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real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing.in more than 30% of milk samples from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis, bacteria fail to grow even after 48 h of conventional culture. the "no-growth" samples are problematic for mastitis laboratories, veterinarians, and dairy producers. this study provides the first investigation of the bacteriological etiology of such samples, using a real-time pcr-based commercial reagent kit. the assay targets the dna of the 11 most common bacterial species or groups in mastitis and the staphylococca ...200919447993
incidence of lameness and abrasions in piglets in identical farrowing pens with four different types of floor.lameness in piglets is a major animal welfare issue. floor abrasiveness is a common cause of superficial injury in piglets in farrowing pens. the abrasion achieved may act as a gate for infections, which in turn may induce development of infectious arthritis. in this study, the influence of improvements of the floor quality and of increased ratios of straw in identical farrowing pens was measured.200919463187
identification of active variants of parf in human pathogenic group c and group g streptococci leads to an amended description of its consensus motif.certain streptococcal m proteins bind collagen via an octapeptide motif that is located in their hypervariable n-terminal region. the interaction with this extracellular matrix protein enhances adhesion to the host tissue and thereby facilitates infection. moreover, it has the side effect of eliciting collagen autoimmune responses, a phenomenon which is also observed in patients with acute rheumatic fever. therefore, the octapeptide motif was named peptide associated with rheumatic fever (parf). ...200919520603
vaccines against bovine mastitis in the new zealand context: what is the best way forward?mastitis is an important animal health disease which constitutes a serious problem for the dairy industry in new zealand. mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, necessitates the use of antibiotic therapy, with associated risks of contaminating the raw milk supply, and imposes a serious economic burden, currently estimated at nz$300 million per year. mastitis is caused by a variety of infectious agents. in the new zealand context, with cattle grazing on pasture, streptococcus uberis is a major ...200919521461
a near fatal septic transfusion reaction due to streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis calls for novel safety measures. 200919522886
pathogen detection in milk samples by ligation detection reaction-mediated universal array method.this paper describes a new dna chip, based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal array, developed to detect and analyze, directly from milk samples, microbial pathogens known to cause bovine, ovine, and caprine mastitis or to be responsible for foodborne intoxication or infection, or both. probes were designed for the identification of 15 different bacterial groups: staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, nonaureus staphylococci, streptococcus bovis, strepto ...200919528580
genetic correlations between pathogen-specific mastitis and somatic cell count in danish holsteins.the aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations (r(a)) between 2 lactation average somatic cell count (lascc) traits and 6 different mastitis traits in 226,482 first-parity danish holstein cows that calved between 1998 and 2008. the lascc traits were defined from 5 to either 170 d (lascc_170) or 300 d (lascc_300) after calving, and the mastitis traits were unspecific mastitis (all mastitis treatments, both clinical and subclinical, regardless of the causative pathogen) and mastitis ca ...200919528624
human infections due to streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.human streptococci that belong to streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (sdse) have long been known under the name of beta-hemolytic groups c and g streptococci. extensive taxonomic studies during the past years have distinguished most of the veterinary pathogens belonging to lancefield groups c and g from those of human origin. after being considered nonpathogenic for many years, sdse is now recognized as an important bacterial pathogen. the clinical spectrum of diseases caused by t ...200919635028
clinical aspects of invasive infections with streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis in japan: differences with respect to streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus agalactiae infections.streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis (sdse) is increasingly being identified as a pathogen responsible for invasive and non-invasive infections. we compared the clinical features of invasive sdse infections with those of invasive infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes (group a streptococcus (gas)) and streptococcus agalactiae (group b streptococcus (gbs)). active surveillance for invasive sdse, gas and gbs was maintained over 1 year at 142 medical institutions throughout japan. clini ...201019732082
molecular emm genotyping and antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolated from invasive and non-invasive infections.to analyse the characteristics of infections caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, clinical isolates (n=145) were collected at 11 medical institutions between september 2003 and october 2005. these isolates belonged to lancefield group a (n=5), group c (n=18) or group g (n=122). among all isolates, 42 strains were isolated from sterile samples such as blood, synovial fluid and tissue specimens from patients who were mostly over 50 years with invasive infections, and included s ...201019745030
efficacy of a teat dip containing the bacteriocin lacticin 3147 to eliminate gram-positive pathogens associated with bovine mastitis.on most dairy farms teat dips are applied to the teats of cows either before or after milking in order to prevent pathogens from gaining access to the mammary gland via the teat canal. in the present experiments, a natural teat dip was developed using a fermentate containing the live bacterium lactococcus lactis dpc 3251. this bacterium produces lacticin 3147, a two-component lantibiotic which was previously shown to effectively kill gram-positive mastitis pathogens. lacticin 3147 activity in th ...201019785910
disease burden due to streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (group g and c streptococcus) is higher than that due to streptococcus pyogenes among mumbai school children.streptococcus pyogenes [group a streptococcus (gas)], a human pathogen, and streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis [human group g and c streptococcus (ggs/gcs)] are evolutionarily related, share the same tissue niche in humans, exchange genetic material, share up to half of their virulence-associated genes and cause a similar spectrum of diseases. yet, ggs/gcs is often considered as a commensal bacterium and its role in streptococcal disease burden is under-recognized. while reports of th ...201019833781
