Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| epidemiology, risk factors and outcome of nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit in north india. | to determine the epidemiology, risk factors and outcome of infections in a respiratory intensive care unit (ricu) of a tertiary care institute in northern india. | 2006 | 16343637 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a-induced colonocyte apoptosis involves p53-dependent p21(waf1/cip1) induction via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes marked apoptosis of colonocytes in vivo and in vitro, which contributes to the formation of ulcers and pseudomembranes. we investigated the role of p53-dependent pathways and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in toxin a-induced colonocyte apoptosis. | 2005 | 16344056 |
| crystal structure of receptor-binding c-terminal repeats from clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that produces two large protein toxins [toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb)] capable of disrupting intestinal epithelial cells. both belong to the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, which are characterized by the presence of a repetitive c-terminal repetitive domain (crd). in tcda, the crd is composed of 39 repeats that are responsible for binding to cell surface carbohydrates. to understand the molecular structural basis of cell binding by ... | 2005 | 16344467 |
| [acute infectious (not clostridium difficile-associated) diarrhea in the elderly]. | acute diarrhoea, non-antibiotic associated, is a common problem and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in old age. in most cases diarrhoea has an infectious etiology. a number of different micro organisms can cause infectious diarrhoea. most frequent are viral infections with a benign evolution. rehydration is the only important therapeutic measure. infections with bacteria are less common, antibiotics should be prescribed only in severe cases, and when there is suspicion of invasive ... | 2005 | 16350530 |
| isolation of rna polymerase from clostridium difficile and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase and rrna gene promoters in vitro and in vivo. | clostridium difficile is the primary causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease. to facilitate molecular genetic analysis of gene expression in this organism, methods were developed to study transcriptional regulation in vitro and in vivo. that is, c. difficile rna polymerase was partially purified and shown to bind to and initiate transcription in vitro from bona fide c. difficile promoters for rrna and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. in addition, primer extension analyses and a ... | 2006 | 16352825 |
| trends in antimicrobial resistance in health care-associated pathogens and effect on treatment. | antimicrobial resistance in health care-associated pathogens is a growing concern for health care and for public health. a recent shift in the epidemiological profile of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus has resulted not only in health care-associated infections but now, also, in community-associated infections. reports have described s. aureus exhibiting decreased susceptibility and, even, resistance to vancomycin. the rate of vancomycin resistance among enterococci may be leveling; h ... | 2006 | 16355319 |
| adhesion of selected bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. | the ability of potential probiotic strains to adhere to the intestinal mucosa and exclude and displace pathogens is of utmost importance for therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microbiota. the ability of seven selected human bifidobacterial strains and five human enteropathogenic strains to adhere to human intestinal mucus was analyzed and compared with that of four strains isolated from chicken intestines. the adhesion of the bifidobacterial strains ranged from 3 to 16% depending on the str ... | 2005 | 16355841 |
| is campylobacter involved in antibiotic associated diarrhoea? | campylobacter jejuni is an important cause of acute bacterial diarrhoea. in developing countries like india, children gain immunity early during infancy. however, the incidence is higher in non-immune hosts. antibiotic use destabilizes the gut flora and can inhibit the local immune responses, thereby compromising resistance to a variety of infections. it is not yet known whether antibiotic intake can also precipitate c. jejuni enteritis as the infectious dose is low and attack rates are high. we ... | 2005 | 16366118 |
| [a case of clostridium difficile colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy for lung cancer]. | a 41-year-old man admitted complaining of dyspnea was found to have lung adenocarcinoma (t4n3m1, stage iv) originating from s1+2. he underwent chemotherapy with carboplatin (cbdca) and paclitaxel (ptx) and partial remission was obtained. however, on the 11th day of the fourth course of chemotherapy, he developed lower abdominal pain, grade 3 bloody diarrhea and grade 2 vomiting. the stool contained clostridium difficile (cd) toxin and stool culture revealed c. difficile growth. we diagnosed cd c ... | 2005 | 16366365 |
