Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| 14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide exerts anti-influenza a virus activity and inhibits replication of h5n1 virus by restraining nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has become a worldwide public health threat, and current antiviral therapies have limited activity against the emerging, resistant influenza viruses. therefore, effective drugs with novel targets against influenza a viruses, h5n1 strains in particular, should be developed. in the present study, 14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide (dap), a major component of the traditional chinese medicine andrographis paniculata, exerted potent anti-influenza a ... | 2015 | 25800824 |
| vaccination-challenge studies with a port chalmers/73 (h3n2)-based swine influenza virus vaccine: reflections on vaccine strain updates and on the vaccine potency test. | the human a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) influenza virus strain, the supposed ancestor of european h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs), was used in most commercial siv vaccines in europe until recently. if manufacturers want to update vaccine strains, they have to perform laborious intratracheal (it) challenge experiments and demonstrate reduced virus titres in the lungs of vaccinated pigs. we aimed to examine (a) the ability of a port chalmers/73-based commercial vaccine to induce cross-protection ... | 2015 | 25804707 |
| antiviral activity of a nanoemulsion of polyprenols from ginkgo leaves against influenza a h3n2 and hepatitis b virus in vitro. | in order to improve the bioavailability levels of polyprenols (derived from ginkgo leaves (gbp)) in the human body, a gbp nanoemulsion was prepared, and its antiviral activity was evaluated against influenza a h3n2 and hepatitis b virus in vitro. | 2015 | 25808155 |
| viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adolescents and adults with mild or moderate severity and its relation to age and severity. | better knowledge of distribution of respiratory viruses (rvs) in adolescents and adults with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is needed. | 2015 | 25812108 |
| seroprotective antibodies to 2011 variant influenza a(h3n2v) and seasonal influenza a(h3n2) among three age groups of us department of defense service members. | in 2011, a new variant of influenza a(h3n2) emerged that contained a recombination of genes from swine h3n2 viruses and the matrix (m) gene of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus. new combinations and variants of pre-existing influenza viruses are worrisome if there is low or nonexistent immunity in a population, which increases chances for an outbreak or pandemic. | 2015 | 25816244 |
| [analysis of population immunity of residents of russian federation regions against seasonal and highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus]. | determine the level of antibodies against socially significant types/serotypes of influenza virus in sera of individuals residing in various regions of russia. | 2015 | 25816528 |
| electrochemical assay to detect influenza viruses and measure drug susceptibility. | an electrochemical assay has been designed to rapidly diagnose influenza viruses. exposure of a glucose-bearing substrate to influenza viruses or its enzyme, neuraminidase (na), releases glucose, which was detected amperometrically. two methods were used to detect released glucose. first, we used a standard glucose blood meter to detect two viral nas and three influenza strains. we also demonstrated drug susceptibility of two antivirals, zanamivir and oseltamivir, using the assay. finally, we us ... | 2015 | 25823546 |
| protective efficacy of the conserved np, pb1, and m1 proteins as immunogens in dna- and vaccinia virus-based universal influenza a virus vaccines in mice. | the conventional hemagglutinin (ha)- and neuraminidase (na)-based influenza vaccines need to be updated most years and are ineffective if the glycoprotein ha of the vaccine strains is a mismatch with that of the epidemic strain. universal vaccines targeting conserved viral components might provide cross-protection and thus complement and improve conventional vaccines. in this study, we generated dna plasmids and recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the conserved proteins nucleoprotein (np), p ... | 2015 | 25834017 |
| electrochemical dna biosensor based on a tetrahedral nanostructure probe for the detection of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus. | a dna tetrahedral nanostructure-based electrochemical biosensor was developed to detect avian influenza a (h7n9) virus through recognizing a fragment of the hemagglutinin gene sequence. the dna tetrahedral probe was immobilized onto a gold electrode surface based on self-assembly between three thiolated nucleotide sequences and a longer nucleotide sequence containing complementary dna to hybridize with the target single-stranded (ss)dna. the captured target sequence was hybridized with a biotiny ... | 2015 | 25844798 |
| natural t cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. results of the flu watch cohort study. | a high proportion of influenza infections are asymptomatic. animal and human challenge studies and observational studies suggest t cells protect against disease among those infected, but the impact of t-cell immunity at the population level is unknown. | 2015 | 25844934 |
| anti-influenza virus effects of cocoa. | cocoa contains biologically active ingredients that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes an inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection. | 2016 | 25847473 |
| intrahost dynamics of antiviral resistance in influenza a virus reflect complex patterns of segment linkage, reassortment, and natural selection. | resistance following antiviral therapy is commonly observed in human influenza viruses. although this evolutionary process is initiated within individual hosts, little is known about the pattern, dynamics, and drivers of antiviral resistance at this scale, including the role played by reassortment. in addition, the short duration of human influenza virus infections limits the available time window in which to examine intrahost evolution. using single-molecule sequencing, we mapped, in detail, th ... | 2015 | 25852163 |
| the repeated introduction of the h3n2 virus from human to swine during 1979-1993 in china. | limited data are available regarding the swine influenza viruses (sivs) that circulated in mainland china prior to the 1990s. eleven h3n2 virus strains were isolated from swine populations from 1979 to 1992. to determine the origin and tendency of these sivs, the phylogenetic and antigenic properties of these viruses were analyzed based on the whole genome sequenced and the hi titrations with post-infection ferret antisera against influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates of swine and human origin. the ... | 2015 | 25858119 |