partial recn gene sequencing: a new tool for identification and phylogeny within the genus streptococcus.partial sequences of the recn gene (1249 bp), which encodes a recombination and repair protein, were analysed to determine the phylogenetic relationship and identification of streptococci. the partial sequences presented interspecies nucleotide similarity of 56.4-98.2 % and intersubspecies similarity of 89.8-98 %. the mean dna sequence similarity of recn gene sequences (66.6 %) was found to be lower than those of the 16s rrna gene (94.1 %), rpob (84.6 %), soda (74.8 %), groel (78.1 %) and gyrb ( ...201019880633
phenotypic and genetic characterizations of streptococcus dysgalactiae strains isolated from fish collected in japan and other asian countries.lancefield group c streptococcus dysgalactiae is an emerging fish pathogen, which was first isolated in 2002 in japan. streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates collected from diseased fish in japan (n=12), taiwan (n=12), china (n=2), malaysia (n=3), and indonesia (n=1) were characterized using biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (bsfge), soda gene sequence analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility. these isolates exhibited high phenotypic homogeneity irrespective of the countries from where ...201019895643
distribution and antimicrobial resistance of clinical and subclinical mastitis pathogens in dairy cows in rhône-alpes, france.the goal of this study was to estimate the distribution of pathogens, as well as their antimicrobial resistance pattern, in cows affected by clinical or subclinical mastitis in the rhône-alpes region of france. a total of 1770 samples were taken between january 2007 and march 2008, leading to the identification of 1631 bacterial isolates. streptococcus uberis (22.1%), escherichia coli (16%), and coagulase-positive staphylococci (15.8%) were identified as the major causative agents of clinical ma ...201019919286
evaluating the in vitro susceptibility of bovine mastitis pathogens to a combination of kanamycin and cefalexin: recommendations for a disk diffusion test.cows suffering from bovine mastitis have markedly reduced milk production because of inflammation within the udder subsequent to infection and damage from bacterial toxins. antibiotic treatment is commonly used as a preventative and therapeutic measure for bovine mastitis. the most common pathogens include staphylococcus aureus, various streptococci (streptococcus dysgalactiae, streptococcus uberis), and coliforms (escherichia coli), which can be contracted from other infected cows or from the e ...200919923627
environmental mastitis in intensive high-producing dairy herds in new south wales.to determine the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in high-producing intensive dairy herds in new south wales.200919930160
clinical aspects of invasive infection with streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in elderly patients.the number of patients with severe invasive infections (mainly exhibiting bacteremia) with streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (sdse) has been increasing worldwide. we herein report the clinical aspects of invasive infections (cellulitis, pneumonia, and urosepsis) occurring with sdse in 13 elderly patients (mean age 84 years, range 69-99 years) diagnosed at a hospital for elderly individuals during the period january 2005-june 2009. ten subjects had underlying diseases, including neuro ...201020052513
economic values and expected effect of selection index for pathogen-specific mastitis under danish conditions.the objectives of this study were 1) to estimate costs related to 5 different pathogen-specific mastitis traits (susceptibility to different pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cattle) and unspecific mastitis, and 2) to compare selection differentials for an udder health index consisting of 5 different pathogen-specific mastitis traits and lactation average somatic cell count from 5 to 170 d after first calving (lascc170) with another index consisting of 1 unspecific mastitis trait and lascc170. ...201020059934
[analysis of a severe septic transfusion reaction with standard platelet concentrate].we recently observed a near fatal case of transfusion-transmitted infection with standard platelet concentrate. streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis was isolated both from donor, residual component container and cultures of the patient's blood. this should question the usefulness of systematic bacterial detection in platelet concentrates, however a lethal accident has occurred recently which escaped bacterial detection. this observation calls for implementation of pathogen inactivat ...201020106699
fluoroquinolone resistance in streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and evidence for a shared global gene pool with streptococcus pyogenes.quinolone resistance is an emerging problem in streptococcus pyogenes, and recombination with streptococcus dysgalactiae dna has been implicated as a frequent mechanism leading to resistance. we have characterized a collection of s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates responsible for infections in humans (n = 314) and found a high proportion of levofloxacin-resistant isolates (12%). resistance was associated with multiple emm types and genetic lineages, as determined by pulsed-field gel ele ...201020145082
two unusual cases of severe soft tissue infection caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.we present two cases of invasive infection caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, one that showed rapidly developing necrotizing fasciitis in a previously healthy man and one that showed severe cellulitis and septic shock even though the bacterium possessed a mutated emm gene, predicted to encode a truncated m protein.201020147644
detection of streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in equine nasopharyngeal swabs by pcr.streptococcus (s.) dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis is responsible for severe diseases in humans, including primary bacteraemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome. infection in some animal species can also occur, although a few studies have looked into cross-species infectivity. in horses, s. equisimilis is generally considered infrequent or opportunistic, but has recently been isolated from cases of strangles-like disease. rapid and sensitive diagnostic techniques could enable ep ...201020195067
chemoinformatics-assisted development of new anti-biofilm compounds.bacterial biofilms are associated with a large number of infections. biofilm-dwelling bacteria are particularly resistant to antibiotics, making it hard to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. here, we use a novel cross-disciplinary approach combining microbiology and chemoinformatics to identify new and efficient anti-biofilm drugs. we found that ellagic acid (present in green tea) significantly inhibited biofilm formation of streptococcus dysgalactiae. based on ellagic acid, we performed i ...201020204615
molecular markers for discriminating streptococcus pyogenes and s. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.given the increasing aetiological importance of streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis in diseases which are primarily attributed to s. pyogenes, molecular markers are essential to distinguish these species and delineate their epidemiology more precisely. many clinical microbiology laboratories rely on agglutination reactivity and biochemical tests to distinguish them. these methods have limitations which are particularly exacerbated when isolates with mixed properties are encountered ...201020221892
