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kluyveromyces marxianus exhibits an ancestral saccharomyces cerevisiae genome organization downstream of adh2.in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the alcohol dehydrogenase genes adh1 and adh5 are part of a duplicated block of genome, thought to originate from a genome-wide duplication posterior to the divergence from the kluyveromyces lineage. we report here the characterization of kluyveromyces marxianus adh2 and the five genes found in its immediate downstream region, mrps9, yol087c, rpb5, rib7 and spp381. the order of these six genes reflects the structure of the ancestral s. cerevisiae genome before the du ...200010974568
nucleotide sequence, expression and transcriptional analysis of the bifidobacterium longum mb 219 lacz gene.the gene encoding beta-galactosidase was isolated by functional complementation of escherichia coli from bifidobacterium longum mb219, which exhibited the highest activity among ten bifidobacterium strains tested of the species b. longum, b. breve, b. adolescentis, b. indicum, b. animalis and b. cuniculi. the nucleotide sequence of the 5.0-kb fragment conferring the positive beta-galactosidase phenotype to e. coli revealed the presence of a lacz-type gene encoding a 1023-amino-acid protein that ...200010985745
kinetic modeling of lactose hydrolysis with an immobilized beta-galactosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis.the kinetic model of the hydrolysis of lactose with a beta-galactosidase from kluyveromyces fragilis immobilized on a commercial silica-alumina (ka-3, from südchemie) has been determined. a wide experimental range of the main variables has been employed: temperature, concentrations of substrate, and products and concentration of enzyme. the runs were performed in a complex buffer with the salt composition of milk. the effect of ph and temperature on the stability and the activity of the enzyme h ...200011024521
yeasts as a model for assessing the toxicity of the fungicides penconazol, cymoxanil and dichlofluanid.in the present work the sensitivity of yeast strains of kluyveromyces marxianus, pichia anomala, candida utilis, schizosaccharomyces pombe and saccharomyces cerevisiae, to the fungicides cymoxanil, penconazol, and dichlofluanid, was evaluated. dichlofluanid induced the most negative effects, whereas penconazol in general was not very toxic. overall, our results show that the parameters ic50 for specific respiration rates of c. utilis and s. cerevisiae and c(d) for cell viability of s. cerevisiae ...200011057691
nonesterified galacturonic acid sequence homology of pectins.the methyl ester distribution of pectins was studied with a recently developed enzymatic method. endopolygalacturonase of kluyveromyces fragilis was used to degrade pectin and the composition of the degradation products was determined with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography at ph 5. three characteristics indicative for the distribution of nonesterified galacturonic acid residues were obtained: the percentage of nonesterified galacturonic acid residues liberated of the total number of ...200111072224
lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. coryniformis strain si3 produces a broad-spectrum proteinaceous antifungal compound.the antifungal activity spectrum of lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. coryniformis strain si3 was investigated. the strain had strong inhibitory activity in dual-culture agar plate assays against the molds aspergillus fumigatus, a. nidulans, penicillium roqueforti, mucor hiemalis, talaromyces flavus, fusarium poae, f. graminearum, f. culmorum, and f. sporotrichoides. a weaker activity was observed against the yeasts debaryomyces hansenii, kluyveromyces marxianus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae. th ...200111133421
generation of odorous acyloins by yeast pyruvate decarboxylases and their occurrence in sherry and soy sauce.volatile acyloins (alpha-hydroxy ketones) were obtained by condensing either aldehydes with pyruvate or 2-keto acids with acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by yeast pyruvate decarboxylases (ec 4.1.1.1). odor qualities and threshold values of 34 acyloins were evaluated, and 23 of them possessed distinct flavor properties. sherry and soy sauce flavors were analyzed: 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone were identified in soy sauce for the first time; these and 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-he ...200011141278
identification of rare candida species and other yeasts by polymerase chain reaction and slot blot hybridization.invasive candidiasis has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. here we describe a fast and reliable dna extraction and pcr amplification method in combination with a slot blot hybridization assay. a genus-specific probe was designed that allowed to detect dna from a broad range of candida species and 3 other yeasts. in addition, species-specific oligonucleotides for emerging candida and other yeast species allowed to identify dna extracted from candida lusit ...200011146245
genomic exploration of the hemiascomycetous yeasts: 12. kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus.as part of the comparative genomics project 'genolevures', we studied the kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus strain cbs712 using a partial random sequencing strategy. with a 0.2 x genome equivalent coverage, we identified ca. 1300 novel genes encoding proteins, some containing spliceosomal introns with consensus splice sites identical to those of saccharomyces cerevisiae, 28 trna genes, the whole rdna repeat, and retrotransposons of the ty1/2 family of s. cerevisiae with diverged long termin ...200011152887
antimicrobial properties and mode of action of the pyrrothine holomycin.holomycin, a member of the pyrrothine class of antibiotics, displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, inhibiting a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the exception of enterobacter cloacae, morganella morganii, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the antibiotic lacked activity against the eukaryotic microorganisms saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida kefyr. holomycin exhibited a bacteriostatic response against escherichia coli that was associated with rapid inhibition of rna ...200111158751
sensitive bioassay for determination of fluconazole concentrations in plasma using a candida albicans mutant hypersusceptible to azoles.the antifungal agent fluconazole (flc) is widely used in clinical practice. monitoring flc levels is useful in complicated clinical settings and in experimental infection models. a bioassay using candida pseudotropicalis, a simple and cost-effective method, is validated only for flc levels ranging from 5 to 40 mg/liter. an extension of the analytical range is needed to cover most yeast mics. a new bioassay in rpmi agar containing methylene blue was developed using c. albicans dsy1024, a mutant r ...200111181345