| lower seroreactivity to european than to north american h3n2 swine influenza viruses in humans, luxembourg, 2010. | seroreactivity to h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs)was evaluated in serum samples collected from 843 people aged 0 to 100 years in 2010 in luxembourg.sera were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition(hi) and virus neutralisation (vn) assays targeting a european h3n2 siv, a north american h3n2 variant of swine origin (h3n2v) and human seasonal h3n2 viruses isolated in 1975, 1995 and 2005. hi antibodies(titre ≥ 10) against european h3n2 siv were almost exclusively detected in those born before ... | 2015 | 25860393 |
| surveillance for seasonal influenza virus prevalence in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in guangzhou, china during the post-pandemic era. | influenza a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2) and b viruses have co-circulated in the human population since the swine-origin human h1n1 pandemic in 2009. while infections of these subtypes generally cause mild illnesses, lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) occurs in a portion of children and required hospitalization. the aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of these three subtypes and compare the clinical manifestations in hospitalized children with lrti in guangzhou, china during the post-pa ... | 2015 | 25867910 |
| distribution of sialic acid receptors and experimental infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses in qinghai-tibet plateau wild pika. | the plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae) is a small rabbit-like mammal that lives at high altitudes in the qinghai-tibet plateau and is in close contact with birds. following the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 during 2005 in the migratory birds of qinghai lake, two clades of h5n1 have been found in pikas. however, the influenza virus receptor distribution in different tissues of this animal and its susceptibility to influenza a viruses have remained unclear. | 2015 | 25880060 |
| an outbreak of influenza a(h3n2) in alappuzha district, kerala, india, in 2011. | influenza is an rna virus that belongs to the orthomyxoviridae family. it causes a highly contagious acute respiratory illness, has been recognized since ancient times, and is a major health threat throughout the world. an outbreak of influenza-like illness (ili) was reported from alappuzha district of kerala state between late june and july 2011. this investigation was conducted to determine the clinical picture, causative agents, and epidemiological characteristics of the illness. | 2015 | 25881524 |
| influenza a virus shedding and infectivity in households. | viral shedding is often considered to correlate with the infectivity of influenza, but the evidence for this is limited. | 2015 | 25883385 |
| global and quantitative proteomic analysis of dogs infected by avian-like h3n2 canine influenza virus. | canine influenza virus a (h3n2) is a newly emerged etiological agent for respiratory infections in dogs. the mechanism of interspecies transmission from avian to canine species and the development of diseases in this new host remain to be explored. to investigate this, we conducted a differential proteomics study in 2-month-old beagles inoculated intranasally with 10(6) tcid50 of a/canine/guangdong/01/2006 (h3n2) virus. lung sections excised at 12 h post-inoculation (hpi), 4 days, and 7 days pos ... | 2015 | 25883591 |
| comparison of serum hemagglutinin and neuraminidase inhibition antibodies after 2010-2011 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination in healthcare personnel. | background. most inactivated influenza vaccines contain purified and standardized hemagglutinin (ha) and residual neuraminidase (na) antigens. vaccine-associated ha antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition [hai]) are well described, but less is known about the immune response to the na. methods. serum of 1349 healthcare personnel (hcp) electing or declining the 2010-2011 trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine ([iiv3], containing a/california/7/2009 p(h1n1), a/perth/16/2009 [h3n2], b/br ... | 2015 | 25884004 |
| effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent live and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adolescents in saxony-anhalt, germany: a test-negative case-control study. | a live attenuated influenza vaccine has been available in germany since the influenza season 2012/13, which is approved for children aged 2-17 years. using data from our laboratory-based surveillance system, we described the circulation of influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses during the influenza season 2012/13 in saxony-anhalt. we estimated the effectiveness of live and inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in preventing laboratory-confirmed cases among children and adolescents. f ... | 2015 | 25885063 |
| a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of five influenza viruses using a dual priming oligonucleotide system. | a cost-effective, accurate and rapid simultaneous multiplex assay is required for testing and diagnoses of conventional and emerging viruses in clinical virology laboratories. we developed and optimized a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) multiplex pcr assay for detecting influenza viruses including seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, h3n2, influenza b and h5n1. | 2015 | 25886516 |
| molecular characterization of influenza viruses collected from young children in uberlandia, brazil - from 2001 to 2010. | influenza remains a major health problem due to the seasonal epidemics that occur every year caused by the emergence of new influenza virus strains. hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) glycoproteins are under selective pressure and subjected to frequent changes by antigenic drift. therefore, our main objective was to investigate the influenza cases in uberlândia city, midwestern brazil, in order to monitor the appearance of new viral strains, despite the availability of a prophylactic vacc ... | 2015 | 25886886 |
| monoclonal antibody specific to ha2 glycopeptide protects mice from h3n2 influenza virus infection. | canine influenza virus (civ) subtype h3n2 is a newly identified, highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes cough, pneumonia and other respiratory symptoms in dogs. data indicate that the virus is responsible for recent clinical cases of dog disease in china. however, therapeutic options for this disease are very limited. in this study, seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against civ js/10 (an h3n2 subtype virus) were produced and characterized. among them, mab d7, which is specific for t ... | 2015 | 25888728 |
| serological survey of canine h3n2, pandemic h1n1/09, and human seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses in cats in northern china, 2010-2014. | the close contact between cats and humans poses a threat to public health because of the potential zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses to humans. therefore, we examined the seroprevalence of pandemic h1n1/09, canine h3n2, and human h3n2 viruses in pet cats in northern china from 2010 to 2014. | 2015 | 25889762 |
