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isoelectric points for the mycelium of fungi.1. mycelium of rhizopus nigricans when stained with certain acid and basic dyes and washed with buffer mixtures of 0.1 m phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide responded much like an amphoteric colloid with an isoelectric point near ph 5.0. 2. when grown on potato dextrose agar the reaction of which was varied with phosphoric acid the extent of colony growth of rhizopus nigricans plotted against the initial sörensen value of the agar produced a double maximum curve with the minimum between the two ...192419872067
molecular characterization of mucor circinelloides and rhizopus stolonifer strains isolated from some saudi fruits.thirteen strains of mucor circinelloides and nine strains of rhizopus stolonifer were collected from different saudi fruits. also, two strains of m. circinelloides and one strain of r. stolonifer isolated from soil were used in this study to analyze the genetic diversity among these 25 strains. the dendrogram constructed from random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction results using two primers (v6 and m13) showed no correlation between clustering system and sources of isolation f ...201019877768
a combination of heat treatment and pichia guilliermondii prevents cherry tomato spoilage by fungi.this study investigated the effectiveness of heat treatment and pichia guilliermondii, either alone or in combination, to combat postharvest fungal spoilage in cherry tomato fruit. in vitro experiments demonstrated that heat treatment at 38 degrees c significantly inhibited mycelial growth of three different pathogens (botrytis cinerea, alternaria alternata and rhizopus stolonifer ehrenb). in vivo experiments unveiled that either heat treatment or p. guilliermondii reduced decay caused by these ...201019923029
[7alpha-hydroxylation of steroid 5-olefins by mold fungi].hydroxylation activity of the mold fungi belonging to the orders dothideales, hypocreales, and mucorales towards delta(5)-3beta-hydroxysteroids was studied. the fungi bipolaris sorokiniana, fusarium sp., and rhizopus nigricans were able to introduce hydroxy group at position 7alpha; however, this ability was detected only at a low substrate load and with a low yield. a 7alpha-hydroxylase activity of the curvularia lunata vkpm f-981 culture was shown for the first time. it was demonstrated that t ...201020198922
biocrystallization of silver and gold ions by inactive cell filtrate of rhizopus stolonifer.microbes and their cell filtrates are known to synthesize metal nanoparticles. but maintenance of aseptic conditions and irregularly shaped and sized nanoparticles are major drawbacks of the system. in this study cell filtrate from inactive biomass of rhizopus stolonifer was used for the first time to produce near uniformly sized and shaped ag and au nanoparticles at room temperature. the size of ag and au nanoparticles were found in the range of 25-30 nm and 1-5 nm, respectively. uv-vis spectru ...201020627484
ntkti1, a kunitz trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity from nicotiana tabacum, plays an important role in tobacco's defense response.a cdna library from tobacco inoculated with rhizoctonia solani was constructed, and several cdna fragments were identified by differential hybridization screening. one cdna clone that was dramatically repressed, ntkti1, was confirmed as a member of the kunitz plant proteinase inhibitor family. rt-pcr analysis revealed that ntkti1 was constitutively expressed throughout the whole plant and preferentially expressed in the roots and stems. furthermore, rt-pcr analysis showed that ntkti1 expression ...201020735473
an attempt of postharvest orange fruit rot control using essential oils from mediterranean plants.twelve essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants were tested at different doses against four fungi known as causal agents of post-harvest orange fruit rot: botrytis cinerea, penicillium italicum, phytophthora citrophthora, and rhizopus stolonifer. essential oils were obtained from hyssopus officinalis, lavandula angustifolia, majorana hortensis, melissa officinalis, ocimum basilicum, origanum vulgare, salvia officinalis, and thymus vulgaris (family lamiaceae), verbena officinalis (family ...201020874226
influence of growth regulators and elicitors on cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment productions in cell cultures of carthamus tinctorius l.the present study examined the effects of plant growth hormones, incubation period, biotic (trametes versicolor, mucor sp., penicillium notatum, rhizopus stolonifer, and fusarium oxysporum) and abiotic (nacl, mgso(4), feso(4), znso(4), and fecl(3)) elicitors on cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment (red and yellow) productions in carthamus tinctorius cell cultures. the cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment contents improved significantly on murashige and skoog (ms) liquid medium containing ...201021120469
identification and partial characterization of rhizopus nigricans gβ proteins and their expression in the presence of progesterone.the mammalian steroid hormone progesterone actuates a signalling pathway in the zygomycete rhizopus nigricans which includes heterotrimeric g proteins. to investigate the possibility that the gβ subunit of these proteins is involved in the signalling, a cdna library from r. nigricans exposed to progesterone was prepared and a sequence coding for a gβ subunit was searched for. using degenerate primers, two sequences, rngpb1 and rngpb2, were identified that exhibited a high degree of identity with ...201021195176
interactions between various microbes and ginseng botanicals.three kinds of interactions occur between ginseng botanicals and microorganisms: a) spoilage of the botanical by various fungi (e.g., aspergillus, penicillium, alternaria, and eurotium species) and bacteria; b) transformation of ginsenosides into more bioactive forms by bacteria such as intrasporangium sp. gs603, microbacterium sp. gs514, caulobacter leidyia, bifidobacterium sp. int57, bifidobacterium sp. sj32, fusobacterium sp. and bacteroides sp., and moulds (e.g., aspergillus niger, fusarium ...201121254831
screening filamentous tropical fungi for their nutritional potential as sources of crude proteins, lipids and minerals.the use of fungal and yeast biomass in foodstuff, either as supplements or as major ingredients in formulations is an area of growing interest for the modern food industry. the aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of biomasses obtained from filamentous fungi penicillium sclerotiorum, penicillium janthinellum, rhizopus stolonifer and syncephalastrum racemosum. biomasses presented 26-37% of total proteins, 1.7-3.5% of lipids and 4.6-9.1% of ashes. the humidity level reached ...201021339148
antifungal activity and mechanism of fengycin in the presence and absence of commercial surfactin against rhizopus stolonifer.the antifungal activity and mechanism of fengycin in the presence and absence of commercial surfactin against rhizopus stolonifer were investigated. the mic (minimal inhibitory concentration) of fengycin without commercial surfactin added was 0.4 mg/ml while the mic of fengycin with commercial surfactin added was 2.0 mg/ml. fengycin acted on cell membrane and cellular organs and inhibited dna synthesis. the antifungal effect of fengycin was reduced after commercial surfactin was added. all these ...201121369992
