Publications

expression of the cry11a gene of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	the complete cry11a region gene of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis was fused in frame to the 3' end of the gst gene under the control of the saccharomyces cerevisiae hxk1 promoter. the fusion protein gst-cry11a was expressed in s. cerevisiae strain amw13c+. the fusion gene gst-cry11a was expressed when yeast cells were grown on galactose and a nonfermentable medium containing ethanol as carbon and energy source. when the cells were grown in glucose, mannose, fructose, or glycerol as carb ...	2005	16091775
development and characterization of a double subgenomic chikungunya virus infectious clone to express heterologous genes in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	three full-length infectious cdna clones based on the alphavirus chikungunya (chikv) were developed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. the full-length clone retained the viral phenotypes of chikv in both cell culture and in mosquitoes and should be a valuable tool for the study of virus interactions in an epidemiologically significant natural vector, aedes aegypti. two additional infectious clones were constructed that express green fluorescent protein (egfp) in the midgut, salivary glands, ...	2005	16102421
mutant mos1 mariner transposons are hyperactive in aedes aegypti.	the development of genetic strategies to control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases through the use of class ii transposons has been hampered by suboptimal rates of transformation and the absence of post-integration mobility for all transposons evaluated to date. two mos1 mariner transposase mutants were produced by the site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids, e137 and e264, to k and r, respectively. the effects of these mutations on the transpositional activities of mos1-derived transposon ...	2005	16102425
proteome of aedes aegypti larvae in response to infection by the intracellular parasite vavraia culicis.	we report on the modification of the aedes aegypti larval proteome following infection by the microsporidian parasite vavraia culicis. mosquito larvae were sampled at 5 and 15 days of age to compare the effects of infection when the parasite was in two different developmental stages. modifications of the host proteome due to the stress of infection were distinguished from those of a more general nature by treatments involving hypoxia. we found that the major reaction to stress was the suppressio ...	2005	16102770
dengue virus nonstructural protein ns5 induces interleukin-8 transcription and secretion.	elevated circulating levels of chemokines have been reported in patients with dengue fever and are proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue disease. to establish in vitro models for chemokine induction by dengue 2 virus (den2v), we studied a variety of human cell lines and primary cells. den2v infection of hepg2 and primary dendritic cells induced the production of interleukin-8 (il-8), rantes, mip-1alpha, and mip-1beta, whereas only il-8 and rantes were induced following dengue viru ...	2005	16103156
the secreted form of dengue virus nonstructural protein ns1 is endocytosed by hepatocytes and accumulates in late endosomes: implications for viral infectivity.	the flavivirus nonstructural protein ns1 is expressed as three discrete species in infected mammalian cells: an intracellular, membrane-associated form essential for viral replication, a cell surface-associated form that may be involved in signal transduction, and a secreted form (sns1), the biological properties of which remain elusive. to determine the distribution of the dengue virus (den) sns1 protein in vivo, we have analyzed by immunohistological means the tissue tropism of purified den sn ...	2005	16103191
application of an alternative aedes species (diptera: culicidae) surveillance method in botucatu city, sao paulo, brazil.	one of the main problems with dengue is the control of aedes aegypti, its major vector. in brazil, the current control program for ae. aegypti and aedes albopictus populations includes larval density surveys. an interesting alternative is the use of a distinct index, the premise condition index (pci). this tool relates conditions of property, such as houses and yards, and the degree of shade with the occurrence of aedes sp. oviposition, and is calculated as scores from 3 to 9. the lowest score i ...	2005	16103596
field evaluation of spatial repellency of metofluthrin impregnated plastic strips against mosquitoes in hai phong city, vietnam.	spatial repellency of metofluthrin-impregnated polyethylene plastic strips against mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus, were studied in a residential area in hai phong city, vietnam. thirty houses were selected as trial sites; half of these were assigned as untreated control and the other half were assigned for treatment. primarily, irrespective of the room size, one room was treated with one strip. the dominant species in the trial sites were culex quinquefasciatus and aedes ae ...	2005	16103602
