Publications

coronatine facilitates pseudomonas syringae infection of arabidopsis leaves at night.	in many land plants, the stomatal pore opens during the day and closes during the night. thus, periods of darkness could be effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves through stomata, the primary sites for infection by many pathogens. pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 produces coronatine (cor) and opens stomata, raising an intriguing question as to whether this is a virulence strategy to facilitate bacterial infection at night. in fact, we found that (a) biological conce ...	2016	27446113
molecular mapping of high resistance to bacterial leaf spot in lettuce pi 358001-1.	lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) is a diploid (2n = 18) with a genome size of 2,600 mbp, and belongs to the family compositae. bacterial leaf spot (bls), caused by xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, is a major disease of lettuce worldwide. leaf lettuce pi 358001-1 has been characterized as an accession highly resistant to bls and has white seed. in order to understand inheritance of the high resistance in this germplasm line, an f3 population consisting of 163 families was developed from the cross p ...	2016	27454703
from discovery to production: biotechnology of marine fungi for the production of new antibiotics.	filamentous fungi are well known for their capability of producing antibiotic natural products. recent studies have demonstrated the potential of antimicrobials with vast chemodiversity from marine fungi. development of such natural products into lead compounds requires sustainable supply. marine biotechnology can significantly contribute to the production of new antibiotics at various levels of the process chain including discovery, production, downstream processing, and lead development. howev ...	2016	27455283
dispersal of human and plant pathogens biofilms via nitric oxide donors at 4 °c.	recent studies suggest that nitric oxide donors capable of manipulating nitric oxide-mediated signaling in bacteria could induce dispersal of biofilms. encased in extracellular polymeric substances, human and plant pathogens within biofilms are significantly more resistant to sanitizers. this is particularly a problem in refrigerated environments where food is processed. in an exercise aimed to study the potential of nitric oxide donors as biofilm dispersal in refrigerated conditions, we compare ...	2016	27457245
xanthan pyruvilation is essential for the virulence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	xanthan, the main exopolysaccharide (eps) synthesized by xanthomonas spp., contributes to bacterial stress tolerance and enhances attachment to plant surfaces by helping in biofilm formation. therefore, xanthan is essential for successful colonization and growth in planta and has also been proposed to be involved in the promotion of pathogenesis by calcium ion chelation and, hence, in the suppression of the plant defense responses in which this cation acts as a signal. the aim of this work was t ...	2016	27464764
two distinct cardiolipin synthases operate in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	cardiolipin (cl) is a universal component of energy generating membranes. in most bacteria, it is synthesized via the condensation of two molecules phosphatidylglycerol (pg) by phospholipase d-type cardiolipin synthases (pld-type cls). in the plant pathogen and natural genetic engineer agrobacterium tumefaciens cl comprises up to 15% of all phospholipids in late stationary growth phase. a. tumefaciens harbors two genes, atu1630 (cls1) and atu2486 (cls2), coding for pld-type cls. heterologous exp ...	2016	27472399
a host basal transcription factor is a key component for infection of rice by tale-carrying bacteria.	transcription activator-like effectors (tales) are sequence-specific dna binding proteins found in a range of plant pathogenic bacteria, where they play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. however, it has been unclear how tales, after they have been injected into the host cells, activate transcription of host genes required for infection success. here, we show that the basal transcription factor iia gamma subunit tfiiaγ5 from rice is a key component for infection by the tale-carrying ...	2016	27472897
biosynthesis of xanthan gum by xanthomonas campestris lrelp-1 using kitchen waste as the sole substrate.	herein, we report the production of xanthan gum by fermentation using kitchen waste as the sole substrate. the kitchen waste was firstly pretreated by a simple hydrolysis method, after which the obtained kitchen waste hydrolysate was diluted with an optimal ratio 1:2. in a 5-l fermentor, the maximum xanthan production, reducing sugar conversion and utilization rates reached 11.73g/l, 67.07% and 94.82%, respectively. the kinetics of batch fermentation was also investigated. ft-ir and xrd characte ...	2016	27474614
surface immobilization of human arginase-1 with an engineered ice nucleation protein display system in e. coli.	ice nucleation protein (inp) is frequently used as a surface anchor for protein display in gram-negative bacteria. here, male and tora signal peptides, and three charged polypeptides, 6×lys, 6×glu and 6×asp, were anchored to the n-terminus of truncated inp (inak-n) to improve its surface display efficiency for human arginase1 (arg1). our results indicated that the tora signal peptide increased the surface translocation of non-protein fused inak-n and human arg1 fused inak-n (inak-n/arg1) by 80.7 ...	2016	27479442
dynamic light scattering of xanthan gum biopolymer in colloidal dispersion.	the dynamical properties of nanogels of xanthan gum (xg) with hydrodynamic radius controlled in a size range from 5 nm to 35 nm, were studied at the different xg concentrations in water/sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (aot)/decane reverse micelles (rms) vs. mass fraction of nano-droplet (mfd) at w = 40, using dynamic light scattering (dls). the diffusion study of nanometer-sized droplets by dls technique indicated that enhancing concentration of the xg polysaccharide resulted in exchangin ...	2016	27489730
modification of bacterial effector proteins inside eukaryotic host cells.	pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. we restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type iii or type iv systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. we describe t ...	2016	27489796
identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens.	plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ...	2016	27493610
