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remnant b-cell-stimulative and anti-oxidative effects of persea americana fruit extract studied in rats introduced into streptozotocin - induced hyperglycaemic state.insulin-stimulative and anti-oxidative effects of persea americana fruit extract were evaluated using streptozotocin (stz). ethanol extract of p. americana in the concentration of 300 mg/kg body weight/rat /day was orally administered to rats introduced into stz-induced hyperglycaemic state for a period of 30 days. after the treatment with avocado fruit extract, the elevated levels of blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood urea and serum creatinine seen in the hyperglycaemic rats, revert ...201122467999
anti-diabetic activity of extract from persea americana mill. leaf via the activation of protein kinase b (pkb/akt) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.the leaves of persea americana mill. (lauraceae) have been popularly used in the treatment of diabetes in countries in latin america and africa.201222472105
phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant capacity of persea americana mill. peels and seeds of two varieties.avocado processing by the food and cosmetic industries yields a considerable amount of phenolic-rich byproduct such as peels and seeds. utilization of these byproducts would be favorable from an economic point of view. methanolic (80%) extracts obtained from lyophilized ground peels and seeds of avocado (persea americana mill.) of the hass and shepard varieties were characterized for their phenolic compound profiles using the hplc-pad technique. the structures of the identified compounds were su ...201222494370
fatty acid profile and elemental content of avocado (persea americana mill.) oil--effect of extraction methods.interest in vegetable oil extracted from idioblast cells of avocado fruit is growing. in this study, five extraction methods to produce avocado oil have been compared: traditional solvent extraction using a soxhlet or ultrasound, soxhlet extraction combined with microwave or ultra-turrax treatment and supercritical fluid extraction (sfe). traditional soxhlet extraction produced the most reproducible results, 64.76 ± 0.24 g oil/100 g dry weight (dw) and 63.67 ± 0.20 g oil/100 g dw for hass and fu ...201222494376
surveys for stenoma catenifer (lepidoptera: elachistidae) and associated parasitoids infesting avocados in perú.surveys for stenoma catenifer walsingham, the avocado seed moth, and its associated larval parasitoids were conducted in the departments of junín, huánuco, cusco, and madre de dios in perú. fruit infestation levels in some areas ranged from 0 to 58%, and parasitism of s. catenifer larvae in junín and huánuco was 23%. five species of hymenopteran parasitoid in two families, braconidae (apanteles sp., hypomicrogaster sp., and chelonus sp.) and ichneumonidae (pristeromerus sp. and xiphosomella sp.) ...201222606810
effect of tree species and end seal on attractiveness and utility of cut bolts to the redbay ambrosia beetle and granulate ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae).the redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff, is a non-native invasive pest and vector of the fungus that causes laurel wilt disease in certain trees of the family lauraceae. this study assessed the relative attractiveness and suitability of cut bolts of several tree species to x. glabratus. in 2009, female x. glabratus were equally attracted to traps baited with swampbay (persea palustris (rafinesque) sargent) and camphortree (cinnamomum camphora (l.) j. presl), which were more attr ...201222606816
cardiotoxicity of acetogenins from persea americana occurs through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways.acetogenins are cell-membrane permeable, naturally occurring secondary metabolites of plants such as annonaceae, lauraceae and other related phylogenic families. they belong to the chemical derivatives of polyketides, which are synthesized from fatty acid precursors. although acetogenins have displayed diverse biological activities, the anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cells has been widely reported. acetogenins are inhibitors of complex i in the electron transport chain therefore they ...201222733015
effect of harvest date on the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity in 'hass' avocado during storage.the effect of harvest date on nutritional compounds and antioxidant activity (aoc) in avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) fruit during storage was determined. the fruits were harvested at seven different dates and ripened at 25 °c following 21 or 35 days of cold storage. the results indicated that the phenolic and glutathione contents were increased and the ascorbic acid content was not significantly different in early harvested fruit (january to march), and the phenolic, ascorbic acid and ...201222868147
determination of antioxidant properties of 26 chilean honeys and a mathematical association study with their volatile profile.radical scavenging activity (rsa), antioxidant content (teac), total phenolic compounds content (tpcc) and volatile profile (vocs) were measured in 26 honeys obtained from the valparaiso region (chile). persea americana honey was the most interesting sample according to these evaluated parameters. a projection to latent structures (pls) based algorithm was used to model the possible relationship between antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds content and volatile profile. concerning the v ...201222908591
export of commercial hass avocados from argentina poses negligible risk of ceratitis capitata (diptera: tephritidae) infestation.argentina has to meet quarantine restrictions because of the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann) (diptera: tephritidae), to export 'hass' avocados, persea americana miller, to certain countries. hass avocado at the hard, mature green stage is potentially a conditional nonhost for c. capitata and could open export markets without the need for a quarantine treatment. trapping data from 1998 to 2006 showed that c. capitata was present in avocado orchards, particularly early in t ...201222928296
ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in edo state of nigeria.a study was undertaken in 12 local government areas (lgas) of edo state located in central southern nigeria, representing 66.6% coverage, in order to obtain an inventory of the major medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension. one hundred and eighty nine respondents who were mainly traditional medical practitioners and were knowledgeable in the medicinal plants for treating hypertension were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained interv ...201222975417
secondary metabolites from the unripe pulp of persea americana and their antimycobacterial activities.the fruits of persea americana (avocado) are nowadays used as healthy fruits in the world. bioassay-guided fractionation of the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction has led to the isolation of five new fatty alcohol derivatives, avocadenols a-d (1-4) and avocadoin (5) from the unripe pulp of p. americana, along with 12 known compounds (6-17). these structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. among the isolates, avocadenol a (1), avocadenol b (2), (2r,4r)-1,2,4-trihydroxynonadecane (6) ...201222980888