molecular cloning and expression analysis of a delta 6-fatty acid desaturase gene from rhizopus stolonifer strain yf6 which can accumulate high levels of gamma-linolenic acid.the delta 6-desaturase gene was cloned from rhizopus stolonifer, which could accumulate up to 49% of gamma-linolenic acid (gla, c18:3 ?(6,9,12)) to the total fatty acids. the cloned dna contains a 1,380 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 460 amino acids, which showed high similarity to those of fungal delta 6-desaturases with three conserved histidine-rich motifs and hpgg motif. notably, this deduced sequence had a shorter c-terminus. results demonstrated that the cdna sequence exhibite ...201121369993
natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack.petals of red, yellow and white roses (rosa damascene mill.) of the family rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of gram-positive bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus and staphylococcus aureus), five species of gram-negative bacteria (enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (penici ...201121614712
the response of filamentous fungus rhizopus nigricans to flavonoids.the saprophytic fungus rhizopus nigricans constitutes a serious problem when thriving on gathered crops. the identification of any compounds, especially natural ones, that inhibit fungal growth, may therefore be important. during its life cycle, rhizopus nigricans encounters many compounds, among them the flavonoids, plant secondary metabolites that are involved in plant defense against pathogenic microorganisms. although not being a plant pathogen, rhizopus nigricans may interact with these com ...201121656793
microbial transformations of (+)-isomenthol by fusarium lini and rhizopus stolonifer.microbial transformation of (+)-isomenthol (1) by various strains of fungi was investigated. fusarium lini has successfully converted compound 1 into a new metabolite, 5+¦-hydroxyisomenthol (2), and a known metabolite, 1+¦-hydroxyisomenthol (3), whereas incubation with rhizopus stolonifer only yielded metabolite 3. the transformed metabolites were structurally characterized on the basis of their spectral data.201121720039
biotransformation of (20s)-20-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-dien-3-one by four filamentous fungi.microbial transformation of (20s)-20-hydroxymethylpregna-1,4-dien-3-one (1) by four filamentous fungi, cunninghamella elegans, macrophomina phaseolina, rhizopus stolonifer, and gibberella fujikuroi, afforded nine new, and two known metabolites 2-12. the structures of these metabolites were characterized through detailed spectroscopic analysis. these metabolites were obtained as a result of biohydroxylation of 1 at c-6ß, -7ß, -11a, -14a, -15ß, -16ß, and -17a positions, except metabolite 2 which c ...201121762714
11a-Hydroxylation of 16a,17-epoxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans in a biphasic ionic liquid aqueous system.11a-Hydroxylation of 16a,17-epoxyprogesterone (EP) by Rhizopus nigricans is an essential step in the synthesis of many steroidal drugs, while low conversion of the biohydroxylation is a tough problem to be solved urgently in industry. Two ionic liquids (ILs) of [BMIm][PF(6)] and [BMIm][NTf(2)] were used in the biotransformation of EP by R. nigricans. The results indicated that the conversion carried out in [BMIm][PF(6)]-aqueous biphasic system was greatly increased to above 90% at 18 g/L feeding ...201121855322
Liriodenine, early antimicrobial defence in Annona diversifolia.Annonaceae aporphine alkaloids, of which liriodenine is the most abundant, have not been extensively studied from a biological standpoint. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of liriodenine in antimicrobial defense during early developmental stages in Annona diversifolia. The fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus glaucus, which are responsible for seed deterioration, were isolated during imbibition, and their antifungal activity was determined by diffusion, macrodilution, and ...201121950162
The antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities of Zizyphus jujube.Plants are very useful, self-generating machines, producing a variety of useful bioactive products. Keeping in view this idea, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Zizyphus jujuba were screened for antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities. Low activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract (12%), n-hexane (9%), chloroform (20%) and ethyl acetate (14%) fraction against Penicillium notatum. Low activity was shown by the n-hexane fraction against Aspergill ...201121959810
reduction of nectarine decay caused by rhizopus stolonifer, botrytis cinerea and penicillium digitatum with aloe vera gel alone or with the addition of thymol.two nectarine cultivars ('flavela' and 'flanoba') were treated with aloe vera gel alone, or with the addition of thymol, and then inoculated with rhizopus stolonifer, botrytis cinerea and penicillium digitatum. both treatments were effective in reducing the decay incidence caused by the 3 fungi species, although the addition of thymol did not generally improve the efficacy of aloe vera gel on reducing the infection damage. the coatings were clearly effective in reducing the postharvest ripening ...201121974979
antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, haemolytic and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from three selected togolese medicinal plants.to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, acute toxicity and haemolytic activities of methanolic extracts of three plants. phytochemical analysis to determine the phenolic contents was also carried out.201122014738
isolation and identification of microbes associated with mobile phones in dammam in eastern saudi arabia.this study was conducted to determine microbial contamination of mobile phones in the city of dammam, in the eastern region of saudi arabia, and identify the most important microbial species associated with these phones in order to take the necessary remedial measures.201022022665
A new antifungal coumarin from Clausena excavata.A new ?-lactone coumarin, named as excavarin-A, showing antifungal activity was isolated from the leaves of Clausena excavata by bioassay guided fractionation method. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and identified as 7((2E)-4(4,5-dihydro-3-methylene-2-oxo-5-furanyl)-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy) coumarin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against fifteen fungal strains pathogenic against plants and human. The least MIC was recorded against the human patho ...201222088496
glucosinolate profiling and antimicrobial screening of aurinia leucadea (brassicaceae).glucosinolates (gls) were characterized in various aerial parts (stems, leaves, and flowers) of aurinia leucadea (guss.) c. koch and quantified according to the iso 9167-1 official method based on the hplc analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. eight gls, i.e., glucoraphanin (gra), glucoalyssin (gal; 1), gluconapin (gna; 2), glucocochlearin (gcc), glucobrassicanapin (gbn; 3), glucotropaeolin (gtl), glucoerucin (ger), and glucoberteroin (gbe) were identified. the total gl contents were 57.1, 37.8, an ...201122162169
Essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): a desert crop.The focus of the present study was on the influence of season on yield, chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of Omani basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil. The present study involved only one of the eight Omani basil varieties. The hydro-distilled essential oil yields were computed to be 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.1% in the winter, spring and summer seasons, respectively. The major components identified were L- linalool (26.5-56.3%), geraniol (12.1-16.5%), 1,8-cineole (2.5-15.1%), p-allylan ...201122164790