toxicity of twenty-two plant essential oils against pathogenic bacteria of vegetables and mushrooms.	asbtract toxicity of twenty-two essential oils to three bacterial pathogens in different horticultural systems: xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (causing blight of bean), clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial wilt and canker of tomato), and pseudomonas tolaasii (causal agent of bacterial brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms) was tested. control of bacterial diseases is very difficult due to antibiotic resistance and ineffectiveness of chemical products, to that essential o ...	2016	27494458
the arabidopsis protein phosphatase pp2c38 negatively regulates the central immune kinase bik1.	plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) via cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to prr-triggered immunity (pti). the arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase bik1 is a downstream substrate of several prr complexes. how plant pti is negatively regulated is not fully understood. here, we identify the protein phosphatase pp2c38 as a negative regulator of bik1 activity and bik1-mediated immunity. pp2c38 dynamically associates with bik1, as well as with ...	2016	27494702
cobalt(ii) complexes of sparfloxacin: characterization, structure, antimicrobial activity and interaction with dna and albumins.	the cobalt(ii) complexes with the quinolone sparfloxacin (hsf) in the absence or presence of the nitrogen-donor heterocyclic ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2'-bipyridylamine (bipyam) were prepared and characterized physicochemically and spectroscopically. the crystal structures of complexes [co(sf)2(bipy)]∙3meoh∙2h2o and [co(sf)2(phen)]∙4meoh were determined by x-ray crystallography. the antimicrobial activity of the complexes was tested against four different mi ...	2016	27501348
pea broth enhances the biocontrol efficacy of lysobacter capsici az78 by triggering cell motility associated with biogenesis of type iv pilus.	bacterial cells can display different types of motility, due to the presence of external appendages such as flagella and type iv pili. to date, little information on the mechanisms involved in the motility of the lysobacter species has been available. recently, l. capsici az78, a biocontrol agent of phytopathogenic oomycetes, showed the ability to move on jellified pea broth. pea broth medium improved also the biocontrol activity of l. capsici az78 against plasmopara viticola under greenhouse co ...	2016	27507963
grape cultivar and sap culture conditions affect the development of xylella fastidiosa phenotypes associated with pierce's disease.	xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium in plant hosts and causes pierce's disease (pd) of grapevines, which differ in susceptibility according to the vitis species (spp.). in this work we compared x. fastidiosa biofilm formation and population dynamics when cultured in xylem saps from pd-susceptible and -resistant vitis spp. under different conditions. behaviors in a closed-culture system were compared to those in different sap-renewal cultures that would more closely mimic the physicoc ...	2016	27508296
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens.		2016	27513453
antimicrobial profile of arthrobacter kerguelensis vl-rk_09 isolated from mango orchards.	an actinobacterial strain vl-rk_09 having potential antimicrobial activities was isolated from a mango orchard in krishna district, andhra pradesh (india) and was identified as arthrobacter kerguelensis. the strain a. kerguelensis vl-rk_09 exhibited a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. production of bioactive metabolites by the strain was the highest in modified yeast extract malt extract dextrose broth, as compared to other media tested. lactose (1%) a ...	2016	27515463
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.	pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...	2016	27526699
two distinct mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by the redox sensor yodb.	for bacteria, cysteine thiol groups in proteins are commonly used as thiol-based switches for redox sensing to activate specific detoxification pathways and restore the redox balance. among the known thiol-based regulatory systems, the marr/duf24 family regulators have been reported to sense and respond to reactive electrophilic species, including diamide, quinones, and aldehydes, with high specificity. here, we report that the prototypical regulator yodb of the marr/duf24 family from bacillus s ...	2016	27531959
draft genome sequences of three xanthomonas translucens pathovar reference strains (pv. arrhenatheri, pv. poae and pv. phlei) with different specificities for forage grasses.	as causal agents of bacterial wilt in pastures and meadows, bacteria of the species xanthomonas translucens are a serious issue in forage grass production. so far, only little is known about host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and the lack of comprehensive genome data impeded targeted breeding strategies towards resistant forage grass cultivars. here we announce the draft genome sequences of three grass-pathogenic xanthomonas translucens pathotype strains, i.e. pv. arrhenatheri lmg ...	2016	27536340
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.	the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...	2016	27559336
regulation of organic hydroperoxide stress response by two ohrr homologs in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa ohrr and ospr are gene homologs encoding oxidant sensing transcription regulators. ospr is known to regulate gpx, encoding a glutathione peroxidase, while ohrr regulates the expression of ohr that encodes an organic peroxide specific peroxiredoxin. here, we show that ospr mediated gpx expression, like ohrr and ohr, specifically responds to organic hydroperoxides as compared to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion. furthermore, the regulation of these two systems is inter ...	2016	27560944
nucleotide binding by the widespread high-affinity cyclic di-gmp receptor mshen domain.	c-di-gmp is a bacterial second messenger regulating various cellular functions. many bacteria contain c-di-gmp-metabolizing enzymes but lack known c-di-gmp receptors. recently, two mshe-type atpases associated with bacterial type ii secretion system and type iv pilus formation were shown to specifically bind c-di-gmp. here we report crystal structure of the mshe n-terminal domain (mshen1-145) from vibrio cholerae in complex with c-di-gmp at a 1.37 å resolution. this structure reveals a unique c- ...	2016	27578558
cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel thermophilic monofunctional catalase from geobacillus sp. chb1.	catalases are widely used in many scientific areas. a catalase gene (kat) from geobacillus sp. chb1 encoding a monofunctional catalase was cloned and recombinant expressed in escherichia coli (e. coli), which was the first time to clone and express this type of catalase of genus geobacillus strains as far as we know. this kat gene was 1,467 bp in length and encoded a catalase with 488 amino acid residuals, which is only 81% similar to the previously studied bacillus sp. catalase in terms of amin ...	2016	27579320
exploiting indigenous knowledge of subsistence farmers' for the management and conservation of enset (ensete ventricosum (welw.) cheesman) (musaceae family) diversity on-farm.	enset (ensete ventricosum (welw.) cheesman) belongs to the order sctaminae, the family musaceae. the musaceae family is subdivided into the genera musa and ensete. enset is an important staple crop for about 20 million people in the country. recent publications on enset ethnobotany are insignificant when compared to the diverse ethnolingustic communities in the country. hence, this paper try to identify and document wealth of indigenous knowledge associated with the distribution, diversity, and ...	2016	27586388
high-quality draft genome sequences of two xanthomonas pathotype strains infecting aroid plants.	we present here the draft genome sequences of bacterial pathogens of the araceae family, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae lmg 695 and xanthomonas campestris pv. syngonii lmg 9055, differing in host range. a comparison between genome sequences will help understand the mechanisms involved in tissue specificity and adaptation to host plants.	2016	27587819
how auxin and cytokinin phytohormones modulate root microbe interactions.	a large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. the ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism p ...	2016	27588025
peroxiredoxin catalysis at atomic resolution.	peroxiredoxins (prxs) are ubiquitous cysteine-based peroxidases that guard cells against oxidative damage, are virulence factors for pathogens, and are involved in eukaryotic redox regulatory pathways. we have analyzed catalytically active crystals to capture atomic resolution snapshots of a prxq subfamily enzyme (from xanthomonas campestris) proceeding through thiolate, sulfenate, and sulfinate species. these analyses provide structures of unprecedented accuracy for seeding theoretical studies, ...	2016	27594682
the intervening sequence of coxiella burnetii: characterization and evolution.	the intervening sequence (ivs) of coxiella burnetii, the agent of q fever, is a 428-nt selfish genetic element located in helix 45 of the precursor 23s rrna. the ivs element, in turn, contains an orf that encodes a hypothetical ribosomal s23 protein (s23p). although s23p can be synthesized in vitro in the presence of an engineered e. coli promoter and ribosome binding site, results suggest that the protein is not synthesized in vivo. in spite of a high degree of ivs conservation among different ...	2016	27595093
interaction network and mass spectrometry data of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri surface proteins from differential proteomic analysis of infectious and non-infectious cells.	here we provide the mass-spectrometry and in silico interaction network dataset of proteins identified on our research article on surface proteomic analysis from xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xac) cells grown in vivo (infectious) and in vitro (non-infectious, control) by 2d-dige approach. fluorescence labeling of proteins were performed on intact cells followed by cellular lysis and labeled spots from 2d gel differing in abundance between the two conditions (anova, p-value<0.05) were analyzed ...	2016	27595129
xanthomonas campestris fabh is required for branched-chain fatty acid and dsf-family quorum sensing signal biosynthesis.	xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, causes black rot disease of cruciferous vegetables. although xcc has a complex fatty acid profile comprised of straight-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids (bcfas), and encodes a complete set of genes required for fatty acid synthesis, there is still little known about the mechanism of bcfa synthesis. we reported that expression of xcc fabh restores the growth of ralstonia solanacearum fabh mutan ...	2016	27595587
crystal structure of the yajq-family protein xc_3703 from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	as an important bacterial second messenger, bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylate (cyclic di-gmp or c-di-gmp) has been implicated in numerous biological activities, including biofilm formation, motility, survival and virulence. these processes are manipulated by the binding of c-di-gmp to its receptors. xc_3703 from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which belongs to the yajq family of proteins, has recently been identified as a potential c-di-gmp receptor. xc_3703, together with ...	2016	27599864
pseudomonas fluorescens filamentous hemagglutinin, an iron-regulated protein, is an important virulence factor that modulates bacterial pathogenicity.	pseudomonas fluorescens is a common bacterial pathogen to a wide range of aquaculture animals including various species of fish. in this study, we employed proteomic analysis and identified filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) as an iron-responsive protein secreted by tss, a pathogenic p. fluorescens isolate. in vitro study showed that compared to the wild type, the fha mutant tssfha (i) exhibited a largely similar vegetative growth profile but significantly retarded in the ability of biofilm growth ...	2016	27602029
genomic characterization of the novel aeromonas hydrophila phage ahp1 suggests the derivation of a new subgroup from phikmv-like family.	aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium causing diseases in human and fish. the emergence of multidrug-resistant a. hydrophila isolates has been increasing in recent years. in this study, we have isolated a novel virulent podophage of a. hydrophila, designated as ahp1, from waste water. ahp1 has a rapid adsorption (96% adsorbed in 2 min), a latent period of 15 min, and a burst size of 112 pfu per infected cell. at least eighteen ahp1 virion proteins were visualized in sds-p ...	2016	27603936
a self-inducible heterologous protein expression system in escherichia coli.	escherichia coli is an important experimental, medical and industrial cell factory for recombinant protein production. the inducible lac promoter is one of the most commonly used promoters for heterologous protein expression in e. coli. isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (iptg) is currently the most efficient molecular inducer for regulating this promoter's transcriptional activity. however, limitations have been observed in large-scale and microplate production, including toxicity, cost and culture ...	2016	27611846