| serum strain-specific or cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies against pandemic а/california/07/2009(h1n1) influenza in healthy volunteers. | pre-existing antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase may provide protection against infection influenza viruses containing novel hemagglutinin (ha). the aim of our study was to evaluate serum neuraminidase-inhibiting (ni) antibodies against а/california/07/2009(h1n1) [h1n1/2009pdm] and а/new caledonia/20/1999(h1n1) [h1n1/1999] influenza viruses in relation with the age of participants and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody levels. anti-h1n1/2009pdm neuraminidase and anti-h1n1/1999 neu ... | 2015 | 25889924 |
| respiratory viruses and torque teno virus in adults with acute respiratory infections. | to define the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in adult patients. | 2015 | 25890989 |
| selecting vaccine strains for h3n2 human influenza a virus. | h3n2 human influenza a virus causes epidemics of influenza mainly in the winter season in temperate regions. since the antigenicity of this virus evolves rapidly, several attempts have been made to predict the major amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin 1 (ha1) in the target season of vaccination. however, the usefulness of predicted sequence was unclear because its relationship to the antigenicity was unknown. here the antigenic model for estimating the degree of antigenic difference (antigenic ... | 2015 | 25893173 |
| improved immunogenicity of individual influenza vaccine components delivered with a novel dissolving microneedle patch stable at room temperature. | prevention of seasonal influenza epidemics and pandemics relies on widespread vaccination coverage to induce protective immunity. in addition to a good antigenic match with the circulating viruses, the effectiveness of individual strains represented in the trivalent vaccines depends on their immunogenicity. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of h1n1, h3n2, and b seasonal influenza virus vaccine strains delivered individually with a novel dissolving microneedle patch and the stability ... | 0 | 25895053 |
| [eficient inhibition of human influenza a virus by oligonucleotides electrostatically fixed on polylysine-containing tio2 nanoparticles]. | antiviral activity of tio2 * pl * dna nanobiocomposites was studied on the mdck cell culture infected with influenza a virus (subtype h3n2). dna fragments in the nanocomposites are electrostatically bound to titanium dioxide nanoparticles pre-covered with polylysine. it was shown that tio2 * pl * dna(v3') nanocomposite bearing the dna(v3') fragment targeted to the 3'-end of the noncoding region of segment 5 of viral rna specifically inhibited the virus reproduction with the efficiency of 99.8 an ... | 2015 | 25895339 |
| the neuraminidases of mdck grown human influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated since 1994 can demonstrate receptor binding. | the neuraminidases (nas) of mdck passaged human influenza a(h3n2) strains isolated since 2005 are reported to have dual functions of cleavage of sialic acid and receptor binding. na agglutination of red blood cells (rbcs) can be inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), thus distinguishing it from haemagglutinin (ha) binding. we wanted to know if viruses prior to 2005 can demonstrate this property. | 2015 | 25896455 |
| colorimetric detection of influenza a virus using antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles. | early and accurate diagnosis is considered the key issue to prevent the further spread of viruses and facilitate influenza therapy. herein, we report a colorimetric immunosensor for influenza a virus (iav) based on gold nanoparticles (aunps) modified with monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin antibody (mab). the immunosensor allows for a fast, simple, and selective detection of iav. in this assay, influenza-specific antibodies are conjugated to aunps to create mab-aunp probes. since iav has multiple rec ... | 2015 | 25899840 |
| genetic analysis of h3n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and poultry slaughterhouses in shanghai, china in 2013. | five h3n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated from live poultry markets (lpms) and poultry slaughterhouses in shanghai, china in 2013. all viruses were characterized by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent genetic comparison and phylogenetic analysis. the hemagglutinin cleavage site of all viruses indicated that the five strains were low-pathogenic aivs. phylogenetic analysis of all eight viral genes showed that the five h3n2 viruses clustered in the eurasian lineage of influenza vir ... | 2015 | 25899857 |
| influenza b virus-specific cd8+ t-lymphocytes strongly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza b lineage. | influenza b viruses fall in two antigenically distinct lineages (b/victoria/2/1987 and b/yamagata/16/1988 lineage) that co-circulate with influenza a viruses of the h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes during seasonal epidemics. infections with influenza b viruses contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality in the human population. influenza b virus neutralizing antibodies, elicited by natural infections or vaccination, poorly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza b lineage. therefore, the ... | 2015 | 25900135 |
| a single dose of an avian h3n8 influenza virus vaccine is highly immunogenic and efficacious against a recently emerged seal influenza virus in mice and ferrets. | h3n8 influenza viruses are a commonly found subtype in wild birds, usually causing mild or no disease in infected birds. however, they have crossed the species barrier and have been associated with outbreaks in dogs, pigs, donkeys, and seals and therefore pose a threat to humans. a live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) h3n8 vaccine virus was generated by reverse genetics using the wild-type (wt) hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the a/blue-winged teal/texas/sg-00079/2007 (h3n8) ( ... | 2015 | 25903333 |
| incidence of circulating antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza viruses in the epidemic season 2013/2014 in poland. | the aim of this study was to determine the level of antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza viruses in the sera of people in different age groups in the epidemic season 2013/2014 in poland. the level of anti-hemagglutinin antibodies was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (hai). a total number of 1,050 randomly selected sera was tested in seven age groups. the level of antibodies against influenza viruses was very low, which indicates that the people have not been vaccinated aga ... | 2015 | 25904002 |
| antiviral activity of the human cathelicidin, ll-37, and derived peptides on seasonal and pandemic influenza a viruses. | human ll-37, a cationic antimicrobial peptide, was recently shown to have antiviral activity against influenza a virus (iav) strains in vitro and in vivo. in this study we compared the anti-influenza activity of ll-37 with that of several fragments derived from ll-37. we first tested the peptides against a seasonal h3n2 strain and the mouse adapted h1n1 strain, pr-8. the n-terminal fragment, ll-23, had slight neutralizing activity against these strains. in ll-23v9 serine 9 is substituted by vali ... | 2015 | 25909853 |