bilateral endophthalmitis as a primary manifestation of streptococcus dysgalactiae endocarditis and the role of 16s rdna polymerase chain reaction in identification.bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare complication of endocarditis. we present the case of a 72-year-old female who presented with heart failure and bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis. endocarditis was confirmed on transesophageal echocardiography. all cultures were negative, but 16s rdna sequencing on vitreal aspirates identified streptococcus dysgalactiae as the likely pathogen.201020338706
contribution of streptococcus anginosus to infections caused by groups c and g streptococci, southern india.vellore, a region in southern india, has a high incidence of severe human infections with beta-hemolytic group c and g streptococci (gcgs). to determine the causative species in these infections, we conducted 16s rrna gene sequencing: streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (81%) and s. anginosus (19%) were the causative organisms in the 2-year study period (2006-2007). we used pcr to detect the virulence-related emm gene; results showed that it was restricted to s. dysgalactieae subsp. eq ...201020350380
streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia, finland, 1995-2004.we conducted a retrospective population-based study of 140 episodes of streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis bacteremia occurring in finland during 1995-2004. rare emm types were associated with more severe disease and increased mortality rates. skin and soft tissue infections were more frequent clinical signs among cases caused by common emm types.201020409380
dissemination of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin g (spegg) with an is-like element in fish isolates of streptococcus dysgalactiae.the lancefield group c alpha-hemolytic streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae (gcsd) causes systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease and high mortality rates in infected fish. superantigen and streptolysin s genes are the most important virulence factors contributing to an invasive streptococcal infection. pcr amplification revealed that all strains isolated from moribund fish harbored the streptolysin s structural gene (saga). gcsd fish isolates were pcr negative for emm, spea, speb, s ...201020528946
[molecular features of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from blood in adult invasive infection and the clinical background factors].we studied the relationship between features of beta-hemolytic streptococci (n = 45) isolated from blood in adult invasive infection and the clinical background factors observed from january 2001 through august at a hospital for the elderly. the meanage of subjects having invasive streptococcal infection with 22 invasive streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (sdse) strains, 2 s. pyogenes isolates, and 21 s. agalactiae (gbs) was 80 years, and 85.7% and 86.4% had underly diseases in th ...201020560419
lesions induced in seriola dumerili following exposure to streptococcus dysgalactiae by oral treatment or immersion.seriola dumerili were infected experimentally with streptococcus dysgalactiae by oral dosing or immersion. there was moderate mortality after immersion in water containing defined numbers of bacteria, regardless of the dose, whereas the effect on the oral challenge groups depended on the dose of bacteria administered. the characteristic lesions were microabscesses and/or pyogranulomatous inflammation of the caudal peduncle, pectoral and/or dorsal fin, heart and olfactory region. s. dysgalactiae ...201020570278
distribution of emm types and genetic characterization of the mgc locus in group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis from a hospital in northern taiwan.a total of 274 streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates was analyzed by emm typing and by determining the organization of their mgrc loci. three of the most frequent emm types were stg485.0 (45/274, 16.4%), stg6.1 (43/274, 15.7%), and stc839.0 (32/274, 11.7%), in decreasing order. the cpdb-positive mgrc locus appears to be predominant in some emm types.201020573871
dairy cows with metritis: coxiella burnetii test results in uterine, blood and bulk milk samples.in cattle, coxiella burnetii infections are generally asymptomatic but can also be associated with reproductive disorders. metritis is considered as one of the symptoms of c. burnetii infections, but reliable information is lacking. therefore, information on the presence of c. burnetii in the uterine content of cows with metritis is important to increase our knowledge on this pathogen. in this study, the uterine content of 45 dairy cows with metritis belonging to 12 herds was tested for c. burne ...201120576366
invasive infection caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis: characteristics of strains and clinical features.among clinically isolated β-hemolytic streptococci, streptococcus pyogenes and s. agalactiae were considered the main pathogens in humans until recently. in 1996, s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (sdse) was proposed as a novel taxon among human-derived streptococcal isolates. sdse has lancefield group c or g antigens, exhibits strong β-hemolysis, and exerts streptokinase activity upon human plasminogen and proteolytic activity upon human fibrin. similarly to group a streptococci, sdse possesse ...201120607346
microbial communities in the tonsils of healthy pigs.the tonsils of mammals such as humans and pigs are colonized with an extensive microbiota and are frequently the site for asymptomatic carriage of bacterial pathogens. the goal of this study was to determine the composition of the microbial community of the tonsils in healthy pigs. tonsils were collected from eight pigs from two different healthy herds. samples of the tonsils from each pig were used for culture dependent and culture independent identification of the microbial community. aerobic ...201120663617
population genetics of streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis reveals widely dispersed clones and extensive recombination.streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (sdse) is an emerging global pathogen that can colonize and infect humans. although most sdse isolates possess the lancefield group g carbohydrate, a significant minority have the group c carbohydrate. isolates are further sub-typed on the basis of differences within the emm gene. to gain a better understanding of their molecular epidemiology and evolutionary relationships, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis was performed on sdse isolates ...201020668530
cross-sectional study of streptococcus species in quarter milk samples of dairy cows in the canton of bern, switzerland.a total of 2538 quarter milk samples from 638 lactating dairy cows from 47 farms in the canton of bern, switzerland, were investigated for streptococci. a novel, simple and inexpensive laboratory method was used for the differentiation of streptococcus species, and a risk factor analysis was carried out. the prevalence in the quarter milk samples was 0.2 per cent for streptococcus agalactiae, 1.3 per cent for streptococcus uberis, 1.3 per cent for streptococcus dysgalactiae, 0.1 per cent for ent ...201020693505