the proteasome acts as a hub for plant immunity and is targeted by pseudomonas type iii effectors.	recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). mutant lines of the proteasome subunits rpt2a and rpn12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pst) and pseudomonas sy ...	2016	27613851
structural differences in gut bacteria communities in developmental stages of natural populations of lutzomyia evansi from colombia's caribbean coast.	lutzomyia evansi, a phlebotomine insect endemic to colombia's caribbean coast, is considered to be the main vector of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. although insects of this species can harbor pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms in their intestinal microbiota, there is little information available about the diversity of gut bacteria present in lutzomyia evansi. in this study, conventional microbiological methods and molecular tools were used to assess the compositio ...	2016	27618991
xanthomonas campestris attenuates virulence by sensing light through a bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor.	phytochromes constitute a major photoreceptor family found in plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes, including pathogens. here, we report that xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease which affects cruciferous crops worldwide, codes for a functional bacteriophytochrome (xccbphp). xccbphp possesses an n-terminal pas2-gaf-phy photosensory domain triad and a c-terminal pas9 domain as its output module. our results show that illumination of xcc, prior to pla ...	2016	27621284
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.	microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...	2016	27626430
(1)h, (13)c, and (15)n resonance assignments and secondary structure information for methylobacterium extorquens pqqd and the complex of pqqd with pqqa.	the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (ripp), pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq), is a dehydrogenase cofactor synthesized by, but not exclusively used by, certain prokaryotes. ripps represent a rapidly expanding and diverse class of natural products-many of which have therapeutic potential-and the biosynthetic pathways for these are gaining attention. five gene products from the pqq operon (pqqa, pqqb, pqqc, pqqd, and pqqe) are essential for pqq biosynthesis. the subs ...	2016	27638737
calecrk-s.5, a pepper l-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming.	in arabidopsis, several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) have been identified as putative immune receptors. however, to date, there have been few analyses of lecrks in crop plants. virus-induced gene silencing of calecrk-s.5 verified the role of calecrk-s.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. compared with control plants, calecrk-s.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation ...	2016	27647723
multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis reveals multiple introductions in spain of xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits and almond.	xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni is the causal agent of the bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, almond and some ornamental prunus species. in spain it was first detected in 2002 and since then, several outbreaks have occurred in different regions affecting mainly japanese plum, peach and almond, both in commercial orchards and nurseries. as the origin of the introduction(s) was unknown, we have assessed the genetic diversity of 239 x. arboricola pv. pruni strains collected from 11 spanish pr ...	2016	27669415
trigger phosphodiesterases as a novel class of c-di-gmp effector proteins.	the bacterial second messenger c-di-gmp controls bacterial biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle progression, development and virulence. it is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (with ggdef domains), degraded by specific phosphodiesterases (pdes, with eal of hd-gyp domains) and sensed by a wide variety of c-di-gmp-binding effectors that control diverse targets. c-di-gmp-binding effectors can be riboswitches as well as proteins with highly diverse structures and functions. the latter include ' ...	2016	27672149
old concepts, new molecules and current approaches applied to the bacterial nucleotide signalling field.	signalling nucleotides are key molecules that help bacteria to rapidly coordinate cellular pathways and adapt to changes in their environment. during the past 10 years, the nucleotide signalling field has seen much excitement, as several new signalling nucleotides have been discovered in both eukaryotic and bacterial cells. the fields have since advanced quickly, aided by the development of important tools such as the synthesis of modified nucleotides, which, combined with sensitive mass spectro ...	2016	27672152
a small cysteine-rich protein from the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, suppresses plant immunity.	the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. molecular mechanisms by which p. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. the genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscrp). while these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. here, we present the characterization of p. pachyrhizi effect ...	2016	27676173
quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.	wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ...	2016	27678307
the arabidopsis cerk1-associated kinase pbl27 connects chitin perception to mapk activation.	perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns by host cell surface pattern recognition receptors (prrs) triggers the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. however, it is not known how prrs transmit immune signals to mapk cascades in plants. here, we identify a complete phospho-signaling transduction pathway from prr-mediated pathogen recognition to mapk activation in plants. we found that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase pbl27 connects the chitin ...	2016	27679653
map-based cloning and characterization of the bph18 gene from wild rice conferring resistance to brown planthopper (bph) insect pest.	brown planthopper (bph) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. we cloned the bph18 gene from the bph-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species oryza australiensis. map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the bph18 encodes cc-nbs-nbs-lrr protein. bph18 has two nbs domains, unlike the typical nbs-lrr proteins. the bph18 promoter::gus transgenic plants exhibited strong gus expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf shea ...	2016	27682162