| genetic changes in influenza a(h3n2) viruses circulating during 2011 to 2013 in northern india (lucknow). | genetic variability in the hemagglutinin (ha1) and the neuraminidase (na) genes of influenza viruses results in the emergence of new strains which differ in pathogenicity and severity. the present study was undertaken for genotypic characterization of the ha1 and na genes of the influenza a(h3n2) strains, detected during the 2011-2013. a total of fifty five influenza a(h3n2) positive samples [2011 (n = 20), 2012 (n = 4) and 2013 (n = 31)] were studied. the 824 bp segment of ha1 gene and 931 bp s ... | 2015 | 25914198 |
| dynamic virus-bacterium interactions in a porcine precision-cut lung slice coinfection model: swine influenza virus paves the way for streptococcus suis infection in a two-step process. | swine influenza virus (siv) and streptococcus suis are common pathogens of the respiratory tract in pigs, with both being associated with pneumonia. the interactions of both pathogens and their contribution to copathogenesis are only poorly understood. in the present study, we established a porcine precision-cut lung slice (pcls) coinfection model and analyzed the effects of a primary siv infection on secondary infection by s. suis at different time points. we found that siv promoted adherence, ... | 2015 | 25916988 |
| impact of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic on age-specific epidemic curves of other respiratory viruses: a comparison of pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods in a subtropical city. | the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic caused offseason peaks in temperate regions but coincided with the summer epidemic of seasonal influenza and other common respiratory viruses in subtropical hong kong. this study was aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on age-specific epidemic curves of other respiratory viruses. | 2015 | 25928217 |
| fabrication of cell culture-derived influenza vaccine dissolvable microstructures and evaluation of immunogenicity in guinea pigs. | microstructure patches provide an opportunity for simple, effective, and safe vaccine administration, while achieving the desired immune response. we have evaluated the microcor transdermal system for cell culture-derived trivalent influenza vaccine administration. influenza monovalent purified bulk vaccines (monobulks) (h1n1, h3n2, b) were concentrated by tangential flow filtration, lyophilized, and formulated with biocompatible excipients to form the microstructure array dissolvable tips. stan ... | 2015 | 25930118 |
| computational characterization of transient strain-transcending immunity against influenza a. | the enigmatic observation that the rapidly evolving influenza a (h3n2) virus exhibits, at any given time, a limited standing genetic diversity has been an impetus for much research. one of the first generative computational models to successfully recapitulate this pattern of consistently constrained diversity posits the existence of a strong and short-lived strain-transcending immunity. building on that model, we explored a much broader set of scenarios (parameterizations) of a transient strain- ... | 2015 | 25933195 |
| characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant for swine influenza virus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines. | vaccines consisting of subunit or inactivated bacteria/virus and potent adjuvants are widely used to control and prevent infectious diseases. because inactivated and subunit antigens are often less antigenic than live microbes, a growing need exists for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants that can elicit rapid and long-lasting immunity. here we describe the development and characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion, ow-14. ow-14 contains low-cost plant-based emulsifiers ... | 2015 | 25936722 |
| dynamics of influenza seasonality at sub-regional levels in india and implications for vaccination timing. | influenza surveillance is an important tool to identify emerging/reemerging strains, and defining seasonality. we describe the distinct patterns of circulating strains of the virus in different areas in india from 2009 to 2013. | 2015 | 25938466 |
| [analysis of influenza a/h3n2 neuraminidase genes obtained from influenza patients in the 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons in japan]. | influenza virus has neuraminidase (na), a surface protein with enzymatic activity that is essential for virus replication. mutation may affect the effectiveness of na inhibitors that are used for the treatment of influenza patients. in this study, we determined the na gene sequences from the clinical isolates of influenza patients to examine the chronological genetic changes and the relation to drug susceptibility. | 2015 | 25942938 |
| interval between infections and viral hierarchy are determinants of viral interference following influenza virus infection in a ferret model. | epidemiological studies suggest that, following infection with influenza virus, there is a short period during which a host experiences a lower susceptibility to infection with other influenza viruses. this viral interference appears to be independent of any antigenic similarities between the viruses. we used the ferret model of human influenza to systematically investigate viral interference. | 2015 | 25943206 |
| cross-reactive neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies elicited by immunization with recombinant neuraminidase proteins of h5n1 and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses. | neuraminidase (na), an influenza virus envelope glycoprotein, removes sialic acid from receptors for virus release from infected cells. for this study, we used a baculovirus-insect cell expression system to construct and purify recombinant na (rna) proteins of h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/2004) and pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) (a/texas/05/2009) influenza viruses. balb/c mice immunized with these proteins had high titers of na-specific igg and na-inhibiting (ni) antibodies against h5n1, ph1n1, h3n2, and h7n9 vi ... | 2015 | 25948745 |
| investigation of an outbreak of variant influenza a(h3n2) virus infection associated with an agricultural fair-ohio, august 2012. | in 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza a(h3n2) virus ([h3n2]v) infection occurred in ohio. we conducted an investigation of (h3n2)v cases associated with agricultural fair a in ohio. | 2015 | 25948864 |
| serological evidence of equine influenza infections among persons with horse exposure, iowa. | equine influenza virus (eiv) is considered enzootic in north america and experimental studies have documented human eiv infections. | 2015 | 25959164 |
| sesquiterpenes from the roots of illicium oligandrum. | two new sesquiterpenes, oligandrin (1) and oligandric acid (2), together with three analogues, tashironin a (3), tashironin (4), and oplodiol (5), were isolated from the roots of illicium oligandrum. the structures of new compounds were determined based on 1d and 2d nmr experiments and x-ray diffraction. compound 1 represents a presumed biosynthetic precursor of seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenes which consists of a novel 6/6/5 tricarbocyclic skeleton. compound 2 is the first example of chamipinene- ... | 2015 | 25966312 |
