectively, and are predominantly agents of human toxocariasis. studies have suggested that toxocara spp. seroprevalence increases levels of total and aeroallergen-specific ige (sige), asthma prevalence and asthma morbidity. nevertheless, other work reported a negative association between toxocara spp. seropositivity with skin hypersensititity and a positive association with sige. the objective of the p ... | 2016 | 27080332 |
| gastrointestinal parasites of cats in brazil: frequency and zoonotic risk. | gastrointestinal helminths are considered to be the most common parasites affecting cats worldwide. correct diagnosis of these parasites in animals living in urban areas is pivotal, especially considering the zoonotic potential of some species (e.g. ancylostoma sp. and toxocara sp.). in this study, a copromicroscopic survey was conducted using fecal samples (n = 173) from domestic cats living in the northeastern region of brazil. samples were examined through the flotac technique and the overall ... | 2016 | 27096530 |
| eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocariasis: not a rare cause. | myocarditis is a clinically important disease because of the high mortality. from the perspective of treatment strategy, eosinophilic myocarditis should be distinguished from other types of myocarditis. toxocariasis, caused by toxocara canis or toxocara cati, is known as a cause of eosinophilic myocarditis but is considered rare. as it is an unpopular disease, eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocariasis may be underdiagnosed. we experienced two cases of eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocaria ... | 2016 | 27123346 |
| seroepidemiology of human toxocara and ascaris infections in the netherlands. | toxocara canis, toxocara cati and ascaris suum are worldwide-distributed zoonotic roundworms of dogs, cats and pigs, respectively. the epidemiology of these parasites in developed countries is largely unclear. two countrywide cross-sectional serosurveys were therefore conducted in the netherlands in 1995/1996 and 2006/2007 to investigate the prevalence, trends and risk factors for human toxocara and ascaris infections in the general population. the netherlands is characterized by high pig produc ... | 2016 | 27234034 |
| chronic polyarthritis as isolated manifestation of toxocariasis. | human toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis mainly caused by toxocara canis or toxocara cati and is acquired by ingestion of the parasite's embryonated eggs. arthralgia and/or arthritis were reported in up to 17% of the cases, generally with acute duration (less than 6 weeks). however, to our knowledge, chronic polyarthritis, as the isolated presentation of toxocara infection, was not reported. one of the 5809 patients that was followed up at our service (0.017%) had chronic polyarthritis as the ... | 2016 | 27267534 |
| a hydroalcoholic extract from paullinia pinnata l. roots exerts anthelmintic activity against free-living and parasitic nematodes. | paullinia pinnata is a medicinal plant traditionally used in west africa against a wide range of diseases including soil-transmitted helminthiases. in this study, a hydroethanolic root extract was investigated for its phytochemical composition and in vitro activity against the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans as well as the larval stages of the parasitic helminths ancylostoma caninum, haemonchus contortus, toxocara cati, and trichuris vulpis.lc-ms analysis of the ethanol-water (1 : 1) ... | 2016 | 27286336 |
| epidemiological survey of zoonotic helminths in feral cats in gran canaria island (macaronesian archipelago-spain). | the presence of zoonotic parasites in feral cats have been widely considered all over the world. in gran canaria (macaronesian archipelago, canary islands, spain) the number of feral cats has grown out of control in urban and rural areas. 48 of felis catus captured in different gran canaria areas were studied. animals were necropsied and several organs were systematically examined in order to collect and identify macroscopic parasites. in addition, coprological tests were done in 28 cats. there ... | 2016 | 27447205 |
| helminth infections and cardiovascular diseases: toxocara species is contributing to the disease. | toxocariasis is the clinical term used to describe human infection with either the dog ascarid toxocara canis or the feline ascarid toxocara cati. as with other helminths zoonoses, the infective larvae of these toxocara species cannot mature into adults in the human host. instead, the worms wander through organs and tissues, mainly the liver, lungs, myocardium, kidney and central nervous system, in a vain attempt to find that, which they need to mature into adults. the migration of these immatur ... | 2017 | 27492228 |
| modified method to enhanced recovery of toxocara cati larvae for the purposes of diagnostic and therapeutic. | human toxocariasis, extraintestinal-migration of toxocara species, is a worldwide helminthic zoonosis in many places of the undeveloped countries. toxocara cati is one of the common helminths in cats and it is a potentially preventable disease. its diagnosis and treatment depend on the demonstration of specific excretory-secretory toxocara antibodies from toxocara larvae by immunological assays. this study provides a simple manual technique which can be performed in any laboratory for recovering ... | 2016 | 27502936 |