steroid 11ß-hydroxylation by a fungal microsomal cytochrome p450.the steroid 11ß-hydroxylase activity of the fungus cochliobolus lunatus was increased about 100-fold by cultivation of mycelia for 4-5 h with 20-hydroxymethyl-1,4-pregnadien-3-one. cell-free extracts revealed a maximum activity of 45 nmol 11ß-hydroxyprogesterone/h·mg protein in the 100,000 g pellet fraction. the 11ß-hydroxylation was dependent on nadph. the formation of 11ß-hydroxyprogesterone correlated linearly with the cytochrome p450 concentration. the fungal 11ß-hydroxylase transformed both ...199222217857
time-course changes in fungal elicitor-induced lignan synthesis and expression of the relevant genes in cell cultures of linum album.linum album has been shown to accumulate anti-tumor podophyllotoxin (ptox) and its related lignans. in the present study, we examined the effects of five fungal extracts on the production of lignans in l. album cell cultures. fusarium graminearum extract induced the highest increase of ptox [140μgg(-1) dry weight (dw) of the l. album cell culture] which is seven-fold greater than the untreated control, while rhizopus stolonifer extract enhanced the accumulation of lariciresinol, instead of ptox, ...201222218086
antifungal activity of essential oil from asteriscus graveolens against postharvest phytopathogenic fungi in apples.the essential oils of the aerial parts of asteriscus graveolens have been studied using gc and gc-ms. twenty-eight compounds were identified in the essential oil amounting to 94.9% of the total oil. the aerial part oils showed similar chromatographic profiles and were characterized by having a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes with 6-oxocyclonerolidol (66.7% +/- 5.5) and 6-hydroxycyclonerolidol (8.8% +/-1.2) as the major components. the antifungal effect of the essential oil from a. grav ...201122224306
novel copper-based therapeutic agent for anti-inflammatory: synthesis, characterization, and biochemical activities of copper(ii) complexes of hydroxyflavone schiff bases.four hydroxyflavone derivatives have been synthesized with the aim of obtaining a good model of superoxide dismutase. better to mimic the natural metalloenzyme, copper complexes have been designed. the cu(ii) complexes of general formulae, [cul] where l = 5-hydroxyflavone-o-phenylenediamine (l¹h₂)/m-phenylenediamine (l²h₂) and 3-hydroxyflavone-o-phenylenediamine (l³h₂)/m-phenylenediamine (l⁴h₂) have been synthesized. the structural features have been determined from their analytical and spectral ...201222238015
influence of fungal elicitation on glycyrrhizin production in transformed cell cultures of abrus precatorius linn.glycyrrhizin, obtained from abrus precatorius (indian liquorice), is a phytoconstituent of importance for pharmaceutical and food industries.201122262933
antifungal activity in ethanolic extracts of carica papaya l. cv. maradol leaves and seeds.bioactive compounds from vegetal sources are a potential source of natural antifungic. an ethanol extraction was used to obtain bioactive compounds from carica papaya l. cv. maradol leaves and seeds of discarded ripe and unripe fruit. both, extraction time and the papaya tissue flour:organic solvent ratio significantly affected yield, with the longest time and highest flour:solvent ratio producing the highest yield. the effect of time on extraction efficiency was confirmed by qualitative identif ...201122282629
in vitro control of post-harvest fruit rot fungi by some plant essential oil components.eight substances that are main components of the essential oils from three mediterranean aromatic plants (verbena officinalis, thymus vulgaris and origanum vulgare), previously found active against some phytopathogenic fungi and stramenopila, have been tested in vitro against five etiological agents of post-harvest fruit decay, botrytis cinerea, penicillium italicum, p. expansum, phytophthora citrophthora and rhizopus stolonifer. the tested compounds were β-fellandrene, β-pinene, camphene, carva ...201222408454
antagonistic action of bacillus subtilis strain fmbj on the postharvest pathogen rhizopus stolonifer.the antagonistic activities of bacillus subtilis fmbj against the rhizopus stolonifer pathogen causing peach soft rot disease were studied in this paper. bacillus subtilis fmbj exhibited a high antifungal effect on the mycelium growth, sportulation, and germ tube elongation of r. stolonifer with the inhibition rate of 86.5% and 97.42%, respectively, spore germination rate of 20% under antagonist strain concentration of 10⁸ cfu/ml. by using of scanning electron microscope (sem) and transmission e ...201122417435
antimicrobial activity of saponin-rich fraction from camellia oleifera cake and its effect on cell viability of mouse macrophage raw 264.7.as a by-product of oil production, several million tons of camellia oleifera cake is discarded every year in china. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a saponin-rich fraction isolated from c. oleifera cake and investigate its effect on the cell viability of raw 264.7, a macrophage-like cell line present in almost all mouse tissues.201222430639
mycobiota and mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin) associated with some saudi date palm fruits.this study aimed to determine the mycological profile of the retail date fruits distributed in different markets at taif, saudi arabia. the presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a was also measured. twenty-two fungal species belonging to 12 genera were isolated from 50 different date samples. aspergillus flavus, a. niger, penicillium chrysogenum, and rhizopus stolonifer were the most prevalent species among isolated fungi. eighty isolates of a. flavus and 36 of a. niger were detected for their a ...201222568750
occupational exposure to airborne fungi in two croatian sawmills and atopy in exposed workers.airborne fungi were collected over a one year period at 2-month intervals at 2 sawmills in croatia (sm 1 and sm 2) processing mainly beech wood and oak wood. a questionnaire concerning respiratory symptoms and skin prick test (spt) with common inhalatory allergens and moulds cladosporium herbarum, alternaria alternata, aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, and rhizopus nigricans were performed in 96 workers from the same sawmills. average concentrations of airborne fungi were 1,696-7,316 cfu/m ...201222742790
zygomycota associated with traditional meju, a fermented soybean starting material for soy sauce and soybean paste.various zygomycota species were detected during a study of the mycobiota of meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans, used in korean cuisine. two hundred and sixty-eight strains were isolated from 98 finished meju products collected in various regions of korea from 2009 to 2011, and 96 strains were isolated from in-process meju on various farms from 2010 to 2011. the isolated zygomycota were identified using phenotypic characteristics combined with dna sequences of the internal transcribed spac ...201222752901
[harmful biological agents at museum workposts].the aim of the studies was to determine the level and kind of microbiological contamination of air and surfaces in museum premises with various collection specificities. in addition, the criteria for selecting indicators of contamination with harmful biological agents at museum workposts are proposed.201222779322