| environmental conditions affect exhalation of h3n2 seasonal and variant influenza viruses and respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets. | the seasonality of influenza virus infections in temperate climates and the role of environmental conditions like temperature and humidity in the transmission of influenza virus through the air are not well understood. using ferrets housed at four different environmental conditions, we evaluated the respiratory droplet transmission of two influenza viruses (a seasonal h3n2 virus and an h3n2 variant virus, the etiologic virus of a swine to human summertime infection) and concurrently characterize ... | 2015 | 25969995 |
| etiological role of ortho- and paramyxoviruses in acute respiratory tract infections among children aged < 4 years in bulgaria. | influenza viruses (family orthomyxoviridae); respiratory-syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) type 1, 2 and 3 (family paramyxoviridae) are among the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in infants and young children. the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of these viruses in cases of arti requiring medical attention among children aged < 4 years during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 winter seasons in bulgaria. | 2015 | 25974986 |
| genetic variation in the hemagglutinin of a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses in the beijing area from 2009 to 2014. | a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses are the main cause of occasional influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza epidemics around the world. unfortunately, the understanding of long-term genetic variation in these viruses remains limited. | 2015 | 25974995 |
| [estimation of hospitalization rate of laboratory confirmed influenza cases in jingzhou city, hubei province, 2010-2012]. | to estimate the hospitalization rate of severe acute respiratory infection (sari) cases attributable to influenza in jingzhou city, hubei province from 2010 to 2012. | 2015 | 25975397 |
| development of a candidate influenza vaccine based on virus-like particles displaying influenza m2e peptide into the immunodominant region of hepatitis b core antigen: broad protective efficacy of particles carrying four copies of m2e. | a long-term objective when designing influenza vaccines is to create one with broad cross-reactivity that will provide effective control over influenza, no matter which strain has caused the disease. here we summarize the results from an investigation into the immunogenic and protective capacities inherent in variations of a recombinant protein, hbc/4m2e. this protein contains four copies of the ectodomain from the influenza virus protein m2 (m2e) fused within the immunodominant loop of the hepa ... | 2015 | 25976545 |
| computational identification of antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus. | the antigenic variability of influenza viruses has always made influenza vaccine development challenging. the punctuated nature of antigenic drift of influenza virus suggests that a relatively small number of genetic changes or combinations of genetic changes may drive changes in antigenic phenotype. the present study aimed to identify antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus using computational approaches. random forest regression (rfr) and s ... | 2015 | 25978416 |
| age-specific epidemic waves of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in a subtropical city. | both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are active throughout the year in subtropical or tropical regions, but few studies have reported on age-specific seasonal patterns of these viruses. we examined the age-specific epidemic curves of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza a (subtyped into seasonal a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and pandemic virus a(h1n1)pdm09), influenza b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in subtropical city hong kong from 2004 to 2013. we found that different types an ... | 2015 | 25981824 |
| haemagglutinin mutations and glycosylation changes shaped the 2012/13 influenza a(h3n2) epidemic, houston, texas. | while the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza a virus (iav) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first iav epidemic season since the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic where the h3n2 subtype predominated. we directly sequenced the genomes of 154 h3n2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of h3n2 strains and to inform the h3n2 vaccine selection process. phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple co-circulating clades and c ... | 2015 | 25990233 |
| a synthetic influenza virus vaccine induces a cellular immune response that correlates with reduction in symptomatology and virus shedding in a randomized phase ib live-virus challenge in humans. | current influenza vaccines elicit primarily antibody-based immunity. they require yearly revaccination and cannot be manufactured until the identification of the circulating viral strain(s). these issues remain to be addressed. here we report a phase ib trial of a vaccine candidate (flu-v) eliciting cellular immunity. thirty-two males seronegative for the challenge virus by hemagglutination inhibition assay participated in this single-center, randomized, double-blind study. volunteers received o ... | 2015 | 25994549 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing inpatient and outpatient cases in a season dominated by vaccine-matched influenza b virus. | studies that have evaluated the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza b cases are uncommon, and few have analyzed the effect in preventing hospitalized cases. we have evaluated the influenza ve in preventing outpatient and hospitalized cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza in the 2012-2013 season, which was dominated by a vaccine-matched influenza b virus. in the population covered by the navarra health service, all hospitalized patients with influenz ... | 2015 | 25996366 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses after influenza vaccination in patients with postcancer fatigue. | the aim of this study was to compare humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in cancer survivors with and without severe symptoms of fatigue. severely fatigued (n = 15) and non-fatigued (n = 12) disease-free cancer survivors were vaccinated against seasonal influenza. humoral immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. cellular immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by lymphocyte proliferation and activat ... | 2015 | 25996472 |
| [virological characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during 2013-2014]. | to analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during the surveillance year of 2013-2014, the antigenic characteristics of h3n2 virus were analyzed using reference ferret anti-sera. the nucleotide sequences of the viruses were determined by sanger dideoxy sequencing, phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic characteristics of the viruses were determined in comparison to current vaccine strains. t ... | 2015 | 25997327 |