identification of avocado (persea americana) pulp proteins by nano-lc-ms/ms via combinatorial peptide ligand libraries.avocado (persea americana) proteins have been scarcely studied despite their importance, especially in food related allergies. the proteome of avocado pulp was explored in depth by extracting proteins with capture by combinatorial peptide ligand libraries at ph 7.4 and under conditions mimicking reverse-phase capture at ph 2.2. the total number of unique gene products identified amounts to 1012 proteins, of which 174 are in common with the control, untreated sample, 190 are present only in the c ...201223019098
ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in south-western nigeria.the ethnobotanical study surveyed the different types of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in the south-western region of nigeria.201223085021
from ecophysiology to phenomics: some implications of photoprotection and shade-sun acclimation in situ for dynamics of thylakoids in vitro.half a century of research into the physiology and biochemistry of sun-shade acclimation in diverse plants has provided reality checks for contemporary understanding of thylakoid membrane dynamics. this paper reviews recent insights into photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection from studies of two xanthophyll cycles in old shade leaves from the inner canopy of the tropical trees inga sapindoides and persea americana (avocado). it then presents new physiological data from avocado on the time ...201223148277
in vitro activity of extracts of persea americana leaves on acyclovir-resistant and phosphonoacetic resistant herpes simplex virus.the lyophilized aqueous crude extract (lace) from leaves of persea americana (lauraceae) species showed a strong inhibitory effect on acyclovir (acg(r)4 and dlsp tk mutants) and paa-resistant (paa(r)5 mutant) herpes simplex virus. after exhaustive washing of lace using methanol, the soluble fraction was chromatographed on a reverse-phase column giving 11 fractions that were revealed by thin-layer chromatography. analysis of the antiviral effect of the fractions showed the extract contained compo ...199723195586
hass avocado modulates postprandial vascular reactivity and postprandial inflammatory responses to a hamburger meal in healthy volunteers.hass avocados are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) and antioxidants (carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols) and are often eaten as a slice in a sandwich containing hamburger or other meats. hamburger meat forms lipid peroxides during cooking. after ingestion, the stomach functions as a bioreactor generating additional lipid peroxides and this process can be inhibited when antioxidants are ingested together with the meat. the present pilot study was conducted to investigate the po ...201323196671
simultaneous detection of nonpolar and polar compounds by heat-assisted laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.a heat-assisted laser ablation electrospray ionization (ha-laesi) method for the simultaneous mass spectrometric analysis of nonpolar and polar analytes was developed. the sample was introduced using mid-infrared laser ablation of a water-rich target. the ablated analytes were ionized with an electrospray plume, which was intercepted by a heated nitrogen gas jet that enhanced the ionization of analytes of low polarity. the feasibility of ha-laesi was tested by analyzing, e.g., naphtho[2,3-a]pyre ...201323199051
decreased photochemical efficiency of photosystem ii following sunlight exposure of shade-grown leaves of avocado: because of, or in spite of, two kinetically distinct xanthophyll cycles?this study resolved correlations between changes in xanthophyll pigments and photosynthetic properties in attached and detached shade-grown avocado (persea americana) leaves upon sun exposure. lutein epoxide (lx) was deepoxidized to lutein (l), increasing the total pool by δl over 5 h, whereas violaxanthin (v) conversion to antheraxanthin (a) and zeaxanthin (z) ceased after 1 h. during subsequent dark or shade recovery, de novo synthesis of l and z continued, followed by epoxidation of a and z b ...201323213134
population genetic structure of phytophthora cinnamomi associated with avocado in california and the discovery of a potentially recent introduction of a new clonal lineage.phytophthora root rot (prr) of avocado (persea americana), caused by phytophthora cinnamomi, is the most serious disease of avocado worldwide. previous studies have determined that this pathogen exhibits a primarily clonal reproductive mode but no population level studies have been conducted in the avocado-growing regions of california. therefore, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism based on 22 polymorphic loci and mating type to investigate pathogen diversity from 138 isolates collec ...201323228146
xyleborus glabratus, x. affinis, and x. ferrugineus (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae): electroantennogram responses to host-based attractants and temporal patterns in host-seeking flight.the redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff, is an exotic wood-boring insect that vectors the mycopathogen responsible for laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease of trees in the lauraceae, including avocado (persea americana mill.). effective semiochemical-based detection and control programs for x. glabratus will require an understanding of the chemical ecology and host-seeking behaviors of this new invasive pest. this study 1) presents an electroantennography (eag) method develope ...201223321108
cold tolerance and disinfestation of bactrocera invadens (diptera: tephritidae) in 'hass' avocado.bactrocera invadens (diptera: tephritidae) has spread rapidly across africa and currently poses a phytosanitary threat to the fruit industry of south africa. in reaction a cold mitigating treatment to provide phytosanitary security to importing countries was developed in nairobi, kenya. using laboratory reared fruit flies, the rate of development in 'hass' avocado (persea americana miller) was determined at 28 degrees c. fruit ripeness or softness was found to be a factor improving larval fruit ...201223356059
analysis of 136 pesticides in avocado using a modified quechers method with lc-ms/ms and gc-ms/ms.a simple and high-throughput screening method for the analysis of 136 pesticides in avocado ( persea americana ) by lc-(+)-esi-ms/ms and gc-ms/ms is presented. a modified quechers sample preparation method was developed to improve the extraction recovery of highly lipophilic pesticides. extracts from minced avocados after acetonitrile (mecn) extraction were directly injected to lc-ms/ms, whereas other gc-amenable compounds were treated with the modified quechers procedure for gc-ms/ms analysis. ...201323362971
differential activation of ammonium transporters during the accumulation of ammonia by colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its effect on appressoria formation and pathogenicity.ammonium secreted by the post-harvest pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides during host colonization accumulates in the host environment due to enhanced fungal nitrogen metabolism. two types of ammonium transporter-encoding genes, amet and mep, are expressed during pathogenicity. gene disruption of amet, a gene modulating ammonia secretion, showed twofold reduced ammonia secretion and 45% less colonization on avocado fruit, suggesting a contribution to pathogenicity. mepb, a gene modulating am ...201323387470