endopolygalacturonase genes and enzymes from saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces marxianus.the gene encoding endopolygalacturonase (ec 3.2.1.15) has been cloned, sequenced and expressed from three strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae (including nonsecretors) and three strains of kluyveromyces marxianus. both control and coding regions showed small differences within each species, one including loss of a potential glycosylation site. two non-secreting s. cerevisiae strains (fy1679 and var. uvarum) had non-transcribed copies of functional genes. maximum enzyme activity was achieved with ...200011191210
uptake of aflatoxin b1 and t-2 toxin by two mycotoxin bioassay microorganisms: kluyveromyces marxianus and bacillus megaterium.uptake of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) and trichothecene t-2 toxin from growth medium by mycotoxin bioassay strains of klutyveomyces marxianus and bacillus megaterium was assessed by incubating, washing, and sonicating the cells, extracting samples with chloroform, and analysing the extracts by a combination of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) and fluorescence densitometry. using cultures of k. marxianus, the entire afb1 dose was recovered and no afb1 metabolites were detected. less tha ...200011195092
in-vitro activity of five antifungal agents against uncommon clinical isolates of candida spp.a broth microdilution method and an agar dilution method were used for testing fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin b against 98 clinical isolates belonging to seven species of candida. the approximate rank order of fluconazole mics was candida lusitaniae approximately candida kefyr < candida famata approximately candida guilliermondii < candida pelliculosa approximately c. lipolytica approximately candida inconspicua. candida lypolitica and c. pelliculosa were t ...199911252339
simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes to ethanol using a thermotolerant yeast.simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) studies were carried out to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes (sugar cane leaves and antigonum leptopus leaves) using trichoderma reesei cellulase and yeast cells. the ability of a thermotolerant yeast, kluyveromyces fragilis ncim 3358, was compared with saccharomyces cerevisiae nrrl-y-132. k. fragilis was found to perform better in the ssf process and result in high yields of ethanol (2.5-3.5% w/v) compared to s. cerevisiae (2.0-2.5 ...200111272027
cold-adapted beta-galactosidase from the antarctic psychrophile pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.the beta-galactosidase from the antarctic gram-negative bacterium pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tae 79 was purified to homogeneity. the nucleotide sequence and the nh(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme indicate that the beta-galactosidase subunit is composed of 1,038 amino acids with a calculated m(r) of 118,068. this beta-galactosidase shares structural properties with escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (comparable subunit mass, 51% amino sequence identity, conservation of ...200111282601
recovery of endo-polygalacturonase using polyethylene glycol-salt aqueous two-phase extraction with polymer recycling.the partitioning behaviour of endo-polygalacturonase (endo-pg) and total protein from a clarified kluyveromyces marxianus fermentation broth in polyethylene glycol (peg)-ammonium sulfate and peg-potassium phosphate (ph=7) aqueous two-phase systems was experimentally investigated. both the enzyme and total protein partitioned in the bottom phase for these two kinds of systems. the enzyme partitioning coefficient can be lower than 0.01 in peg8000-(nh4)2so4 atps with a large phase volume ratio and ...200011321523
decolorization of remazol black-b using a thermotolerant yeast, kluyveromyces marxianus imb3.the ability of kluyveromyces marxianus imb3 to decolorize remazol black-b dye was investigated. the effect of environmental conditions, such as ph and temperature were examined. no noticeable effects on decolorization were observed when ph varied from 3.0-5.5. maximum colour removal, 98%, was achieved at 37 degrees c. little or no colour removal was detected when k. marxianus imb3 was incubated under anaerobic conditions. further investigation, in which decolorization was monitored under extreme ...200011345742
microbial hydroxylation and reduction of the diterpene psiadin.microbial bioconversion studies conducted on the diterpene psiadin have revealed that it was metabolized by aspergillus niger (nrrl 2295) to give 2alpha-hydroxydeoxopsiadin, cunninghamella blakesleeana (atcc 8688a) to give 11beta-hydroxypsiadin, and cylindrocephalum aureum (atcc 12720), gongronella butleri (atcc 22822), kloeckera africana (atcc 20111), and kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis (atcc 2628) to yield 7alpha-hydroxypsiadin. their structures have been established on the basis of spectr ...200111371011
microbiology and physiology of cachaça (aguardente) fermentations.cachaça (aguardente) is a rum-style spirit made from sugar cane juice by artisanal methods in brazil. a study was made of the production, biochemistry and microbiology of the process in fifteen distilleries in sul de minas. identification of 443 yeasts showed saccharomyces cerevisiae to be the predominant yeast but rhodotorula glutinis and candida maltosa were predominant in three cases. bacterial infection is a potential problem, particularly in older wooden vats, when the ratio of yeasts:bacte ...200111392489
killer behaviour in wild wine yeasts associated with merlot and malbec type musts spontaneously fermented from northwestern patagonia (argentina).the occurrence of killer wine yeasts in comahue region (patagonia, argentina) was studied. wild wine yeasts were isolated from spontaneously fermenting merlot and malbec type musts. out of 135 isolates analyzed 37% were sensitive to some well characterized killer toxins as k1-k10 and did not show killer activity (sensitive phenotype, s), 21% showed neutral phenotype (n) and 42% demonstrated killer activity (killer phenotype, k). all but two killer strains, identified as candida pulcherrima and k ...200111441458
alcohol production from cheese whey permeate using genetically modified flocculent yeast cells.alcoholic fermentation of cheese whey permeate was investigated using a recombinant flocculating saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressing the lac4 (coding for beta-galactosidase) and lac12 (coding for lactose permease) genes of kluyveromyces marxianus enabling for lactose metabolization. data on yeast fermentation and growth on cheese whey permeate from a portuguese dairy industry is presented. for cheese whey permeate having a lactose concentration of 50 gl(-1), total lactose consumption was observ ...200111460240
the growth and interaction of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from zimbabwean naturally fermented milk in uht milk.nine yeast and four lactic acid bacterial strains, previously isolated from zimbabwean traditionally fermented milk, were inoculated into ultra-high temperature treated (uht) milk in both single and yeast-lactic acid bacteria co-culture. the lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains consisted of lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis c1, l. lactis subsp. lactis lc39, l. lactis subsp. lactis lc261 and lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei lb11. the yeast strains used were candida kefy ...200111545217