| egg-adaptive mutations in h3n2v vaccine virus enhance egg-based production without loss of antigenicity or immunogenicity. | the recently detected zoonotic h3n2 variant influenza a (h3n2v) viruses have caused 343 documented cases of human infection linked to contact with swine. an effective vaccine is needed for these viruses, which may acquire transmissibility among humans. however, viruses isolated from human cases do not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs, posing an obstacle to egg-based vaccine production. to address this issue, we sought to identify egg-adaptive mutations in surface proteins that increase ... | 2015 | 25999284 |
| microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous m2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection. | a broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. this study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (mn) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous m2 extracellular (m2e) domains (m2e5x vlps) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. the stability of m2e5x vlp-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks ... | 2015 | 26003039 |
| [monitoring of influenza and other respiratory diseases causative agents in children, hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in 2012-2013 epidemic season]. | study the circulation of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) during the period from october 2012 to may 2013. | 2015 | 26016346 |
| serological evidence and risk factors for swine influenza infections among chinese swine workers in guangdong province. | during july to september 2014, we performed a controlled, cross-sectional, seroepidemiologic study among 203 swine workers and 115 control subjects in guangdong province. sera were tested using a hemagglutination inhibition assay against locally-isolated swine h3n2 and h1n1 viruses and commercially-obtained human influenza viral antigens. we found swine workers had a greater prevalence and odds of seropositivity against the swine h3n2 virus (17.3% vs. 7.0%; adjusted or, 3.4; 95% ci, 1.1 -10.7). ... | 2015 | 26016740 |
| the effects of h3n2 swine influenza virus infection on tlrs and rlrs signaling pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages. | swine influenza is an economically important respiratory disease of swine resulting from infection with influenza a virus. swine influenza virus (siv) becomes the focus as pigs have been hypothesized to serve as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. the ability of the innate immune system to detect and respond to pathogens is important for survival. therefore, there is a critical ne ... | 2015 | 26021751 |
| mouse lung slices: an ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses. | the influenza a virus is notoriously known for its ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. antiviral therapy is effective when treatment is initiated within 48h of symptom onset, and delaying treatment beyond this time frame is associated with decreased efficacy. research on anti-inflammatory therapy to ameliorate influenza-induced inflammation is currently underway and seems important to the impact on the clinical outcome. both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs with novel ... | 2015 | 26022197 |
| influenza infection in the intensive care unit: four years after the 2009 pandemic. | the role of influenza viruses in severe acute respiratory infection (sari) in intensive care units (icu) remains unknown. the post-pandemic influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 period, in particular, has been poorly studied. | 2016 | 26025480 |
| low-ph stability of influenza a virus sialidase contributing to virus replication and pandemic. | the spike glycoprotein neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (iav) has sialidase activity that cleaves the terminal sialic acids (viral receptors) from oligosaccharide chains of glycoconjugates. a new antigenicity of viral surface glycoproteins for humans has pandemic potential. we found "low-ph stability of sialidase activity" in na. the low-ph stability can maintain sialidase activity under acidic conditions of ph 4-5. for human iavs, nas of all pandemic viruses were low-ph-stable, whereas t ... | 2015 | 26027822 |
| genetic characterization of h1n1 and h1n2 influenza a viruses circulating in ontario pigs in 2012. | the objective of this study was to characterize h1n1 and h1n2 influenza a virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in ontario (canada) in 2012. six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. in five h1n1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (a(h1n1)pdm09). one h1n2 isolate had hemagglutinin (ha), polymerase a (pa) and non-structural (ns) genes closely related to a( ... | 2015 | 26030614 |
| influenza outbreaks among passengers and crew on two cruise ships: a recent account of preparedness and response to an ever-present challenge. | during spring 2014, two large influenza outbreaks occurred among cruise ship passengers and crew on trans-hemispheric itineraries. | 2016 | 26031322 |
| molecular evidence for interspecies transmission of h3n2pm/h3n2v influenza a viruses at an ohio agricultural fair, july 2012. | evidence accumulating in 2011-2012 indicates that there is significant intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza a viruses at agricultural fairs, which has renewed interest in this unique human/swine interface. six human cases of influenza a (h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus infections were epidemiologically linked to swine exposure at fairs in the united states in 2011. in 2012, the number of h3n2v cases in the midwest had exceeded 300 from early july to september, 2012. prospective influen ... | 2012 | 26038404 |
| exploration of risk factors contributing to the presence of influenza a virus in swine at agricultural fairs. | influenza a virus infections occurring in exhibition swine populations at agricultural fairs during 2012 served as a source of h3n2 variant influenza a viruses transmitted to humans resulting in more than 300 documented cases. prior to the outbreak, this investigation was initiated to identify fair-level risk factors contributing to influenza a virus infections in pigs at agricultural fairs. as part of an ongoing active surveillance program, nasal swabs and associated fair-level metadata were co ... | 2014 | 26038494 |
| influenza a virus coinfection through transmission can support high levels of reassortment. | the reassortment of gene segments between influenza viruses increases genomic diversity and plays an important role in viral evolution. we have shown previously that this process is highly efficient within a coinfected cell and, given synchronous coinfection at moderate or high doses, can give rise to ~60 to 70% of progeny shed from an animal host. conversely, reassortment in vivo can be rendered undetectable by lowering viral doses or extending the time between infections. one might also predic ... | 2015 | 26041285 |