potential role of sylvatic and domestic african mosquito species in dengue emergence.	dengue virus 2 (denv-2) strains that circulate in sylvatic habitats of senegal and other parts of west africa are believed to represent ancestral forms that evolved into endemic/epidemic strains that now circulate widely in urban areas of the tropics. previous studies suggested that the evolution of the endemic/epidemic strains was mediated by adaptation to the peridomestic mosquito vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus. we conducted experimental infections using sylvatic and peridomestic sen ...	2005	16103619
enhanced t-cell response to mosquito extracts by nk cells in hypersensitivity to mosquito bites associated with ebv infection and nk cell lymphocytosis.	hypersensitivity to mosquito bites is characterized by severe systemic as well as local symptoms, and associated with chronic active ebv infection and nk cell lymphocytosis. in this hen disease, we investigated the response of pbmc to msg extracts. pbmc were taken from three defined cases of hen disease, three borderline cases, five individuals with simple exaggerated reactions to mosquito bites without systemic symptoms (simple responders), and eight healthy donors. pbmc, or purified cd4+, cd8+ ...	2005	16108834
carbonic anhydrase in the adult mosquito midgut.	we have previously demonstrated the involvement of carbonic anhydrase (ca) in larval mosquito midgut physiology. in this study, we used hansson's histochemistry to examine the distribution of the enzyme in the midgut of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, culex quinquefasciatus, culex nigripalpus, ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, anopheles albimanus and anopheles quadrimaculatus adult mosquitoes. additionally, we quantitated ca content in the anterior and posterior midgut of adult males and females fro ...	2005	16109888
mosquito natriuretic peptide identified as a calcitonin-like diuretic hormone in anopheles gambiae (giles).	mosquito natriuretic peptide (mnp), an uncharacterised peptide from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, acts via cyclic amp to stimulate secretion of na+-rich urine by opening a na+ conductance in the basolateral membrane of malpighian tubule principal cells. corticotropin releasing factor (crf)-related peptides and calcitonin (ct)-like diuretic peptides use cyclic amp as a second messenger and were therefore considered likely candidates for mnp. blast searches of the genome of the malaria ...	2005	16109890
evaluation of histological techniques for the detection of fungal infections caused by leptolegnia chapmanii (oomycetes: saprolegniales) in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae.	we evaluated which of the fixatives and stains most frequently used for observation of insect tissues were the most appropriate for histopathological visualization of entomopathogenic fungal infections with leptolegnia chapmanii in larvae of aedes aegypti. the best contrast between the host tissues and the fungal structures was obtained when using a combination of camoy fixative with grocott staining contrasted with light green. masson trichromic stain combined with 10% formaldehyde-phosphate bu ...	2005	16110916
anopheles gambiae srpn2 facilitates midgut invasion by the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei.	we report on a phylogenetic and functional analysis of genes encoding three mosquito serpins (srpn1, srpn2 and srpn3), which resemble known inhibitors of prophenoloxidase-activating enzymes in other insects. following rna interference induction by double-stranded rna injection, knockdown of srpn2 in adult anopheles gambiae produced a notable phenotype: the appearance of melanotic pseudotumours, which increased in size and number with time, indicating spontaneous melanization and association with ...	2005	16113656
tick saliva is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.	we report for the first time that saliva of the hard tick and lyme disease vector, ixodes scapularis, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. saliva (< or = 1:500 dilutions) or salivary gland (0.1-0.5 pairs/assay) dose-dependently inhibits microvascular endothelial cell (mvec) proliferation. inhibition was also detected with the saliva of the cattle tick boophilus microplus but not with the salivary gland of anopheles gambiae, an. stephensi, lutzomyia longipalpis, phlebotomus papatasi, aedes aegy ...	2005	16113800
identification of the best ovitrap installation sites for gravid aedes (stegomyia) aegypti in residences in mirassol, state of são paulo, brazil.	this study aimed at identifying the best ovitrap installation sites for gravid aedes aegypti in mirassol, state of são paulo, brazil. ovitraps were installed in ten houses per block over ten blocks. four ovitraps were placed per residence, one in the bedroom, one in the living room, and two outdoors with one in a sheltered area and one in an outside site. each week for eleven weeks, visits were made to examine the ovitraps and to change the paddles used for egg-laying. eggs were analyzed accordi ...	2005	16113880