[verrucarin a from conidia of dendrodochium toxicum pidopl. et bilai].a substance which was dyed blue by 4p-(nitrobenzyl)pyridine, that evidenced for its trichotecene nature, has been isolated in the crystalline form from conidia dendrodochium toxicum pidopl. et bilai--roridine h producer. thin-layer chromatography of the substance in three different systems, the well-known macrocyclic trichotecenes being used as standards, permitted it to be identified with verrucarine a. the substances possessed high biological activity with respect to the indicator test-culture ...200111558240
optimization of inulinase production by kluyveromyces marxianus using factorial design.factorial design and response surface techniques were used to optimize the culture medium for the production of inulinase by kluyveromyces marxianus. sucrose was used as the carbon source instead of inulin. initially, a fractional factorial design (2(5-1)) was used in order to determine the most relevant variables for enzyme production. five parameters were studied (sucrose, peptone, yeast extract, ph, and k2hpo4), and all were shown to be significant. sucrose concentration and ph had negative e ...200111563827
biological activities of oligoketide pigments of monascus purpureus.rubropunctatin (1), monascorubrin (2), monascin (3) and ankaflavin (4) were purified from the mycelium of monascus purpureus by flash chromatography on silica gel or reversed phase. their embryotoxicity towards chicken embryos decreased in the order 2 > 1 > 3 > 4. the lower homologues 1 and 3 exhibited teratogenic effects on these organisms. significant antibiotic activities against bacillus subtilis and candida pseudotropicalis were found with compounds 1 and 2. immunosuppressive activity on mo ...199911565571
yeasts from water buffalo mozzarella, a traditional cheese of the mediterranean area.countries of the mediterranean area are characterized by production of artisanal cheeses, obtained from goat, sheep, cow and buffalo raw milk. the numbers and species of yeasts in the different cheeses are variable, but some species are more frequently detected than others. kluyveromyces marxianus, k. lactis with their anamorph, candida kefir, debaryomyces hansenii and c. famata, c. colliculosa and c. catenulata are dominant species in several cheeses. however, saccharomyces cerevisiae is often ...200111589559
nisin production from lactococcus lactis a.t.c.c. 7962 using supplemented whey permeate.the influence of ph control and aeration (20% dissolved oxygen) on nisin production in a supplemented cheese whey permeate was examined during batch fermentation with lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis a.t.c.c. 7962. a maximum nisin activity of 5280 i.u./ml of medium was observed in the raw extract of nisin after 9 h of fermentation with a constant ph at 4.9. however, the fermentation was continued until 24 h, when a decrease in the nisin activity was observed. the ph control did not influence the ...200111592916
characterization of major protein phosphatases from selected species of kluyveromyces. comparison with protein phosphatases from yarrowia lipolytica.casein phosphatase activities have been identified in five yeast strains grown on pi-deficient medium. maximal endocellular activities appeared in the exponential phase. exocellular phosphatases were significantly produced from yarrowia lipolytica w-29 and kluyveromyces marxianus, in the early stationary phase. major phosphatases from k. marxianus were one heavy acid phosphatase composed of 64-67 kda subunits, which could be secreted in the medium, and one type 2a protein phosphatase with an app ...200111683468
antifungal sordarins. synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3'-o-substituted derivatives.a number of novel 3'-o-acyl and alkyl sordarins were synthesised for structure-activity relationship studies. many of these derivatives exhibit high activity against candida albicans, candida pseudotropicalis, candida tropicalis and cryptococcus neoformans.200211755334
growth characteristics of candida kefyr and two strains of lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis isolated from zimbabwean naturally fermented milk.lactic acid bacteria (lab) and yeasts constitute part of the microflora in zimbabwean traditional fermented cows' milk, amasi. the present study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of candida kefyr 23, lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis c1 and l. lactis subsp. lactis lc261, previously isolated from amasi, in ultrahigh temperature (uht)-treated cows' milk. the strains were inoculated into the uht milk as both single and yeast200111759748
[search for lectin producers among some yeast species].hemagglutinating properties of culture liquid and cells of 142 yeast strains of species saccharomyces cerevisiae, kluyveromyces marxianus, k. dobzhanskii, k. lactis var. lactis and k. lactis var. drosophilarum, isolated from various sources have been studied. a capacity of yeast (44% of the studied strains) to synthesize both lectins bound to a cell and extracellular lectins has been established; the latter have been found in yeast for the first time.200111785420
iminodiacetate and nitrilotriacetate degradation by kluyveromyces marxianus imb3.the thermotolerant yeast kluyveromyces marxianus imb3 was capable of utilising either iminodiacetate or nitrilotriacetate as a sole source of nitrogen for growth. cell extracts contained iminodiacetate dehydrogenase and nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase activities, suggesting the presence in the yeast of orthologues of these bacterial enzymes. the activities were not detectable in complete medium-growth cells, nor in nitrogen-starved cells, suggesting an inducible biodedgradation pathway for biode ...200211785972
an analysis of inter- and intraspecific genetic variabilities in the kluyveromyces marxianus group of yeast species for the reconsideration of the k. lactis taxon.in the present work, we analyse the sequences of the 5.8s rrna gene and the two internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (5.8s-its region), obtained from 39 strains belonging to the species kluyveromyces aestuarii, k. dobzhanskii, k. lactis and k. marxianus, k. nonfermentans and k. wickerhamii, to solve the phylogenetic relationships among these species and also to determine the possible genetic basis for the delimitation of the two currently accepted k. lactis varieties: lactis, including lactose-p ...200211816033
antifungal prophylaxis in severely neutropenic patients: how much fluconazole is necessary?objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of low dose fluconazole treatment for the prevention of yeast colonization and infection in severely neutropenic patients. methods: an open randomized trial, comparing fluconazole (100 mg per day) with nystatin (800,000 iu per day), in a university hospital setting. results: antifungal prophylaxis was given during the period of neutropenia, defined as less than 500 polymorphonuclear cells (pmn)/mm3). thirty-six patients were randomly assigned to fluconazole a ...199511866717