bioeconomic modeling of lactational antimicrobial treatment of new bovine subclinical intramammary infections caused by contagious pathogens.this study determined the direct and indirect epidemiologic and economic effects of lactational treatment of new bovine subclinical intramammary infections (imi) caused by contagious pathogens using an existing bioeconomic model. the dynamic and stochastic model simulated the dynamics of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, and escherichia coli during lactation and the dry period in a 100-cow dairy herd during 1 quota year. input parameters on cure were obtain ...201020723677
neonatal streptococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.we report a neonatal infection with streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis occurring through maternal transmission and presenting as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 12 hours after birth. pediatricians and obstetricians should be aware of the possibility of this infectious disease when examining newborns with fever. these observations suggest that antenatal maternal screening for s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis should be considered.201020879096
biological functions of gcs3, a novel plasminogen-binding protein of streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis.increasing awareness of the relevance of streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis as a human pathogen motivates the analysis of its pathomechanisms. one of the mechanisms that increases infectivity and dissemination of several streptococcal species is the recruitment and subsequent activation of host plasminogen on the streptococcal surface. this study identified gcs3 as a novel plasminogen-binding m protein of s. dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis and revealed a difference in the mode of binding ...201020951639
diversity and mobility of integrative and conjugative elements in bovine isolates of streptococcus agalactiae, s. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, and s. uberis.bovine isolates of streptococcus agalactiae (n = 76), streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (n = 32), and streptococcus uberis (n = 101) were analyzed for the presence of different integrative and conjugative elements (ices) and their association with macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance. the diversity of the isolates included in this study was demonstrated by multilocus sequence typing for s. agalactiae and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for s. dysgalactiae and s. uber ...201020952646
kill rate of mastitis pathogens by a combination of cefalexin and kanamycin.to assess the bacterial killing rate produced by a combination of cefalexin and kanamycin at two different concentration ratios.201020969677
streptococcus spp. and related bacteria: their identification and their pathogenic potential for chronic mastitis - a molecular approach.streptococcus spp. and related bacteria form a large group of organisms which are associated with bovine intramammary infections (imi). some of them are the well-known mastitis pathogens streptococcus uberis and streptococcus agalactiae. in addition, there are a considerable number of these gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci (pnc) with unclear mastitic pathogenicity such as aerococcus viridans which make the conventional diagnostics of pnc difficult. one diagnostic, api 20 strep (api, biomér ...201020971488
penicillin blood-level determinations with a streptococcus dysgalactiae resistant to normal blood inhibitors. 194620998458
prevalence of a streptococcal inhibitor of a complement-mediated cell lysis-like gene (sicg) in streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates (n = 110) were analyzed by pcr to determine whether the gene encoding sicg, a homolog of streptococcus pyogenes sic, was present. nineteen strains (17%) had this gene of which 11 (55%) were isolated from patients with invasive disease. all 19 strains possessed group g carbohydrate. molecular characterization of emm type revealed that the majority of emm sequences were stg643 and stg2078. only the n-terminal sequence of sicg was similar to th ...201021046393
inverse association between lancefield group g streptococcus colonization and sore throat in slum and nonslum settings in brazil.group g streptococcus has been implicated as a causative agent of pharyngitis in outbreak situations, but its role in endemic disease remains elusive. we found an unexpected inverse association of streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis colonization and sore throat in a study of 2,194 children of 3 to 15 years of age in salvador, brazil.201021048010
differences in the aromatic domain of homologous streptococcal fibronectin-binding proteins trigger different cell invasion mechanisms and survival rates.group a streptococci (gas, streptococcus pyogenes) and group g streptococci (ggs, streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis) adhere to and invade host cells by binding to fibronectin. the fibronectin-binding protein sfbi from gas acts as an invasin by using a caveolae-mediated mechanism. in the present study we have identified a fibronectin-binding protein, gfba, from ggs, which functions as an adhesin and invasin. although there is a high degree of similarity in the c-terminal sequence of sfb ...201021054741
diagnosis of intramammary infection in samples yielding negative results or minor pathogens in conventional bacterial culturing.up to half of quarter milk samples submitted for mastitis diagnosis are culture-negative results or lead to identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacterium bovis in conventional culturing, the so-called minor pathogens. the interpretation and usefulness of these results in terms of udder and animal health management is limited, even though the amount of resources spent is relatively high. this work aimed to test two methods of analysis of milk samples with the goal of incre ...201021134309
stretching fibronectin fibres disrupts binding of bacterial adhesins by physically destroying an epitope.although soluble inhibitors are frequently used to block cell binding to the extracellular matrix (ecm), mechanical stretching of a protein fibre alone can physically destroy a cell-binding site. here, we show using binding assays and steered molecular dynamics that mechanical tension along fibronectin (fn) fibres causes a structural mismatch between fn-binding proteins from streptococcus dysgalactiae and staphylococcus aureus. both adhesins target a multimodular site on fn that is switched to l ...201021139580
subclinical, chronic intramammary infection lowers steroid concentrations and gene expression in bovine preovulatory follicles.chronic, subclinical intramammary infection depresses fertility. we previously found that 30% of subclinical mastitic cows exhibit delayed ovulation, low circulating estradiol levels, and delayed luteinizing hormone surge. we examined the function of preovulatory follicles of cows experiencing subclinical mastitis or a past event of acute clinical mastitis. cows were diagnosed for mastitis by somatic cell count and bacteriological examination. all clinical infections were caused by escherichia c ...201021163607