| ascarid infestation in captive siberian tigers in china. | the siberian tiger is endangered and is listed by the international union for the conservation of nature; the captive environment is utilized to maintain siberian tiger numbers. little information regarding the prevalence of parasites in siberian tigers is available. a total of 277 fecal samples of siberian tigers were analyzed in this study. the microscopic analysis indicated the presence of ascarid eggs of toxascaris leonina and toxocara cati. the ascarid infection rate was 67.5% in siberian t ... | 2016 | 27514888 |
| flotation and adherence characteristics of toxocara canis and t. cati and a reliable method for recovering toxocara eggs from soil. | toxocara canis and t. cati are worldwide distributed intestinal nematodes of canids and felids and pose a threat to public health due to possible clinical manifestations in humans. different methods for detection of toxocara eggs in soil have been described, but conducted studies deal with egg recovery rates of t. canis or "toxocara spp." only whereas t. cati egg recovery has not been taken into consideration. thus, flotation properties in sodium chloride solution and adherence characteristics t ... | 2016 | 27523935 |
| first report of toxocara cati in the domestic land snail rumina decollata. | the prospective role of the land snail rumina decollata as a potential paratenic host of toxocara cati for domestic cats was studied. r. decollata specimens and cats' feces were collected from the open spaces of a buenos aires city hospital. cats' feces were analyzed and snails were digested to identify t. cati stages, by morphological and molecular analyses. t. cati larval eggs were recovered from 23.5% (4/17) of the sampled feces. twenty percent of snail pools (5/25) were confirmed to be posit ... | 2017 | 27567520 |
| the occurrence of toxocara species in naturally infected broiler chickens revealed by molecular approaches. | consuming raw and undercooked meat is known to enhance the risk of human toxocariasis because toxocara species have a wide range of paratenic hosts, including chickens. the aim of this study was to identify species of toxocara in naturally infected broiler chickens using molecular approaches. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was used for the differentiation of toxocara canis and toxocara cati larvae recovered from tissues and organs, and identified by microscopic observations. thirty-thr ... | 2016 | 27571878 |
| a rare cause of hypereosinophilia: a case report. | toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of toxocara cati and t. canis, which live in the intestinal system of cats (t. cati) and dogs (t. canis). infective eggs can enter the gastrointestinal system by the oral route via foods contaminated with feces of dogs or cats or via dirty contaminated hands. the larvae penetrate the small intestine and migrate to visceral organs by systemic circulation. hypereosinophilia is a common finding in the tissue invasion of parasites. serol ... | 2016 | 27594294 |
| optimal elisa antigen for the diagnosis of ascaris suum infection in humans. | ascarid nematodes, ascaris suum, toxocara canis and toxocara cati, are the most important causative species of larva migrans syndrome (lms) in humans. although the diagnosis of ascarid lms is generally based on serological tests, specific serological tests for a. suum infection have not been fully developed. in the present study, the sensitivity and specificity of three a. suum antigen preparations, i.e., the somatic adult worm antigen (as-swap), larval excretory-secretory (es) antigens derived ... | 2016 | 27604123 |
| prevalence and risk factors for patent toxocara infections in cats and cat owners' attitude towards deworming. | the prevalence of and risk factors for shedding toxocara eggs in cats older than 6 months were determined by examining 670 faecal samples collected in 4 cross-sectional studies in the netherlands. additionally, cat owners provided information on their attitude towards routine deworming. samples were examined using the centrifugal sedimentation flotation method. overall toxocara prevalence was 7.2 %. multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that young age and living in rural areas were ... | 2016 | 27637227 |
| detection of specific antibody reactivity to toxocara larval excretory-secretory antigens in asthmatic patients (5-15 years). | humans act as an intermediate host for toxocara canis and toxocara cati. toxocara may be an important risk factor for asthma in humans. the aim of the present study was to evaluate immunoglobulin g (igg) anti-toxocara canis antibody, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in asthmatic patients (aged 5-15 years), referring to a clinic of pulmonary diseases in arak, iran. | 2016 | 27857820 |
| a survey study on gastrointestinal parasites of stray cats in azarshahr, (east azerbaijan province, iran). | gastrointestinal parasites are among the most common parasitic infections found in stray cats, which might act potential helminthic parasites to domestic cats. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in stray cats in the city of azarshahr, which is located in east azerbaijan province, iran. a cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 necropsied stray cats, trapped and collected from different geographic regions of azarshahr. from a total 50 stray ... | 2016 | 27876926 |