routine use of chromagar candida medium for presumptive identification of candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations.objective: to assess the value of the new differential culture medium chromagar candida for routine investigation of clinical specimens. methods: during a whole year, 6150 clinical samples were plated on chromagar candida medium. after incubation, the green colonies were considered to be candida albicans. the colonies of other colors were identified using bichrolatex-krusei, or by their assimilation pattern on id 32c test strips and their morphology on rice cream-agar-tween. results: among the 6 ...199611866844
the beta-galactosidase activity in kluyveromyces marxianus cbs6556 decreases by high concentrations of galactose.in this paper we report on the effect of different concentrations of lactose and galactose in the production of beta-galactosidase by kluyveromyces marxianus cbs6556. the results clearly demonstrate a decrease in enzyme specific activity during cultivation at high concentrations of l-lactose or d-galactose, despite the fact that these carbohydrates are normally used for induction of the beta-galactosidase activity. therefore, maximum induction of beta-galactosidase in k. marxianus batch cultures ...200211927991
chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains.chemical and microbiological composition of four argentinean kefir grains from different sources as well as characteristics of the corresponding fermented milk were studied. kefir grains cidca agk1, agk2 and agk4 did not show significant differences in their chemical and microbiological composition. in contrast, protein and yeast content of agk3 was higher than in the other grains. although grain microflora comprised lactobacilli, lactococcus, acetic acid bacteria and yeast, we found an importan ...200111928960
lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in kefir grains and kefir made from them.in an investigation of the changes in the microflora along the pathway: kefir grains (a)-->kefir made from kefir grains (b)-->kefir made from kefir as inoculum (c), the following species of lactic acid bacteria (83-90%) of the microbial count in the grains) were identified: lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, lactobacillus helveticus, lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum and lactobacillus brevis. yeasts (10-17%) identif ...200211938463
production, purification, and characterization of a polygalacturonase from a new strain of kluyveromyces marxianus isolated from coffee wet-processing wastewater.a new high polygalacturonase (pg)-producing kluyveromyces marxianus strain was isolated from coffee wet-processing wastewater. pg production in this strain is not repressed in the presence of 100 g/l of glucose and, being growth-associated, reached its maximum accumulation in the culture medium at the beginning of the stationary phase. oxygen and galacturonic acid negatively regulated enzyme synthesis, and glucose as the carbon source afforded better enzyme yields than lactose. the data reported ...200211998843
nutritional profile of food yeast kluyveromyces fragilis biomass grown on whey.biomass of food yeast kluyveromyces fragilis (mtcc 188) grown on deproteinized whey supplemented with 0.8% diammonium hydrogen phosphate and 10 ppm indole-3-acetic acid, had a crude protein content of 37%. the true protein content based on nitrogen fractionation procedure was 28.1%. total nucleic acid content was 4.82%. this amount does not appear to be toxicologically offensive. crude fiber, ash, and lipid content of k.fragilis dry cells were found to be 4.9%, 16%, and 7.8%, respectively. essen ...200211998844
high-temperature alcoholic fermentation of whey using kluyveromyces marxianus imb3 yeast immobilized on delignified cellulosic material.a novel system for high-temperature alcoholic fermentation of whey is described. this system consists of kluyveromyces marxianus yeast immobilized on delignified cellulosic material (dcm). the effect of ph, initial lactose concentration and temperature on the fermentation of a synthetic medium containing lactose was studied. batch fermentations of whey were also carried out and the formation of volatile by-products was examined. the concentrations of higher alcohols were found to be in very low ...200212003320
oxidative stress response of kluyveromyces marxianus to hydrogen peroxide, paraquat and pressure.the aim of this work was to study the oxidative stress response of kluyveromyces marxianus to hydrogen peroxide (50 mm), paraquat (1 mm), an increase in air pressure (120 kpa, 600 kpa) and pure oxygen pressure (120-600 kpa) in a pressurized bioreactor. the effect of these oxidants on metabolism and on the induction of antioxidant enzymes was investigated. the exposure for 1 h of k. marxianus at exponential growth phase with either h(2)o(2) or paraquat, under air pressure of 120 kpa or 600 kpa, i ...200212021807
evaluation of a recombinant klebsiella oxytoca strain for ethanol production from cellulose by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: comparison with native cellobiose-utilising yeast strains and performance in co-culture with thermotolerant yeast and zymomonas mobilis.in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to ethanol of 100 g l(-1) microcrystalline cellulose, the cellobiose-fermenting recombinant klebsiella oxytoca p2 outperformed a range of cellobiose-fermenting yeasts used in earlier work, despite producing less ethanol than reported earlier for this organism under similar conditions. the time taken by k. oxytoca p2 to produce up to about 33 g l(-1) ethanol was much less than for any other organism investigated, including ethanol-tolerant str ...200212039532
new chromogenic agar medium for the identification of candida spp.a new chromogenic agar medium (candida diagnostic agar [cda]) for differentiation of candida spp. is described. this medium is based on sabouraud dextrose agar (oxoid cm41) and contains (per liter) 40.0 g of glucose, 10.0 g of mycological peptone, and 15.0 g of agar along with a novel chromogenic glucosaminidase substrate, ammonium 4-(2-[4-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-vinyl)-1-(propan-3-yl-oate)-quinolium bromide (0.32 g liter(-1)). the glucosaminidase substrat ...200212089051
use of waste chinese cabbage as a substrate for yeast biomass production.the possibility of using waste chinese cabbage (brassica campestris) as a substrate for microbial biomass production was investigated. the juice from waste chinese cabbage contains relatively high amounts of reducing sugars suitable for yeast culture. the cell mass and protein content of four species of yeast, candida utilis, pichia stipitis, kluyveromyces marxianus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, were determined when cultured in juice extracted from cabbage waste. compared to ym broth containing ...200212094802
dietary influence of kefir on microbial activities in the mouse bowel.in this work the microflora present in kefir, a fermented milk product, was studied together with the effect of kefir administration on different groups of indigenous bacteria of mouse bowel.200212100589