endocarditis-associated brain lesions in slaughter pigs.left-sided valvular endocarditis (lsve) is a common finding in slaughter pigs. the lesion is often associated with renal thromboembolism, but information on embolization to other organs is sparse. this study focuses on the presence and type of endocarditis-associated brain lesions (eabls). the brains of 20 slaughter pigs with spontaneously arising lsve and 11 controls were examined by sectioning half of a formalin-fixed brain into 4mm slices for histological examination. the aetiology of the end ...201021168147
cow-specific treatment of clinical mastitis: an economic approach.under dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis (cm) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated with a standard intramammary antimicrobial treatment. several antimicrobial treatments are available for cm, differing in antimicrobial compound, route of application, duration, and cost. because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the causal pathogen influence the probability of cure, cow-specific treatment of cm is often recommended. the objective of th ...201121183029
assessment of bacterial diversity in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus through tag-encoded pyrosequencing.ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, hinders livestock production in tropical and subtropical parts of the world where it is endemic. tick microbiomes remain largely unexplored. the objective of this study was to explore the r. microplus microbiome by applying the bacterial 16s tag-encoded flx-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (btefap) technique to characterize its bacterial ...201121211038
complete genome sequencing and analysis of a lancefield group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strain causing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss).streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (sdse) causes invasive streptococcal infections, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss), as does lancefield group a streptococcus pyogenes (gas). we sequenced the entire genome of sdse strain ggs_124 isolated from a patient with stss.201121223537
comparative genomic analysis of the streptococcus dysgalactiae species group: gene content, molecular adaptation, and promoter evolution.comparative genomics of closely related bacterial species with different pathogenesis and host preference can provide a means of identifying the specifics of adaptive differences. streptococcus dysgalactiae (sd) is comprised of two subspecies: s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis is both a human commensal organism and a human pathogen, and s. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae is strictly an animal pathogen. here, we present complete genome sequences for both taxa, with analyses involving other spec ...201121282711
streptococcus dysgalactiae as an agent of septicaemia in nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus (l.). 201121306592
[mesh infection in inguinal hernioplasty by streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. case report and review of the literature].mesh infection in inguinal herniography is usually caused by staphilococcus aureus and staphilcoccus epidermidis. generally it obliges to prosthesis removal with hernia relapse and increase of social costs for the prolongation of hospitalization.201121352710
a study of lesions induced in seriola dumerili infected naturally with streptococcus dysgalactiae.an outbreak of disease in seriola dumerili occurred from august to october in 2007 and 2008. the fish developed lesions of the caudal peduncle, pectoral and/or dorsal fin and the heart. the lesions were characterized by moderate to severe infarction with areas of microabscessation and multifocal granulomatous inflammation associated with the presence of streptococcus dysgalactiae antigen. this is the first report to describe the immunohistology of the lesions induced in s. dumerili following nat ...201121453928
lateral gene transfer of streptococcal ice element rd2 (region of difference 2) encoding secreted proteins.the genome of serotype m28 group a streptococcus (gas) strain mgas6180 contains a novel genetic element named region of difference 2 (rd2) that encodes seven putative secreted extracellular proteins. rd2 is present in all serotype m28 strains and strains of several other gas serotypes associated with female urogenital infections. we show here that the gas rd2 element is present in strain mgas6180 both as an integrative chromosomal form and a circular extrachromosomal element. rd2-like regions we ...201121457552
an autopsy case of necrotizing fasciitis with rapidly progressive purpura caused by hemolytic streptococcal infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.a 77-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis was admitted as an emergency because of pain in the right leg with purpura. she was diagnosed with severe cellulitis and sepsis and started on intravenous antibiotics; however, the lesion rapidly extended to the proximal thigh and she died only 38 h after the onset of the first symptom. autopsy and tissue culture revealed necrotizing fasciitis caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. physicians should consider that necrotizing fas ...201121499909
[a method for differential identification of group c and g streptococci with pcr].the paper describes a rapid method for pcr identification of groups c and g streptococci (streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis, streptococcus constellatus, and streptococcus anginosus) that cause human disease. species-specific regions of the cpn60 gene encoding heat shock protein groel (hsp60) were chosen as markers for pcr diagnosis; three pairs of primers were constructed for these regions, each of which was peculiar to the specific type. the method was tested on a large collecti ...201121506385
assessment of an extraction protocol to detect the major mastitis-causing pathogens in bovine milk.despite all efforts to control its spread, mastitis remains the most costly disease for dairy farmers worldwide. one key component of better control of this disease is identification of the causative bacterial agent during udder infections in cows. mastitis is complex, however, given the diversity of pathogens that must be identified. development of a rapid and efficient bacterial species identification tool is thus necessary. this study was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of bacterial ...201121524507
virulence gene pool detected in bovine group c streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae using a group a streptococcus pyogenes virulence microarray.a custom designed microarray containing 220 virulence genes of s. pyogenes (gas) was used to test group c streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (gcs) field strains causative of bovine mastitis and group c or group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (gcs/ggs) isolates from human infections - the latter used for comparative purposes - for the presence of virulence genes. all bovine and all human isolates carried a fraction of the 220 genes (23% and 39%, respectively). the vir ...201121525223