suppression of brugia malayi (sub-periodic) larval development in aedes aegypti (liverpool strain) fed on blood of animals immunized with microfilariae.	preliminary studies were carried out to investigate the role of filarial specific antibodies, raised in an animal model against the filarial parasite, brugia malayi (sub-periodic), in blocking their early development in an experimental mosquito host, aedes aegypti (liverpool strain). in order to generate filarial specific antibodies, mongolian gerbils, meriones unguiculatus, were immunized either with live microfilariae (mf) of b. malayi or their homogenate. mf were harvested from the peritoneal ...	2005	16113889
evaluation of methoprene effect on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) development in laboratory conditions.	several brazilian aedes aegypti populations are resistant to the larvicidae temephos. methoprene, that inhibits adult emergence, is one of the alternatives envisaged by the brazilian dengue control program (pncd). however, at brazil vector infestation rates are measured through larvae indexes and it has been claimed that methoprene use in the field could face operational problems. in order to define a standardized protocol, methoprene effect was evaluated in laboratory conditions after continuou ...	2005	16113894
monitoring of resistance to the pyrethroid cypermethrin in brazilian aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations collected between 2001 and 2003.	resistance to cypermethrin of different aedes aegypti brazilian populations, collected at two successive periods (2001 and 2002/2003), was monitored using the insecticide-coated bottles bioassay. slight modifications were included in the method to discriminate between mortality and the knock down effect. although this pyrethroid was recently started to be used in the country to control the dengue vector, a decrease in susceptibility was noted between both periods analyzed, particularly in the ci ...	2005	16113895
infestation of aedes aegypti estimated by oviposition traps in brazil.	to assess infestation levels of aedes aegypti using the oviposition trap (ovitrap) method and to compare these results with data obtained with the use of indices traditionally applied in public programs aimed at fighting this vector.	2005	16113903
[seasonal fluctuation of aedes aegypti in chaco province, argentina].	to study the seasonal fluctuation of aedes aegypti and to correlate its abundance with climate conditions.	2005	16113904
site-specific genomic targeting in drosophila.	transcriptional regulation of transgenes depends upon genomic localization in higher eukaryotes. for the applied use of transgenic organisms as producers of pharmaceutically relevant proteins or as pest population control agents, a method to make transgene expression predictable is highly desirable. a targeting method that allows precise cassette replacement comprising solely genes of interest (without extraneous donor vector sequences) would be highly advantageous for insects and other multicel ...	2005	16116081
asymmetrical competition and patterns of abundance of aedes albopictus and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae).	we tested for competitive advantage among larvae of aedes albopictus (skuse) and culex pipiens l. in a laboratory experiment and determined the frequency and spatial and temporal patterns of co-occurrence in the field in east st. louis, il. in a laboratory competition experiment at multiple combined densities of ae. albopictus and cx. pipiens larvae, ae. albopictus survivorship and developmental times were significantly affected by conspecific densities but not by cx. pipiens densities. in contr ...	2005	16119544
genetic structure and gene flow among aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations from central thailand.	isozymes from five wild-caught populations of aedes aegypti (l.) were compared using starch gel electrophoresis to estimate rates of gene flow between and among geographically close mosquito populations. ae. aegypti were collected from five different locations in bangkok, thailand. one collection was obtained from central bangkok (huai-khwang); the other four samples were obtained from surrounding areas (districts latkrabang, ratburana, laksi, and bangkok noi). based on 24 loci (17 enzyme system ...	2005	16119549
potential use of pyriproxyfen for control of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in iquitos, perú.	the effects of pyriproxyfen were tested against a local population of aedes aegypti (l.) in iquitos, perú. bioassays showed that, when applied to late instars, pyriproxyfen prevented adult emergence at extremely low concentrations (lc50 = 0.012 ppb). there was no adult emergence from water sampled from storage tanks that had been seeded with the equivalent of 50-83 ppb (ai) pyriproxyfen. five months after treatment, despite constant dilution of these tanks, water sampled from these sources conti ...	2005	16119551
feeding deterrent effects of catnip oil components compared with two synthetic amides against aedes aegypti.	recently, catnip, nepeta cataria l. (lamiaceae), essential oil has been formulated and marketed as an alternative repellent for protection against biting arthropods by several vendors. we isolated the major active components of catnip oil, e,z- and z,e-nepetalactone, and quantitatively measured their antibiting efficacy compared with the repellents n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and chiral (1s,2's)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide (ss220) against the yellowfever mosquito, ae ...	2005	16119554