investigating alternatives to traditional insecticides: effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi and bacillus thuringiensis against citrus thrips and avocado thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae).citrus thrips, scirtothrips citri (moulton) (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a plant-feeding pest most widely recognized for causing damage to citrus (citrus spp. l. [rutaceae]) and mango (mangifera indica l. [anacardiaceae]) fruits. this insect has recently broadened its known host range to become a significant pest of california grown blueberries. avocado thrips, scirtothrips. perseae nakahara (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a recent, invasive pest of california avocados, persea americana mill. (la ...201323448016
avocado (persea americana) seed as a source of bioactive phytochemicals.the pulp of avocado (persea americana, lauraceae) has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular health effects. avocado oil is used for dermatological applications and its unsaponifiable portion is reported to have beneficial effects against osteoarthritis. although the seed represents a considerable percentage of the total fruit, scientific research on the phytochemistry and biological effects of avocado seeds is in the nascent stages,. currently, the seed represents an under-utilized res ...201323448442
novel anticancer alkene lactone from persea americana.persea americana mill (lauraceae) root bark is used in ethnomedicine for a variety of diseases including cancer.201323570517
effect of semisolid formulation of persea americana mill (avocado) oil on wound healing in rats.the aim of this study was to evaluate the wound-healing activity of a semisolid formulation of avocado oil, ssfao 50%, or avocado oil in natura, on incisional and excisional cutaneous wound models in wistar rats. an additional objective was to quantify the fatty acids present in avocado oil. on the 14th day, a significant increase was observed in percentage wound contraction and reepithelialization in the groups treated with 50% ssfao or avocado oil compared to the petroleum jelly control. anti- ...201323573130
hass avocado composition and potential health effects.hass avocados, the most common commercial avocado cultivars in the world, contain a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals. although the official avocado serving is one-fifth of a fruit (30 g), according to nhanes analysis the average consumption is one-half an avocado (68 g), which provides a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of the following: dietary fiber (4.6 g), total sugar (0.2 g), potassium (345 mg), sodium (5.5 mg), magnesium (19.5 mg), vitamin a (43 μ ...201323638933
antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of persea americana seeds.persea americana seeds are widely used in traditional mexican medicine to treat rheumatism, asthma, infectious processes as well as diarrhea and dysentery caused by intestinal parasites.201323680126
[nutrition value of tropical and subtropical fruits].the article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition of tropical and subtropical fruit (avocado, papaya and mango), which are now in great numbers are on the appeared on the russian market. due to use technology tropical and subtropical fruits can be implemented in almost all areas and regions of the country. relatively low cost makes these products quite popular among the people. in domestic scientific literature there are no systematic data describing the chemical composition of the ...201323808277
analysis of expressed sequence tags (ests) from avocado seed (persea americana var. drymifolia) reveals abundant expression of the gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide snakin.avocado is one of the most important fruits in the world. avocado "native mexicano" (persea americana var. drymifolia) seeds are widely used in the propagation of this plant and are the primary source of rootstocks globally for a variety of avocado cultivars, such as the hass avocado. here, we report the isolation of 5005 ests from the 5' ends of p. americana var. drymifolia seed cdna clones representing 1584 possible unigenes. these avocado seed ests were compared with the avocado flower est li ...201323811120
identification of a new class of lipid droplet-associated proteins in plants.lipid droplets in plants (also known as oil bodies, lipid bodies, or oleosomes) are well characterized in seeds, and oleosins, the major proteins associated with their surface, were shown to be important for stabilizing lipid droplets during seed desiccation and rehydration. however, lipid droplets occur in essentially all plant cell types, many of which may not require oleosin-mediated stabilization. the proteins associated with the surface of nonseed lipid droplets, which are likely to influen ...201323821652
isolation and structure elucidation of avocado seed (persea americana) lipid derivatives that inhibit clostridium sporogenes endospore germination.avocado fruit extracts are known to exhibit antimicrobial properties. however, the effects on bacterial endospores and the identity of antimicrobial compounds have not been fully elucidated. in this study, avocado seed extracts were tested against clostridium sporogenes vegetative cells and active endospores. bioassay-guided purification of a crude extract based on inhibitory properties linked antimicrobial action to six lipid derivatives from the family of acetogenin compounds. two new structur ...201323829335
self-assembled films containing crude extract of avocado as a source of tyrosinase for monophenol detection.this paper reports on the use of the crude extract of avocado (cea) fruit (persea americana) as a source of tyrosinase enzyme. cea was immobilized via layer by layer (lbl) technique onto indium tin oxide (ito) substrates and applied in the detection of monophenol using a potentiometric biosensor. poly(propylene imine) dendrimer of generation 3 (ppi-g3) was used as a counter ion in the layer by layer process due to its highly porous structure and functional groups suitable for enzyme linkage. aft ...201323910293
fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov.--a symbiotic fungus of euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in israel and california.the invasive asian ambrosia beetle euwallacea sp. (coleoptera, scolytinae, xyleborini) and a novel fusarium sp. that it farms in its galleries as a source of nutrition causes serious damage to more than 20 species of live trees and pose a serious threat to avocado production (persea americana) in israel and california. adult female beetles are equipped with mandibular mycangia in which its fungal symbiont is transported within and from the natal galleries. damage caused to the xylem is associate ...201323928415
merging a sensitive capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection method with chemometric exploratory data analysis for the determination of phenolic acids and subsequent characterization of avocado fruit.herein we present the development of a powerful ce-uv method able to detect and quantify an important number of phenolic acids in 13 varieties of avocado fruits at 2 ripening stages. all the variables involved in ce separation were exhaustively optimized and the best results were obtained with a capillary of 50 μm i.d. × 50 cm effective length, sodium tetraborate 40 mm at a ph of 9.4, 30 kv, 25 °c, 10s of hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi) and uv detection at 254 nm. this optimal methodology was f ...201323993512
terpenoid variations within and among half-sibling avocado trees, persea americana mill. (lauraceae).chemical analyses were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative differences in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in plant material from avocado trees, persea americana mill. (lauraceae). the initial study analyzed plant material sampled from the trunk to the leaves through different branch diameters to quantify proximo-distal spatial differences within a tree. all trees were seedlings initiated from a single maternal tree. two-way analysis of variance was conducted on 34 chemicals t ...201324039994