| caspase and bid involvement in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced apoptosis and modulation of toxin a effects by glutamine and alanyl-glutamine in vivo and in vitro. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial bacterial diarrhea. glutamine and its stable and highly soluble derivative alanyl-glutamine, have been beneficial in models of intestinal injury. in this study, we extend our work on the mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a (txa)-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial t84 cells and evaluate the effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on txa-induced apoptosis in vitro and disruption of ileal mucosa in vivo. t84 cells were ... | 2006 | 16368960 |
| intestinal pseudomembranes: staphylococcus aureus or clostridium difficile or both? | 2005 | 16369220 | |
| small gtp-binding protein rhob is expressed in glial müller cells in the vertebrate retina. | among several small rho gtpases observed in the chick retina, rhob was transiently expressed during development and mainly present in glial müller cells in the adult. the aim of this study was to compare the distribution of rhob in the chick and mouse adult retinas and to study its potential role in the maintenance of cell morphology. the distribution of rhob was studied in situ and pure müller cell cultures were submitted to clostridium difficile toxin a and lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) treatmen ... | 2006 | 16385489 |
| sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the gene for surface layer protein, slpa, from 14 pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with the hospitalized elderly being at particular risk. the organism makes a crystalline surface protein layer (s-layer), encoded by the slpa gene, the product of which is cleaved to give two mature peptides which associate to form the layer. the larger peptide (high molecular weight; hmw), derived from the c-terminal portion of the precursor, is relatively conserved, whereas the smaller peptide (low molecular weigh ... | 2006 | 16388033 |
| biopeptides and immune exclusion. | 2006 | 16389242 | |
| diarrhea in american infants and young children in the community setting: incidence, clinical presentation and microbiology. | the characteristics and microbiology of the full spectrum of pediatric diarrhea occurring in the u.s. community setting are not well-understood. | 2006 | 16395094 |
| [antibiotic associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in the elderly]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication when antibiotics are used and is frequent in the elderly. it has an impact on the length of hospital stay and increases the comorbidity. together with the type of antibiotic that is given, the length of antibiotical treatment and the combination of antibiotics is more predictive for the evolution of diarrhea when compared to the total given dose. mostly aad is benign, but an infection with c. difficile should always be excluded. c. di ... | 2005 | 16398159 |
| clostridium difficile associated severe enterocolitis: a feature of hirschsprung's disease in a neonate presenting late. | we report a case of hirschsprung's disease presenting late in the newborn period with severe enterocolitis and clostridium difficile toxin detectable in the stool. enterocolitis associated with hirschsprung's disease is a potentially fatal complication that may occur at presentation or later in the life of an affected child. its association with toxin-producing clostridium difficile growth in the bowel may be under recognized, especially in newborns. | 2005 | 16398878 |
| piperacillin/tazobactam vs ceftazidime in the treatment of neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a prospective randomized trial. | piperacillin/tazobactam was compared with ceftazidime for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. owing to inclusion criteria, it was possible for the same patient to be randomized several times. a total of 219 individual patients were admitted to a prospective randomized clinical study: 24 patients were included twice. patients (23.5%) remained afebrile. patients who developed febrile neut ... | 2006 | 16400334 |
| antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile isolates in a tertiary medical center, israel. | the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 49 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea to metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampicin, fusidic acid, doxycycline, and linezolid were determined by the disc diffusion and etest (biodisk, solna, sweden). random amplification of polymorphic dna-pcr amplification assay was performed for studying clonality of isolates. resistance to metronidazole was found in 2% (1/49 isolates; mic > or = 256 microg/ml) of isolate ... | 2006 | 16406180 |
| progressive proliferative and dysplastic typhlocolitis in aging syrian hamsters naturally infected with helicobacter spp.: a spontaneous model of inflammatory bowel disease. | helicobacter spp. have been implicated in a variety of gastrointestinal tract diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), in humans and animals. although most models of ibd are experimentally induced, spontaneous or natural models of ibd are rare. herein, we describe a long-term study of chronic, progressive lesions that develop in the distal portion of the large bowel of unmanipulated syrian hamsters naturally infected with helicobacter spp. t ... | 2006 | 16407482 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: an overlooked aetiology? | sixty-three faeces samples from hospital in-patients with probable antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) are investigated. all samples are examined for routine bacterial enteric pathogens, pus cells, red blood cells and parasites. the samples are also screened for clostridium difficile cytotoxin b (cdt), c. perfringens enterotoxin and candida spp. (by microscopy and quantitative culture). faecal samples from two control groups (healthy volunteers and community samples from gp patients) are also ... | 2005 | 16411375 |
