Publications

lolitrem b residue in fat tissues of cattle consuming endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass straw.	lolitrems are neurotoxins found in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. lolitrems, primarily lolitrem b, are the causative agents of ryegrass staggers in livestock. to guarantee the safety of meat produced from cattle consuming endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass, lolitrem b concentrations in tissues of japanese black cattle were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. lolitrem b was not detected in muscle, liver, kidney, or cerebrum of a japanese black cow with signs of rye ...	2004	15305749
evaluation of perennial ryegrass straw as a forage source for ruminants.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate perennial ryegrass straw as a forage source for ruminants. experiment 1 evaluated digestion and physiological variables in steers offered perennial ryegrass straw containing increasing levels of ergot alkaloid, lolitrem b. sixteen ruminally cannulated angus x hereford steers (231+/-2 kg bw) were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to one of four treatments. steers were provided perennial ryegrass straw at 120% of the previous 5-d average intake. bef ...	2004	15309967
influence of concentrate composition and forage type on retail packaged beef quality.	the objective of this study was to determine the effect of type of conserved forage and concentrate composition on the quality of beef held in overwrapped (aerobic) or modified atmosphere packaging under simulated retail display for 17 d. friesian steers (n = 45) were assigned randomly to one of five dietary treatments: 1) extensively fermented grass silage plus silage concentrate (efs); 2) restricted fermented grass silage plus silage concentrate (rfs); 3) starch-based concentrate plus wheat st ...	2004	15318738
influence of plants on the chemical extractability and biodegradability of 2,4-dichlorophenol in soil.	this study investigated the fate and behaviour of [ul-(14)c] 2,4-dichlorophenol (dcp) in planted (lolium perenne l.) and unplanted soils over 57 days. extractability of [ul-(14)c] 2,4-dcp associated activity was measured using calcium chloride (cacl(2)), acetonitrile-water and dichloromethane (dcm) extractions. biodegradability of [ul-(14)c] 2,4-dcp associated activity was assessed through measurement of (14)co(2) production by a degrader inoculum (burkholderia sp.). although extractability and ...	2005	15327856
impact of lime, nitrogen and plant species on bacterial community structure in grassland microcosms.	a microcosm-based approach was used to study impacts of plant and chemical factors on the bacterial community structure of an upland acidic grassland soil. seven perennial plant species typical of both natural, unimproved (nardus stricta, agrostis capillaris, festuca ovina and f. rubra) and fertilized, improved (holcus lanatus, lolium perenne and trifolium repens) grasslands were either left unamended or treated with lime, nitrogen, or lime plus nitrogen in a 75-day glasshouse experiment. lime a ...	2004	15344932
host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, sitona lepidus (coleoptera: curculionidae).	this study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, sitona lepidus gyllenhal, to locate white clover trifolium repens l. (fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution x-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. burrowing distan ...	2004	15385062
evaluation of methods to measure differential 15n labeling of soil and root n pools for studies of root exudation.	to study patterns of root exudation, the effectiveness of different techniques for in situ 15n labeling of brassica napus, centaurea jacea and lolium perenne with ammonium nitrate was tested. stem infiltration was found to effectively label plants with thicker stems, whereas, for grass species, cutting and immersing the leaf tips into 15n solution proved to be most effective. a microdiffusion technique to isolate ammonium, combined with conventional cation-exchange chromatography to separate nit ...	2004	15386635
observations on the vertical migrations of the third-stage larva of haemonchus contortus (rud.) on experimental plots of lolium perenne s24, in relation to meteorological and micrometeorological factors.		1950	15401178
diurnal variation in ruminal ph on the digestibility of highly digestible perennial ryegrass during continuous culture fermentation.	dairy cows grazing high-digestibility pastures exhibit pronounced diurnal variation in ruminal ph, with ph being below values considered optimal for digestion. using a dual-flow continuous culture system, the hypothesis that minimizing diurnal variation in ph would improve digestion of pasture when ph was low, but not at a higher ph, was tested. four treatments were imposed, with ph either allowed to exhibit normal diurnal variation around an average ph of 6.1 or 5.6, or maintained at constant p ...	2004	15453503
use of pruning waste compost as a component in soilless growing media.	the objective of this work was to study the use of pruning wastes compost (pwc) as a growing media component for ornamental plants. the main physical, chemical and biological characteristics of pwc were analysed in order to evaluate its suitability for use in soil-less cultivation. six growth substrates were prepared by mixing pwc with peat (p), ground leaves (gl), sand (s) and spent mushroom compost (smc) in different proportions. two different pot experiments were carried out to test its chara ...	2005	15501667
retention and phytoavailability of radioniobium in soils.	radioniobium is present in long-lived nuclear waste as a result of the activation of zirconium pellets associated with the nuclear fuel. the behaviour of niobium (nb) in the environment and especially its fate in the soil-plant system has not been thoroughly investigated so far. in safety assessment of french long-lived nuclear waste disposal, data concerning the mobility and the bioavailability of nb in soils are needed as well as general trends of its fate in the specific environment around th ...	2005	15511567
ruminal degradability of 15n labelled ribonucleic acid in grass.	the ruminal degradation of rna in rye grass (lolium perenne) was studied using the bag method. a non-lactating cow (bw 550 kg) fitted with a rumen cannula was used and fed twice daily at maintenance level with a chopped grass hay-based ration containing 30% ground barley. rye grass, labelled during growth by fertilization with 15n2-urea (9.5 atom% 15n, 20 g n/m2), was cut at seven stages of growth and maturity and freeze-dried. rna-n represented 6 to 17% of total n. labelled grass samples (mille ...	2004	15595618
countercurrent chromatographic isolation of lolitrem b from endophyte-infected ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) seed.	this paper describes a new method of purification of the lolitrem b, a tremorgenic mycotoxin produced in planta by the endophytic fungus neotyphodium lolii. the method is based on the large-scale isolation of the toxin by countercurrent chromatography (ccc). the lolitrem b content in endophyted ryegrass seed, 11 microg/g or 11 ppm, is extracted by stirring finely ground seeds with ethanol for 3 h at room temperature. the concentrated crude extract contains about 0.6 mg/g or 600 ppm of lolitrem b ...	2004	15628126