| [on-microchip pcr for detection of influenza a viruses subtypes, circulating in the human population]. | a oligonucleotide microchip was developed for revealing influenza a viruses subtypes, circulating in human population: pandemic h1n1 swine influenza viruses, seasonal h1n1, h2n2, h3n2, h5n1, h9n2, h7n9. typing of influenza virus was performed by on-microchip pcr. we used immobilized primers-probes selected for the neuraminidase gene that allows determining both subtype of neuraminidase and subtype of hemagglutinin. | 2015 | 26050481 |
| abnormal expressions of inflammatory-related mediators and inhibition of fat metabolism in mice infected with influenza a virus. | the pathophysiological role of influenza infection is poorly understood. in this study, one non-neurovirulent virus (iav/aichi/2/68/h3n2) strain was used to infect intra-nasally mice at different age to investigate the mechanism of cerebral edema formation and lower activities of mitochondria enzymes after influenza a virus (iav) infection. mice suffered 46.4% mortality in newborn compared with 96.0% in weanling, 100% in adult on day 7, respectively. iav-rna was easily detected in the brain of n ... | 2015 | 26051732 |
| evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant h1n2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. | in 2011-2012, contemporary north american-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) possessing the 2009 pandemic h1n1 matrix gene (h3n2pm-like virus) were detected in domestic pigs of south korea where h1n2 siv strains are endemic. more recently, we isolated novel reassortant h1n2 sivs bearing the eurasian avian-like swine h1-like hemagglutinin and korean swine h1n2-like neuraminidase in the internal gene backbone of the h3n2pm-like virus. in the present study, we clearly provide evidence on the ... | 2015 | 26051886 |
| the intranasal application of zanamivir and carrageenan is synergistically active against influenza a virus in the murine model. | carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. as infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation su ... | 2015 | 26053018 |
| global circulation patterns of seasonal influenza viruses vary with antigenic drift. | understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. the global circulation patterns of influenza a/h3n2 viruses are well characterized, but the patterns of a/h1n1 and b viruses have remained largely unexplored. here we show that the global circulation patterns of a/h1n1 (up to 2009), b/victoria, and b/yamagata viruses differ substantially from those of a/h3n2 viruses, on the basis o ... | 2015 | 26053121 |
| viral subpopulation diversity in influenza virus isolates compared to clinical specimens. | influenza virus (ifv) isolates obtained from mammalian cell cultures are valuable reagents used for vaccine production, antigenic characterization, laboratory assays, and epidemiological and evolutionary studies. complete genomic comparison of ifv isolates with their original clinical specimens provides insight into cell culture-driven genomic changes which may sequentially alter the virus phenotype. | 2015 | 26071329 |
| quantitative analysis of influenza a (h3n2) e119v and r292k variants in clinical specimens by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | because influenza virus isolates after cell culture are required to determine their susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors, the differences in normal or low-susceptibility variant population frequencies between clinical samples and isolates have not been considered. | 2015 | 26071346 |
| optimization of a micro-neutralisation assay and its application in antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses. | the identification of antigenic variants and the selection of influenza viruses for vaccine production are based largely on antigenic characterisation of the haemagglutinin (ha) of circulating viruses using the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay. however, additional to evolution related to escape from host immunity, variants emerging as a result of propagation in different cell substrates can complicate interpretation of hi results. | 2015 | 26073976 |
| anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations. | in an effort to identify anti-viral and cytotoxic compounds from phyllanthus spp., 14 highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllaemblicins h1-h14, were isolated from the roots of phyllanthus emblica linn, along with phyllaemblicins b and c and glochicoccinoside d. their structures were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. determination of absolute configurations of these compounds was facilitated by theoretical calculations of electronic c ... | 2015 | 26074492 |
| determination of predominance of influenza virus strains in the americas. | during 2001-2014, predominant influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) strains in south america predominated in all or most subsequent influenza seasons in central and north america. predominant a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) strains in north america predominated in most subsequent seasons in central and south america. sharing data between these subregions may improve influenza season preparedness. | 2015 | 26079140 |
| swine influenza a(h3n2) virus infection in immunocompromised man, italy, 2014. | because swine influenza virus infection is seldom diagnosed in humans, its frequency might be underestimated. we report a immunocompromised hematologic patient with swine influenza a(h3n2) virus in 2014 in italy. local pigs were the source of this human infection. | 2015 | 26079745 |
| human mir-3145 inhibits influenza a viruses replication by targeting and silencing viral pb1 gene. | micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and are involved in many cellular processes including inhibition of viral replication in infected cells. in this study, three subtypes of influenza a viruses (ph1n1, h5n1 and h3n2) were analyzed to identify candidate human mirnas targeting and silencing viral genes expression. candidate human mirnas were predicted by mirbase and rnahybrid based on minimum free energy (mfe) and hybridization patterns between human mirn ... | 2015 | 26080461 |
| boosted influenza-specific t cell responses after h5n1 pandemic live attenuated influenza virus vaccination. | in a phase i clinical trial, a h5n1 pandemic live attenuated influenza virus (plaiv) vn2004 vaccine bearing avian influenza h5n1 hemagglutinin (ha) and na genes on the a/ann arbor cold-adapted vaccine backbone displayed very restricted replication. we evaluated t cell responses to h5n1 plaiv vaccination and assessed pre-existing t cell responses to determine whether they were associated with restricted replication of the h5n1 plaiv. | 2015 | 26082783 |
| immunological persistence of a seasonal influenza vaccine in people more than 3 years old. | to evaluate antibody persistence of aleph inactivated split influenza vaccine, 3308 healthy chinese people more than 3 years old were enrolled in a hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay before vaccination, 641 were screened by hi assay negative, 437 of which received one dose of aleph inactivated split influenza vaccine and 204 of which received one dose of control vaccine (recombinant hepatitis b). after vaccination, the receivers were collected blood at 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month and 12t ... | 2015 | 26083828 |