efficacy of the application of a coating composed of chitosan and origanum vulgare l. essential oil to control rhizopus stolonifer and aspergillus niger in grapes (vitis labrusca l.).this study evaluated the efficacy of the combined application of chitosan (chi) and origanum vulgare l. essential oil (ov) in the inhibition of rhizopus stolonifer urm 3728 and aspergillus niger urm 5842 on laboratory media and on grapes (vitis labrusca l.) and its influence on the physical, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the fruits during storage (25 °c, 12 days and 12 °c, 24 days). the application of mixtures of different chi and ov concentrations (minimum inhibitory concentrat ...201222986200
the mitochondrial respiratory chain of rhizopus stolonifer (ehrenb.:fr.) vuill.rhizopus stolonifer (ehrenb.:fr.) vuill mitochondria contain the complete system for oxidative phosphorylation, formed by the classical components of the electron transport chain (complexes i, ii, iii, and iv) and the f(1)f(0)-atp synthase (complex v). using the native gel electrophoresis, we have shown the existence of supramolecular associations of the respiratory complexes. the composition and stoichiometry of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes were similar to those found in other organi ...201323064442
heterologous expression and secretion of an antifungal bacillus subtilis chitosanase (csnv26) in escherichia coli.the aims of the study were the production improvement, the purification, the characterization and the activity investigation of chitosanase csnv26 of bacillus subtilis (v26). the gene csnv26 encoding for this protein was amplified and cloned in the pbad vector then expressed in escherichia coli (top10). the sds-page and zymogram analysis of the recombinant protein showed that it has two active forms sized 27 and 31 kda, corresponding to the protein with and without signal peptide. this protein h ...201323065029
bacillus cereus ar156 induces resistance against rhizopus rot through priming of defense responses in peach fruit.the biocontrol effects of bacillus cereus ar156 on rhizopus rot caused by rhizopus stolonifer in postharvest peach fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. the results showed that fruit treated with b. cereus ar156 had significantly lower disease incidence and smaller lesion diameter than the control fruit did. b. cereus ar156 treatment remarkably enhanced activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, promoted accumulation of h(2)o(2), and improved total phenolic content and 2,2-diphe ...201323122077
generation of the volatile spiroketals conophthorin and chalcogran by fungal spores on polyunsaturated fatty acids common to almonds and pistachios.the spiroketal (e)-conophthorin has recently been reported as a semiochemical of the navel orangeworm moth, a major insect pest of california pistachios and almonds. conophthorin and the isomeric spiroketal chalcogran are most commonly known as semiochemicals of several scolytid beetles. conophthorin is both an insect- and plant-produced semiochemical widely recognized as a nonhost plant volatile from the bark of several angiosperm species. chalcogran is the principal aggregation pheromone compo ...201223153034
broad-spectrum antifungal-producing lactic acid bacteria and their application in fruit models.a large-scale screen of some 7,000 presumptive lactic acid bacteria (lab), isolated from animal, human, or plant origin, identified 1,149 isolates with inhibitory activity against the food-spoilage mould penicillium expansum. in excess of 500 lab isolates were subsequently identified to produce a broad spectrum of activity against p. expansum, penicillium digitatum, penicillium notatum, penicillium roqueforti, rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium culmorum, aspergillus fumigatus and rhodotorula mucilagi ...201323160868
production, statistical optimization and application of endoglucanase from rhizopus stolonifer utilizing coffee husk.coffee cherry husk (ch) is one of the major by-products obtained from coffee processing industry and accounts to 43 ± 5.9% of cellulose. screening of fungal organism for cellulase production was carried out and the potential organism was identified as rhizopus stolonifer by internal transcribed spacer's (its)-5.8s rdna analysis. a systematic study with response surface methodology (rsm) based on ccrd was used to study the interactions among the variables such as ph (3-7), moisture (40-80%) and p ...201323223909
synthesis of some potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory metabolites by fungal transformation of anabolic steroid oxymetholone.biotransformation of organic compounds by using microbial whole cells provides an efficient approach to obtain novel analogues which are often difficult to synthesize chemically. in this manuscript, we report for the first time the microbial transformation of a synthetic anabolic steroidal drug, oxymetholone, by fungal cell cultures.201223237028
antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of indian spice plant cinnamomum tamala.plant—based antimicrobials and antioxidants represent a vast untapped source for medicines and food supplements and hence have enormous therapeutic potential. present work reports the fungicidal potential of cinnamomum tamala nees & eberm (lauraceae) leaf oil against five food spoilage and pathogenic fungi. in addition antioxidant efficacy of seven different solvent extracts derived from leaf was also evaluated using in vitro models. the oil demonstrated potent antifungal activity against asperg ...201223273204
degradation of metalaxyl and folpet by filamentous fungi isolated from portuguese (alentejo) vineyard soils.degradation of xenobiotics by microbial populations is a potential method to enhance the effectiveness of ex situ or in situ bioremediation. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated metalaxyl and folpet treatments on soil microbial communities and to select soil fungal strains able to degrade these fungicides. results showed enhanced degradation of metalaxyl and folpet in vineyards soils submitted to repeated treatments with these fungicides. indeed, the greatest degradat ...201323430293
currency notes and coins as a possible source of transmitting fungal pathogens of man and plants.currency (notes and coins) handling by people during transaction is one of the most mobile objects within the community, which has a potential of transmitting pathogens. a survey carried out recently in nanded city (maharashtra) revealed heavy contamination of currency notes and coins by important fungal pathogens of plants and man, i.e. aspergillus niger (60.37%), a. flavus (3.98%), a.nidulans (0.2%), penicillium citrinum (17.80%), alternaria tenuis (0.20%), curvularia pallescens (0.20%), clado ...201123505834
biotransformation of clerodane diterpenoids by rhizopus stolonifer and antibacterial activity of resulting metabolites.microbial transformation of clerodane lactone (1) by a plant pathogen fungus, rhizopus stolonifer, resulted in the production of metabolites 3 and 4. while incubation of clerodane methyl ester (2) by r. stolonifer yielded metabolites 5-8. the structures of the transformed products were determined by the spectroscopic techniques and compounds 4, 7 and 8 were found. the antibacterial activity of clerodane diterpenoids 1 and 2 and their metabolites 3-8 were also studied. the metabolites 3-7 showed ...201323535269