analysis of phylogenetic relationships among twelve yeast species.partial sequences of 25 s ribosomal dna for nine candida yeast and one kluyveromyces yeast strains were cloned and determined. we compared them with two published 25 s rdna sequences of saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida albicans. an evolutionary tree of the twelve species was inferred from about 370 sites of 5' end of 25 s ribosomal dna using the methods of neighbor-joining and bootstrap. the molecular data indicate a very close affinity between candida kefyr cbs834 and kluyveromyces cicerisp ...199912115011
degradation of natural phosphorylated compounds and added polyphosphates in milk by pseudomonas fluorescens cect378, lactococcus lactis cect539, and kluyveromyces marxianus cect10584.the degradation of natural phosphorylated compounds (galactose-1-phosphate, n-acetyl-glucosamine-1-phosphate, glycerophosphoethanolamine, and glycerophosphocholine) and added phosphorylated compounds (diphosphate) in milk was investigated by phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance on the incubation of a sterile milk with pseudomonas fluorescens cect381, lactococcus lactis cect539, and kluyveromyces marxianus cect10584. this preliminary study showed that the degradation of these compounds was de ...200212117255
cloning of dna fragments possessing promoter function from kluyveromyces cicerisporus.using three yeast promoter-probe plasmids psk-kan401, psk-kan1105, psk-kan1238 with different reading frames, eight dna fragments possessing high efficient promoter function have been cloned from k. cicerisporus. their 3'-dna sequences have been analyzed. the relative strength of their promoter function was studied by comparing their ability to promote the expression of the reporter gene aphi with that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gapdh) promoter in k. lactis. the results sh ...199812174295
conservation of a portion of the s. cerevisiae ure2p prion domain that interacts with the full-length protein.the [ure3] prion of saccharomyces cerevisiae is a self-propagating inactive amyloid form of the ure2 protein. ure2p residues 1-65 constitute the prion domain, and the remaining c-terminal portion regulates nitrogen catabolism. we have examined the ure2 genes of wild-type isolates of s. cerevisiae and those of several pathogenic yeasts and a filamentous fungus. we find that the normal function of the s. cerevisiae ure2p in nitrogen regulation is fully complemented by the ure2p of candida albicans ...200212177423
lactobacillus plantarum milab 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) and cyclo(l-phe-trans-4-oh-l-pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid.we have isolated a lactobacillus plantarum strain (milab 393) from grass silage that produces broad-spectrum antifungal compounds, active against food- and feed-borne filamentous fungi and yeasts in a dual-culture agar plate assay. fusarium sporotrichioides and aspergillus fumigatus were the most sensitive among the molds, and kluyveromyces marxianus was the most sensitive yeast species. no inhibitory activity could be detected against the mold penicillium roqueforti or the yeast zygosaccharomyc ...200212200282
[selenium tolerance of yeasts].selenium tolerance of yeasts widely varies: the growth of some yeasts can be inhibited by a selenium concentration as low as 10(-4) m, whereas others can grow in the presence of 10(-1) m selenium. homogeneous yeast taxa are characterized by a certain level of selenium tolerance, and heterogeneous taxa show a variable level of tolerance to selenium. in general, ascomycetous yeasts are more tolerant to selenium than basidiomycetous yeasts. among the ascomycetous yeasts, the genera dekkera and schi ...200212244713
isolation of candida pseudotropicalis from cases of abortion among mares: a note.material from 13 cases of abortion in 1 epidemic outbreak of abortion among mares was pooled into 3 lots and injected intraperitoneally into 3 separate sets of mice. the mice died within 5-7 days. tissues from each set of inoculated mice showed the presence of yeast-like bodies, and pooled material from each of the 3 lots also yielded the yeast in culture. histopathological examinations of the mare placenta and fetal organs also revealed the presence of the yeast. the organisms appeared roun ...197212333107
yeasts associated with fresh and frozen pulps of brazilian tropical fruits.the occurrence of yeasts on ripe fruits and frozen pulps of pitanga (eugenia uniflora l), mangaba (hancornia speciosa gom.), umbu (spondias tuberosa avr. cam.), and acerola (malpighia glaba l) was verified. the incidence of proteolytic, pectinolytic, and mycocinogenic yeasts on these communities was also determined. a total of 480 colonies was isolated and grouped in 405 different strains. these corresponded to 42 ascomycetous and 28 basidiomycetous species. candida sorbosivorans, pseudozyma ant ...200212353886
in vivo pathogenicity of eight medically relevant candida species in an animal model.the relative pathogenicity of eight medically important candida species was investigated in a mouse model.200212382088
metabolic physiology of aroma-producing kluyveromyces marxianus.kluyveromyces marxianus has a high potential for industrial production of aroma compounds, such as 2-phenylethanol, which is derived in a bioconversion from l-phenylalanine. in the present work the product yield of k. marxianus in batch cultivation was estimated as 0.65 mol 2-phenylethanol/mol l-phenylalanine and thus significantly below the theoretical optimum of 1 mol/mol. by a comprehensive approach of stoichiometric balancing and gc-ms analysis of various substrates and products of k. marxia ...200212402244
presumptive identification of candida kefyr on levine formulation of eosin methylene blue agar.three hundred thirty-one yeast and yeast-like isolates were cultivated on eosin methylene blue agar. while the sensitivity rate for candida kefyr isolates producing a metallic green sheen was 81.8%, the high positive predictive value (100%) for yeast isolates with this phenotype belonging to c. kefyr suggests that these isolates can be presumptively identified as c. kefyr.200212409410
identification and antifungal susceptibility of candida isolated from intensive care unit patients.candida was isolated in 205 of 1060 clinical specimens (19.33%) in our laboratary sent from the intensive care unit for mycological investigation between january 98-december 99. all isolated strains were identified to species level using the api candida system (bio-meieux, france) as follows; candida albicans (n:115, 56.09%), candida tropicalis (n:23, 11.21%), candida parapsilosis (n:21, 10.24%), candida glabrata (n:12, 5.83%). candida kefyr (n:9, 4.39%), candida lusitaniae (n:7, 3.41%), candida ...200212437230
microbial and chemical transformation studies of the bioactive marine sesquiterpenes (s)-(+)-curcuphenol and -curcudiol isolated from a deep reef collection of the jamaican sponge didiscus oxeata.microbial and chemical transformation studies of the marine sesquiterpene phenols (s)-(+)-curcuphenol (1) and (s)-(+)-curcudiol (2), isolated from the jamaican sponge didiscus oxeata, were accomplished. preparative-scale fermentation of 1 with kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis (atcc 2628) has resulted in the isolation of six new metabolites: (s)-(+)-15-hydroxycurcuphenol (3), (s)-(+)-12-hydroxycurcuphenol (4), (s)-(+)-12,15-dihydroxycurcuphenol (5), (s)-(+)-15-hydroxycurcuphenol-12-al (6), (s) ...200212444675