assessment of laboratory and field assays of sunlight-induced killing of mosquito larvae by photosensitizers.	the effectiveness of light-induced killing of mosquito larvae in the presence of photosensitizers was studied with larvae of aedes aegypti (l.), anopheles stephensi (liston), and culex quinquefasciatus say grown in the laboratory and of cx. quinquefasciatus grown under field conditions. tested photosensitizers included xanthene, chlorin, and porphyrin derivatives. all the larvae were treated at the fourth instar. preliminary laboratory experiments showed a light-induced lethal effect of rose ben ...	2005	16119556
the drosophila melanogaster cinnabar gene is a cell autonomous genetic marker in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the cinnabar gene of drosophila melanogaster (meigen) encodes for kynurenine hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in ommochrome biosynthesis. this gene is commonly included as a visible genetic marker in gene vectors used to create transgenic aedes aegypti (l.) that are homozygous for the khw allele, the mosquito homolog of cinnabar. unexpectedly, the phenotype of cells expressing kynurenine hydroxylase in transgenic ae. aegypti is cell autonomous as demonstrated by the recovery of insects heterozygo ...	2005	16119567
mathematical model to assess the control of aedes aegypti mosquitoes by the sterile insect technique.	we propose a mathematical model to assess the effects of irradiated (or transgenic) male insects introduction in a previously infested region. the release of sterile male insects aims to displace gradually the natural (wild) insect from the habitat. we discuss the suitability of this release technique when applied to peri-domestically adapted aedes aegypti mosquitoes which are transmissors of yellow fever and dengue disease.	2005	16125739
characterization of n-linked oligosaccharides in chorion peroxidase of aedes aegypti mosquito.	a peroxidase is present in the chorion of aedes aegypti eggs and catalyzes chorion protein cross-linking during chorion hardening, which is critical for egg survival in the environment. the unique chorion peroxidase (cpo) is a glycoprotein. this study deals with the n-glycosylation site, structures, and profile of cpo-associated oligosaccharides using mass spectrometric techniques and enzymatic digestion. cpo was isolated from chorion by solubilization and several chromatographic methods. mono-s ...	2005	16131661
analyzing ligation mixtures using a pcr based method.	we have developed a simple and effective method (lig-pcr) for monitoring ligation reactions using pcr and primers that are common to many cloning vectors. ligation mixtures can directly be used as templates and the results can be analyzed by conventional gel electrophoresis. the pcr products are representative of the recombinant molecules created during ligation and the corresponding transformants. orientation of inserts can also be determined using an internal primer. the usefulness of this met ...	2005	16136227
identification and characterization of the fibrinogen-like domain of fibrinogen-related proteins in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and the fruitfly, drosophila melanogaster, genomes.	the fibrinogen-like (fbg) domain, which consists of approximately 200 amino acid residues, has high sequence similarity to the c-terminal halves of fibrinogen beta and gamma chains. fibrinogen-related proteins (freps), which contain fbg domains in their c-terminal region, are found universally in vertebrates and invertebrates. in invertebrates, freps are involved in immune responses and other aspects of physiology. to understand the complexity of this family in insects, we analyzed freps in the ...	2005	16150145
novel glycosidic linkage in aedes aegypti chorion peroxidase: n-mannosyl tryptophan.	aedes aegypti chorion peroxidase (cpo) plays a crucial role in chorion hardening by catalyzing chorion protein cross-linking through dityrosine formation. the enzyme is extremely resistant to denaturing conditions, which seem intimately related to its post-translational modifications, including disulfide bond formation and glycosylation. in this report, we have provided data that describe a new type of glycosylation in cpo, where a mannose is linked to the n-1 atom of the indole ring of trp resi ...	2005	16150691
antiviral silencing in animals.	rna silencing or rna interference (rnai) refers to the small rna-guided gene silencing mechanism conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms from plants to mammals. as part of this special issue on the biology, mechanisms and applications of rnai, here we review the recent advances on defining a role of rnai in the responses of invertebrate and vertebrate animals to virus infection. approximately 40 mirnas and 10 rnai suppressors encoded by diverse mammalian viruses have been identified. a ...	2005	16154568
bruchid (coleoptera: bruchidae) ovicidal phenylbutanoid from zingiber purpureum.	the larvicidal activity of the dichloromethane extract of zingiber purpureum roscoe (zingiberaceae) rhizome against the second instar of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is shown to be due to 4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene. the diene also showed ovicidal activity against the bruchid callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleoptera: bruchidae). most of the eggs laid by bruchids on treated cowpea seeds were transparent, and very few of them contained developing embryos. the few larvae pro ...	2005	16156567