evaluation of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry as an alternative to gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry: avocado fruit as example.although gc-apci-ms was developed more than 40 years ago this coupling is still far from being a routine technique. one of the reasons explaining the limited use of gc-apci so far is the lack of spectral database which facilitates the identification of the compounds under study. the first application of a very recently developed gc-apci database to identify as many compounds as possible in a complex matrix such as avocado fruit is presented here. the results achieved by using this database has b ...201324054422
integrating transient heterogeneity of non-photochemical quenching in shade-grown heterobaric leaves of avocado (persea americana l.): responses to co2 concentration, stomatal occlusion, dehydration and relative humidity.long-lived shade leaves of avocado had extremely low rates of photosynthesis. gas exchange measurements of photosynthesis were of limited use, so we resorted to chl fluorescence imaging (cfi) and spot measurements to evaluate photosynthetic electron transport rates (etrs) and non-photochemical quenching (npq). imaging revealed a remarkable transient heterogeneity of npq during photosynthetic induction in these hypostomatous, heterobaric leaves, but was adequately integrated by spot measurements, ...201324078766
pistil starch reserves at anthesis correlate with final flower fate in avocado (persea americana).a common observation in different plant species is a massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets even after adequate pollination, but little is known as to the reason for this drop. previous research has shown the importance of nutritive reserves accumulated in the flower on fertilization success and initial fruit development but direct evidence has been elusive. avocado (persea americana) is an extreme case of a species with a very low fruit to flower ratio. in this work, the implications of st ...201324167627
intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme in c 3 plants.the aim of this work was to determine the maximum catalytic activity and intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme (ec 1.1.1.40) in c3 plants. appreciable activities, ranging from 80 to 712 nmol · (gfw)(-1) · min(-1), were found in a wide range of tissues (roots and leaves of pisum sativum l., cotyledons of cucurbit a pepo alef., developing seeds of brassica napus l., mesocarp of persea americana gaertn., and suspension cultures of glycine max l.). overall, activity showed a rough po ...199124186419
pro-apoptotic effect of persea americana var. hass (avocado) on jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells.abstract context: therapy for leukemia has a limited efficacy. there is a need to search for alternative anti-leukemia therapies. persea americana mill var. hass (lauraceae) is a tropical fruit (avocado) that might be used against cancer. objective: to investigate whether p. americana induces death in jurkat lymphoblastic leukemia cells. materials and methods: four ethanol extracts (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/ml) from avocado fruit (endocarp, whole seed, seed and leaves) were analyzed against jurka ...201324188375
activity-guided identification of acetogenins as novel lipophilic antioxidants present in avocado pulp (persea americana).avocado fruit is a rich source of health-related lipophilic phytochemicals such as monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenes, acetogenins and sterols. however, limited information is available on the contribution of specific phytochemicals to the overall antioxidant capacity (aoc) of the fruit. centrifugal partition chromatography was used as fractionation tool, guided by an in vitro chemical assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac). subsequent experiments focused on isolatio ...201324211333
avocado fruit protoplasts: a cellular model system for ripening studies.mesocarp protoplasts were isolated from mature avocado fruits (persea americana cv. hass) at varying stages of propylene-induced ripening. qualitative changes in the pattern of radiolabel incorporation into polypeptides were observed in cells derived from fruit at the different stages. many of these differences correlate with those observed during radiolabeling of polypeptides from fresh tissue slices prepared from unripe and ripe fruit. protoplasts isolated from fruit treated with propylene for ...199124221285
immunogold localization of acyl carrier protein in plants and escherichia coli: evidence for membrane association in plants.immunogold labelling was used to study the distribution of acyl carrier protein (acp) in escherichia coli and a variety of plant tissues. in e. coli, acp is distributed throughout the cytoplasm, confirming the observation of s. jackowski et al. (1985, j. bacteriol., 162, 5-8_. in the mesocarp of avocado (persea americana) and maturing seeds of oil-seed rape (brassica napus cv. jet neuf), over 95% of the acp is localised to plastids. the protein is almost exclusively located in the chloroplasts o ...198824221708
effect of chipping on emergence of the redbay ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) and recovery of the laurel wilt pathogen from infested wood chips.significant mortality ofredbay trees (persea borbonia (l.) spreng.) in the southeastern united states has been caused by raffaelea lauricola, t.c. harr., fraedrich, & aghayeva (harrington et al. 2008), a fungal symbiont of the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus, eichhoff (fraedrich et al. 2008). this pathogen causes laurel wilt, which is an irreversible disease that can kill mature trees within a few weeks in summer. r. lauricola has been shown to be lethal to most native species ...201324224251
determination of changes in the metabolic profile of avocado fruits (persea americana) by two ce-ms approaches (targeted and non-targeted).a cze method with two different ms detection conditions (mrm and full scan) was developed to determine qualitative and quantitative changes in the metabolic profile of avocado fruits (persea americana). lods in mrm approach were found between 20.1 and 203.0 ppb for abscisic acid and perseitol, respectively, whilst in full scan, varied within the range 0.22–1.90 ppm for the same metabolites. the rsds for reproducibility test did not exceed 11.45%. the two ms approaches were used to quantify 10 me ...201324228266
duplicated phosphoglucose isomerase genes in avocado.avocado (persea americana) cultivars were assayed for phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) isozymes using starch gel electrophoresis. three pgi genes were identified: one monomorphic locus, pgi-i, coding for the plastid isozyme and two independently assorting loci, pgi-2 and pgi-3, coding for the cytosolic isozymes. the genetic analysis was based on comparisons of pgi zymograms from somatic and pollen tissue and on mendelian analysis of progeny from selfed trees. the isozymic variability for pgi can b ...198524247459
gene expression during fruit ripening in avocado.the poly(a) (+)rna populations from avocado fruit (persea americana mill cv. hass) at four stages of ripening were isolated by two cycles of oligo-dt-cellulose chromatography and examined by invitro translation, using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of the resulting translation products. three mrnas increased dramatically with the climacteric rise in ...198224271626