biocontrol of postharvest rhizopus decay of peaches with pichia caribbica.a new yeast antagonist, pichia caribbica, isolated in our laboratory from the soil collected from unsprayed orchards, was evaluated for its biocontrol capability against rhizopus stolonifer on peaches and the possible mechanisms involved. the decay incidence and lesion diameter of rhizopus decay of peaches treated by p. caribbica were significantly reduced compared with the control fruits, and the higher the concentration of p. caribbica, the better the efficacy of the biocontrol. rapid coloniza ...201323536217
incidence of mycoflora and mycotoxins in some edible fruits and seeds of forest origin.twelve fungi namelyalternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, a niger, a ochraceus, actinomucor repens, capnodoium spp., curvularia lunata, fusarium pallidoroseum, f solani, f verticillioides, penicillium citrinum and rhizopus stolonifer were recorded from samples ofaegle marmelos, aesculus indica, buchanania lanzan andpinus gerardiana. in case ofprunus amygdalus only rstolonifer was recorded. a significant variation in pattern of mycoflora incidence was observed in terms of source and season. fu ...200123605675
investigating the efficacy of bacillus subtilis sm21 on controlling rhizopus rot in peach fruit.the efficacy of bacillus subtilis sm21 on controlling rhizopus rot caused by rhizopus stolonifer in postharvest peach fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. the results indicated b. subtilis sm21 treatment reduced lesion diameter and disease incidence by 37.2% and 26.7% on the 2nd day of inoculation compared with the control. the in vitro test showed significant inhibitory effect of b. subtilis sm21 on mycelial growth of r. stolonifer with an inhibition rate of 48.9%. b. subtilis s ...201323673059
the thermostability of two kinds of recombinant ∆6-fatty acid desaturase with different n-terminal sequence lengths in low temperature.two recombinant rhizopus stolonifer ∆6-fatty acid desaturase enzymes with different-length n-termini were cloned and expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae strain invscl: lrsd6d begins with the sequence of the n-terminal of the r. stolonifer ∆6-fatty acid desaturase native, encoding a deduced polypeptide of 459 amino acids (m-s-t-l-d-r-q-s-i-f-t-i-k-e-l-e-s-i-s-q-r-i-h-d-g-d-e-e-a-m-k-f), whereas srsd6d begins with the amino acid sequence of the predicted orf, encoding a deduced polypeptide of 43 ...201323821293
transcriptomic and morphological profiling of aspergillus fumigatus af293 in response to antifungal activity produced by lactobacillus plantarum 16.the morphological effects of an antifungal activity produced by lactobacillus plantarum 16, a malt-production steep water isolate, on two food-associated fungi were examined microscopically. spore germination was completely inhibited in aspergillus fumigatus and rhizopus stolonifer upon treatment with concentrated cell-free supernatant (ccfs) of strain 16. furthermore, addition of antifungal ccfs to germ tubes and hyphae halted further development compared to untreated controls. transcriptome an ...201323876797
polysaccharides from rhizopus nigricans mycelia induced apoptosis and g2/m arrest in bgc-823 cells.in this study, we reported that polysaccharides (rps) from the mycelia of liquid-cultured rhizopus nigricans inhibited the proliferation and clonogenic potential of human gastric cancer bgc-823 cells. results of acridine orange/ethidium bromide and hoechst 33258 staining showed that treated cells displayed typical morphological characteristics of apoptosis such as condensation of chromatin, nuclear pyknosis and formation of apoptotic bodies. flow cytometry analyses and colorimetric assay indicat ...201323911518
screening of functional rhizopus stolonifer for alcohol fermentation and production of high quality korean traditional rice wine.different strains of mold were screened for the production of high quality korean traditional rice wine with anti-hypertension and good acceptability. we isolated 867 nuruk mold strains and selected 24 for further study based on measurement of amylase activity. among them, mold no. 17 showed high ethanol production upon fermentation with saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as anti-hypertensive properties. the no. 17 strain was therefore selected as the functional mold and later identified as rhizop ...201023956639
antifungal activities of copper(ii) with biosensitive macrocyclic schiff base ligands derived from 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives.novel copper(ii) complexes have been synthesized from the macrocyclic schiff bases derived from knoevenagel condensed β-ketoanilides (obtained by the condensation of acetoacetanilide and substituted benzaldehydes), 4-aminoantipyrine and o-phenylene diamine. the structural features have been determined from their analytical and spectral data. all the cu(ii) complexes exhibit square planar geometry. their high molar conductance values support their 1: 2 electrolytic nature. the magnetic moment dat ...200923983523
antibacterial and antifungal studies on some schiff base complexes of zinc(ii).two schiff base ligands l1and l2 were obtained by the condensation of glycylglycine respectively with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and indole-3-carboxaldehyde and their complexes with zn(ii) were prepared and characterized by microanalytical, conductivity measurement, ir, uv-vis., xrd and sem. the molar conductance measurement indicates that the zn(ii) complexes are 1: 1electrolytes. the ir data demonstrate the tetradentate binding of l1and tridentate binding of l2. the xrd data show that zn(ii) c ...200823990740
effect of some food preservatives on the lipolytic activity of beef luncheon fungi.beef luncheon meat is one of the most popular meals in several countries in the world including egypt. thirty one fungal species and 3 species varieties were recovered from 30 samples of beef luncheon meat collected from different supermarkets in qena. alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, mucor, mycosphaerella, penicillium and rhizopus were the most common genera on the two types of media. from the above genera, the most prevalent species were alternaria alternate, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigat ...200823997619
electrochemical, antifungal, antibacterial and dna cleavage studies of some co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii)-copolymer complexes.cyclic voltammetric measurements were performed for co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) complexes of 1: 1alternating copolymer, poly(3-nitrobenzylidene-1-naphthylamine-co-succinic anhydride) (l) and ni(ii) and cu(ii) complexes of 1: 1alternating copolymer, poly(3-nitrobenzylidene-1-naphthylamine-co-methacrylic acid) (l1). the in vitro biological screening effects of the investigated compounds were tested against the fungal species including aspergillus niger, rhizopus stolonifer, aspergillus flavu ...200823997637
liposome-mediated mycelial transformation of filamentous fungi.liposome-mediated transformation is common for cells with no cell wall, but has very limited usage in cells with walls, such as bacteria, fungi, and plants. in this study, we developed a procedure to introduce dna into mycelium of filamentous fungi, rhizopus nigricans lh 21 and pleurotus ostreatus td 300, by liposome-mediation but with no protoplast preparation. the dna was transformed into r. nigricans via plasmid pegfp-c1 and into p. ostreatus via 7.2 kb linear dna. the mycelia were ground in ...201324012298