| the outcome of surgery in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | the clinical presentation of clostridium difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic carriage, colitis with or without pseudomembranes, to fulminant colitis. although not common, fulminant c. difficile colitis can result in bowel perforation and peritonitis with a high mortality rate. colectomy is often indicated in these cases. | 2006 | 16412077 |
| use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease. | recent reports suggest an increasing occurrence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease. we assessed whether the use of gastric acid-suppressive agents is associated with an increased risk in the community. | 2005 | 16414946 |
| ileal perforation secondary to clostridium difficile enteritis: report of 2 cases. | two cases of small-bowel perforation secondary to clostridium difficile enteritis are described and compared with the 8 cases of c difficile enteritis reported in the medical literature. the cause of small-bowel involvement with c difficile is unknown, but prior antibiotic use, prior colectomy, chronic alterations in small-bowel flora, and other host factors are discussed. | 2006 | 16415419 |
| erythromycin for prokinesis: imprudent prescribing? | problems with antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasing in the hospital and particularly in the intensive care unit. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, acinetobacter baumanii and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli constitute a therapeutic and infection control challenge. early enteral feeding improves survival in patients in the intensive care unit. prokinetic agents are routinely used in patients with inappropriate gastrointestinal motility. the use of ... | 2006 | 16420656 |
| suspected clostridium difficile-associated hemorrhagic diarrhea in a 1-week-old elk calf. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was suspected in a 1-week-old elk (cervus elaphus) calf. the isolation of a toxigenic strain of c. difficile from a diarrheic fecal sample, along with exclusion of other enteropathogens, formed the basis of this presumptive diagnosis. further study is indicated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in neonatal diarrhea in elk. | 2005 | 16422066 |
| colitis due to clostridium difficile toxins: underdiagnosed, highly virulent, and nosocomial. | clostridium difficile colitis is a major complication of antibiotic therapy. antibiotics cause a reduction in bacteria that normally reside in the colon. if an antibiotic-treated patient ingests c. difficile bacteria, this organism may proliferate in the colon because it is resistant to most antibiotics and because it does not have to compete with the normal bacteria for nutrients. if the c. difficile organism has the gene for toxin production, the toxin can produce a colitis. in addition to ant ... | 2006 | 16424922 |
| [clostridium difficile toxin a and other enteropathogens in stool specimens of children hospitalized due to acute diarrhoea]. | a total of 74 fresh stool specimens obtained from children with acute diarrhoea (43) and without diarrhoea (31) were examined simultaneously for bacteria pathogens (culture methods) and for clostridium difficile toxin a (oxoid toxin a kits) and enteric viruses (only diarrhoeal samples) (slidex rota-adeno kits; biomçrieux). one (49%) or dual with c. difficile (23%) enteric pathogens associated with community-acquired diarrhoea (58% bacteria and 14% viruses) in 31 (72%) children were recognized. c ... | 2005 | 16433313 |
| prevalence and association of pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic patients from warsaw with macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb) type resistance. | isolates (79 in total) of clostridium difficile obtained over a 2 year period from 785 patients suspected of having c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and being hospitalized in the university hospital in warsaw were characterized by toxigenicity profile and pcr ribotyping. furthermore, their susceptibility to clindamycin and erythromycin was determined. among the 79 c. difficile isolates, 35 were classified as (a+)b+, 1 as (a+)(b+)cdt+, 36 as (a-)b+ and 7 as (a-)b-. a total of 21 different ... | 2006 | 16434714 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea before and after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for lymphoma and multiple myeloma. | diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and discomfort for patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (apbsct). there are multiple causes of diarrhea in patients undergoing transplantation including antineoplastic chemotherapy, antimicrobials and infection, including clostridium difficile as the most common pathogen involved. the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) 1 week before a ... | 2006 | 16435018 |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin synthesis in clostridium species by a new subgroup of rna polymerase sigma-factors. | many clostridium species are pathogenic for humans and animals, and most of the resulting diseases, such as tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene and pseudomembranous colitis, are due to the production of potent extracellular toxins. the biochemical mechanisms of action of clostridium toxins have been extensively studied in the past ten years. however, detailed information about the regulation of toxin gene expression has only recently emerged. tcdr, botr, tetr and uvia are now known to be related alt ... | 2006 | 16439101 |