bahia grass pollen specific ige is common in seasonal rhinitis patients but has limited cross-reactivity with ryegrass.	perennial ryegrass is a major cause of rhinitis in spring and early summer. bahia grass, paspalum notatum, flowers late into summer and could account for allergic rhinitis at this time. we determined the frequency of serum immunoglobulin (ig)e reactivity with bahia grass in ryegrass pollen allergic patients and investigated ige cross-reactivity between bahia and ryegrass.	2005	15647049
ecosystem function in alluvial tailings after biosolids and lime addition.	municipal biosolids and agricultural limestone were incorporated into the surface of alluvial highly acidic, metal-contaminated mine tailings in leadville, co, in 1998. amended sites were seeded and a plant cover was subsequently established. a range of chemical and biological parameters were measured over time to determine if treatment was sufficient to restore ecosystem function. an uncontaminated upstream control (uuc), a contaminated vegetated area (cva), and soils collected from the tailing ...	2005	15647543
frequency and diversity of nitrate reductase genes among nitrate-dissimilating pseudomonas in the rhizosphere of perennial grasses grown in field conditions.	a total of 1246 pseudomonas strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two perennial grasses (lolium perenne and molinia coerulea) with different nitrogen requirements. the plants were grown in their native soil under ambient and elevated atmospheric co2 content (pco2) at the swiss face (free air co2 enrichment) facility. root-, rhizosphere-, and non-rhizospheric soil-associated strains were characterized in terms of their ability to reduce nitrate during an in vitro assay and with respect to ...	2005	15650915
distribution of the fungal endophyte neotyphodium lolii is not a major determinant of the distribution of fungal alkaloids in lolium perenne plants.	the relationships of the distributions of the insect and mammalian mycotoxins, lolitrem b and ergovaline, and the insect-feeding deterrent, peramine, with the distribution of fungal mycelium were investigated in three genotypes of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) infected with the endophyte neotyphodium lolii. in planta levels and distribution of the endophyte and of the three alkaloids were assessed in parallel, and different spatial or temporal concentration gradients were observed for e ...	2005	15652576
testing for direct anthelmintic effects of bioactive forages against trichostrongylus colubriformis in grazing sheep.	the aim of the present study was to investigate potential direct anthelmintic effects of forages that contain plant secondary metabolites (psm) towards the intestinal nematode trichostrongylus colubriformis. for this purpose, we introduced an experimental design, which enabled us to investigate the direct anthelmintic effects of psm-rich forages, without significant interference of possible indirect immunological effects of psm. sixty parasite naive sheep were infected with 8000 t. colubriformis ...	2004	15710524
the consequences of short-term grazing of bioactive forages on established adult and incoming larvae populations of teladorsagia circumcincta in lambs.	the objective of this study was to investigate the consequences of short-term grazing on bioactive forages on (i) the viability and fecundity of established adult teladorsagia circumcincta population and (ii) the establishment and development of incoming t. circumcincta infective larvae. forty-eight, parasite naive, 3-month old, grazing lambs were artificially infected with 8000 infective larvae of t. circumcincta on day 1 of the experiment. on day 21 p.i., lambs were allocated to one of three b ...	2005	15722084
specific plant dna adducts as molecular biomarkers of genotoxic atmospheric environments.	the general purpose of this study was to determine whether the formation of dna addition products ('adducts') in plants could be a valuable biomarker of genotoxic air pollution. plants from several species were exposed to ambient atmosphere at urban and suburban sites representative of different environmental conditions. the levels of no2 and of the quantitatively major genotoxic air pollutants benzene, toluene, and xylene were monitored in parallel with plant exposure. dna adducts were measured ...	2005	15725605
prospective safety study of immunotherapy administered in a cluster schedule.	cluster immunotherapy is becoming an alternative to conventional it due to its shorter schedule, but the safety of such schedule is still controversial. at present, only few studies assess the risk of immunotherapy in a prospective manner, in well-controlled patients, using the same extract and intending to evaluate a single schedule. the aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety of a cluster immunotherapy administration regimen. a total of 91 outpatients (41 male and 50 female), with a ...	2004	15736717
a trade-off between nitrogen uptake and use increases responsiveness to elevated co2 in infrequently cut mixed c3 grasses.	the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the responsiveness of mixed c3 grass species to elevated co2 is related more to nitrogen uptake or to n-use efficiency. nitrogen uptake and whole-plant n-use efficiency were investigated with two binary mixtures: lolium perenne was mixed either with festuca arundinacea or with holcus lanatus. the swards were grown on sand with or without co2 doubling, and subjected to two cutting frequencies. a c20 alcohol was used as a marker to determine species pr ...	2005	15760365
feeding value of pastures for ruminants.	perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in new zealand. it is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (nv). however, seedhead development substantially lowers its feeding value (fv) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially w ...	2004	15768132
feeding value of pastures for horses.	the feeding value of fresh pasture grazed in situ is determined by animal performance or productivity and could be relatively easily established for growing and lactating horses. despite this, there is a lack of published information on the relative feeding value of different pastures and forages grazed by horses in new zealand and the world. in addition, for adult breeding or non-breeding and young or adult sport or performance horses, the definition of feeding value and its determination remai ...	2004	15768133
sensitization to common allergens, especially pollens, among children with respiratory allergy in the trakya region of turkey.	asthma and allergic rhinitis are common problems in children and the causative pollen allergens vary according to the geographical area. the aim of this study was to investigate patterns of sensitization to common inhalant allergens, especially pollens, in turkish children living in the trakya region and to determine differences between rural and urban areas. allergen skin testing was prospectively performed on 539 children aged between 4 and 17 years with respiratory allergy. the reaction was c ...	2004	15783130
the fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of pasture-fed beef heifers: influence of the duration of grazing.	our objective was to determine the effect of the duration of grazing before slaughter on the fatty acid composition of muscle fat and s.c. adipose tissue (sat) of beef heifers. sixty crossbred charolais heifers (n = 15 per treatment) were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments: 45 animals (treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were housed at the beginning of the experiment, and 15 (treatment 4) were fed at pasture. two groups of 15 heifers were moved to pasture 40 d (treatment 2) an ...	2005	15827261