a non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in arabidopsis thaliana.	proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [sbt5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. the sbt5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [sbt5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [sbt5.2(b)]. concomitant to sbt5.2(a) downregulation, sbt5.2(b) expression is induc ...	2016	27685353
bioactivity of diterpens from the ethyl acetate extract of kingiodendron pinnatum rox. hams.	kingiodendron pinnatum rox. hams. is an endangered medicinal plant used in gonorrhoe, catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. the scientific and pharmacological formulation of k. pinnatum has not been established so far though it is being traditionally used by tribes of the region.	2016	27695270
regulation of stomatal defense by air relative humidity.	it has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. for instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. a critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the p ...	2016	27702841
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.	this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...	2016	27706100
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...	2016	27706237
using deep learning for image-based plant disease detection.	crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. the combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and recent advances in computer vision made possible by deep learning has paved the way for smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis. using a public dataset of 54,306 images of diseased and healthy plant leaves collected under controlled conditions, we train a deep c ...	2016	27713752
dissection of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in kozakia baliensis.	acetic acid bacteria (aab) are well known producers of commercially used exopolysaccharides, such as cellulose and levan. kozakia (k.) baliensis is a relatively new member of aab, which produces ultra-high molecular weight levan from sucrose. throughout cultivation of two k. baliensis strains (dsm 14400, nbrc 16680) on sucrose-deficient media, we found that both strains still produce high amounts of mucous, water-soluble substances from mannitol and glycerol as (main) carbon sources. this indica ...	2016	27716345
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.	bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...	2016	27721697
correction: nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens.	[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005704.].	2016	27737001
complete nucleotide sequence of a new filamentous phage, xf109, which integrates its genome into the chromosomal dna of xanthomonas oryzae.	unlike ff-like coliphages, certain filamentous inoviridae phages integrate their genomes into the host chromosome and enter a prophage state in their infectious cycle. this lysogenic life cycle was first reported for xanthomonas citri cf phage. however, except for the x. citri phages cf and xacf1, complete genome sequence information about lysogenic xanthomonas phages is not available to date. a proviral sequence of xf109 phage was identified in the genome of xanthomonas oryzae, the rice bacteri ...	2017	27743252
the historical role of species from the solanaceae plant family in genetic research.	this article evaluates the main contributions of tomato, tobacco, petunia, potato, pepper and eggplant to classical and molecular plant genetics and genomics since the beginning of the twentieth century. species from the solanaceae family form integral parts of human civilizations as food sources and drugs since thousands of years, and, more recently, as ornamentals. some solanaceous species were subjects of classical and molecular genetic research over the last 100 years. the tomato was one of ...	2016	27744490
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.	indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...	2016	27746765
natural personal care products-analysis of ingredient lists and legal situation.	many natural substances are classified as dangerous substances according to the european regulation on classification and labelling. are they used in natural personal care products today? one hundred ingredient lists were analyzed to find this out.	2016	27752443
isolation, identification and characterization of paenibacillus polymyxa cr1 with potentials for biopesticide, biofertilization, biomass degradation and biofuel production.	paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that could be exploited as an environmentally friendlier alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. various strains have been isolated that can benefit agriculture through antimicrobial activity, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production, or lignocellulose degradation. however, no single strain has yet been identified in which all of these advantageous traits have been confirmed.	2016	27756215
diverse functions of small rnas in different plant-pathogen communications.	rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small rnas (srnas) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. plants utilizing rna silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant-virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant-pathogen interactions. rna silencing is not only responsible for suppressing rna accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses ...	2016	27757103
molecular basis for catalysis and substrate-mediated cellular stabilization of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase.	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) play a central role in tryptophan metabolism and are involved in many cellular and disease processes. here we report the crystal structure of human tdo (htdo) in a ternary complex with the substrates l-trp and o2 and in a binary complex with the product n-formylkynurenine (nfk), defining for the first time the binding modes of both substrates and the product of this enzyme. the structure indicates that the dioxygenation react ...	2016	27762317
potential for biocontrol of melanized fungi by actinobacteria isolated from intertidal region of ilha do mel, paraná, brazil.	actinobacteria occur in many environments and have the capacity to produce secondary metabolites with antibiotic potential. identification and taxonomy of actinobacteria that produce antimicrobial substances is essential for the screening of new compounds, and sequencing of the 16s region of ribosomal dna (rdna), which is conserved and present in all bacteria, is an important method of identification. melanized fungi are free-living organisms, which can also be pathogens of clinical importance. ...	2016	27777013