| management of clostridium difficile in nhs trusts. | 2006 | 16439419 | |
| rapid diagnosis of toxinogenic clostridium difficile in faecal samples with internally controlled real-time pcr. | a real-time pcr assay for clostridium difficile was developed, based on the tcdb gene, which detected all known toxinogenic reference strains (n = 45), within 30 serogroups and 24 toxinotypes. the analytical sensitivity was 1 x 10(3) cfu/ml, and the detection limit in faeces was 1 x 10(5) cfu/g. the optimal protocol for dna extraction from faecal samples involved use of the magnapure system with a stool transport and recovery (star) buffer pre-treatment. in a 1-month prospective study of 85 pati ... | 2006 | 16441459 |
| poor infection control, not fluoroquinolones, likely to be primary cause of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea outbreaks in quebec. | 2006 | 16447121 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea outbreaks: the name of the game is isolation and cleaning. | 2006 | 16447122 | |
| statins revert doxorubicin resistance via nitric oxide in malignant mesothelioma. | human malignant mesothelioma (hmm) is resistant to many anticancer drugs, including doxorubicin. mevastatin and simvastatin, 2 inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmgcoa) reductase, potentiated the intracellular accumulation and the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in hmm cells constitutively expressing p-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3. this effect of statins was nitric oxide (no)-dependent, since it was reverted by either an no synthase inhibitor or an no ... | 2006 | 16450390 |
| correlation of disease severity with fecal toxin levels in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and distribution of pcr ribotypes and toxin yields in vitro of corresponding isolates. | we investigated in vivo and in vitro yields of toxins a and b from and pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile isolates from 164 patients with differing severities of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) (patients were grouped as follows: <3 loose stools per day, n = 45; 3 to 10 per day, n = 97; >10 per day, n = 22). the median fecal toxin levels in each group were 0.5, 6.8, and 149 u/g feces (p < 0.001), respectively. patients with severe diarrhea also had more-frequent occurrence of blood in ... | 2006 | 16455883 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) differs with the antibiotic and varies from 15 - 25 %. most cases of aad are directly or indirectly caused by alterations of gut microflora by the antibiotics resulting in clinically mild aad cases due to functional disturbances of intestinal carbohydrate or bile acid metabolism. alternatively, changes in the gut flora allow pathogens to proliferate. clostridium difficile is responsible for 10 - 15 % of all cases of aad and almost of all case ... | 2006 | 16456762 |
| clostridium difficile epidemic strain far reaching. | 2006 | 16456988 | |
| prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in ontario: implications for infection control. | visitation of hospitalized people by dogs is becoming commonplace, but little is known about the potential health risks of introducing dogs to healthcare settings. this cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of zoonotic agents in a group of 102 visitation dogs from a variety of sources across ontario. between may and july 2004, owners were interviewed by a standardized questionnaire while dogs underwent a standardized physical examination. one specimen of faeces, hair-coat brushings and ... | 2006 | 16466831 |
| analysis of a mitotic role of cdc42. | rho gtpases including rho, rac, and cdc42 determine the cell shape by regulating the actin and microtubule dynamics. through these actions on cytoskeleton, rho gtpases also regulate cell cycle progression. specifically, rho, rac, and cdc42 regulate g1-s progression, and rho regulates cytokinesis. however, involvement of these gtpases in nuclear division has not been definitely shown. this seems to be due to the lack of standard procedures examining mitosis-specific functions of these gtpases. re ... | 2006 | 16472695 |
| clostridial enteric infections in pigs. | clostridium perfringens types a and c and clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine. history, clinical signs of disease, and gross and microscopic findings form the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of c. perfringens type-c enteritis. confirmation is based on isolation of large numbers of type-c c. perfringens and/or detection of beta toxin in intestinal contents. diagnosis of c. perfringens type-a infection, however, remains controversial, mostly because the ... | 2005 | 16475510 |