prevalence and clinical relevance of specific immunoglobulin e to pollen caused by sting- induced specific immunoglobulin e to cross-reacting carbohydrate determinants in hymenoptera venoms.	hymenoptera stings can induce specific ige (sige) to carbohydrate determinants (cd) on venom glycoproteins that cross-react with cd in pollen. sige to such cross-reacting cd (ccd) are believed to have little or no biological activity and thus may cause misdiagnosis of pollen sensitization after a sting.	2005	15836751
soil to plant transfer of 238u, 226ra and 232th on a uranium mining-impacted soil from southeastern china.	both soil and plant samples of nine different plant species grown in soils from southeastern china contaminated with uranium mine tailings were analyzed for the plant uptake and translocation of 238u, 226ra and 232th. substantial differences were observed in the soil-plant transfer factor (tf) among these radionuclides and plant species. lupine (lupinus albus) exhibited the highest uptake of 238u (tf value of 3.7x10(-2)), while chinese mustard (brassica chinensis) had the least (0.5x10(-2)). how ...	2005	15878419
fungal endophyte n-acetylglucosaminidase expression in the infected host grass.	fungal endophytes of the genera neotyphodium and epichlolë are important mutualistic symbionts and pathogens of many cool-season grass species. here we report the characterization of a secreted n-acetylglucosaminidase from the neotyphodium sp. endophyte that infects the grass poa ampla. the enzyme was expressed at low levels within the host, and activity could be detected in the apoplastic protein fraction. low-level expression could also be detected in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass (lol ...	2005	15912954
comparison of early development of three grasses: lolium perenne, agrostis stolonifera and poa pratensis.	to improve the management of grass communities, early plant development was compared in three species with contrasting growth forms, a caespitose (lolium perenne), a rhizomatous (poa pratensis) and a caespitose-stoloniferous species (agrostis stolonifera).	2005	15932884
effect of forage legumes and anthelmintic treatment on the performance, nutritional status and nematode parasites of grazing lambs.	recent studies in new zealand and the uk have shown that certain forages reduce parasitic infection in sheep. the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of legume forages compared to ryegrass on interactions between production, nutritional status and nematodes in grazing lambs. twenty-four male lambs per forage treatment, half of which were treated with anthelmintics on day 0, grazed monocultures of lucerne (medicago sativa), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifo ...	2005	15946801
molecular cloning and genetic analysis of a symbiosis-expressed gene cluster for lolitrem biosynthesis from a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass.	lolitrems are potent tremorgenic mycotoxins that are synthesised by clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes of the epichloë/neotyphodium group in association with grasses. these indole-diterpenes confer major ecological benefits on the grass-endophyte symbiotum. a molecular signature for diterpene biosynthesis is the presence of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) synthases. using degenerate primers for conserved domains of fungal ggpp synthases, we cloned two such genes, ltmg and ggsa, from neotyp ...	2005	15991026
the effect of glyphosate, paraquat and paclobutrazol on lolitrem b levels in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass.	two herbicides (glyphosate and paraquat) and a plant growth regulator (paclobutrazol) were applied to endophyteinfected (acremonium lolii) perennial ryegrass swards. subsamples of these swards were then chemically analysed at intervals up to 28 days later for lolitrem b, the compound responsible for perennial ryegrass staggers in domestic livestock. glyphosate and paclobutrazol had no effect on lolitrem b concentrations. paraquat applications decreased lolitrem b concentrations in the herbage. b ...	1995	16031833
novel forages for growth and health in farmed deer.	aims: this paper reviews recent research on the use of new forages in deer farming that may be useful for increasing growth in weaner deer for venison production, increasing the trace element status of deer, and for developing systems less reliant on chemical inputs, notably of anthelmintics used to control internal parasites. growth: grazing on pure swards of red clover (trifolium pratense) or chicory (chicorium intybus) increased weaner growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14 ...	2002	16032280
effects, transfer, and fate of rdx from aged soil in plants and worms.	the objectives of this study were to provide data that can be used to predict exposure-based effects of rdx in aged soil on multiple endpoint organisms representing two trophic levels. these data can be used for defining criteria or reference values for environmental management and conducting specific risk assessment. dose-response experiments formed the basis for the evaluation of toxic effects and transfer of contaminants from soil into two trophic levels. long-term exposure tests were conduct ...	2006	16045966
a symbiosis expressed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory.	while much is known about the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi their biological role is often less clear. the assumption is these pathways have adaptive value to the organism but often the evidence to support this role is lacking. we provide the first genetic evidence that the fungal produced secondary metabolite, peramine, protects a host plant from insect herbivory. peramine is a potent insect feeding deterrent synthesized by epichloë/neotyphodium mutualistic endophyt ...	2005	16091042
fatty acid profiles associated with microbial colonization of freshly ingested grass and rumen biohydrogenation.	two in situ studies were conducted to examine the use of odd-chain fatty acid profiles to study microbial colonization of freshly ingested herbage in the rumen as well as fatty acid biohydrogenation. in the first study, fresh perennial ryegrass was subjected to a range of sample preparation methods before incubation in the rumen for 2 or 7 h. in the second study, fresh perennial ryegrass was chopped into 1-cm lengths and incubated in polyester bags in the rumen for 2, 8, and 24 h. after removal ...	2005	16107412
effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on intake, digestibility, and milk yield in dairy cows.	the effects of 8 diploid perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) cultivars on dry matter (dm) intake, dm digestibility, and milk yield (my) of dairy cows were evaluated in the summer of 2000 and 2001. each summer, herbage was harvested daily and stall-fed to 12 dairy cows during six 2-wk periods. six cultivars were fed in 3 periods (1, 3, and 5) according to a double 3 x 3 latin square design. in the other periods (2, 4, and 6), 2 cultivars were fed in a repeated measurement design. herbage mass ...	2005	16107414
[effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on weeds growth and nitrogen uptake].	in this paper, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the responses of different functional groups weeds to simulated nitrogen deposition (4.0 g n.m(-2).yr(-1)). native weed species poa annua, lolium perenne, avena fatua, medicago lupulina, trifolium repens, plantago virginica, veronica didyma, echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis, eleusine indica and amaranthus spinosus in orchard ecosystem were used test materials, and their above-and underground biomass and nitrogen uptake were measured. ...	2005	16110678
four qtls determine crown rust (puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) resistance in a perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) population.	crown rust resistance is an important selection criterion in ryegrass breeding. the disease, caused by the biotrophic fungus puccinia coronata, causes yield losses and reduced quality. in this study, we used linkage mapping and qtl analysis to unravel the genomic organization of crown rust resistance in a lolium perenne population. the progeny of a pair cross between a susceptible and a resistant plant were analysed for crown rust resistance. a linkage map, consisting of 227 loci (aflp, ssr, rfl ...	2005	16118663
qtl mapping of resistance to gray leaf spot in ryegrass.	gray leaf spot (gls) is a serious fungal disease caused by magnaporthe grisea, recently reported on perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.), an important turf grass and forage species. this fungus also causes rice blast and many other grass diseases. rice blast is usually controlled by host resistance, but durability of resistance is a problem. little gls resistance has been reported in perennial ryegrass. however, greenhouse inoculations in our lab using one ryegrass isolate and one rice-infecti ...	2005	16133316
herbaceous vegetation productivity, persistence, and metals uptake on a biosolids-amended mine soil.	the selection of plant species is critical for the successful establishment and long-term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. a study was conducted to assess the capability of 16 forage grass and legume species in monocultures and mixes to establish and thrive on a reclaimed appalachian surface mine amended with biosolids. the 0.15-ha coarse-textured, rocky, non-acid forming mined site was prepared for planting by grading to a 2% slope and amending sandstone overburden ma ...	2012	16151233
effects of cadmium in herbage on the apparent absorption of elements by sheep in comparison with inorganic cadmium added to their diet.	a meta-analysis of existing scientific literature recently suggested that cd is absorbed more efficiently by sheep if it is in the organic form in grass, than if it is added as an inorganic supplement to the diet. we tested this experimentally by feeding sheep grass from contaminated soil, compared with uncontaminated grass and with cd added to the diet. to produce contaminated herbage, cd nitrate was added to soil in 11 lysimeters sown with perennial ryegrass, with a further 11 lysimeters recei ...	2005	16194672
phosphorus nutrition-mediated effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on leaf morphology and carbon allocation in perennial ryegrass.	the aim of this work was to disentangle phosphorus status-dependent and -independent effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) on leaf morphology and carbon allocation in perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). to this end, we assessed the p-response function of morphological components in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants of similar size. amf (glomus hoi) stimulated relative p-uptake rate, decreased leaf mass per area (lma), and increased shoot mass ratio at low p supply. lower lma was ca ...	2005	16219082
quantitative trait loci controlling vernalisation requirement, heading time and number of panicles in meadow fescue (festuca pratensis huds.).	the "bf14/16xhf2/7" mapping population of meadow fescue (festuca pratensis huds.) was characterised for number of panicles produced by non-vernalised plants in the field, vernalisation requirement (number of weeks at 6 degrees c and 8 h photoperiod), as well as days to heading, number of panicles and proportion of shoots heading after a 12 weeks vernalisation treatment. quantitative trait loci (qtls) were identified and compared to qtls and genes related to the induction of flowering in cereals ...	2006	16235049
heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by edta chelating.	seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by edta chelating were investigated. with edta application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. the enrichment coefficients of lolium perenne l(l) and festuca arundinacea l(f) to cr reached 9.45 and 6.15 respectively. in the range of edta dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing edta level. there were significant differences in remediation of ...	2005	16313009
the effect of chicory ( cichorium intybus ) and sulla ( hedysarum coronarium ) on larval development and mucosal cell responses of growing lambs challenged with teladorsagia circumcincta.	the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grazing different bioactive forages on acquired immunity against teladorsagia circumcinta infection. the development of immunity was assessed by following the response of trickle-infected lambs grazing chicory (cichorium intybus; ic), sulla (hedysarum coronarium; is) or grass/clover (lolium perenne/trifolium repens; igc), to a single challenge infection. parasite-naive lambs, grazing grass/clover, were also challenged with the single infect ...	2006	16332288
ruminococcus flavefaciens cell coat and adhesion to cotton cellulose and to cell walls in leaves of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne).	ruminococcus flavefaciens was shown to possess a prominent glycoprotein coat, which contained rhamnose, glucose, and galactose as its principal carbohydrates. periodate-reactive carbohydrate occurred as a surface layer of the coat. the ruminococci adhered strongly by means of this coat to cotton cellulose and to cell walls in leaf sections of lolium perenne l. (perennial ryegrass). the coat was diffuse at the point of contact so that the bacterial cell wall was in close contact with the substrat ...	1978	16345261
characterization of contamination in and toxicities of a shipyard area in hong kong.	this is the first integrated study on the contaminant characterization and toxicities of a shipyard area. this site in hong kong contained 3.6-33.4 mg kg(-1) dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and 5-79 g kg(-1) oil and grease. other pollutants exceeding the dutch intervention values were total polyaromatic hydrocarbons, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals cu, pb and zn. these pollutants persisted partially owing to the poor fertility with <125 mg n kg(-1) and <530 mg p kg(-1) typical of coasta ...	2006	16360247
joint action of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids.	the joint action of binary and ternary mixtures of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids was studied using the additive dose model (adm) as reference model. the activity of fixed-ratio mixtures of phenolic acids [ferulic acid (fa), p-coumaric acid (ca), vanillic acid (va), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (hba)] and benzoxazinone derivatives [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), benzoxazolin-2-one (boa), 2-aminophenol (ap), and n-(2-hydroxyph ...	2006	16478216