a comparative study on the biosorption characteristics of some yeasts for remazol blue reactive dye.biosorption capacities and rates of different kinds of dried yeasts (saccharomyces cerevisiae, schizosaccharomyces pombe, kluyveromyces marxianus, candida sp., c. tropicalis, c. lipolytica, c. utilis, c. quilliermendii and c. membranaefaciens) for remazol blue reactive dye from aqueous solutions were compared under laboratory conditions as a function of initial ph and initial dye concentration. optimum initial biosorption ph was determined as 2 for all the yeasts. all the yeast species showed co ...200312531715
evaluation of kluyveromyces marxianus as a source of yeast autolysates.cells of kluyveromyces marxianus fii 510700 and saccharomyces cerevisiae cbs 1907 were autolysed in phosphate buffer, ph 4.5, for a maximum of 10 days to compare chemical changes that occur in the carbohydrate, protein, amino acid and nucleic acid content. approximately 2.2-3% carbohydrate, 9.5-12% protein, 0.6-1.0% dna and 6-7% rna were recovered in the autolysates. the main amino acids were beta-alanine, phenylalanine, cysteine, methionine, glutamic acid and isoleucine. no significant differen ...200312545387
broad and complex antifungal activity among environmental isolates of lactic acid bacteria.more than 1200 isolates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different environments were screened for antifungal activity in a dual-culture agar plate assay. approximately 10% of the isolates showed inhibitory activity and 4% showed strong activity against the indicator mould aspergillus fumigatus. the antifungal spectra for 37 isolates with strong activity and five isolates with low or no activity were determined. several of the strains showed strong inhibitory activity against the moulds a. f ...200312594034
detection of seven candida species using the light-cycler system.due to the limitations of classical methods for the detection of systemic fungal infections and the high mortality rates associated with these infections, it has become essential to develop a quick, sensitive and specific detection assay. by using the idaho technologies light-cycler system, a qualitative real-time pcr system has been developed for the detection of the leading causes of systemic infection within the genus candida. the sensitivity of the assay was comparable to previously describe ...200312621088
induction and characterization of a novel amine oxidase from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus.an amine oxidase from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus was induced, purified and completely characterized; it was shown to belong to the class of copper-containing amine oxidases (e.c. 1.4.3.6). the enzyme was induced by putrescine and, very strongly, by copper(ii); structural-functional characterization of the enzyme was performed, including determination of molecular weight, glycosylation, copper and tpq content, isoelectric point, k(m) and k(cat) (with benzylamine as substrate), ph, temperat ...200312673620
cloning of the kcura3 gene and development of a transformation system for kluyveromyces cicerisporus.kcura3 was cloned from kluyveromyces cicerisporus cbs4857 by complementation of the ura3 mutation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. kcura3 encodes a 267-amino-acid protein with 80% sequence identity to that of s. cerevisiae. an ura3 mutant strain from k. cicerisporus cbs4857, named y179u, was obtained by selection on 5-fluoroorotic acid plates. sequence analysis of this mutated gene revealed that it contained a point mutation at nucleotide position +277. two vectors, puk1 and pukd, bearing kcura3 wer ...200312679853
utilization of corn silage juice by klyuveromyces marxianus.corn silage juice was found to be a favorable substrate for production of fodder yeasts. kluyveromyces marxianus nrrl y-610 yielded significantly more cell dry weight than other cultures examined. in shake-flask experiments, the yeast produced over 13 g of cell dry weight per liter of corn silage juice and completely consumed the organic pollutants (lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol). the yeast settled rapidly and had a yeast volume index of 21 ml/g. the results indicate that k. marxianus nr ...200312688475
d-xylose transport by candida succiphila and kluyveromyces marxianus.the kinetics and regulation of d-xylose uptake were investigated in the efficient pentose fermentor candida succiphila, and in kluyveromyces marxianus, which assimilate but do not ferment pentose sugars. active high affinity (km approximately 3.8 mm; vmax approximately 15 nmol/[mg min]) and putative facilitated diffusion low-affinity (km approximately 140 mm; vmax approximately 130 nmol/[mg min]) transport activities were found in c. succiphila grown, respectively, on xylose or glucose. k. marxi ...200312721449
effect of lignocellulosic degradation compounds from steam explosion pretreatment on ethanol fermentation by thermotolerant yeast kluyveromyces marxianus.the filtrate from steam-pretreated poplar was analyzed to identify degradation compounds. the effect of selected compounds on growth and ethanolic fermentation of the thermotolerant yeast strain kluyveromyces marxianus cect 10875 was tested. several fermentations on glucose medium, containing individual inhibitory compounds found in the hydrolysate, were carried out. the degree of inhibition on yeast strain growth and ethanolic fermentation was determined. at concentrations found in the prehy-dr ...200312721481
synthesis and antifungal activity of (+/-)-1-(5-aryl-3-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethanone derivatives.(+/-)-1-(5-aryl-3-pyridin-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-imidazol-1-yl-ethanone derivatives were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antifungal activity. the compounds showed a moderate activity against strains of candida parapsilosis, candida pseudotropicalis and candida glabrata.200312727541
efficient isolation of genes differentially expressed on cellulose by suppression subtractive hybridization in agaricus bisporus.the production of cellulases on minimal medium in the edible mushroom agaricus bisporus is regulated by the carbon source: induced by cellulose and repressed by glucose. in order to isolate cellulose-growth specific sequences, a cdna library from a. bisporus using suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) was constructed. northern blot analysis indicated that a high level of enrichment was achieved; 183 clones were isolated. a preliminary screen with cellulose-specific genes of a. bisporus (ce ...200312825511
identification of candida albicans by polymerase chain reaction amplification of cayst1 gene intron fragment.a single pair of primers, deduced from the intron nucleotide sequence of the candida albicans cayst1 gene, was used in pcr analysis performed with both genomic dna and whole cells of clinical isolates of candida species and other microorganisms. all the clinical c. albicans isolates generated the expected 310 bp amplicon; other candida species as well as laboratory strains belonging to other fungal genera failed to amplify any dna fragment, except for candida pseudotropicalis (amplicon of 1200 b ...200212828508