| the role of human transportation networks in mediating the genetic structure of seasonal influenza in the united states. | recent studies have demonstrated the importance of accounting for human mobility networks when modeling epidemics in order to accurately predict spatial dynamics. however, little is known about the impact these movement networks have on the genetic structure of pathogen populations and whether these effects are scale-dependent. we investigated how human movement along the aviation and commuter networks contributed to intra-seasonal genetic structure of influenza a epidemics in the continental un ... | 2015 | 26086273 |
| paper-based enzyme-free immunoassay for rapid detection and subtyping of influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. | development of rapid screening in the ambulatory environment is the most pressing needs for the control of spread of infectious disease. despite there are many methods to detect the immunoassay results, quantitative measurement in rapid disease screening is still a great challenge for point-of-care applications. in this work, based on the internal structural protein, i.e., nucleoprotein (np), and outer surface glycoproteins, i.e., h1 and h3, of the influenza viruses, specific and sensitive immun ... | 2015 | 26088774 |
| antigenic detection of human strain of influenza virus a (h3n2) in swine populations at three locations in nigeria and ghana during the dry early months of 2014. | since the first detection of human h3n2 influenza virus in taiwanese pigs in 1970, infection of pigs with wholly human viruses has been known to occur in other parts of the world. these viruses, referred to as human-like h3n2 viruses, have been known to cause clinical and subclinical infections of swine populations. due to the paucity and complete unavailability of information on transmission of influenza viruses from other species, especially humans, to swine in nigeria and ghana, respectively, ... | 2016 | 26094828 |
| influenza virus activating host proteases: identification, localization and inhibitors as potential therapeutics. | cellular proteases are reponsible for activation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) in epithelial tissues of the respiratory tract. the trans-golgi network (tgn) is the main subcellular compartment where ha cleavage occurs during its biosynthesis. the proteolytic ha cleavage is an indispensable prerequisite for the fusion of viral with endosomal membrane and the delivery of the virus genome into the cell. both, the structure and accessibility of the ha cleavage site determine the responsible ... | 2015 | 26095298 |
| in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity of four neuraminidase inhibitors against clinical isolates of the influenza virus circulating in the japanese 2013-2014 season. | to assess the extent of viral resistance, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) for the influenza virus isolates in the 2013-2014 influenza season and compared the results to those of the 2010-2011 to 2012-2013 influenza seasons. viral isolation was done with specimens obtained prior to treatment, and the type and subtype of influenza was determined by rt-pcr using type- and subtype-specific primers. the ic50 was determined by a neuraminidase inhi ... | 2015 | 26096495 |
| computational analysis of antigenic epitopes of avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses. | influenza virus can rapidly change its antigenicity, via mutation in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein, to evade host immunity. the emergence of the novel human-infecting avian h7n9 virus in china has caused widespread concern. however, evolution of the antigenicity of this virus is not well understood. here, we inferred the antigenic epitopes of the ha protein from all h7 viruses, based on the five well-characterized ha epitopes of the human h3n2 virus. by comparing the two major h7 phylogenetic l ... | 2015 | 26100010 |
| virus-neutralizing antibody response of mice to consecutive infection with human and avian influenza a viruses. | in this work we simulated in a mouse model a naturally occurring situation of humans, who overcame an infection with epidemic strains of influenza a, and were subsequently exposed to avian influenza a viruses (iav). the antibody response to avian iav in mice previously infected with human iav was analyzed. we used two avian iav (a/duck/czechoslovakia/1956 (h4n6) and the attenuated virus ra/viet nam/1203-2004 (h5n1)) as well as two human iav isolates (virus a/mississippi/1/1985 (h3n2) of medium v ... | 2015 | 26104333 |
| inter-seasonal influenza is characterized by extended virus transmission and persistence. | the factors that determine the characteristic seasonality of influenza remain enigmatic. current models predict that occurrences of influenza outside the normal surveillance season within a temperate region largely reflect the importation of viruses from the alternate hemisphere or from equatorial regions in asia. to help reveal the drivers of seasonality we investigated the origins and evolution of influenza viruses sampled during inter-seasonal periods in australia. to this end we conducted an ... | 2015 | 26107631 |
| international laboratory comparison of influenza microneutralization assays for a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2), and a(h5n1) influenza viruses by consise. | the microneutralization assay is commonly used to detect antibodies to influenza virus, and multiple protocols are used worldwide. these protocols differ in the incubation time of the assay as well as in the order of specific steps, and even within protocols there are often further adjustments in individual laboratories. the impact these protocol variations have on influenza serology data is unclear. thus, a laboratory comparison of the 2-day enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and 3-day h ... | 2015 | 26108286 |
| a 2013/2014 northern hemisphere season surface antigen inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine--assessing the immunogenicity and safety in an open label, uncontrolled study. | the present study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the 2013/2014 trivalent surface antigen inactivated subunit seasonal influenza virus vaccine fluvirin® in healthy adults (18 - ≤ 60 years) and elderly (>60 years). the vaccine contained 15 µg haemagglutinin protein from each of influenza a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)pdm09-like strain, a/victoria/361/2011 (h3n2)-like strain and b/massachusetts/2/2012-like strain (b/yamagata) as recommended by the who in the 2013/2014 northern hemisphere se ... | 2015 | 26114800 |
| co-infection of influenza a viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig. | following the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. however, the mechanism by which influenza a viruses of swine (iav-s) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. to explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in thailand from 2011 to 2014. h3n2, h3n1, h1n1 and h1n2 iavs-s were isolated from a single co-infected ... | 2015 | 26115167 |