the effects of birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus) and chicory (cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration.	two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory on parasitic nematode development, survival and migration when compared with perennial ryegrass. in experiment one, sheep faeces, containing 10,385 cooperia curticei eggs were added to 25 cm diameter pots containing birdsfoot trefoil, chicory or ryegrass, and the pots maintained under optimal conditions for nematode parasite development. replicate pots of each forage type were destructively sampled on day ...	2006	16495015
[allelopathic effects of invasive weed solidago canadensis on native plants].	with growth chamber method, this paper studied the allelopathic potential of invasive weed solidago canadensis on native plant species. different concentration s. canadensis root and rhizome extracts were examined, and the test plants were trifolium repens, trifolium pretense, medicago lupulina, lolium perenne, suaeda glauca, plantago virginica, kummerowia stipulacea, festuca arundinacea, ageratum conyzoides, portulaca oleracea, and amaranthus spinosus. the results showed that the allelopathic i ...	2005	16515192
effects of legume forages on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, migration and survival.	lambs grazing certain legumes have reduced parasite intensities compared to lambs grazing ryegrass swards. eighteen replicates of white clover (cv. aberherald), lucerne (cv. luzelle), red clover (cv. merviot) and perennial ryegrass (cv. abersilo) were sown at equivalent field rates in 25 cm diameter pvc pots and maintained outside for 6 months. on day 0, forage in each pot was cut to 50 mm from soil level and the pots were placed in a glasshouse (at 19-25 degrees c and 70% humidity) in a randomi ...	2006	16516388
reactive oxygen species play a role in regulating a fungus-perennial ryegrass mutualistic interaction.	although much is known about the signals and mechanisms that lead to pathogenic interactions between plants and fungi, comparatively little is known about fungus-plant mutualistic symbioses. we describe a novel role for reactive oxygen species (ros) in regulating the mutualistic interaction between a clavicipitaceous fungal endophyte, epichloë festucae, and its grass host, lolium perenne. in wild-type associations, e. festucae grows systemically in intercellular spaces of leaves as infrequently ...	2006	16517760
a high throughput agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for functional genomics of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	a robust and high throughput agrobacterium genetic transformation procedure has been developed for perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.). embryogenic callus lines were selected and maintained as plants in vitro. embryogenic calli derived from meristematic regions of the vegetative tillers were co-cultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha101 carrying the plasmid pcambia 1305.1 in the presence of acetosyringone for 3-4 days. the calli were grown under 94.8 and 151.6 microm hygromycin s ...	2006	16518636
effects of amount of intake and stage of forage maturity on urinary allantoin excretion and estimated microbial crude protein synthesis in the rumen of steers.	using ruminally cannulated steers, we investigated how urinary allantoin excretion was related to variations in feed intake and stage of forage maturity. further, different approaches were compared for predicting ruminal microbial crude protein (mcp) synthesis and its efficiency. experimental diets were arranged in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square design (experiment 1) and a 4 x 4 latin square design (experiment 2). in experiment 1, a mixed diet [forage to concentrate, 68:32 on a dry matter (dm) ...	2006	16519758
interrelationships between acremonium lolii, peramine, and lolitrem b in perennial ryegrass.	perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) is commonly infected with the endophytic fungus acremonium lolii in a mutualistic relationship. the fungus produces a number of alkaloids, some of which are responsible for causing livestock disorders and/or for conferring insect resistance to the host grass. little is known about the interrelationship between fungal growth and alkaloid production in the ryegrass plant and how this varies throughout the year. the concentrations of a. lolii and two of its al ...	1995	16535001
degradation of perennial ryegrass leaf and stem cell walls by the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain cs3b.	the degradation of cell walls isolated from stems and leaves of perennial ryegrass by the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix sp. strain cs3b was studied in a defined medium. the combined cellulose and hemicellulose fraction represented 53.1 (wt/wt) and 63.3% (wt/wt) of the dry weight of control grass leaf and stem cell walls, respectively. in both leaf and stem cell walls, glucose was the major neutral monosaccharide, followed by xylose, arabinose, and galactose. after 2 days of fermentation with n ...	1996	16535297
an easy and rapid method using microscopy to determine herbicide effects in poaceae weed species.	a new, easy, rapid and relatively inexpensive method using microscopy has been developed for the detection of herbicide effects in leaves of grass weed species displaying no visual signs of damage. the method has potential to be used as a tool to indicate future death of grass species due to herbicide exposure by observing phytochemical effects, i.e. early-warning effects. in the present study, apera spica-venti (l.) beauv., bromus hordeaceus l., alopecurus myosuroides huds., lolium perenne l. a ...	2006	16628541
surveys of new and rare microfungi in the düsseltal (north rhine-westphalia)--germany.	in the years 2003 and 2004 we have observed an about 70 hectare large area in the düsseltal, the eastern part of the neandertal in north rhine-westphalia. there we collected on trees, bushes and herbs and found about 150 microfungi of which some are new for germany or the entire world. e.g.: pseudocercospora populigena n. ale-agha, u. braun & g.b. feige on populus berolinensis; vialaea insculpta (fr.) sacc. on ilex aquifolium l.; passalora amelopsidis (peck.) u. braun on parthenocissus quinquefo ...	2005	16637187
infection rates of perennial ryegrass seeds (lolium perenne l.) with different fungi.	authors made investigations to map occurrence of different fungal pathogens on seeds of varieties from different grass species. this work presents data on three cultivars of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.). when seeds were germinated, eight genuses of fungi were identified belonging to the deuteromycota. alternaria was the most frequently occurred genus. drechslera, bipolaris, cladosporium, stemphylium, and epicoccum spp. has also been found in the seed samples. two genus of fungal pathog ...	2005	16637199
isotopic fractionation associated with symbiotic n(2) fixation and uptake of no(3) by plants.	isotopic fractionation associated with n(2) fixation and no(3) (-) uptake by plants are relevant to the accuracy of estimates of n(2) fixation based on differences in the natural abundance of (15)n between n(2) fixing and nonfixing plants. the isotope effect on n(2) fixation by soybeans (glycine max [l] merrill, variety harosoy) and red clover (trifolium pratense [l]) was determined from the difference in (15)n abundance between atmospheric n(2) and the total n of plants grown hydroponically wit ...	1980	16661392