avocado cellulase: nucleotide sequence of a putative full-length cdna clone and evidence for a small gene family.a cdna library was prepared from ripe avocado fruit (persea americana mill. cv. hass) and screened for clones hybridizing to a 600 bp cdna clone (pav5) coding for avocado fruit cellulase. this screening led to the isolation of a clone (pav363) containing a 2021 nucleotide transcribed sequence and an approximately 150 nucleotide poly(a) tail. hybridization of pav363 to a northern blot shows that the length of the homologous message is approximately 2.2 kb. the nucleotide sequence of this putative ...198724276968
a randomized 3×3 crossover study to evaluate the effect of hass avocado intake on post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin levels, and subsequent energy intake in overweight adults.the behavioral outcome of food ingestion is a complex process that involves psychological and biological factors. avocados are nutrient dense with properties that may favorably impact energy balance. this study sought to evaluate if incorporating approximately one half of a hass avocado by addition or inclusion into a lunch meal will influence post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin response, and subsequent energy intake among overweight adults.201324279738
purification and characterization of peroxidase from avocado (persea americana mill, cv. hass).avocado (persea americana mill, cv. hass) fruit ranks tenth in terms of the most important products for mexico. avocado products are quite unstable due to the presence of oxidative enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. the present study is to characterize the activity of purified avocado peroxidase from avocado in order to ascertain the biochemical and kinetic properties and their inhibition conditions.201424288244
acute toxicity and genotoxic activity of avocado seed extract (persea americana mill., c.v. hass).the use of vegetal extracts requires toxicological and genotoxic evaluations to establish and verify safety before being added to human cosmetic, pharmaceutical medicine, or alimentary products. persea americana seeds have been used in traditional medicine as treatment for several diseases. in this work, the ethanolic seed extract of persea americana was evaluated with respect to its genotoxic potential through micronucleus assay in rodents. the frequency of micronuclei in groups of animals trea ...201324298206
cellulase gene expression in ripening avocado fruit: the accumulation of cellulase mrna and protein as demonstrated by cdna hybridization and immunodetection.a cdna library was constructed from poly(a)(+)rna of ripe avocado fruit. colony hybridization identified a number of ripening specific clones of which one, pav5, was shown to be specific for cellulase. hybrid selection with pav5 provided a message from ripe fruit that on in vitro translation yielded a polypeptide of 53kd, comigrating with purified avocado cellulase on sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the translation product was selectively immunoprecipitated by antiserum to purified avoca ...198424310572
antibacterial activity of defensin padef from avocado fruit (persea americana var. drymifolia) expressed in endothelial cells against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus.antimicrobial therapy is a useful tool to control infectious diseases in general and rising antibiotic resistant microorganisms in particular. alternative strategies are desirable, and antimicrobial peptides (amp) represent attractive control agents. mexican avocado (persea americana var. drymifolia) is used in traditional medicine; however, the amp production has not been reported in this plant. we obtained a cdna library from avocado fruit and clone padef was identified, which has a cdna (249 ...201324319695
persea americana mill. seed: fractionation, characterization, and effects on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.methanolic avocado (persea americana mill., lauraceae) seed extracts were separated by preparative hsccc. partition and hsccc fractions were principally characterized by lc-esi-ms/ms analysis. their in vitro influence was investigated on proliferation, differentiation, cell viability, and gene expression on hacat and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (nhek) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (nhdf). the methanol-water partition (m) from avocado seeds and hsccc fraction 3 (m.3) were mostly co ...201324371457
reversible effects of moderately elevated temperature on the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems of photosynthesis in intact avocado leaves.initial (fo), maximum (fm) and steady-state (fs) levels of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact avocado leaves (persea americana mill.) during state 1-state 2 transitions using a combination of modulated and non-modulated lights with synchronized detection. under normal temperature conditions (20°c), transition from state 2 to state 1 was associated with a substantial increase (about 20%) in fm and fo whereas the fm/fo ratio remained constant, reflecting increased absorptio ...198724430668
a new species of tamarixia mercet (hymenoptera, eulophidae), parasitoid of trioza aguacate hollis & martin (hemiptera, triozidae) in mexico.tamarixia aguacatensis yefremova, sp. n. (hymenoptera: eulophidae: tetrastichinae) is described from mexico as a parasitoid of the avocado psyllid, trioza aguacate hollis & martin (hemiptera: triozidae). trioza aguacate is a serious pest of avocado, persea americana miller. a key to the species of tamarixia mercet in mexico is given.201424478580
de novo sequencing, assembly, and analysis of the root transcriptome of persea americana (mill.) in response to phytophthora cinnamomi and flooding.avocado is a diploid angiosperm containing 24 chromosomes with a genome estimated to be around 920 mb. it is an important fruit crop worldwide but is susceptible to a root rot caused by the ubiquitous oomycete phytophthora cinnamomi. phytophthora root rot (prr) causes damage to the feeder roots of trees, causing necrosis. this leads to branch-dieback and eventual tree death, resulting in severe losses in production. control strategies are limited and at present an integrated approach involving t ...201424563685
hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of the aqueous extract of persea americana seeds on alloxan-induced albino rats.the tissue-protective potential of persea americana necessitated a look into the histopathological effects of the plant extract on the pancreas, liver, and kidneys. this study was conceived and designed based on the gaps in the research that has been performed and what is known about the plant. the hypoglycaemic and tissue-protective effects of hot aqueous persea americana (avocado pear) seed extracts on alloxan-induced albino rats were investigated.201324643349
do cancer cells in human and meristematic cells in plant exhibit similar responses toward plant extracts with cytotoxic activities?we examined the effect of water extracts of persea americana fruit, and of the leaves of tabernamontana divericata, nerium oleander and annona cherimolia (positive control) on vicia faba root cells. we had confirmed in our previously published data the cytotoxicity of these plant extracts on four human cancer cell lines: liver (hepg-2), lung (a549), colon (ht-29) and breast (mcf-7). vicia faba roots were soaked in plant extracts at dilutions of 100, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000 ppm for 4 ...201524705601