comparative genomics and the role of lateral gene transfer in the evolution of bovine adapted streptococcus agalactiae.in addition to causing severe invasive infections in humans, streptococcus agalactiae, or group b streptococcus (gbs), is also a major cause of bovine mastitis. here we provide the first genome sequence for s. agalactiae isolated from a cow diagnosed with clinical mastitis (strain fsl s3-026). comparison to eight s. agalactiae genomes obtained from human disease isolates revealed 183 genes specific to the bovine strain. subsequent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening for the presence/absenc ...201121536150
isolation and characterization of β-haemolytic-streptococci from endometritis in mares.the objective of this manuscript was to validate published pcr-based methods for detection of β-haemolytic streptococci by comparison with established bacteriological techniques using 85 clinical isolates recovered from uterine swabs of mares with clinical signs of endometritis and to determine the distribution of seel/seem and szel/szem superantigens in isolates of streptococcus equi subsp. equi (s. equi) and s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus). the conventional bacteriological tech ...201121570219
sac c vs disease surveillance report: early cases of streptococcus dysgalactiae arthritis seen in lambs. 201121678613
evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for rapid identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci.this study was undertaken to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for the rapid identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci. we compared bruker biotyper 2.0 with vitek2 coupled to the agglutination test. maldi-tof ms analysis of 386 beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates yielded high-confidence identification to the species level for all 386 isolates. the vitek2 gave high-confidence identification to the species level for 88% of st ...201121697322
diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of composite milk samples to detect intramammary infections.composite milk samples, in which milk from all 4 bovine quarters is collected in a single vial, are widely used in many developed dairy industries for detection of intramammary infections (imi). these samples are more economical for use in culturing protocols than individual quarter samples, and may be useful when considering management options at the cow and herd level. the dilution effect may be problematic, however, resulting in lower sensitivity (se) in imi detection on composite samples. re ...201121700024
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of garenoxacin against group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.in this study, garenoxacin showed potent in vitro activity against clinical isolates of group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis [minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms (mic(90))=0.125++g/ml] and was superior to levofloxacin (mic(90)=1++g/ml) and moxifloxacin (mic(90)=0.25++g/ml). in experimental pneumonia caused by group g s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in mice, the effective dose for 50% survival (ed(50)) of garenoxacin following single oral administration w ...201121726983
high-level fluorescence labeling of gram-positive pathogens.fluorescence labeling of bacterial pathogens has a broad range of interesting applications including the observation of living bacteria within host cells. we constructed a novel vector based on the e. coli streptococcal shuttle plasmid pat28 that can propagate in numerous bacterial species from different genera. the plasmid harbors a promoterless copy of the green fluorescent variant gene egfp under the control of the camp-factor gene (cfb) promoter of streptococcus agalactiae and was designated ...201121731607
A CD46 transgenic mouse model for studying the histopathology of arthritis caused by subcutaneous infection with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.Ankle arthritis was induced by a single subcutaneous (s.c.) infection of 1×10(7) c.f.u. of the Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis strain RE378, which was isolated from a patient suffering from multiple organ failure due to septicaemia, into both hind footpads of human CD46-expressing transgenic (Tg) mice. In contrast, in non-Tg mice, the incipient foot lesions (swelling and redness) resolved before arthritis developed. The number of viable bacteria in tissue samples and the arthri ...201121852528
recombination drives genetic diversification of streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis in a region of streptococcal endemicity.infection of the skin or throat by streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (sdse) may result in a number of human diseases. to understand mechanisms that give rise to new genetic variants in this species, we used multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) to characterise relationships in the sdse population from india, a country where streptococcal disease is endemic. the study revealed indian sdse isolates have sequence types (sts) predominantly different to those reported from other regions ...201121857905
rapid identification of bovine mastitis pathogens by high-resolution melt analysis of 16s rdna sequences.accurate identification of mastitis pathogens is often compromised when using conventional culture-based methods. here, we report a novel, rapid assay tested for speciation of bacterial mastitis pathogens using high-resolution melt analysis (hrma) of 16s rdna sequences. real-time pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene fragment, spanning the variable region v5 and v6 was performed with a resulting amplicon of 290bp. first, a library was generated of melt curves of 9 common pathogens that are implicat ...201121944716
molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans.mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus agalactiae and staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or staphyloc ...201121968538
Multiplex PCR assay for species identification of bovine mastitis pathogens.To develop and evaluate a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay for simultaneous detection of 10 bacterial species causing bovine mastitis namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus simulans, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Escherichia coli in milk.201121972842
Post-operative ocular infection due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.Ocular infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis are rare. In the present report, three patients with a history of uncomplicated small incision cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation developed exogenous endophthalmitis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. The identification of the organisms was confirmed by PCR for a 16S rRNA sequence specific to the species S. dysgalactiae. Intravitreal treatment of cefazolin and amikacin, in addition to topic ...201121997945
Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Its Subspecies, and Its Clinical and Phylogenetic Relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes.The taxonomic status and structure of Streptococcus dysgalactiae have been the object of much confusion. Bacteria belonging to this species are usually referred to as Lancefield group C or group G streptococci in clinical settings in spite of the fact that these terms lack precision and prevent recognition of the exact clinical relevance of these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to develop an improved basis for delineation and identification of the individual species of the pyogenic group ...201222075580