potential for biocontrol of melanized fungi by actinobacteria isolated from intertidal region of ilha do mel, paraná, brazil.	actinobacteria occur in many environments and have the capacity to produce secondary metabolites with antibiotic potential. identification and taxonomy of actinobacteria that produce antimicrobial substances is essential for the screening of new compounds, and sequencing of the 16s region of ribosomal dna (rdna), which is conserved and present in all bacteria, is an important method of identification. melanized fungi are free-living organisms, which can also be pathogens of clinical importance. ...	2016	27777013
mir1918 enhances tomato sensitivity to phytophthora infestans infection.	late blight of tomato is caused by the oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans. in our previous work, we identified and characterized a mir1918 in p. infestans (pi-mir1918), and showed that its sequence is similar to the sequence of tomato mir1918 (sly-mir1918). in this study, we used arabidopsis thaliana pre-mir159a as a backbone to synthesize pi-mir1918 via pcr and mutagenesis. the artificial pi-mir1918 was used to investigate the role of mir1918 in tomato-p. infestans interaction. trangenic ...	2016	27779242
fucosyllactose and l-fucose utilization of infant bifidobacterium longum and bifidobacterium kashiwanohense.	human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are one of the major glycan source of the infant gut microbiota. the two species that predominate the infant bifidobacteria community, bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and bifidobacterium bifidum, possess an arsenal of enzymes including α-fucosidases, sialidases, and β-galactosidases to metabolise hmos. recently bifidobacteria were obtained from the stool of six month old kenyan infants including species such as bifidobacterium kashiwanohense, and bifidob ...	2016	27782805
draft genome sequence of the xanthan producer xanthomonas campestris lmg 8031.	here, we report the draft genome sequence of xanthomonas campestris lmg 8031, for which nearly no genetic information is available, despite its good xanthan-producing properties. we performed an illumina-based sequencing approach of lmg 8031. the genome revealed a 5.0-mb chromosome having 4,434 coding sequences and a g+c content of 65%.	2016	27789631
inhibition of xanthomonas fragariae, causative agent of angular leaf spot of strawberry, through iron deprivation.	in commercial production settings, few options exist to prevent or treat angular leaf spot (als) of strawberry, a disease of economic importance and caused by the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas fragariae. in the process of isolating and identifying x. fragariae bacteria from symptomatic plants, we observed growth inhibition of x. fragariae by bacterial isolates from the same leaf macerates. identified as species of pseudomonas and rhizobium, these isolates were confirmed to suppress growth of x. ...	2016	27790193
antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of three essential oils extracted from mediterranean aromatic plants.	there is a growing interest in essential oils (eos) as possible alternatives for traditional chemical pesticides. this study was carried out to characterize the chemical composition of the three eos extracted from verbena officinalis, majorana hortensis, and salvia officinalis using gas chromatography (gc) and gc-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and to evaluate in vitro their efficacy against some phyto or human pathogens. the antifungal activity was investigated against colletotrichum acutatum and bot ...	2016	27792456
the diguanylate cyclase hsbd intersects with the hptb regulatory cascade to control pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and motility.	the molecular basis of second messenger signaling relies on an array of proteins that synthesize, degrade or bind the molecule to produce coherent functional outputs. cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) has emerged as a eubacterial nucleotide second messenger regulating a plethora of key behaviors, like the transition from planktonic cells to biofilm communities. the striking multiplicity of c-di-gmp control modules and regulated cellular functions raised the question of signaling specificity. are c-di-gmp ...	2016	27792789
marine fungi as producers of benzocoumarins, a new class of inhibitors of glycogen-synthase-kinase 3β.	the glycogen-synthase-kinase 3 (gsk-3) is an important target in drug discovery. this enzyme is involved in the signaling pathways of type 2 diabetes, neurological disorders, cancer, and other diseases. therefore, inhibitors of gsk-3 are promising drug candidates for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. here we report pannorin (1), alternariol (2), and alternariol-9-methylether (3) to be promising inhibitors of the isoform gsk-3β showing sub-μm ic50 values. the in vitro inhibition is in t ...	2016	27801816
new weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry.	biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, dna and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem ...	2016	27803696
editorial: harnessing useful rhizosphere microorganisms for pathogen and pest biocontrol.		2016	27807429
new, hybrid pectin-based biosorbents.	in this work hybrid pectin-based biosorbents with secondary polysaccharide additives (gellan, carob and xanthan gum, ratio to pectin 1:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively) were obtained at two temperatures. the presence of these additives in prepared beads was confirmed by raman spectra. the sem micrographs show better homogeneity of blends and grater differences between structures of beads with various additives obtained at higher temperature. the sorption capacity of our hybrid biosorbents as well as ...	2016	27812233
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato reveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity.	the majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. how pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential ...	2016	27812402
substrate trapping in crystals of the thiolase olea identifies three channels that enable long chain olefin biosynthesis.	phylogenetically diverse microbes that produce long chain, olefinic hydrocarbons have received much attention as possible sources of renewable energy biocatalysts. one enzyme that is critical for this process is olea, a thiolase superfamily enzyme that condenses two fatty acyl-coa substrates to produce a β-ketoacid product and initiates the biosynthesis of long chain olefins in bacteria. thiolases typically utilize a ping-pong mechanism centered on an active site cysteine residue. reaction with ...	2016	27815501