| centaureidin promotes dendrite retraction of melanocytes by activating rho. | melanosomes synthesized within melanocytes are transferred to keratinocytes through dendrites, resulting in a constant supply of melanin to the epidermis, and this process determines skin pigmentation. during screening for inhibitors of melanosome transfer, we found a novel reagent, centaureidin, that induces significant morphological changes in normal human epidermal melanocytes and inhibits melanocyte dendrite elongation, resulting in a reduction of melanosome transfer in an in vitro melanocyt ... | 2006 | 16476521 |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in regions of hungary. | the objective of this survey was to determine the distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes present across three hungarian geographical regions. a total of 105 isolates of c. difficile from diarrhoeal faeces of both inpatients and outpatients were examined. the toxigenic status of the strains was determined by pcr for the tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb genes in szeged (hungary), while strains were subjected to pcr ribotyping in cardiff (uk). a total of 31 ribotypes were detected among the 1 ... | 2006 | 16476791 |
| measuring the presence of chronic diseases. | 2006 | 16477067 | |
| management and outcomes of a first recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in quebec, canada. | during an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) caused by a strain that is a hyper-producer of toxins a and b, the frequency of a first recurrence after metronidazole treatment of the initial episode doubled in 2003-2004, compared with 1991-2002. | 2006 | 16477549 |
| treatment of first recurrences of clostridium difficile-associated disease: waiting for new treatment options. | 2006 | 16477550 | |
| a great masquerader learns a new trick. | 2006 | 16478035 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) can range from uncomplicated diarrhea to sepsis and even death. cdad rates and severity are increasing, possibly due to a new strain. transmission of c difficile occurs primarily in health care facilities via the fecal-oral route following transient contamination of the hands of health care workers and patients; contamination of the patient care environment also plays an important role. | 2006 | 16478043 |
| systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals. | prudent prescribing of antimicrobial drugs to hospital inpatients may reduce incidences of antimicrobial drug resistance and healthcare-associated infection. we reviewed the literature from january 1980 to november 2003 to identify rigorous evaluations of interventions to improve hospital prescribing of antimicrobial drugs. we identified 66 studies with interpretable data, of which 16 reported 20 microbiologic outcomes: gram-negative resistant bacteria, 10 studies; clostridium difficile-associat ... | 2006 | 16494744 |
| [hospital load of bacterial intestinal infections]. | infectious diarrhea is a worldwide problem, with differences from country to country, and it is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality in the underdeveloped countries. | 1998 | 16495887 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: an emerging threat to patient safety: insights from the society of infectious diseases pharmacists. | a formerly infrequently isolated strain of clostridium difficile known as bi/nap1 has resulted in geographically diverse outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease. such rapid dissemination and distribution of an outbreak strain of c. difficile are unprecedented, with many regions across north america, as well as several countries in europe, being affected, all in such a short period of time. also of note is that nontraditional hosts (e.g., otherwise healthy, noninstitutionalized persons resid ... | 2006 | 16503710 |
| quebec strain of c. difficile in 7 provinces. | 2006 | 16505449 | |
| [a case of multiple recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--analysis of isolates from the patient using pcr ribotyping]. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a serious and still unsolved problem. little is known about the precise mechanism of the recurrence with cdad. to elucidate the issue, we analyzed c. difficile strains obtained from the patient with multiple recurrence of cdad. a 72-year-old female received rectoidectomy was developed cdad after administration of cefmetazole sodium for 5 days. she was recovered from illness by the administration 2g of vancomycin hydrochloride for ... | 2006 | 16506665 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. | to determine molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and evaluate associations among severity of clinical disease with specific strains of c difficile. | 2006 | 16506942 |
| tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent. | tinidazole, a structural analogue of metrondazole, is an antiprotozoal agent that has been widely used in europe and developing countries for >2 decades with established efficacy and acceptable tolerability. it was recently approved by the us food and drug administration for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and amebic liver abscess. | 2005 | 16507373 |
| impact of a piperacillin-tazobactam shortage on antimicrobial prescribing and the rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and clostridium difficile infections. | states in 2002 on antimicrobial prescribing and associated rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and clostridium difficile infections.design. retrospective chart review.setting. university-affiliated medical center. measurements and main results. microbiologic reports, patient demographics, and antimicrobial utilization were evaluated for patients admitted 6 months before the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2001) and for 6 months during the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2002). significant ... | 2006 | 16509027 |