phytotoxicity data safeguard the performance of the recipient plants in leachate irrigation.	leachates from an operating and a closed landfill were examined for their phytotoxicity by seed germination/root elongation tests using seeds of brassica chinensis and lolium perenne. their ec50s ranged from 3% to 46% v/v, which varied remarkably with the operating status of the landfills. seedlings of twelve tree species were grown in pots, which were irrigated with landfill leachate at the ec50 levels, with tap water as control. no tree mortality or growth inhibition was observed after 90 days ...	2007	16701930
intake and performance of lactating cows grazing diverse forage mixtures.	twenty multiparous holstein cows in midlactation grazed pastures of 4 forage mixtures in a 12-wk study repeated during 2 grazing seasons to determine if forage mixture complexity affected intake and productivity of lactating dairy cows. the forage mixtures were 1) orchardgrass plus white clover [2 species (sp)]; 2) orchardgrass, white clover, and chicory (3sp); 3) orchardgrass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and chicory (6sp); and 4) 6sp mixture plus white clover ...	2006	16702282
fungal plant endosymbionts alter life history and reproductive success of aphid predators.	endosymbionts occur in most plant species and may affect interactions among herbivores and their predators through the production of toxic alkaloids. here, we ask whether effects of mycotoxins produced by the symbiosis of the fungal endophyte neotyphodium lolii and the grass lolium perenne are transmitted to the aphidophagous ladybird coccinella septempunctata when feeding on cereal aphids rhopalosiphum padi on infected plants. the larval development of coccinellids was extended, while their sur ...	2006	16720406
effect of selenium and a-tocopherol supplementation on postpartum reproductive function of dairy heifers at pasture.	the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of selenium (se) and alpha-tocopherol supplementation on uterine involution and ovarian function in dairy heifers fed a prepartum diet containing low concentrations of se and alpha-tocopherol. twenty-four pregnant friesian heifers were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups in a 2 x 2 design balanced for age and body weight. prepartum treatments consisted of supplementation with either 2 intraruminal se pellets or 3600 mg ...	1996	16727917
effects of the fungal endophyte, neotyphodium lolii, on net photosynthesis and growth rates of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) are independent of in planta endophyte concentration.	neotyphodium lolii is a fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne), improving grass fitness through production of bioactive alkaloids. neotyphodium species can also affect growth and physiology of their host grasses (family poaceae, sub-family pooideae), but little is known about the mechanisms. this study examined the effect of n. lolii on net photosynthesis (p(n)) and growth rates in ryegrass genotypes differing in endophyte concentration in all leaf tissues.	2006	16735403
the wax constituents of forage grasses: cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass.		1931	16744781
the glyceride fatty acids of forage grasses: cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass.		1932	16744806
fractional and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) and cocksfoot grass (dactylis glomerata).	sequential three-stage treatments with 80% etoh containing 0.2% naoh, 2.5% h2o2-0.2% edta containing 1.5% naoh and 2.5% h2o2-0.2% taed containing 1.0% naoh at 75 degrees c for 3h released 8.0% and 10.4%, 79.1% and 77.0% and 12.9% and 12.5% of the original hemicelluloses from perennial grass and cocksfoot grass, respectively. it was found that the four alkaline peroxide-soluble hemicellulosic fractions contained higher amounts of xylose (33.4-38.2%), uronic acids (9.3-15.3%) and rhamnose (3.0-3.9 ...	2006	16750181
effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae on growth and metal uptake by four plant species in copper mine tailings.	a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in encouraging revegetation of copper (cu) mine tailings. two native plant species, coreopsis drummondii and pteris vittata, together with a turf grass, lolium perenne and a leguminous plant trifolium repens associated with and without amf glomus mosseae were grown in cu mine tailings to assess mycorrhizal effects on plant growth, mineral nutrition and metal uptake. results indicated that s ...	2007	16764975
a complex gene cluster for indole-diterpene biosynthesis in the grass endophyte neotyphodium lolii.	lolitrems are a structurally diverse group of indole-diterpene mycotoxins synthesized by epichloë/neotyphodium endophytes in association with pooid grasses. using suppression subtractive hybridization combined with chromosome walking, two clusters of genes for lolitrem biosynthesis were isolated from neotyphodium lolii, a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass. the first cluster contains five genes, ltmp, ltmq, ltmf, ltmc, and ltmb, four of which appear to be orthologues of functionally cha ...	2006	16765617
transformation of the ryegrass endophyte neotyphodium lolii can alter its in planta mycelial morphology.	the fungus neotyphodium lolii grows in the intercellular spaces of perennial ryegrass as a mutualistic endosymbiont. one of the benefits it conveys to the plant is the production of alkaloids toxic to herbivores. we wanted to determine in planta expression patterns of the n. lolii 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase (hmg coa reductase) gene, believed to be involved in the synthesis of two of these alkaloid toxins, lolitrem b and ergovaline. we transformed the n. lolii strain lp19 with plasm ...	2006	16769511
effects of ergot alkaloids on food preference and satiety in rabbits, as assessed with gene-knockout endophytes in perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne).	neotyphodium species are fungal endophytes best known for their protection of grass hosts and production of bioactive metabolites including ergot alkaloids. perennial ryegrass-neotyphodium sp. lp1 symbiota that have altered ergot alkaloid profiles (resulting from knockouts in two different endophyte genes) were fed, along with controls, to rabbits to test the effects of ergot alkaloids on food preference and satiety. interestingly, rabbits dramatically preferred plants that were endophyte-infect ...	2006	16787001
assessment of ecotoxicological risks related to depositing dredged materials from canals in northern france on soil.	the implementation of an ecological risk assessment framework is presented for dredged material deposits on soil close to a canal and groundwater, and tested with sediment samples from canals in northern france. this framework includes two steps: a simplified risk assessment based on contaminant concentrations and a detailed risk assessment based on toxicity bioassays and column leaching tests. the tested framework includes three related assumptions: (a) effects on plants (lolium perenne l.), (b ...	2006	16797071
suitability of various turfgrass species and cultivars for development and survival of black cutworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), feeding bioassays were conducted on young and mature turfgrass species to determine their potential resistance. measures of resistance included larval weight, survival rate, instar development, pupal weight, duration of pupation, and days to pupation and adult emergence. black cutworm reared on poa pratensis 'midnight', poa arachnigera 'tejas', and poa pratensis x poa arachnigera 'reveille' exhibited slower development, lower we ...	2006	16813321