crystal structure and biochemical investigations reveal novel mode of substrate selectivity and illuminate substrate inhibition and allostericity in a subfamily of xaa-pro dipeptidases.	xaa-pro dipeptidase (xpd) catalyzes hydrolysis of iminopeptide bond in dipeptides containing trans-proline as a second residue. xpds are found in all living organisms and are believed to play an essential role in proline metabolism. here, we report crystal structures and extensive enzymatic studies of xpd from xanthomonas campestris (xpdxc), the first such comprehensive study of a bacterial xpd. we also report enzymatic activities of its ortholog from mycobacterium tuberculosis (xpdmt). these en ...	2017	27816563
type three secretion system in attaching and effacing pathogens.	enteropathogenic escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic e. coli are diarrheagenic bacterial human pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis. these enteric pathotypes, together with the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium, belong to the family of attaching and effacing pathogens that form a distinctive histological lesion in the intestinal epithelium. the virulence of these bacteria depends on a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which mediates the translocation of effector proteins from the ba ...	2016	27818950
identification and classification of known and putative antimicrobial compounds produced by a wide variety of bacillales species.	gram-positive bacteria of the bacillales are important producers of antimicrobial compounds that might be utilized for medical, food or agricultural applications. thanks to the wide availability of whole genome sequence data and the development of specific genome mining tools, novel antimicrobial compounds, either ribosomally- or non-ribosomally produced, of various bacillales species can be predicted and classified. here, we provide a classification scheme of known and putative antimicrobial co ...	2016	27821051
evolution of ubiquinone biosynthesis: multiple proteobacterial enzymes with various regioselectivities to catalyze three contiguous aromatic hydroxylation reactions.	the ubiquitous atp synthase uses an electrochemical gradient to synthesize cellular energy in the form of atp. the production of this electrochemical gradient relies on liposoluble proton carriers like ubiquinone (uq), which is used in the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and proteobacteria. the biosynthesis of uq requires three hydroxylation reactions on contiguous positions of an aromatic ring. in escherichia coli, each of three uq flavin monooxygenases (fmos), called ubif, ubih, and ubii, mod ...	2016	27822549
oxyr-regulated catalase catb promotes the virulence in rice via detoxifying hydrogen peroxide in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	to facilitate infection, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, needs to degrade hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) generated by the host defense response via a mechanism that is mediated by the transcriptional regulator oxyr. the catalase (cat) gene catb has previously been shown to belong to the oxyr regulon in xoo. however, its expression patterns and function in h2o2 detoxification and bacterial pathogenicity on rice remain to be elucidated.	2016	27825304
cloning, expression and characterization of a cold-adapted endo-1, 4-β-glucanase from citrobacter farmeri a1, a symbiotic bacterium of reticulitermes labralis.	many biotechnological and industrial applications can benefit from cold-adapted eglcs through increased efficiency of catalytic processes at low temperature. in our previous study, citrobacter farmeri a1 which was isolated from a wood-inhabiting termite reticulitermes labralis could secrete a cold-adapted eglc. however, its eglc was difficult to purify for enzymatic properties detection because of its low activity (0.8 u/ml). the objective of the present study was to clone and express the c. far ...	2016	27843715
the rna-binding protein csra plays a central role in positively regulating virulence factors in erwinia amylovora.	the gacs/gaca two-component system (also called grrs/grra) is a global regulatory system which is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria. this system positively regulates non-coding small regulatory rna csrb, which in turn binds to the rna-binding protein csra. however, how gacs/gaca-csr system regulates virulence traits in e. amylovora remains unknown. results from mutant characterization showed that the csrb mutant was hypermotile, produced higher amount of exopolysaccharide amylovoran, a ...	2016	27845410
genetic modulation of c-di-gmp turnover affects multiple virulence traits and bacterial virulence in rice pathogen dickeya zeae.	the frequent outbreaks of rice foot rot disease caused by dickeya zeae have become a significant concern in rice planting regions and countries, but the regulatory mechanisms that govern the virulence of this important pathogen remain vague. given that the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is associated with modulation of various virulence-related traits in various microorganisms, here we set to investigate the role of the genes encoding c-di-gmp metabolism in the regulation of the bacte ...	2016	27855163
online measurement of viscosity for biological systems in stirred tank bioreactors.	one of the most critical parameters in chemical and biochemical processes is the viscosity of the medium. its impact on mixing, as well as on mass and energy transfer is substantial. an increase of viscosity with reaction time can be caused by the formation of biopolymers like xanthan or by filamentous growth of microorganisms. in either case the properties of fermentation broth are changing and frequently non-newtonian behavior are observed, resulting in major challenges for the measurement and ...	2017	27861738
synthesis of silver nanoparticles by endosymbiont pseudomonas fluorescens ca 417 and their bactericidal activity.	the present study emphasizes on biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their bactericidal activity against human and phytopathogens. nanoparticle synthesis was performed using endosymbiont pseudomonas fluorescens ca 417 inhabiting coffea arabica l. synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using hyphenated spectroscopic techniques such as uv-vis spectroscopy which revealed maximum absorption 425nm. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis revealed the possible functiona ...	2016	27866607