anti-trypanosoma cruzi activity of 10 medicinal plants used in northeast mexico.the aim of this study was to screen the trypanocidal activity of plants used in traditional mexican medicine for the treatment of various diseases related to parasitic infections. cultured trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were incubated for 96h with different concentrations of methanolic extracts obtained from artemisia mexicana, castela texana, cymbopogon citratus, eryngium heterophyllum, haematoxylum brasiletto, lippia graveolens, marrubium vulgare, persea americana, ruta chalepensis and schinu ...201424742906
effect of persea americana (avocado) fruit extract on the level of expression of adiponectin and ppar-γ in rats subjected to experimental hyperlipidemia and obesity.persea americana, commonly known as avocado, is traditionally consumed fruit which possesses body fat lowering capacity. adiponectin plays an important role in regulating obesity. in this study, the effect of hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of p. americana (haepa) on the level of blood lipids, glutathione, lipid peroxidation products, adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (ppar)-γ expressions was investigated in rats fed a high-fat diet (hfd).201424770838
persea declinata (bl.) kosterm bark crude extract induces apoptosis in mcf-7 cells via g0/g1 cell cycle arrest, bcl-2/bax/bcl-xl signaling pathways, and ros generation.persea declinata (bl.) kosterm is a member of the lauraceae family, widely distributed in southeast asia. it is from the same genus with avocado (persea americana mill), which is widely consumed as food and for medicinal purposes. in the present study, we examined the anticancer properties of persea declinata (bl.) kosterm bark methanolic crude extract (pdm). pdm exhibited a potent antiproliferative effect in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, with an ic50 value of 16.68 µg/ml after 48 h of treatm ...201424808916
electrophysiological assessment of water stress in fruit-bearing woody plants.development and evaluation of a real-time plant water stress sensor, based on the electrophysiological behavior of fruit-bearing woody plants is presented. continuous electric potentials are measured in tree trunks for different irrigation schedules, inducing variable water stress conditions; results are discussed in relation to soil water content and micro-atmospheric evaporative demand, determined continuously by conventional sensors, correlating this information with tree electric potential m ...201424877671
nectar minerals as regulators of flower visitation in stingless bees and nectar hoarding wasps.various nectar components have a repellent effect on flower visitors, and their adaptive advantages for the plant are not well understood. persea americana (avocado) is an example of a plant that secretes nectar with repellent components. it was demonstrated that the mineral constituents of this nectar, mainly potassium and phosphate, are concentrated enough to repel honey bees, apis mellifera, a pollinator often used for commercial avocado pollination. honey bees, however, are not the natural p ...201424888745
avocado consumption enhances human postprandial provitamin a absorption and conversion from a novel high-β-carotene tomato sauce and from carrots.dietary lipids have been shown to increase bioavailability of provitamin a carotenoids from a single meal, but the effects of dietary lipids on conversion to vitamin a during absorption are essentially unknown. based on previous animal studies, we hypothesized that the consumption of provitamin a carotenoids with dietary lipid would enhance conversion to vitamin a during absorption compared with the consumption of provitamin a carotenoids alone. two separate sets of 12 healthy men and women were ...201424899156
evaluating the effect of four extracts of avocado fruit on esophageal squamous carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines in comparison with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.most patients with gastrointestinal cancers refer to the health centers at advanced stages of the disease and conventional treatments are not significantly effective for these patients. therefore, using modern therapeutic approaches with lower toxicity bring higher chance for successful treatment and reduced adverse effects in such patients. the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of avocado fruit extracts on inhibition of the growth of cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. in an ...201424901722
acute toxicity investigation and anti-diarrhoeal effect of the chloroform-methanol extract of the leaves of persea americana.persea americana is a plant used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat ailments including diarrhoea and diabetes mellitus in nigeria. hence, the chloroform and the methanol fractions of the chloroform-methanol extract of the leaves of p. americana were evaluated for their acute toxicity as well as anti-diarrhoeal effects in wistar rats to substantiate this claim. the chloroform and methanol fractions [at graded doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of each] were studied for their ...201425237361
evaluation of composition and performance of composts derived from guacamole production residues.the utilization of organic wastes to improve soils or for growth media components in local farms and nurseries can reduce the environmental pollution linked to waste disposal while increasing the sustainability of crop production. this approach could be applied to waste products generated from the production of guacamole (an emerging activity in the avocado production areas in mainland spain), where appropriate treatment of this oily and doughy waste product has not been previously reported. the ...201525265553
larvicidal activity of persea americana mill. against aedes aegypti.to evaluate the toxicity of the ethanol and hexane extracts of the different parts of persea americana mill. (p. americana) toward third and fourth instars larvae of aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and to characterize the ethanol extract by qualitative phytochemical analysis.201425312114
isolation and chemical identification of lipid derivatives from avocado (persea americana) pulp with antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities.platelets play a pivotal role in physiological hemostasis. however, in coronary arteries damaged by atherosclerosis, enhanced platelet aggregation, with subsequent thrombus formation, is a precipitating factor in acute ischemic events. avocado pulp (persea americana) is a good source of bioactive compounds, and its inclusion in the diet as a source of fatty acid has been related to reduced platelet aggregability. nevertheless, constituents of avocado pulp with antiplatelet activity remain unknow ...201525319210
inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in rats' pancreas by phenolic extracts of avocado pear leaves and fruit.persea americana fruit and leaves had been known in folk medicine for their anti-diabetic prowess. therefore, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of phenolic extract from avocado pear (persea americana) leaves and fruits on some key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase); and sodium nitroprusside (snp) induced lipid peroxidation in rats' pancreas in vitro. the phenolic extracts of persea americana fruit and leaves were extracted using methanol and 1m h ...201425324703