| helminth infections and gut microbiota - a feline perspective. | investigations of the relationships between the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes are attracting growing interest by the scientific community, driven by the need to better understand the contribution of parasite-associated changes in the composition of the gut flora to both host malnutrition and immune modulation. these studies have however been carried out mainly in humans and experimental animals, while knowledge of the make-up of the gut commensal flora in presence or ab ... | 2016 | 27912797 |
| frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in cats seen at the university of são paulo veterinary hospital, brazil. | the frequency of gastrointestinal infections in 502 cats seen at the veterinary hospital of the university of são paulo, sp, brazil, between 2005 and 2014, was measured. the samples were analyzed using methods of flotation and sedimentation. the results were compared with those from studies published previously using fecal samples from the same hospital at different times. associations between the frequency of positivity for each parasite and age, breed, sex, diarrhea and use of anthelmintic wer ... | 2016 | 27925073 |
| influence of land use and meteorological factors on the spatial distribution of toxocara canis and toxocara cati eggs in soil in urban areas. | soil which has been contaminated by toxocara spp. eggs is considered as one of the main infection sources of toxocariasis in animals and humans. the present study conducted a detailed investigation into the spatial patterns of toxocara canis (t. canis) and toxocara cati (t. cati) eggs in soil in urban area of northeastern mainland china, and assessed the inter-relationships between meteorological factors, land use and the distribution of the toxocara spp. eggs. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) wa ... | 2017 | 28043392 |
| genetic variability and discrimination of low doses of toxocara spp. from public areas soil inferred by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a field-friendly molecular tool. | aim: one of the main diagnostic problems of conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is indiscrimination of low parasitic loads in soil samples. the aim of this study is to determine the genetic diversity and identification of toxocara spp. from public areas soil inferred by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay. | 2016 | 28096624 |
| distribution and dynamics of soil contamination with toxocara canis and toxocara cati eggs in poland and prevention measures proposed after 20 years of study. | the studies conducted in the years 1994-2013 allowed to determine the distribution of toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of different types of urban and rural areas in poland and to establish seasonal and multi-year dynamics of soil contamination with t. cati and t. canis eggs. out of 3309 soil samples examined, 14.9% contained the eggs and the average density was 3.43 eggs/100g of soil. the level of soil contamination was the highest in cities, lower in villages, and lowest in small towns. in urban ... | 2017 | 28115175 |
| occurrence and clinical significance of aelurostrongylus abstrusus and other endoparasites in danish cats. | feline endoparasites are highly prevalent worldwide and may cause a variety of clinical signs in infected cats. prevalence rates are dynamic and there is limited knowledge of the current prevalence in denmark and the clinical manifestation and significance of especially the lungworm aelurostrongylus abstrusus. this study investigated the total and local prevalence of aelurostrongylus abstrusus and other endoparasites in danish cats. the clinical significance of feline aelurostrongylosis was also ... | 2017 | 28115180 |
| intestinal parasites and vector-borne pathogens in stray and free-roaming cats living in continental and insular greece. | this survey investigated the distribution of various intestinal parasites and vector-borne pathogens in stray and free-roaming cats living in four regions of greece. a total number of one hundred and fifty cats living in three islands (crete, mykonos and skopelos) and in athens municipality was established as a realistic aim to be accomplished in the study areas. all cats were examined with different microscopic, serological and molecular assays aiming at evaluating the occurrence of intestinal ... | 2017 | 28141857 |
| genetic analysis of toxocara cati (nematoda: ascarididae) from guangdong province, subtropical china. | toxocara cati (cat roundworm) is a common parasitic nematode that infects humans and other hosts, causing toxocariasis. although its significance as a pathogen, the epidemiology, genetics and biology of t. cati remain poorly understand in china. in the present study, genetic variation in mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and internal transcribed spacer (its) of rdna region among t. cati in guangdong province, subtropical china was examined. a portion of the cox1 (pcox ... | 2017 | 28141958 |
| toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two cases. | toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms toxocara canis or toxocara cati, mostly due to accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs. clinical manifestations vary and are classified according to the organs affected. central nervous system involvement is an unusual complication. here, we report two cases with neurological manifestations, in which there was cerebrospinal fluid (csf) eosinophilia with marked blood eosinophilia and a positive serology for toxocara both in serum and ... | 2017 | 28157623 |