synthesis and spectral characterization of antifungal sensitive schiff base transition metal complexes.new n2o2 donor type schiff base has been designed and synthesized by condensing acetoacetanilido-4-aminoantipyrine with 2-aminobenzoic acid in ethanol. solid metal complexes of the schiff base with cu(ii), ni(ii), co(ii), mn(ii), zn(ii), vo(iv), hg(ii) and cd(ii) metal ions were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, molar conduction, fast atom bombardment (fab) mass, ir, uv-vis, and (1)h nmr spectral studies. the data show that the complexes have the compo ...200724015086
variation of soil mycoflora in decomposition of rice stubble from rice-wheat cropping system.the colonization pattern and extent of decay produced in paddy stubble by soil inhabiting mycoflora were done by using nylon net bag technique. among the three methods used for isolation of fungi, dilution plate technique recorded the highest number of fungi followed by damp chamber and direct observation method. nutrient availability and climatic conditions (temperature, humidity and rainfall) influenced the occurrence and colonization pattern of fungi. maximum fungal population was recorded in ...200724015096
enzyme activities and substrate degradation by fungal isolates on cassava waste during solid state fermentation.the growth and bioconversion potential of selected strains growing on cassava waste substrate during solid state fermentation were assessed. rhizopus stolonifer showed the highest and the fastest utilization of starch and cellulose in the cassava waste substrate. it showed 70% starch utilization and 81% cellulose utilization within eight days. the release of reducing sugars indicating the substrate saccharification or degradation potential of the organisms reached the highest value of 406.5 mg/g ...200724015097
unraveling the protein network of tomato fruit in response to necrotrophic phytopathogenic rhizopus nigricans.plants are endowed with a sophisticated defense mechanism that gives signals to plant cells about the immediate danger from surroundings and protects them from pathogen invasion. in the search for the particular proteins involved in fruit defense responses, we report here a comparative analysis of tomato fruit (solanum lycopersicum cv. ailsa craig) infected by rhizopus nigricans ehrenb, which is a significant contributor to postharvest rot disease in fresh tomato fruits. in total, four hundred f ...201324023804
novel agents for enzymatic and fungal hydrolysis of stevioside.a comparative study on the potential of some biological agents to perform the hydrolysis of stevioside was carried out, aiming at establishing an alternative methodology to achieve the aglycon steviol or its rearranged derivative isosteviol, in high yields to be used in the preparation of novel bioactive compounds. hydrolysis reactions were performed by using filamentous fungi (aspergillus niger, rhizopus stolonifer and rhizopus arrhizus), a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) and enzymes (pancreat ...200924031374
growth rate inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by characterized chitosans.the inhibitory effects of fifteen chitosans with different degrees of polymerization (dp) and different degrees of acetylation (fa) on the growth rates (gr) of four phytopathogenic fungi (alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea, penicillium expansum, and rhizopus stolonifer) were examined using a 96-well microtiter plate and a microplate reader. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of the chitosans ranged from 100 μg ×ml(-1) to 1,000 μg ×ml(-1) depending on the fungus tested and the dp an ...201224031893
raw starch degrading amylase production by various fungal cultures grown on cassava waste.the solid waste of sago industry using cassava was fermented by aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus and rhizopus stolonifer in solid state fermentation. cassava waste contained 52 per cent starch and 2.9 per cent protein by dry weight. the amylase activity was maintained at a high level and the highest amylase activity was observed on the 8(th) day in r. stolonifer mediated fermentation. r. stolonifer was more efficient than aspergillus niger and aspergillus terreus in bioconverting cassava w ...200624039485
screening of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from rice paddy soil for antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi.soil cyanobacteria isolated from the rice paddy fields of 10 different locations across korea were evaluated by agar plate diffusion test for antifungal activity. aqueous, petroleum ether, and methanol extracts from one hundred and forty two cyanobacterial strains belonging to the 14 genera were examined for antifungal properties against seven phytopathogenic fungi causing diseases in hot pepper (capsicum annuum l). of total cyanobacteria, nine cyanobacteria (6.34%) exhibited antifungal effects. ...200624039487
rhizopus soft rot on pear (pyrus serotina) caused by rhizopus stolonifer in korea.rhizopus soft rot caused by rhizopus stolonifer occurred on pears (pyrus serotina) in the jinju city agricultural products wholesale market in korea from 2004 to 2005. the infection usually started from wounds due to cracking at harvest time. the lesions started as water-soaked, rapidly softened, then gradually expanded. the mycelia grew vigorously on the surface of the fruits and formed stolons. colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25℃ were white cottony to brownish black. sporangia were globose ...200624039490
bioconversion of lignocellulose materials.one of the most economically viable processes for the bioconversion of many lignocellulosic waste is represented by white rot fungi. phanerochaete chrysosporium is one of the important commercially cultivated fungi which exhibit varying abilities to utilize different lignocellulosic as growth substrate. examination of the lignocellulolytic enzyme profiles of the two organisms phanerochaete chrysosporium and rhizopus stolonifer show this diversity to be reflected in qualitative variation in the m ...200624039492
antifungal activities of biorelevant complexes of copper(ii) with biosensitive macrocyclic ligands.four copper(ii) complexes have been prepared using macrocyclic ligands. the macrocyclic ligands have been synthesized by the condensation reaction of diethyl phthalate with schiff bases derived from o-phenylene diamine and knoevenagel condensed β-ketoanilides (obtained by the condensation of acetoacetanilide and substituted benzaldehydes). the ligands and copper complexes have been characterized on the basis of microanalytical, mass, uv-vis., ir and cv spectral studies, as well as conductivity d ...200624039502
bioconversion of straw into improved fodder: fungal flora decomposing rice straw.the fungal flora decomposing rice straw were investigated all over the soil of sharkia province, east of nile delta, egypt, using the nylon net bag technique. sixty-four straw-decomposing species belonging to 30 genera were isolated by the dilution plate method in ground rice straw-czapek's agar medium at ph 6. the plates were incubated separately at 5℃, 25℃ and 45℃, respectively. twenty nine species belonging to 14 genera were isolated at 5℃. the most frequent genus was penicillium (seven speci ...200524049492
a streptomyces chitosanase is active in transgenic tobacco.growth inhibition towards rhizopus nigricans, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, verticillium albo-atrum and pythium ultimum was observed in vitro using a purified chitosanase from an actinomycete, streptomyces sp, strain n174. the corresponding gene, with its own signal peptide, was inserted into pbi121.7 shuttle vector to transform tobacco. transgenic plants were analysed for chitosanase activity by a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay. two major and on ...199524185780