expression profiling of flowering locus t-like gene in alternate bearing 'hass' avocado trees suggests a role for paft in avocado flower induction.in many perennials, heavy fruit load on a shoot decreases the ability of the plant to undergo floral induction in the following spring, resulting in a pattern of crop production known as alternate bearing. here, we studied the effects of fruit load on floral determination in 'hass' avocado (persea americana). de-fruiting experiments initially confirmed the negative effects of fruit load on return to flowering. next, we isolated a flowering locus t-like gene, paft, hypothesized to act as a phloem ...201425330324
metabolomic analysis of avocado fruits by gc-apci-tof ms: effects of ripening degrees and fruit varieties.in order to investigate avocado fruit ripening, nontargeted gc-apci-tof ms metabolic profiling analyses were carried out. principal component analysis (pca) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da) were used to explore the metabolic profiles from fruit samples of 13 varieties at two different ripening degrees. mannoheptulose; pentadecylfuran; aspartic, malic, stearic, citric and pantothenic acids; mannitol; and β-sitosterol were some of the metabolites found as more influential f ...201525381615
evaluation of three medicinal plant extracts against plasmodium falciparum and selected microganisms.a great revival of scientific interests in drug discovery has been witnessed in recent years from medicinal plants for health maintenance. the aim of this work was to investigate three nigerian medicinal plants collected in nigeria for their in vitro antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activities.201425392594
hepatoprotective properties of aqueous leaf extract of persea americana, mill (lauraceae) 'avocado' against ccl4-induced damage in rats.natural products from plants have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidants and hepatoprotective activities. the protective effects of aqueous extract of persea americana (aepa) against carbon tetrachloride (ccl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats was investigated.201425435602
graphene/tio2 nanocomposite based solid-phase extraction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for lipidomic profiling of avocado (persea americana mill.).phospholipids possess important physiological, structural and nutritional functions in biological systems. this study described a solid-phase extraction (spe) method, employing graphene and titanium dioxide (g/tio2) nanocomposite as sorbent, for the selective isolation and enrichment of phospholipids from avocado (persea americana mill.). based on the principal that the phosphoryl group in the phospholipid can interact with tio2 via a bridging bidentate mode, an optimum condition was established ...201425441892
impact of laurel wilt, caused by raffaelea lauricola, on leaf gas exchange and xylem sap flow in avocado, persea americana.laurel wilt, caused by raffaelea lauricola, is a destructive disease of avocado (persea americana). the susceptibility of different cultivars and races was examined previously but more information is needed on how this host responds to the disease. in the present study, net co2 assimilation (a), stomatal conductance of h2o (gs), transpiration (e), water use efficiency (wue), and xylem sap flow rates were assessed in cultivars that differed in susceptibility. after artificial inoculation with r. ...201525496301
antihypertensive potential of the aqueous extract which combine leaf of persea americana mill. (lauraceae), stems and leaf of cymbopogon citratus (d.c) stapf. (poaceae), fruits of citrus medical l. (rutaceae) as well as honey in ethanol and sucrose experimental model.the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract obtained from the mixture of fresh leaf of persea americana, stems and fresh leaf of cymbopogon citratus, fruits of citrus medica and honey on ethanol and sucrose induced hypertension in rats.201425519078
stem bark extract and fraction of persea americana (mill.) exhibits bactericidal activities against strains of bacillus cereus associated with food poisoning.the study investigates the in vitro antibacterial potentials of stem bark extracts of persea americana on strains of bacillus cereus implicated in food poisoning. the crude stem bark extracts and butanolic fraction at a concentration of 25 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, respectively, exhibited antibacterial activities against test isolates. the zones of inhibition exhibited by the crude extract and the fraction ranged between 10 mm and 26 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between ...201425558854
effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.avocados are a nutrient-dense source of monounsaturated fatty acids (mufa) that can be used to replace saturated fatty acids (sfa) in a diet to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl-c). well-controlled studies are lacking on the effect of avocado consumption on cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk factors.201525567051
use of plant woody species electrical potential for irrigation scheduling.the electrical response of plants to environmental stimuli can be measured and quantitatively related to the intensity of several stimulating sources, like temperature, solar radiation, soil water content, evapotranspiration rates, sap flow and dendrometric cycles. these relations can be used to assess the influence of different environmental situations on soil water availability to plants, defined as a steady state condition between leaf transpirative flow and soil water flow to plant roots. a ...201525826257
detection of laurel wilt disease in avocado using low altitude aerial imaging.laurel wilt is a lethal disease of plants in the lauraceae plant family, including avocado (persea americana). this devastating disease has spread rapidly along the southeastern seaboard of the united states and has begun to affect commercial avocado production in florida. the main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential to discriminate laurel wilt-affected avocado trees using aerial images taken with a modified camera during helicopter surveys at low-altitude in the commercial avo ...201525927209
phylogenetic and expression analysis of the npr1-like gene family from persea americana (mill.).the nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 (npr1) forms an integral part of the salicylic acid (sa) pathway in plants and is involved in cross-talk between the sa and jasmonic acid/ethylene (ja/et) pathways. therefore, npr1 is essential to the effective response of plants to pathogens. avocado (persea americana) is a commercially important crop worldwide. significant losses in production result from phytophthora root rot, caused by the hemibiotroph, phytophthora cinnamomi. this oomycete inf ...201525972890
activities of selected medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria in cameroon.medicinal plants are used worldwide for several human ailments including bacterial infections. the present work was designed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activities of some cameroonian medicinal plants including entada abyssinica, entada africana, pentaclethra macrophylla, allexis cauliflora, anthocleista leibrechtsiana, carapa procera, carica papaya and persea americana against gram-negative bacteria expressing multidrug resistant (mdr) phenotypes.201426060474
targeting mitochondria with avocatin b induces selective leukemia cell death.treatment regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (aml) continue to offer weak clinical outcomes. through a high-throughput cell-based screen, we identified avocatin b, a lipid derived from avocado fruit, as a novel compound with cytotoxic activity in aml. avocatin b reduced human primary aml cell viability without effect on normal peripheral blood stem cells. functional stem cell assays demonstrated selectivity toward aml progenitor and stem cells without effects on normal hematopoietic stem cells. ...201526077472