transgenic alteration of toll immune pathway in the female mosquito aedes aegypti.	reverse genetics is a powerful tool for understanding gene functions and their interactions in the mosquito innate immunity. we took the transgenic approach, in combination with the rna interference (rnai) technique, to elucidate the role of mosquito rel1, a homolog of drosophila dorsal, in regulation of toll immune pathway in the mosquito aedes aegypti. by transforming the mosquitoes with deltarel1-a or a double-stranded rna construct of rel1 driven by the female fat body-specific vitellogenin ...	2005	16157887
dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemics in brazil: what research is needed based on trends, surveillance, and control experiences?	dengue epidemics account annually for several million cases and deaths worldwide. the high endemic level of dengue fever and its hemorrhagic form correlates to extensive domiciliary infestation by aedes aegypti and multiple viral serotype human infection. this study analyzed serial case reports registered in brazil since 1981, describing incidence evolutionary patterns and spatial distribution. epidemic waves followed the introduction of every serotype (den 1 to 3), and reduction in susceptible ...	2005	16158135
partial restoration of antibacterial activity of the protein encoded by a cryptic open reading frame (cyt1ca) from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by site-directed mutagenesis.	insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis belong to two unrelated toxin families: receptor-specific cry toxins against insects and cyt toxins that lyse a broad range of cells, including bacteria, via direct binding to phospholipids. a new cyt-like open reading frame (cyt1ca) encoding a 60-kda protein, has recently been discovered (c. berry et al., appl. environ. microbiol. 68:5082-5095, 2002). cyt1ca displays the structure of a two-domain fusion protein: the n-terminal moiety resem ...	2005	16159771
modulation of anopheles gambiae gene expression in response to o'nyong-nyong virus infection.	to determine if gene expression of an. gambiae is modulated in response to o'nyong-nyong virus (onnv) infection, we utilized cdna microarrays including about 20 000 cdnas. gene expression levels of onnv-infected female mosquitoes were compared to that of the uninfected control females harvested at 14 days postinfection. in response to onnv infection, expression levels of 18 genes were significantly modulated, being at least two-fold up- or down-regulated. quantitative real-time pcr analysis (qrt ...	2005	16164603
co-expression of bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba and cyt2aa2 in escherichia coli revealed high synergism against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae.	cry4ba is a delta-endotoxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and cyt2aa2 is a cytolytic delta-endotoxin produced by b. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis. cry4ba produced in escherichia coli was toxic to aedes aegypti larvae (lc(50)=140 ng ml(-1)) but virtually inactive to culex quinquefasciatus larvae. cyt2aa2 expressed in e. coli exhibited moderate activity against a. aegypti and c. quinquefasciatus larvae with lc(50) values of 350 and 250 ng ml(-1), respectively. co-expr ...	2005	16168580
characterization of apyrase-like activity in ochlerotatus triseriatus, ochlerotatus hendersoni, and aedes aegypti.	the saliva of a blood-feeding insect can facilitate the intake of blood and effect the transmission of a pathogen. apyrase is a salivary enzyme that inhibits the aggregation of platelets by hydrolyzing the activating molecule adp. apyrase also hydrolyzes atp, which is a signal for neutrophil activation. investigators have reported that malaria vector species in the anopheles gambiae species complex and the genus simulium had more apyrase activity than sibling species that were non-vectors. in th ...	2005	16172478
fitness consequences of anopheles gambiae population hybridization.	the use of transgenic mosquitoes with parasite inhibiting genes has been proposed as an integral strategy to control malaria transmission. however, release of exotic transgenic mosquitoes will bring in novel alleles along with parasite-inhibiting genes that may have unknown effects on native populations. thus it is necessary to study the effects and dynamics of fitness traits in native mosquito populations in response to the introduction of novel genes. this study was designed to evaluate the dy ...	2005	16174295
laboratory and scaled up evaluation of cis-permethrin applied as a new ultra low volume formulation against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	ultra low volume (ulv) aerial spraying is a common methodology for spatial treatments for aedes aegypti (l.) control. previous studies from our laboratory indicated that the cis isomer of permethrin has an excellent efficacy for vector control, in particular for triatoma infestans. it was of interest to determine the efficacy of this pure isomer in a ulv water-based formulation for adult a. aegypti control, since both vectors usually are found together in south america. a method is presented to ...	2006	16174514