| detection of specific antibodies in cats infected with the lung nematode aelurostrongylus abstrusus. | feline aelurostrongylosis, caused by the metastrongylid nematode aelurostrongylus abstrusus, is an underestimated respiratory parasitosis. its diagnosis currently mainly relies on the isolation of first stage larvae from fresh faecal samples. the aim of our study was to develop a serological test for the detection of specific antibodies against a. abstrusus by elisa. we used recombinant major sperm protein (msp) of the bovine lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus as detection antigen and evaluated two ... | 2017 | 28215872 |
| small rodents as paratenic or intermediate hosts of carnivore parasites in berlin, germany. | rodents are important intermediate and paratenic hosts for carnivore parasites, including the important zoonotic agents toxoplasma, echinococcus and toxocara. monitoring of such parasites in rodents can be used to detect increasing risks for human and veterinary public health. rodents were trapped at four sites in berlin, two near the city center, two at the periphery. pcrs were conducted to detect coccidia (target its-1) and specifically toxoplasma gondii (repetitive element) in brain and ascar ... | 2017 | 28278269 |
| prevalence of helminth and coccidian parasites in swedish outdoor cats and the first report of aelurostrongylus abstrusus in sweden: a coprological investigation. | this study was performed in order to gather recent epidemiological data on feline endoparasites in swedish cats. faecal samples from 205 outdoor cats were collected by their owners and submitted to the national veterinary institute for analysis. the study population was comprised of cats with access to an outdoor environment and with no history of anthelmintic treatment within the last 3 months. intestinal parasites were detected with a centrifugal flotation technique and baermann larval sedimen ... | 2017 | 28330485 |
| efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner against ancylostoma tubaeforme and toxocara cati in cats. | the efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner for cats was evaluated against induced infections with ancylostoma tubaeforme (hookworm) and toxocara cati (roundworm). five laboratory studies were conducted using adult, purpose-bred cats. four of the studies were designed to evaluate efficacy of the combination against a. tubaeforme, the dose-limiting gastrointestinal nematode species for selamectin. in two of these studies non-interference between selamectin and sarolaner ... | 2017 | 28395755 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of ancylostoma caninum and toxocara canis in dogs and toxocara cati in cats. | we report the development and field validation of 2 elisas for the detection of ancylostoma caninum or toxocara canis coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural infections, and evidence of cross-reactivity with respective feline counterparts. a. caninum-specific coproantigens were detected in feces of experimentally infected dogs starting at 9 d post-infection (dpi), whereas eggs were not seen until 23 dpi. t. canis-specific coproantigens were detected in 3 of 5 experimenta ... | 2017 | 28424002 |
| abnormal neurobehaviour and impaired memory function as a consequence of toxocara canis- as well as toxocara cati-induced neurotoxocarosis. | neuroinvasive larvae of the worldwide occurring zoonotic roundworms toxocara canis and t. cati may induce neurotoxocarosis (nt) in humans, provoking a variety of symptoms including cognitive deficits as well as neurological dysfunctions. an association with neuropsychological disorders has been discussed. similar symptoms have been described in t. canis-infected mice, whereas data on t. cati-induced nt are rare. therefore, it was aimed to obtain insights into the impact on neurobehaviour as well ... | 2017 | 28481889 |
| environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of greater lisbon, portugal. | toxocarosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted from companion animals to humans. environmental contamination with toxocara eggs is considered to be the main source of human infections. in portugal, knowledge regarding the current situation, including density, distribution and environmental contamination by toxocara spp., is largely unknown. the present study investigated environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs, in soil and faecal samples collected from public parks and playg ... | 2017 | 28545900 |
| endoparasites of eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) (linnaeus, 1758) from an enclosure of western pomeranian nature society in jablonowo | the aim of this study was to describe parasites of three lynx living in an enclosure of western pomeranian nature society in jablonowo. during analysis of 3 gram faecal samples eggs of toxascaris leonina, toxocara cati, ancylostoma sp. and oocysts of cystoisospora felis were found. to our knowledge this is the first report of c. felis infection in lynx from poland. presented research show that wild cats in captivity are particularly exposed on parasitic infections and demand regular examination. | 2017 | 28601059 |