effect of apiforol and apigeninidin on growth of selected fungi.selected fungi were grown on agar plates in the presence of naringenin, apiforol, apiforol 7-o-rhamnoglucoside, or apigeninidin. of the four compounds tested, only apigeninidin inhibited the growth offusarium oxysporum, gibberella zeae, gliocladium roseum, altemaria solani, and phytophthora infestons. in contrast, the growth ofrhizoctonia solani, sclerotium rolfsii, and rhizopus stolonifer (- and +) was not effected by any compound. since apigeninidin is present in seeds ofsorghum sp., we hypoth ...199124258604
optimization of medium for extracellular nuclease formation from rhizopus stolonifer.a strain of rhizopus stolonifer produced a high activity of extracellular dnaase when grown on ypg (yeast extract peptone glucose) medium. the source of peptone had a marked effect on the enzyme yield and only one peptone (i.e. from sarabhai m. chemicals ltd, india) supported enzyme production. maximum enzyme activity (88 u/ml) was obtained after 4 days' growth under submerged conditions in ypg medium containing 100 μm mn(2+), co(2+) or mg(2+), and glucose as the sole carbon source. the unpurifi ...199324419948
fermentation of millet to produce kamu a nigerian starch-cake food.microorganisms present in the unfermented grains of millet at the initial stage of steeping and after sieving at the initial stage of souring for the preparation of kamu were moulds (aspergillus versicolor, penicillim nigricans and rhizopus stolonifer), bacteria (pediococcus pentosaceus and lactobaclllus plantarum) and a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae). only the bacteria and yeast persisted to the end of the steeping period. these, together with another yeast, candida krusel, brought about the ...199124424932
antifungal metabolites produced by chaetomium globosum no.04, an endophytic fungus isolated from ginkgo biloba.the fungal endophyte chaetomium globosum no.04 was isolated from the medicinal plant ginkgo biloba. the crude extract of the fungus fermentation were active in the agar-diffusion tests against the phytopathogenic fungi rhizopus stolonifer and coniothyrium diplodiella. further bioassay-guided chemical investigation led to the isolation and purification of six alkaloids and three non-targeted compounds from 50 l fermentation of this endophytic fungus and their structures were elucidated as chaetog ...201324426105
regulation of the rana sylvatica brevinin-1sy antimicrobial peptide during development and in dorsal and ventral skin in response to freezing, anoxia and dehydration.brevinin-1sy is the only described antimicrobial peptide (amp) of rana sylvatica. as amps are important innate immune molecules that inhibit microbes, this study examined brevinin-1sy regulation during development and in adult frogs in response to environmental stress. the brevinin-1sy nucleotide sequence was identified and used for protein modeling. brevinin-1sy was predicted to be an amphipathic, hydrophobic, alpha helical peptide that inserts into a lipid bilayer. brevinin-1sy transcripts wer ...201424436376
in vitro antifungal activity of three geophytic plant extracts against three post-harvest pathogenic fungi.plant extracts appear to be one of the most effective alternative methods of plant diseases control which are less harmful to human beings and environment. in vitro antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of three promising wild geophytic plants against three post-harvest pathogenic fungi using radial growth technique was conducted. these extracts included the shoot system (s) and underground parts (r) of asparagus stipularis, cyperus capitatus and stipagrostis lanata. the tested fungi were a ...201324506036
optimization of xylanase production by filamentous fungi in solid-state fermentation and scale-up to horizontal tube bioreactor.five microorganisms, namely aspergillus niger cect 2700, a. niger cect 2915, a. niger cect 2088, aspergillus terreus cect 2808, and rhizopus stolonifer cect 2344, were grown on corncob to produce cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, mainly xylanases, by solid-state fermentation (ssf). a. niger cect 2700 produced the highest amount of xylanases of 504 ± 7 u/g dry corncob (dcc) after 3 days of fermentation. the optimization of the culture broth (5.0 g/l nano3, 1.3 g/l (nh4)2so4, 4.5 g/l kh2 ...201424728763
effects of chitosan and oligochitosan on development and mitochondrial function of rhizopus stolonifer.the antifungal activities of chitosan and oligochitosan have been used to control postharvest decay of the fruits. the effect of chitosan and oligochitosan on mycelium growth, spore germination, and mitochondrial function of rhizopus stolonifer was evaluated in order to establish a connection between fungus development and the main organelle in charge to provide energy to the cell. the mycelium growth of r. stolonifer was significantly reduced on minimum media amended with chitosan or oligochito ...201424771597
fungal mediated generation of mammalian metabolites of fenofibrate and enhanced pharmacological activity of the main metabolite fenofibric acid.different fungi viz. aspergillus niger ncim 589, a.ochraceous ncim 1140, cunninghamella blakesleeana ncim 687, c. echinulata ncim 691, rhizopus stolonifer ncim 880, mucor rouxi mtcc 386, trichothecium roseum ncim 1147 were screened for their potential to biotransform anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-hypertriglyceridemia drug, fenofibrate to fenofibric acid, the active metabolite and other mammalian metabolites. among the fungi screened c. blakesleeana transformed fenofibrate to fenofibric acid and o ...201424910236
antifungal effect of antimicrobial peptides (amps lr14) derived from lactobacillus plantarum strain lr/14 and their applications in prevention of grain spoilage.the concern for food safety has led to an increased interest in the development of novel antimicrobials. keeping this aim in mind, we have investigated the antifungal effect of antimicrobial peptides (amps lr14) produced by lactobacillus plantarum strain lr/14 against four spoilage fungi, namely, aspergillus niger, rhizopus stolonifer, mucor racemosus and penicillium chrysogenum. interestingly, all the four fungi were inhibited, suggesting that amps lr14 exhibited anti-fungal property. the pepti ...201424929709
assessment of allergenicity to fungal allergens of rohtak city, haryana, india.fungal spores are known as one of the important bioparticles causing allergic manifestation in human beings. hence, knowledge of season and prevalence of the airborne allergens to which the patients are exposed is a prerequisite for proper diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders in hypersensitive individuals. keeping this in view, aerial survey was performed in the atmosphere of rohtak city for 2 consecutive years (march 2008-february 2010), using a volumetric petri plate sampler. a total ...201424988378
synthesis of mannich bases: 2-(3-phenylaminopropionyloxy)-benzoic acid and 3-phenylamino-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one, their toxicity, ionization constant, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.mannich bases 2-(3-phenylaminopropionyloxy)-benzoic acid (a) and 3-phenylamino-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one (b) were synthesized. structures were confirmed by ultraviolet/visible and infra-red spectroscopies. the ionization constant (pka) values at 8.3 and 8.0 reported for compounds a and b, respectively, indicated that protonation might occur at physiological ph. the lc50 values of 145,595 μg/ml (a) and 82,526 μg/ml (b) obtained from brine shrimp lethality testing showed that both c ...201425038706