molecular and functional characterization of a cdna encoding fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase (6g-fft)/fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-fft) from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	fructans are the main storage compound in lolium perenne. to account for the prevailing neokestose-based fructan synthesis in this species, a cdna library of l. perenne was screened by using the onion (allium cepa) fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase (6g-fft) as a probe. a full length lp6g-fft clone was isolated with significant homologies to vacuolar type fructosyltransferases and invertases. the functionality of the cdna was tested by heterologous expression in pichia pastoris. the recombi ...	2006	16840511
the effect of mixed or sequential grazing of cattle and sheep on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics.	an experiment was conducted over two successive years (2002 and 2003) to investigate the effects of grazing improved permanent pasture (mainly perennial ryegrass/white clover) by cattle or sheep, either sequentially or mixed, on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics. the grazing season was divided into two parts, may-july then july-october, relating to the pre- and post-weaning of the lambs. four grazing regimes, replicated three times, were compa ...	2006	16887269
effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on milk yield and nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows.	the effects of 4 diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars that differed in water-soluble carbohydrate (wsc) concentrations on milk yield and nitrogen (n) utilization in dairy cows were evaluated in a 2-yr grazing experiment. twelve lactating dairy cows were assigned to 1 cultivar for a 2-wk period in a 4 x 4 latin square design with 3 replicates. each year, the experiment lasted 8 wk. swards were in a vegetative stage throughout the experiment. herbage constituents were determined, and dm intake was ...	2006	16899684
importance of host plant species, neotyphodium endophyte isolate, and alkaloids on feeding by spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae.	three grass host species--tall fescue, festuca arundinacea schreber; meadow fescue, festuca pratensis hudson; and perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne l.--each infected with a number of different neotyphodium endophyte isolates, were investigated for their effects on fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). alkaloid profiles varied among associations. choice and no-choice tests comparing feeding and early development of s. frugiperda larvae on endophyte-infected and endophyte-free leaf b ...	2006	16937705
structure-activity relationship of acetylenes from galls of hedera rhombea as plant growth inhibitors.	the structure-activity relationship of 12 isolated acetylenes from galls of hedera rhombea (araliaceae) induced by asphondylia sp. (cecidomyiidae) and their derivatives has been studied for the inhibition of the shoot and root growth of rice, perennial ryegrass, cockscomb, lettuce, and cress. almost all acetylenes generally showed growth inhibitory activity. the diacetylenes exhibited higher activity than the monoacetylenes, suggesting that a conjugated diyne segment is essential for the activit ...	2013	16989313
protein interactions of mads box transcription factors involved in flowering in lolium perenne.	regulation of flowering time is best understood in the dicot model species arabidopsis thaliana. molecular analyses revealed that genes belonging to the mads box transcription factor family play pivotal regulatory roles in both the vernalization- and photoperiod-regulated flowering pathways. here the analysis of three apetala1 (ap1)-like mads box proteins (lpmads1-3) and a short vegetative phase (svp)-like mads box protein (lpmads10) from the monocot perennial grass species lolium perenne is rep ...	2006	17005923
perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	a protocol that facilitates rapid establishment of agrobacterium-mediated transformation for perennial ryegrass is described. the synthetic green fluorescent protein (sgfps65t) reporter gene is introduced in combination with the nptii selectable marker gene into axillary bud derived embryogenic calli of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) by co-cultivation with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain agl0 harboring binary vector pyf132. following the co-cultivation calli are cultured for 48 h in liq ...	2006	17033051
a p67phox-like regulator is recruited to control hyphal branching in a fungal-grass mutualistic symbiosis.	key requirements for microbes to initiate and establish mutualistic symbiotic interactions with plants are evasion of potential host defense responses and strict control of microbial growth. reactive oxygen species (ros) produced by a specific nadph oxidase isoform, noxa, regulate hyphal growth in the mutualistic interaction between the fungal endophyte epichloë festucae and its grass host lolium perenne. unlike mammalian systems, little is known about the fungal nadph oxidase complex and its re ...	2006	17041146
breeding for disease resistance in the major cool-season turfgrasses.	over the past several decades, breeding cool-season turfgrasses for improved disease resistance has been the focus of many turfgrass breeding programs. this review article discusses the dramatic improvements made in breeding kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis) for resistance to leaf spot (caused by drechslera poae), stem rust (caused by puccinia graminis), and stripe smut (caused by ustilago striiformis); perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) for resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by pyricularia ...	2006	17061916
phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhiza effects on grass leaf growth. p status- and size-mediated effects on growth zone kinematics.	this study tested whether leaf elongation rate (ler, mm h(-1)) and its components--average relative elemental growth rate (regravg, mm mm(-1) h(-1)) and leaf growth zone length (l(lgz), mm)--are related to phosphorus (p) concentration in the growth zone (p(lgz) mg p g(-1) tissue water) of lolium perenne l. cv. condesa and whether such relationships are modified by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus hoi. mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown at a range of p supply rates an ...	2006	17080603
arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on carbon economy in perennial ryegrass: quantification by 13co2/12co2 steady-state labelling and gas exchange.	effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus hoi on the carbon economy of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) were investigated by comparing nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants of the same size, morphology and phosphorus status. plants were grown in the presence of co2 sources with different c isotope composition (delta13c -1 or -44). relative respiration and gross photosynthesis rates, and belowground allocation of c assimilated during one light period ('new c'), as well as its c ...	2006	17083684