| severe diarrhea and shock. | 2006 | 16511400 | |
| cholesterol-dependent pore formation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the large clostridial cytotoxins toxin a and toxin b from clostridium difficile are major virulence factors known to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. both toxins mono-glucosylate and thereby inactivate small gtpases of the rho family. recently, it was reported that toxin b, but not toxin a, induces pore formation in membranes of target cells under acidic conditions. here, we reassessed data on pore formation of toxin a in cells derived from human colon carcinoma ... | 2006 | 16513641 |
| effective detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. | we evaluated a two-step algorithm for detecting toxigenic clostridium difficile: an enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (ag-eia) and then, for antigen-positive specimens, a concurrent cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). antigen-negative results were > or = 99% predictive of ccna negativity. because the ag-eia reduced cell culture workload by approximately 75 to 80% and two-step testing was complete in < or = 3 days, we decided that this algorithm would be ef ... | 2006 | 16517916 |
| recovery of clostridium difficile from hospital environments. | 2006 | 16517932 | |
| diagnostic role of stool culture & toxin detection in antibiotic associated diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile in children. | mere diagnosis of clostridium difficile by culture does not help in the diagnosis of antibiotic associated diarrhoeae (aad) due to c. difficile. detection of toxins a and b form the mainstay in the diagnosis of aad due to c. difficile. this study was undertaken to find out the role of stool culture and toxin detection in the diagnosis of aad due to c. difficile. as there are very few documented reports from india about aad due to c. difficile in children in the age group of 5-12 yr, this age gro ... | 2005 | 16518003 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy]. | a 69-year-old woman with gastritis was prescribed a 1-week triple regimen therapy of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole to eradicate helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) starting on march 7, 2005. h. pylori was detected on the gastric mucosa by the urease test. twenty days after eradication therapy, she began to suffer from profuse watery diarrhea. colonoscopy on april 12 showed multiple pseudomembranes in the cecum and the transverse colon, leading to a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colit ... | 2006 | 16519125 |
| use of nitazoxanide for gastrointestinal tract infections: treatment of protozoan parasitic infection and beyond. | the united states food and drug administration has approved the parasiticidal agent nitazoxanide for treatment of diarrhea caused by giardia lamblia/intestinalis or cryptosporidium parvum. this novel agent has a broad spectrum of activity against many other gastrointestinal pathogens, including bacteria, roundworms, flatworms, and flukes. nitazoxanide is used in many areas of the world, especially in central and south america, as a broad-spectrum parasiticidal agent in adults and children. nitaz ... | 2006 | 16524544 |
| probiotics and prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections. | there is growing interest in and knowledge about the potential health-promoting benefits of both probiotics and prebiotics. multiple mechanisms of action for the beneficial effect of probiotics and prebiotics have been postulated, including prevention of pathogenic bacteria growth, production of antimicrobial agents, stimulation of mucosal barrier function, and altering immunoregulation. clinical trials support the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, the prevent ... | 2006 | 16524546 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile diarrhea is common in elderly patients and leads to prolonged hospitalization. patients with severe or recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea have poor antitoxin antibody responses. intravenous immunoglobulin has been advocated in these patients. this study was designed to assess the response of patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe clostridium difficile diarrhea to intravenous immunoglobulin. | 2006 | 16525744 |
| intestinal failure. | the gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in critical illness. we will review four common problem areas pertaining to the gut and abdominal compartment that intensivists managing critically ill patients must deal with on an everyday basis. | 2005 | 16534327 |
| stabilization of enzymes against thermal stress and freeze-drying by mannosylglycerate. | 2-o-(beta)-mannosylglycerate, a solute that accumulates in some (hyper)thermophilic organisms, was purified from pyrococcus furiosus cells, and its effect on enzyme stabilization in vitro was assessed. enzymes from hyperthermophilic, thermophilic, and mesophilic sources were examined. the thermostabilities of alcohol dehydrogenases from p. furiosus and bacillus stearothermophilus and of glutamate dehydrogenases from thermotoga maritima and clostridium difficile were improved to a significant ext ... | 1997 | 16535713 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. | 2006 | 16536390 | |