effects of post-harvest treatment using chitosan from mucor circinelloides on fungal pathogenicity and quality of table grapes during storage.the aim of this study was to extract chitosan (chi) from mucor circinelloides ucp 050 grown in a corn steep liquor (csl)-based medium under optimized conditions and to assess the efficacy of the obtained chi to inhibit the post-harvest pathogenic fungi aspergillus niger urm 5162 and rhizopus stolonifer urm 3482 in laboratory media and as a coating on table grapes (vitis labrusca l.). the effect of chi coating on some physical, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the fruits during stor ...201425084665
effects of fengycin from bacillus subtilis fmbj on apoptosis and necrosis in rhizopus stolonifer.the lipopeptide antibiotic fengycin, produced by bacillus subtilis, strongly inhibits growth of filamentous fungi. in this study, we evaluated the effects of fengycin treatment on apoptosis and necrosis in rhizopus stolonifer by means of cell staining and epifluorescence microscopy. at fengycin concentrations less than 50 μg/ml, treated fungal cells demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis-associated markers compared with the untreated control. these markers included chromatin condens ...201425098563
stereo and regioselective microbial reduction of the clerodane diterpene 3,12-dioxo-15,16-epoxy-4-hydroxycleroda-13(16),14-diene.the biotransformation of the clerodane diterpene, 3,12-dioxo-15,16-epoxy-4-hydroxy-cleroda-13(16),14-diene (1), obtained from croton micans var. argyroglossum (baill.) mill., was investigated for the first time. whole cells of cunninghamella echinulata and rhizopus stolonifer were used as enzymatic systems, and with both fungi the only biotransformation product obtained was the new ent-neo-clerodane diterpene (3r,4s,5s,8s,9r,10s)-3,4-dihydroxy-15,16-epoxy-12-oxo-cleroda-13(16),14-diene (2a). the ...201425115072
fungal lectins: a growing family.fungi are members of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts and molds, as well as the most familiar member, mushrooms. fungal lectins with unique specificity and structures have been discovered. in general, fungal lectins are classified into specific families based on their amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. in this chapter, we provide an overview of the approximately 80 types of mushroom and fungal lectins that have been isolated and studied to date. in pa ...201425117221
expression and functional analysis of a glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanase from rhizopus stolonifer.a novel endoglucanase gene was cloned from rhizopus stolonifer and expressed in escherichia coli, the gene product eg ii (45 kda) was assigned to glycoside hydrolase family 45 (gh45), and its specific activity on phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (pasc) was 48 iu/mg. to solve the problem of substrate accumulation in the cellulose hydrolysis and enhance the catalytic efficiency of endoglucanase, the eg2 gene was modified by site directed mutagenesis. mutations generated by overlapping pcr have be ...201425164957
in vitro antimalarial studies of novel artemisinin biotransformed products and its derivatives.biotransformation of antimalarial drug artemisinin by fungi rhizopus stolonifer afforded three sesquiterpenoid derivatives. the transformed products were 1α-hydroxyartemisinin (3), 3.0%, a new compound, 10β-hydroxyartemisinin, 54.5% (4) and deoxyartemisinin (2) in 9% yield. the fungus expressed high-metabolism activity (66.5%). the chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1d, 2d nmr spectrometry and mass spectral data. the major compound 10β-hydroxyartemisinin (4) was chemically c ...201425183484
toxic ipomeamarone accumulation in healthy parts of sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas l. lam) storage roots upon infection by rhizopus stolonifer.furanoterpenoid accumulation in response to microbial attack in rotting sweetpotatoes has long been linked to deaths and lung edema of cattle in the world. however, it is not known whether furanoterpenoid ipomeamarone accumulates in the healthy-looking parts of infected sweetpotato storage roots. this is critical for effective utilization as animal feed and assessment of the potential negative impact on human health. therefore, we first identified the fungus from infected sweetpotatoes as a rhiz ...201525418792
interaction of antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptides from bacillus subtilis influences their effect on spore germination and membrane permeability in fungal plant pathogens.bacillus subtilis cyclic lipopeptides are known to have various antimicrobial effects including different types of interactions with the cell membranes of plant pathogenic fungi. the various spectra of activities of the three main lipopeptide families (fengycins, iturins, and surfactins) seem to be linked to their respective mechanisms of action on the fungal biomembrane. few studies have shown the combined effect of more than one family of lipopeptides on fungal plant pathogens. in an effort to ...201425442289
effect of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in lipophilic formulations.there has been increased interest surrounding the use of tea tree oil (tto) as a natural antimicrobial. in this study, the antimicrobial activity of tto and its components were investigated in vitro and in a predominantly lipid-based personal care formulation. in vitro, tto showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.2% (for saccharomyces cerevisiae and pythium sulcatum), 0.4% (for escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and rhizopus stolonifer), and 0.8% (for botrytis cinerea). tto at 0.08%-0.8% ...201525515896
antifungal activity of plant extracts against aspergillus niger and rhizopus stolonifer.despite recent advances in antifungal development, fungi remain a devastating threat to human health and compromise viability of the food supply. plant based antimicrobials represent a vast untapped source with tremendous potential. herein we present the antifungal properties of more than 50 plant extracts against two important human and agricultural pathogens, aspergillus niger and rhizopus stolonifer. multiple extracts exhibit promising mic values of less than 100 μg/ml and are reported for bo ...201425532291
characterization of films based on chitosan lactate and its blends with oxidized starch and gelatin.minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of chitosan lactate (chl) was tested against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. then, the structural, physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of films based on chl, oxidized potato starch (ops), and gelatin (gel) were investigated. with the exception of rhizopus nigricans, chl was effective against the target organisms. gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) were more sensitive to chl than gram-negative bacteria (pectobacte ...201525841370
antifungal activity and mechanism of tea polyphenols against rhizopus stolonifer.to investigate the antifungal activity and possible mechanism of tea polyphenols (tps) against rhizopus stolonifer, the agent of rotting in nectarines and peaches.201526003094
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