the preparation and characterization of a novel sphingan wl from marine sphingomonas sp. wg.	sphingans, a group of structurally closely related bacterial exopolysaccharides produced by members of the genus sphingomonas, can be applied in a variety of industries such as food, cement, and personal care applications due to their high viscosity. a high sphingan-producing-bacterium, sphingomonas sp. wg can secret large quantity of sphingan designated as wl. to enhance the production of wl, a three-stage control strategy was applied and the highest wl production can reach 33.3 g/l. the rheolo ...	2016	27883073
salicylic acid is involved in the basal resistance of tomato plants to citrus exocortis viroid and tomato spotted wilt virus.	tomato plants expressing the nahg transgene, which prevents accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (sa), were used to study the importance of the sa signalling pathway in basal defence against citrus exocortis viroid (cevd) or tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). the lack of sa accumulation in the cevd- or tswv-infected nahg tomato plants led to an early and dramatic disease phenotype, as compared to that observed in the corresponding parental money maker. addition of acibenzolar-s-methyl, a ben ...	2016	27893781
the predicted lytic transglycosylase hpah from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associates with the type iii secretion system and promotes effector protein translocation.	the pathogenicity of the gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria depends on a type iii secretion (t3s) system, which spans both bacterial membranes and translocates effector proteins into plant cells. the assembly of the t3s system presumably involves the predicted lytic transglycosylase (lt) hpah, which is encoded adjacent to the t3s gene cluster. bacterial lts degrade peptidoglycan and often promote the formation of membrane-spanning macromolecular prote ...	2017	27895129
co-regulation of iron metabolism and virulence associated functions by iron and xibr, a novel iron binding transcription factor, in the plant pathogen xanthomonas.	abilities of bacterial pathogens to adapt to the iron limitation present in hosts is critical to their virulence. bacterial pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to coordinately regulate iron metabolism and virulence associated functions to maintain iron homeostasis in response to changing iron availability in the environment. in many bacteria the ferric uptake regulator (fur) functions as transcription factor that utilize ferrous form of iron as cofactor to regulate transcription of iron me ...	2016	27902780
purification and characterization of an endoinulinase from xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli km 24 mutant.	an extracellular endoinulinase from xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli km 24 mutant was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography and showed a specific activity of 119 u/mg. the optimum ph and temperature of the purified enzyme were found to be 6.0 and 50 °c, respectively. the enzyme was stable up to 60 °c, retaining 60% of residual activity for 30 min, but inactivated rapidly above 60 °c. the enzyme was found to be stable at ph=6-9 when it retained 100% of its residual activity. ...	2015	27904343
methylome analysis of two xanthomonas spp. using single-molecule real-time sequencing.	single-molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing allows identification of methylated dna bases and methylation patterns/motifs at the genome level. using smrt sequencing, diverse bacterial methylomes including those of helicobacter pylori, lactobacillus spp., and escherichia coli have been determined, and previously unreported dna methylation motifs have been identified. however, the methylomes of xanthomonas species, which belong to the most important plant pathogenic bacterial genus, have not been ...	2016	27904456
simultaneous detection of three bacterial seed-borne diseases in rice using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.	burkholderia glumae (bacterial grain rot), xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (bacterial leaf blight), and acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (bacterial brown stripe) are major seedborne pathogens of rice. based on the 16s and 23s rdna sequences for a. avenae subsp. avenae and b. glumae, and transposase a gene sequence for x. oryzae pv. oryzae, three sets of primers had been designed to produce 402 bp for b. glumae, 490 bp for x. oryzae, and 290 bp for a. avenae subsp. avenae with the 63°c as an optimum ...	2016	27904465
chemical defence in a millipede: evaluation and characterization of antimicrobial activity of the defensive secretion from pachyiulus hungaricus (karsch, 1881) (diplopoda, julida, julidae).	the chemical defence of the millipede pachyiulus hungaricus is reported in the present paper, in which a chemical characterization is given and antimicrobial activity is determined. in total, independently of sex, 44 compounds were identified. all compounds belong to two groups: quinones and pentyl and hexyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. the relative abundances of quinones and non-quinones were 94.7% vs. 5.3% (males) and 87.3% vs. 12.7% (females), respectively. the two dominant quinones in b ...	2016	27907048
identification of pectin degrading enzymes secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and determination of their role in virulence on rice.	xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (xoo) causes the serious bacterial blight disease of rice. xoo secretes a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) like cellulases, xylanases, esterases etc., which act on various components of the rice cell wall. the major cellulases and xylanases secreted by xoo have been identified and their role in virulence has been determined. in this study, we have identified some of the pectin degrading enzymes of xoo and assessed their role in virulence. bioin ...	2016	27907079
hydrogen cyanide in the rhizosphere: not suppressing plant pathogens, but rather regulating availability of phosphate.	plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produce chemical compounds with different benefits for the plant. among them, hcn is recognized as a biocontrol agent, based on its ascribed toxicity against plant pathogens. based on several past studies questioning the validity of this hypothesis, we have re-addressed the issue by designing a new set of in vitro experiments, to test if hcn-producing rhizobacteria could inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. the level of hcn produced by the rhizobacteria in v ...	2016	27917154