| has the severity of clostridium difficile infections increased? | 2006 | 16540198 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16540624 | |
| glycans on secretory component participate in innate protection against mucosal pathogens. | in mucosal secretions, secretory component (sc) is found either free or bound to polymeric iga within the secretory iga complex. sc displays numerous and various glycans, which are potential ligands for bacterial compounds. we first established that human sc (hsc) purified from colostrum (hsccol) or produced in chinese hamster ovary cells (hscrec) exhibits the same lectin reactivity. both forms bind to clostridium difficile toxin a and functionally protect polarized caco-2 cell monolayers from t ... | 2006 | 16543244 |
| diarrhoea in the critically ill. | the purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on diarrhoea, a common problem in critically ill patients. epidemiological data will be discussed, with special emphasis on diarrhoea in tube-fed patients and during antibiotic therapy. the possible preventive and therapeutic measures will be presented. | 2006 | 16543792 |
| binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. | binary toxin cdt or its genes have been identified in some strains of clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins a and b (a+b+cdt+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the united states and canada. to study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin cdt-positive only (a-b-cdt+) c. difficile strains. unlike other clostridial binary toxins, binary toxin cdt required exogenous trypsin for activation. supernatants from all a-b-cd ... | 2006 | 16544255 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544388 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544390 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544391 | |
| genomic organization and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile bacteriophage phicd119. | in this study, we have isolated a temperate phage (phicd119) from a pathogenic clostridium difficile strain and sequenced and annotated its genome. this virus has an icosahedral capsid and a contractile tail covered by a sheath and contains a double-stranded dna genome. it belongs to the myoviridae family of the tailed phages and the order caudovirales. the genome was circularly permuted, with no physical ends detected by sequencing or restriction enzyme digestion analysis, and lacked a cos site ... | 2006 | 16547044 |
| [large-bowel necrosis following open-heart surgery]. | in the last 2 years 9 patients have been operated on in our surgical department because of colon necrosis which developed after open heart surgery. the symptoms--abdominal distension, circumscript peritonitis in the right lower part of the abdomen--developed 2-4 days after the heart operation. laparotomies were carried out within 2 days from the onset of symptoms in all but one patient. in 7 patients the necrosis of the right colon, while in 2 other patients extreme dilatation of the colon was f ... | 2005 | 16550801 |
| diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile colitis. | to review the risk factors for, diagnosis and treatment of, and strategies for prevention of, clostridium difficile colitis. the pharmacists' role in optimizing drug therapy is discussed. | 2003 | 16563071 |
| 2004 lowbury lecture: the western australian experience with vancomycin-resistant enterococci - from disaster to ongoing control. | the first hospital outbreak of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in western australia (wa) started in the royal perth hospital in july 2001 and initially involved the intensive care unit (icu) and the nephrology and dialysis units. the outbreak was caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) of the vanb genotype. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid analysis of the isolates demonstrated a single-strain outbreak. despite the isolation of carriers and implementation ... | 2006 | 16563562 |
| measurement of toxin production by clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16564352 | |
| lack of value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile toxin. | twenty years ago, clostridium difficile was first established as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.c. difficile diarrhea is a widely recognized problem in the inpatient setting, with potentially significant morbidity and mortality. antibiotics, and some chemotherapy agents, can potentially cause c. difficile colitis/diarrhea. the most commonly implicated agents are ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins. diarrhea during antibiotic therapy is common and m ... | 2006 | 16564786 |
| new variants of the tet(m) gene in clostridium difficile clinical isolates harbouring tn916-like elements. | to detect tn916-like elements in clostridium difficile clinical isolates from different time periods and to analyse the genetic structure of these elements, in particular the tet(m) region. | 2006 | 16565156 |
| identification of tn5397-like and tn916-like transposons and diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in enterococci from humans, pigs and poultry. | to analyse the sequence diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) and its location on mobile elements in enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis from humans, pigs and poultry in denmark. | 2006 | 16565159 |