| monoclonal antibody against toxocara cati second-stage larvae. | 2017 | 28636499 | |
| gastrointestinal parasites in stray and shelter cats in the municipality of rio de janeiro, brazil. | the increasingly urban nature of the population has led many people to choose independent pets, such as cats. this situation has also made it possible for these animals to be abandoned, thus increasing the numbers of cats on the streets and in shelters. these animals can act as a source of infection for other hosts. between 2014 and 2015, the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in captive and stray cats in the municipality of rio de janeiro was analyzed. ninety-one fecal samples were collect ... | 2017 | 28678896 |
| differentiation of toxocara canis and toxocara cati based on pcr-rflp analyses of rdna-its and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 regions. | the definitive genetic identification of toxocara species is currently based on pcr/sequencing. the objectives of the present study were to design and conduct an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of toxocara species. in silico analyses using the dnasis and nebcutter softwares were performed with rdna internal transcribed spacers, and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 sequences obtained in our previous studies along with relevant sequ ... | 2017 | 28682773 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and other gastrointestinal parasites in domestic cats from households in thika region, kenya. | gastrointestinal (git) parasites of domestic cats (felis catus) not only cause morbidity but are also potential zoonotic agents. the current study aimed at establishing the prevalence of git parasites in cats kept by households in thika region, kenya. fecal samples were collected randomly from 103 cats and analyzed for presence of parasites using standard parasitological methods. in descending order, the prevalence of the detected protozoa parasites was isospora spp. 43.7% (95% ci: 40.4-47%), cr ... | 2017 | 28691033 |
| [toxocariasis, a neglected disease in switzerland ?] | toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that occurs when humans are infected by the parasites toxocara canis or toxocara cati. toxocariasis is highly prevalent in tropical areas, but can also be found in industrialized countries, particularly in rural areas. clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic infection to more severe disease. diagnosis of toxocariasis is based on suggestive clinical findings, eosinophilia and a positive serological testing. albendazole represents the first-line treatme ... | 2017 | 28727331 |
| treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole. | larva migrans syndrome is a food-borne parasitic disease in humans, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs or larvae of ascarid nematodes, namely, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, or ascaris suum, the roundworms commonly found in the intestines of dogs, cats and pigs respectively. when a patient is diagnosed as having larva migrans syndrome, oral-administration of albendazole is recommended, however, the regimen remains controversial worldwide. in japan, the duration of albendazole administration ... | 2017 | 28754237 |
| the 33.1 kda excretory/secretory protein produced by toxocara canis larvae serves as a potential common biomarker for serodiagnosis of toxocariasis in paratenic animals and human. | toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis disease caused by the closely related nematode species toxocara canis and toxocara cati which parasitise canidae and felidae respectively. in paratenic hosts, larvae of these worms cause multiple organ damage. however, how these paratenic hosts response to these worms and whether any common biomarker can be applied for diagnosis are still unclear. | 2017 | 28761463 |
| road killed carnivores illustrate the status of zoonotic helminthes in caspian sea littoral of iran. | carnivore carcasses on the roads can be regarded as study materials in parasitology and eco-epidemiology. stray carnivores such as dogs and cats are known to harbor so many different pathogens like zoonotic helminthes. the current investigation, apparent the status of the helminthic parasites found in road killed carnivores from different parts of guilan province north of iran. | 2017 | 28761483 |
| gastrointestinal helminths and ectoparasites in the stray cats (felidae: felis catus) of ahar municipality, northwestern iran. | the stray cats are considered as the sources of emerging humans and domestic livestock pathogens and the zoonoses of public health importance. the present study was aimed to elucidate intestinal helminth infections and infestation with ectoparasites of the stray cats of ahar city, northwestern iran. | 2017 | 28761492 |
| assessment of u.s. pediatrician knowledge of toxocariasis. | toxocariasis, one of a group of parasitic diseases known as neglected parasitic infections, is a disease caused by the larvae of two species of toxocara roundworms, toxocara canis, from dogs, and less commonly toxocara cati, from cats. although most infected individuals are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations may include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain (visceral toxocariasis) or vision loss, retina damage, or eye inflammation (ocular toxocariasis). to assess u.s. pediatri ... | 2017 | 28820703 |