influence of the dilution rate on the bioproductivity of lactose-utilizing yeasts: fuzzy logic modeling.the studied problem is of commercial interest because whey, the cultivation substrate, is a waste by-product from the transformation of milk into cheese and casein. investigations on the influence of the dilution rate (d) on the bioproductivity of lactose-utilizing yeasts were carried out with two model strains--the oxidative strain candida blankii 35 and the fermentative strain candida pseudotropicalis 11. the increase of d led to the different changes in productivity. the best synthesizing abi ...200312872933
screening of yeasts for the production of the aroma compound 2-phenylethanol in a molasses-based medium.fourteen yeast strains were screened for production of 2-phenylethanol from l-phenylalanine with molasses as carbon source. up to 1 g 2-phenylethanol l-1 was obtained. using oleyl alcohol as a second phase for in situ product removal to enhance the production of 2-phenylethanol increased the yield to about 3 g 2-phenylethanol l-1 at 35 degrees c. the most productive strains were kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 600 and cbs 397.200312882140
the role of interaction between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in african fermented milks: a review.yeasts are present in indigenous african fermented milks in numbers up to log 8 cfu g(-1), together with a varied lactic acid bacteria (lab) flora, and therefore potentially contribute to product characteristics. however, interaction between yeasts and lab in these products has received little notice. in studies of indigenous fermented milk in zimbabwe and uganda, many samples contained more than one species of yeast, but saccharomyces cerevisiae was most commonly isolated. other frequent isolat ...200312892921
[meningoencephalitis caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195613383550
nicotinic acid requirements of candida pseudotropicalis. 196113893828
[acute, generalized mycosis; sepsis caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195514356139
[acute lung disease caused by candida pseudotropicalis]. 195514392284
production of a thermostable extracellular lipase by kluyveromyces marxianus.kluyveromyces marxianus was grown in submerged culture in a complex medium with several potential inducers of lipolytic activity (triacylglycerols, fatty acids). the highest extracellular lipolytic enzyme production (about 80 u ml(-1) in 3 d) was obtained when the medium was supplemented with 2 g urea l(-1) plus 5 g tributyrin l(-1). addition of surfactants (1 g l(-1)) did not improve production. the lipase had a high thermal stability in aqueous solution (73% residual activity after 9 d at 50 d ...200314514040
acquisition of flocculation phenotype by kluyveromyces marxianus when overexpressing gap1 gene encoding an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.the use of flocculating yeast strains has been considered as a convenient approach to obtain high cell densities in bioreactors with increasing productivity in continuous operations. in kluyveromyces marxianus attc 10022, the gap1 gene encodes an isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-p37-that is accumulated in the cell wall and is involved in flocculation. to test the use of p37 as a tool for engineering kluyveromyces cells to display a flocculation phenotype, k. marxianus cct 3172 ...200314529965
molecular cloning and characterization of an nadph quinone oxidoreductase from kluyveromyces marxianus.nad(p)h quinone oxidoreductase is a ubiquitous enzyme that is known to directly reduce quinone substrates to hydroquinones by a two-electron reaction. we report the identification of nadph quinone oxidoreductase from kluyveromyces marxianus (kmqor), which reduces quinone substrates directly to hydroquinones. the kmqor gene was sequenced, expressed in escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. the open-reading frame of the kmqor gene consists of 1143 nucleotides, encoding a 380 amino acid pol ...200314536026
candidemia and the susceptibility pattern of candida isolates in blood.candida species has become one of the most common blood isolates as well as one of the leading causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections. the purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of candida species among our bloodstream infecting organisms and the susceptibility pattern of the candida isolates to antifungal agents.200314578968
growth and beta-galactosidase activity in cultures of kluyveromyces marxianus under increased air pressure.to investigate the effect of total air pressure raise on cell growth and intracellular beta-galactosidase activity in batch cultures of kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 7894.200314633095
effect of lead acetate on the in vitro engulfment and killing capability of toad (bufo arenarum) neutrophils.lead is an element of risk for the environment and human health and has harmful effects that may exceed those of other inorganic toxicants. the immune system is one of the targets of lead. its immunomodulatory actions depend on the level of exposure, and it has been demonstrated that environmental amounts of the metal alter immune function. very little information is available regarding the effect of the metal on different aspects of the immune system of lower vertebrates, in particular of amphi ...200314659456
udp-galactose 4-epimerase from kluyveromyces fragilis. evidence for independent mutarotation site.udp-galactose 4-epimerases from the yeast kluyvero-myces fragilis and escherichia coli are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kda/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kda/subunit). protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the yeast enzyme. this was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. with the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase ...200414686919
evaluation of kluyveromyces marxianus fii 510700 grown on a lactose-based medium as a source of a natural bioemulsifier.mannoprotein with emulsification properties was extracted from the cell walls of kluyveromyces marxianus grown on a lactose-based medium by autoclaving cells in a citrate buffer at ph 7. the purified product was evaluated for chemical and physical stability to establish its potential use as a natural emulsifier in processed foods. the yield of purified bioemulsifier from this strain of k. marxianus was 4-7% of the original dry cell weight. the purified product, at a concentration of 12 g l(-1), ...200314689315
submerged yeast fermentation of acid cheese whey for protein production and pollution potential reduction.bench-scale batch bioreactors were used to study the effectiveness of cheese whey fermentation for single-cell protein production using the yeast kluyveromyces fragilis in reducing the pollution potential of whey as measured by solids, chemical oxygen demand (cod) and nitrogenous compounds concentrations. the four principal phases (lag, exponential, stationary and death) encountered in the history of a microbial culture grown under batch conditions were clearly recognized in the growth, temperat ...200414723932