| prophylactic saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. | interest to probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is increasing gradually. the most promising seems to be saccharomyces boulardii . using a double-blind controlled study, we investigated the preventive effect of s. boulardii on the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients under antibiotherapy but not requiring intensive care therapy. | 2006 | 16572062 |
| a common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea. | mucosal interleukin 8 (il-8) and neutrophil recruitment are central to the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile (cd) toxin-induced diarrhea (cdd). we hypothesized that like other inflammatory mucosal infections, susceptibility to cdd would relate to genetically determined variations in the production of il-8. | 2006 | 16573784 |
| is clostridium difficile the leading pathogen in bacterial diarrhea in hiv type 1-infected patients? | 2006 | 16575754 | |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile correlated with previous antibiotic exposure. | to analyze clostridium difficile susceptibility results and genotypes in relation to antibiotic exposures that precipitated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), we examined 83 nosocomial c. difficile isolates recovered at a tertiary care center in boston, massachusetts. mics were determined by e-test methodology using modified brucella agar. isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. antibiotic susceptibilities were: ciprofloxacin (0%), clind ... | 2006 | 16584304 |
| rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination. | rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ... | 2006 | 16585287 |
| potential role of clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. | duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (dpj) is an idiopathic condition in the horse characterized by inflammation and oedema of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. clinical signs include colic, ileus, depression, fluid accumulation in the small intestine and stomach, and endotoxaemia. the objective of this study was to investigate prospectively the role of clostridium difficile in this idiopathic disease. nasogastric reflux from 10 consecutive cases with dpj and 16 consecutive horses with other causes of ... | 2006 | 16585649 |
| probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. | a probiotic is a "live microbial food ingredients that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, exerts health benefits on the consumer". probiotics exert their benefits through several mechanisms; they prevent colonization, cellular adhesion and invasion by pathogenic organisms, they have direct antimicrobial activity and they modulate the host immune response. the strongest evidence for the clinical effectiveness of probiotics has been in their use for the prevention of symptoms of lactose into ... | 2006 | 16597207 |
| co-infection of hamsters with toxin a or toxin b-deficient clostridium difficile strains. | male syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were used to study interactions between different toxin deficient strains of c. difficile. after sensitization with clindamycin, hamsters were intragastrically co-infected with the appropriate dilutions corresponding to 100, 1000 and 10,000 cells of four (toxin a or b-deficient) c. difficile strains (8864, p-829, w-38 and w-74). in addition, a group of hamsters was infected with c. difficile vpi 10463, a reference toxigenic strain. colonization and mor ... | 2005 | 16599301 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in four patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. | pseudomembranous colitis is an uncommon complication in patients with cystic fibrosis, despite the use of multiple high-dose antibiotic regimens and the frequency of hospital admissions. four patients from a total of 137 patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation are described who developed fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. initial presentation was variable and the mortality rate was 50% despite urgent colectomy. in one case the presenting abdominal distension was thought to ... | 2007 | 16601087 |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. the term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is often considered synonymous with clostridium difficile. in fact, aad can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. for improved prevention and recognition of aad, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for aad. although clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen ... | 2006 | 16610966 |
| blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? | a study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin ... | 2006 | 16616799 |
| evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs. | clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (cdad) is a nosocomial infection in dogs. diagnosis of this infection is dependent on clinical signs of disease supported by laboratory detection of c. difficile toxins a or b, or both, in fecal specimens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). unfortunately, to the authors' knowledge, commercially available elisas have not been validated in dogs to date. we evaluated 5 elisas done on 143 canine fecal specimens (100 diarrheic and 43 nondiarrheic d ... | 2006 | 16617699 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16618421 | |
| [clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen?]. | 2006 | 16619874 |