anthelmintic and nutritional effects of heather supplementation on cashmere goats grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures.	to investigate anthelmintic and nutritional effects of heather supplementation in goats grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures, 40 dry cashmere goats were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: 2 grazing management treatments (supplementation with heather vs. nonsupplementation) and 2 anthelmintic treatments (treatment vs. nontreatment). goats grazed continuously from may to september 2004. at the end of the grazing period, the number of dead goats due to g ...	2007	17085731
effect of sheep urine deposition on the bacterial community structure in an acidic upland grassland soil.	the effect of the addition of synthetic sheep urine (ssu) and plant species on the bacterial community composition of upland acidic grasslands was studied using a microcosm approach. low, medium, and high concentrations of ssu were applied to pots containing plant species typical of both unimproved (agrostis capillaris) and agriculturally improved (lolium perenne) grasslands, and harvests were carried out 10 days and 50 days after the addition of ssu. ssu application significantly increased both ...	2006	17088382
peramine and other fungal alkaloids are exuded in the guttation fluid of endophyte-infected grasses.	many grasses live in association with asymptomatic fungi (neotyphodium spp. endophytes), which grow in the intercellular spaces of the grass. these endophytes produce a range of alkaloids that protect the grass against grazing by mammals and insects. one of these alkaloids is an unusual pyrrolopyrazine, peramine. peramine appears to be continuously produced by the endophyte, but does not progressively accumulate. no mechanism for the removal of peramine by its further metabolism or any other pro ...	2007	17126863
study on the influence of pasture on volatile fraction of ewes' dairy products by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.	the detection of markers of identification of the geographical origin of food is an attractive challenge and, as far as dairy products are concerned, this paper represents a contribution to this field. in this research the influence of feed on the volatile compound composition was investigated on milk, 2-mo-old cheese (caciotta), and whey cheese (ricotta) obtained from the same flock of sarda ewes, under standardized technological conditions. three different types of pasture (mixture of lolium p ...	2007	17235132
comparative evaluation of alternative forages to grass silage in the diet of early lactation dairy cows.	fifty-six autumn-calving holstein-friesian cows, blocked on the basis of days in milk (27.6 +/- 10.65 d), lactation number (3.1 +/- 2.21), and preexperimental milk yield (28.4 +/- 6.69 kg) were used to examine the effects of replacing 330 g/kg of dry matter (dm) of first-cut perennial ryegrass silage with either fermented whole-crop wheat (wcw), urea-treated processed wcw, or corn silage on subsequent feed intake, milk production, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. the dm (g/kg), crude prot ...	2007	17235167
high nitrogen supply and carbohydrate content reduce fungal endophyte and alkaloid concentration in lolium perenne.	the relationship between cool-season grasses and fungal endophytes is widely regarded as mutualistic, but there is growing uncertainty about whether changes in resource supply and environment benefit both organisms to a similar extent. here, we infected two perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) cultivars (aberdove, fennema) that differ in carbohydrate content with three strains of neotyphodium lolii (ar1, ar37, common strain) that differ intrinsically in alkaloid profile. we grew endophyte-free an ...	2007	17286827
functional analysis of a beta-1,6-glucanase gene from the grass endophytic fungus epichloë festucae.	beta-1,6-glucanases degrade the polysaccharide beta-1,6-glucan, a cell wall component in some filamentous fungi. a single copy of a beta-1,6-glucanase gene, designated gcna, was identified in each of the grass endophytic fungi neotyphodium lolii and epichloë festucae. phylogenetic analysis indicates that the gcna protein is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 5, and is closely related to fungal beta-1,6-glucanases implicated in mycoparasitism. the e. festucae gcna gene was expressed in myceliu ...	2007	17303450
identification of two novel phytosiderophores secreted by perennial grasses.	it has been suggested that some perennial grasses secrete phytosiderophores in response to iron (fe) deficiency, but the compounds have not been identified. here, we identified and characterized the phytosiderophores secreted by two perennial grasses, lolium perenne cv. tove and poa pratensis cv. baron. root exudates were collected from the roots of fe-deficient grasses and then purified with various chromatographies. the structure of the purified compounds was determined using both nuclear magn ...	2007	17388893
resistance to rust fungi in lolium perenne depends on within-species variation and performance of the host species in grasslands of different plant diversity.	the hypothesis that plant species diversity and genetic variation of the host species decrease the severity of plant diseases is supported by studies of agricultural systems, but experimental evidence from more complex systems is scarce. in an experiment with grassland communities of varying species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 60 species) and functional group richness (1, 2, 3, and 4 functional groups), we used different cultivars of lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) to study effects of biod ...	2007	17415594
cerebellar disease in an adult cow.	this is the report of clinical signs and lesions of a cerebellar disorder in an adult four year old limousin cow grazing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). the most striking histopathological lesion was a marked paucity of purkinje cells throughout the cerebellum.	1986	17422607
interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of lolium perenne l.	contamination by chromium (cr) is widespread in agricultural soils and industrial sites. this heavy metal represents a risk to human health. in order to gain fundamental insights into the nature of the adaptation to cr excess, the characterisation of physiological indices, including responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence along with changes in mineral nutrient contents and water status were studied in ray grass (lolium perenne l.). increased concentrations of cr(v ...	2007	17434568
comparative toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants to microalgae and higher plants.	to enable rapid and sensitive screening of phytotoxic compounds in terrestrial system, a 4 day solid-phase microalgal bioassay was developed. three species of microalgae (selenastrum capricornutum, chlorococcum hypnosporum and chlorococcum meneghini) were chosen to investigate their responses to ddts (ddt, ddd and dde) and pahs (naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) spiked sands. the bioassay results showed that pahs and ddts were toxic to microalgae in a 4-day exposure tests but not to seed ger ...	2007	17436149
tobacco as an allergen in bronchial disease.	skin testing and sera measurements have verified the existence of tobacco specific ige. however, the few published studies on this matter report conflicting results concerning their clinical significance.	2007	17458428