high-temperature wine making using the thermotolerant yeast strain kluyveromyces marxianus imb3.kluyveromyces marxianus imb3 yeast cells were immobilized on delignified cellulosic material, apple, and quince separately. both immobilized and free cells were used in high-temperature wine making, and their fermented grape must contained 3 to 4% alcohol. semisweet wines were produced by the addition of potable alcohol to the fermented must. preliminary sensory evaluation of the produced semisweet wines showed good flavor and aroma. the final product contained extremely low levels of higher and ...200414734836
a growth kinetic model of kluyveromyces marxianus cultures on cheese whey as substrate.this work presents a multi-route, non-structured kinetic model for determination of microbial growth and substrate consumption in an experimental batch bioreactor in which beta-galactosidase is produced by kluyveromyces marxianus growing on cheese whey. the main metabolic routes for lactose, and oxygen consumption, cell growth, and ethanol production are derived based on experimental data. when these individual rates are combined into a single growth rate, by rewriting the model equations, the m ...200414758555
purification and characterization of a serine carboxypeptidase from kluyveromyces marxianus.we purified a carboxypeptidase (cpy) from the yeast of kluyveromyces marxianus. this enzyme was purified 170 times from a soluble extract of 100000 x g. purification consisted in a fractionated precipitation with ammonium sulfate and two chromatographic steps consisting of anion exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interactions chromatography. the native enzyme depicted a molecular mass of 67 kda by gel filtration. this serine carboxypeptidase depicted an optimal ph of 8.5 and was stable at a ...200414984772
ethanol formation and enzyme activities around glucose-6-phosphate in kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556 exposed to glucose or lactose excess.the aim of this work was to investigate the physiology of kluyveromyces marxianus cbs 6556 in terms of its low tendency to form ethanol under exposure to sugar excess, and the split of carbon flux which takes place at the level of glucose-6-phosphate. measurements were performed in batch cultivations, and after a glucose or a lactose pulse applied to chemostat-grown respiring cells (with a dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1)). no ethanol formation was observed in batch cultivations or during pulse experi ...200415093772
differential effects of the combination of caspofungin and terbinafine against candida albicans, candida dubliniensis and candida kefyr.the activity of caspofungin (csp) combined with terbinafine (trb) against candida dubliniensis, candida kefyr and azole-resistant candida albicans was evaluated in vitro by checkerboard analysis. the combination of csp with trb resulted in positive interactive effects in vitro against c. albicans and c. kefyr but not against c. dubliniensis. moreover, true synergism was observed only against trb resistant strains which became susceptible to this drug in the presence of csp. in contrast, indiffer ...200415120736
polygalacturonase and ethanol production in kluyveromyces marxianus: potential use of polygalacturonase in foodstuffs.the coproduction of ethanol and polygalacturonase (pg) in a pilot-scale batch fermentor using yeast extract--glucose (yd)--and sugar beet molasses (sbm)-based media was implemented utilizing a new high-pg-producing strain of kluyveromyces marxianus. a certain growth inhibition was observed in sbm medium, causing ethanol and pg production to be lower. ethanol productivity and accumulation values of 1.94 g/(l x h) and 40 g/l, respectively, were attained in yd, whereas the best fermentation efficie ...200415126703
influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and temperature on hyperproduction of a thermotolerant beta-glucosidase from synthetic medium by kluyveromyces marxianus.the effect of carbon source and its concentration, inoculum size, yeast extract concentration, nitrogen source, ph of the fermentation medium, and fermentation temperature on beta-glucosidase production by kluyveromyces marxianus in shake-flask culture was investigated. these were the independent variables that directly regulated the specific growth and beta-glucosidase production rate. the highest product yield, specific product yield, and productivity of beta-glucosidase occurred in the medium ...200415159552
yeast involved in fermentation of coffea arabica in east africa determined by genotyping and by direct denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis.samples of coffea arabica were collected during the different stages of the fermentation from two production sites in tanzania. the yeasts community was identified by genotyping using its-pcr and sequence analysis of the d1/d2 domain of the 26s rrna gene. for confirmation, denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of pcr-amplified 26s rrna gene was performed to detect yeast directly from coffee samples without cultivation. yeast counts were in the range 4.0 x 10(4) - 5.0 x 10(7) cfu/g wit ...200415164358
effect of binary combinations of selected toxic compounds on growth and fermentation of kluyveromyces marxianus.the inhibitory effects of various lignocellulose degradation products on glucose fermentation by the thermotolerant yeast kluyveromyces marxianus were studied in batch cultures. the toxicity of the aromatic alcohol catechol and two aromatic aldehydes (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin) was investigated in binary combinations. the aldehyde furfural that usually is present in relatively high concentration in hydrolyzates from pentose degradation was also tested. experiments were conducted by comb ...200415176873
purification and characterization of a lysine aminopeptidase from kluyveromyces marxianus.a lysine aminopeptidase was purified from the yeast kluyveromyces marxianus. this enzyme was purified 100-fold from a soluble extract obtained at 100,000g. the purification procedure consisted in fractionated precipitation with ammonium sulfate and five chromatography steps. the native enzyme had a molecular mass of 46 kda assessed through gel filtration. this aminopeptidase depicted an optimal ph of 7.0 and was stable at a ph range of 4-8, its optimal temperature was 45 degrees c and the enzyme ...200415183887
kinetics of improved productivity of beta-galactosidase by a cycloheximide-resistant mutant of kluyveromyces marxianus.the maximum volumetric productivity of beta-galactosidase by a kluyveromyces marxianus mutant, grown on lactose/corn steep liquor medium for 3 d, was 150 iu l(-1) h(-1) which is twice that of the parent organism. during product formation, mutated cells provided more resistance against thermal inactivation.200415195975
[activity of the key enzymes in xylose-assimilating yeasts at different rates of oxygen transfer to the fermentation medium].the activities of xylitol dehydrogenase and xylose reductase in the yeasts candida shehatae, c. didensiae, c. intermediae, c. tropicalis, kluyveromyces marxianus, pichia stipitis, p. guillermondii, pachysolen tannophilus, and torulopsis molishiama were studied at different oxygen transfer rates (otrs) to the fermentation medium (0, 5, and 140 mmol o2/(1 h)). the activities of these enzymes were maximum in the yeasts p. stipitis and c. shehatae. the xylitol dehydrogenase of all the yeasts was nad ...200415198025
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