bioinformatics reveal five lineages of oleosins and the mechanism of lineage evolution related to structure/function from green algae to seed plants.plant cells contain subcellular lipid droplets with a triacylglycerol matrix enclosed by a layer of phospholipids and the small structural protein oleosin. oleosins possess a conserved central hydrophobic hairpin of approximately 72 residues penetrating into the lipid droplet matrix and amphipathic amino- and carboxyl (c)-terminal peptides lying on the phospholipid surface. bioinformatics of 1,000 oleosins of green algae and all plants emphasizing biological implications reveal five oleosin line ...201526232488
avocado proanthocyanidins as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors: structure characterization, inhibitory activity, and mechanism.proanthocyanidins were purified from avocado (persea americana) fruit, and their structures were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-qtrap mass spectrometry (hplc-esi-qtrap ms) techniques. the results obtained from mass spectrometry (ms) analysis demonstrated that the proanthocyanidins were homo- and heteropolymers of procyanidins, prodelphinidins, propelargonidi ...201526259028
deep sequencing of the mexican avocado transcriptome, an ancient angiosperm with a high content of fatty acids.avocado (persea americana) is an economically important tropical fruit considered to be a good source of fatty acids. despite its importance, the molecular and cellular characterization of biochemical and developmental processes in avocado is limited due to the lack of transcriptome and genomic information.201526268848
oil biosynthesis in a basal angiosperm: transcriptome analysis of persea americana mesocarp.the mechanism by which plants synthesize and store high amounts of triacylglycerols (tag) in tissues other than seeds is not well understood. the comprehension of controls for carbon partitioning and oil accumulation in nonseed tissues is essential to generate oil-rich biomass in perennial bioenergy crops. persea americana (avocado), a basal angiosperm with unique features that are ancestral to most flowering plants, stores ~ 70 % tag per dry weight in its mesocarp, a nonseed tissue. transcripto ...201526276496
the modulating effect of persea americana fruit extract on the level of expression of fatty acid synthase complex, lipoprotein lipase, fibroblast growth factor-21 and leptin--a biochemical study in rats subjected to experimental hyperlipidemia and obesity.obesity is a multifactorial disorder which is closely associated with hyperlipidemia. avocados are edible fruits traditionally consumed for various health benefits including body weight reduction.201526321743
cubeb oil lures: terpenoid emissions, trapping efficacy, and longevity for attraction of redbay ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae).redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff, is an exotic wood borer and the primary vector of raffaelea lauricola, a symbiotic fungus that causes laurel wilt. this lethal disease has decimated native redbay [persea borbonia (l.) sprengel] and swampbay [persea palustris (rafinesque) sargent] throughout southeastern u.s. forests, and currently threatens avocado (persea americana miller) in florida. to curtail the spread of laurel wilt, effective attractants are needed for early detection ...201526470139
effect of chipping and solarization on emergence and boring activity of a recently introduced ambrosia beetle (euwallacea sp., coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) in southern california.polyphagous shot hole borer (euwallacea sp., coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae) has recently invaded southern california. the beetle, along with its associated fungi, fusarium euwallaceae, graphium sp., and acremonium sp., causes branch dieback and tree mortality in a large variety of tree species including avocado (persea americana mill.) and box elder (acer negundo l.). with the spread of the beetle through los angeles, orange, and san diego counties in california, there is increasing conc ...201526470327
comparison and field validation of binomial sampling plans for oligonychus perseae (acari: tetranychidae) on hass avocado in southern california.oligonychus perseae tuttle, baker, & abatiello is a foliar pest of 'hass' avocados [persea americana miller (lauraceae)]. the recommended action threshold is 50-100 motile mites per leaf, but this count range and other ecological factors associated with o. perseae infestations limit the application of enumerative sampling plans in the field. consequently, a comprehensive modeling approach was implemented to compare the practical application of various binomial sampling models for decision-making ...201526470355
expression of pathogenesis-related (pr) genes in avocados fumigated with thyme oil vapours and control of anthracnose.thyme oil (to) fumigation (96μll(-1)) to cv. hass and ryan avocados significantly reduced anthracnose incidence compared to prochloraz and the untreated control. also, enhanced activities of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase were noted in both cultivars. to fumigation induced the expression of both β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase genes in naturally infected fruit of both cultivars, during storage at 7 or 7.5°c for up to 21d and during subsequent simulated market shelf conditions at 20°c for 5d. however, ...201626471637
traditional medicine practices among community members with chronic kidney disease in northern tanzania: an ethnomedical survey.in sub-saharan africa, chronic kidney disease (ckd) is being recognized as a non-communicable disease (ncd) with high morbidity and mortality. in countries like tanzania, people access many sources, including traditional medicines, to meet their healthcare needs for ncds, but little is known about traditional medicine practices among people with ckd. therefore, we sought to characterize these practices among community members with ckd in northern tanzania.201526499070
combined treatments reduce chilling injury and maintain fruit quality in avocado fruit during cold quarantine.quarantine treatment enables export of avocado fruit (persea americana) to parts of the world that enforce quarantine against fruit fly. the recommended cold-based quarantine treatment (storage at 1.1°c for 14 days) was studied with two commercial avocado cultivars 'hass' and 'ettinger' for 2 years. chilling injuries (cis) are prevalent in the avocado fruit after cold-quarantine treatment. hence, we examined the effect of integrating several treatments: modified atmosphere (ma; fruit covered wit ...201526501421
persea americana glycolic extract: in vitro study of antimicrobial activity against candida albicans biofilm and cytotoxicity evaluation.this study evaluated the antifungal activity of persea americana extract on candida albicans biofilm and its cytotoxicity in macrophage culture (raw 264.7). to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), microdilution in broth (clsi m27-s4 protocol) was performed. thereafter, the concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml (n = 10) with 5 min exposure were analyzed on mature biofilm in microplate wells for 48 h. saline was used as control (n = 10). after treatment, biofilm cells ...201526605376
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