molecular characterization of group g streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis recovered from patients and healthy people in china.beta-hemolytic group g streptococci cause a considerable invasive disease burden and sometimes disease outbreaks. little is known about the critical epidemiologic parameter of genetic relatedness between isolates. we determined the emm types of 65 streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates. we formulated multilocus sequence typing (mlst) primers with 6 of the 7 loci corresponding to the streptococcus pyogenes mlst scheme. we performed mlst with 69 s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis i ...201222078907
changing trends in mastitis.abstract: the global dairy industry, the predominant pathogens causing mastitis, our understanding of mastitis pathogens and the host response to intramammary infection are changing rapidly. this paper aims to discuss changes in each of these aspects. globalisation, energy demands, human population growth and climate change all affect the dairy industry. in many western countries, control programs for contagious mastitis have been in place for decades, resulting in a decrease in occurrence of st ...200922082032
cloning and expression of serum opacity factor in fish pathogenic streptococcus dysgalactiae and its application to discriminate between fish and mammalian isolates.lancefield group c streptococcus dysgalactiae (gcsd) is known as a causative agent of bovine mastitis and cardiopulmonary diseases in humans. recently, gcsd has been isolated from diseased fish in japan. almost all culture supernatants and sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts obtained from gcsd isolated from farmed fish possessed serum opacity activity. serum opacity factor (sof) is a bifunctional cell-associated protein that causes serum opacification. in this study, a gene coding sof, which was nam ...201122092681
molecular mechanisms of streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis enabling intravascular persistence.streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (sdse) can cause recurrent bacteremic infection. we have characterized novel virulence properties of an sdse isolate of type stg485.0 that caused severe sepsis three times in a patient despite that he had opsonizing antibodies to the isolate. an infected aortic aneurysm was suspected to be the focus for the persisting bacteria. for the first time we show that this sdse isolate, as well as other invasive sdse isolates, aggregate human platelets and ef ...201122100875
[A case of acute septic osteomyelitis onset due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in an elderly diabetic patient].Group C streptococci are increasingly causing invasive infections such as that we report here. A 70-year-old man being treated for diabetes and seen at the emergency room for neck pain and fever was hospitalized for possible sepsis. His temperature was 39.8 degrees C, regular pulse 101 bpm, and pain reinforced in flexing and cervical rotation. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) was cultured from blood. Neck pain gradually decreased with of 2 million units PCG 6 times/day. Magne ...201122117379
Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri: Purification and antibacterial activity of its reaction products generated in vitro.Phenoloxidase (PO) was purified from hemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri using native-PAGE and gel permeation column chromatography, and then substrate specificity and antibacterial activity generated from reaction products of purified PO were analyzed. The results showed purified PO had a molecular mass of 576 kDa in native-PAGE and 53 kDa in denatured PAGE, and could catalyze the substrates L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), dopamine, catechol and hydroquinone suggesting it is a type ...201222119576
Survey of marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacteria isolated from cattle with respiratory disease and mastitis in Europe.A monitoring programme conducted in Europe since 1994 to survey the marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from cattle has established the susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated before any antibiotic treatment from bovine mastitis and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases between 2002 and 2008. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a standardised microdilution technique. For respiratory pathogens, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica is ...201122121154
[a case of native valve infective endocarditis in an immunocompromised patient.]infective endocarditis continues to be associated with high mortality, despite the medical and surgical therapeutic options available. surgical intervention is indicated in cases of heart failure or uncontrolled infection and sometimes for the prevention of embolic phenomena. the authors present the case of a 56-year-old male patient, with fibro-calcific mitral-aortic valve disease, splenectomized and with recently relapsed hodgkin's lymphoma, who was admitted with infective endocarditis due to ...201122153311
Perivalvular Pseudoaneurysm Caused by Streptococcus Dysgalactiae in the Presence of Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis.A 62-year-old man with a medical history of aortic valve replacement was referred to our hospital with high-grade fever. Blood culture was positive for Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and the echocardiogram showed edematous aortic annulus, suggesting a perivalvular abscess. Treatment with antibiotics was started, which showed progressive improvement. The echocardiogram at 2 weeks after admission showed progression of the perivalvular abscess, resulting in the formation of a perivalvular pseudoaneruy ...201122156280
a proposal of interpretive criteria for cefoperazone applicable to bovine mastitis pathogens.the correct assessment of mastitis pathogens for their susceptibility/resistance to cefoperazone is currently hampered by the lack of harmonized test conditions and interpretive criteria. the aim of this study was to provide a proposal for clinical breakpoints of cefoperazone which are applicable to staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, escherichia coli, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus dysgalactiae and streptococcus uberis from cases of bovine mastitis and better refle ...201122189431
region specific and worldwide distribution of collagen-binding m proteins with parf motifs among human pathogenic streptococcal isolates.some of the variety of streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis (sdse) m proteins act as collagen-binding adhesins that facilitate acute infection. moreover, their potential to trigger collagen autoimmunity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever and attributed to a collagen-binding motif called parf (peptide associated with rheumatic fever). for the first time we determine the rate of clinical isolates with collagen-binding m proteins that ...201222253902
a case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome due to group g streptococci identified as streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.a 79-year-old man with a 3-month history of lymphedema of the lower limbs, and diabetes mellitus, was admitted to our hospital for suspected deep venous thrombosis. several hours after admission, leg pain and purpura-like skin color appeared. on the 2nd hospital day, he was referred to our department for possible acute occlusive peripheral artery disease (pad) and skin necrosis with blisters; however, computed tomography with contrast showed no occlusive lesions. he had already developed shock a ...201222327489
genetic analysis of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis in norwegian red cows.the objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (cm) in norwegian red cows. in norway, breeding values for mastitis are predicted based on records of veterinary treatments of clinical mastitis. bacteriological milk sample results from the mastitis laboratories have been recorded routinely into the norwegian dairy herd recording system since 2000, but have so far not been used in genetic analyses. this additional source o ...201222365234
genetic analyses of pathogen-specific mastitis.the aims of this study were to investigate the presence of genetic variation for susceptibility to pathogen-specific mastitis and to examine whether haplotypes of an identified quantitative trait locus with effect on unspecific mastitis resistance had different effects on specific mastitis pathogens. bacteriological data on mastitis pathogens were obtained from the diagnostic laboratory at the swedish national veterinary institute. the data were mainly from subclinical cases of mastitis but also ...201122394235
lantibiotics from geobacillus thermodenitrificans.the lantibiotic nisin has been used as an effective food preservative to combat food-borne pathogens for over 40 y. despite this successful use, nisin's stability at ph 7 is limited. herein, we describe a nisin analog encoded on the genome of the thermophilic bacterium geobacillus thermodenitrificans ng80-2. this analog termed geobacillin i was obtained by heterologous expression in escherichia coli and subsequent purification. extensive nmr characterization demonstrated that geobacillin i conta ...201222431611
genetic parameters for pathogen-specific mastitis resistance in danish holstein cattle.the objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities for and genetic correlations among different pathogen-specific mastitis traits. the traits were unspecific mastitis, which is all mastitis treatments regardless of the causative pathogen as well as mastitis caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae, escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns), staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus uberis. also groups of pathogens were investigated, gram-negative v. gram-positive and contagious ...200922444442
salivaricin g32, a homolog of the prototype streptococcus pyogenes nisin-like lantibiotic sa-ff22, produced by the commensal species streptococcus salivarius.salivaricin g32, a 2667 da novel member of the sa-ff22 cluster of lantibiotics, has been purified and characterized from streptococcus salivarius strain g32. the inhibitory peptide differs from the streptococcus pyogenes-produced sa-ff22 in the absence of lysine in position 2. the salivaricin g32 locus was widely distributed in blis-producing s. salivarius, with 6 (23%) of 26 strains pcr-positive for the structural gene, slna. as for most other lantibiotics produced by s. salivarius, the salivar ...201222567013
susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci to a kanamycin and cefalexin combination.a combination of kanamycin and cefalexin was licensed in europe in 2008 to treat bovine clinical mastitis. preliminary broth and disk clinical breakpoints for this antibiotic combination have been proposed for staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus dysgalactiae, streptococcus uberis, and escherichia coli. this study indicates that these proposed breakpoints also hold for coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns), a group of bacteria frequently isolated in milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis ...201222612980
gene repertoire evolution of streptococcus pyogenes inferred from phylogenomic analysis with streptococcus canis and streptococcus dysgalactiae.streptococcus pyogenes, is an important human pathogen classified within the pyogenic group of streptococci, exclusively adapted to the human host. our goal was to employ a comparative evolutionary approach to better understand the genomic events concomitant with s. pyogenes human adaptation. as part of ascertaining these events, we sequenced the genome of one of the potential sister species, the agricultural pathogen s. canis, and combined it in a comparative genomics reconciliation analysis wi ...201222666370
streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae infection after total knee arthroplasty: a case report.streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (sdsd), lancefield group c streptococcus, is an animal pathogen which often causes pyogenic infection in domestic animals. human infection by sdsd has been reported as a cellulitis on the upper arm, but a prosthetic joint infection caused by sdsd after total knee arthroplasty (tka) has not yet been reported in the literature demonstrating that its clinical manifestation and management have not been well established. in this case report, we aimed ...201222708114
evaluation of minor pathogen intramammary infection, susceptibility parameters, and somatic cell counts on the development of new intramammary infections with major mastitis pathogens.major mastitis pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, and coliforms are usually considered more virulent and damaging to the udder than minor mastitis pathogens such as corynebacterium spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns). the current literature comprises several studies (n=38) detailing analyses with conflicting results as to whether intramammary infections (imi) with the minor pathogens decrease, increase, or have no effect on the ...201222720933
perivalvular pseudoaneurysm caused by streptococcus dysgalactiae in the presence of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis.a 62-year-old man with a medical history of aortic valve replacement was referred to our hospital with high-grade fever. blood culture was positive for streptococcus dysgalactiae, and the echocardiogram showed edematous aortic annulus, suggesting a perivalvular abscess. treatment with antibiotics was started, which showed progressive improvement. the echocardiogram at 2 weeks after admission showed progression of the perivalvular abscess, resulting in the formation of a perivalvular pseudoaneruy ...201222791003
[problems with identification of beta-hemolytic streptococcus resistant to bacitracin isolated from patients with pharyngitis].the genus streptococcus comprises a number of species characterized by a differential pathogenic potential. these bacteria can be considered as members of microbial physiological flora but they can also cause mild infections or severe, life threatening conditions. the majority of infections of streptococcal etiology are caused by beta-hemolysing species. the predominant causative agent of bacterial pharyngitis is streptococcus pyogenes. this species usually doesn't give rise to any identificatio ...201222808724
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