genetic variation along time in a brazilian population of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), detected by changes in the esterase patterns.	aedes aegypti from the brazilian cities of são josé do rio preto (sj) and goiânia (go) were analyzed as to their esterase patterns and the results were compared with data obtained about 5 years before for sj population. esterase bands not detected in the previous study were now observed in mosquitoes from both sj and go populations, being the last considered a population resistant to insecticides. other similarities between sj and go populations in this study, and some differences in comparison ...	2005	16175454
phylogeography of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) based on mitochondrial dna variations.	aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) are the most important vectors of the dengue and yellow-fever viruses. both took advantage of trade developments to spread throughout the tropics from their native area: a. aegypti originated from africa and a. albopictus from south-east asia. we investigated the relationships between a. aegypti and a. albopictus mosquitoes based on three mitochondrial-dna genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase i and nadh dehydrogenase subu ...	2005	16181519
binding aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus to ion exchange membranes.	experimental and numerical results for binding aedes aegypti densonucleosis virus (aednv) using anion and cation exchange membranes are presented. aednv particles are adsorbed by anion and cation exchange membranes providing the virus particles and membranes are oppositely charged. q membranes which are strongly basic anion exchangers were the most effective. dynamic and static capacities for q membranes were found to be similar. a numerical model is proposed which assumes a log normal pore size ...	2005	16188566
dengue virus inoculation to human skin explants: an effective approach to assess in situ the early infection and the effects on cutaneous dendritic cells.	although dengue virus (dv) enters through skin while mosquitoes feed, early contacts remain unexplored regarding the cutaneous viral fate and in situ immune responses. we addressed this by exposing healthy, non-cadaveric, freshly obtained human skin explants to a human dv2 isolate. we demonstrated negative-strand dv-rna and non-structural protein-1, both suggestive of viral replication in skin. although control, mock-infected and dv-infected explants showed less (mhc-cii(+)/cd1a(+)/langerin+) la ...	2005	16191104
novel 5beta-hydroxyspirostan-6-ones ecdysteroid antagonists: synthesis and biological testing.	eight new 5beta-hydroxy-spirostan-6-ones bearing hydroxy and amino functions in the a ring, i.e., 3beta-oh, 3alpha-oh, 2beta,3beta-oh, 2alpha,3beta-oh, 3beta-nh2, 2alpha-nh2-3beta-oh, 2beta-nh2-3beta-oh, and 2beta-oh-3beta-nh2, were efficiently synthesized, and their antiecdysteroid activities were evaluated on the metamorphosis bioassay of mosquito aedes aegypti. to our knowledge, these new steroids represent the first 5beta-hydroxy-spirostanes which have been tested for antiecdysteroid activit ...	2006	16191434
projection patterns of gustatory neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion and tritocerebrum of mosquitoes.	mosquitoes are heavily dependent on gustatory information when feeding. following the recent elucidation of the molecular basis of gustation in the malaria mosquito, we present a detailed study of primary central projections of gustatory receptor neurons into the brain in the malaria (anopheles gambiae) and yellow fever (aedes aegypti) mosquito. in the brain we provide a detailed map of the areas targeted and describe a number of intrinsic neural elements connecting primary taste areas to higher ...	2005	16196031
effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.	the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes.	2005	16197541
malarial infection in aedes aegypti : effects on feeding, fecundity and metabolic rate.	we have examined metabolic rate, lipid and carbohydrate of female aedes aegypti during 10 days following a malaria-infected bloodmeal. in parallel, we determined bloodmeal size, portions retained and diuresed, and subsequent fecundity. we found that mosquitoes obtained identical masses of blood when feeding on an infected or control host. however, infected mosquitoes lost more mass during diuresis and retained a smaller mass. infection led to a significant reduction in fecundity, the extent of w ...	2006	16197594
purification and primary structural characterization of prophenoloxidases from aedes aegypti larvae.	there are more prophenoloxidase (propo) genes in mosquitoes than other model insect species studied to date. the high sequence similarity among mosquito propos makes it extremely difficult to use histochemical methods to determine the presence of individual propos in different stages of mosquito development or their tissue locations. as a consequence, there always are questions when attempting to assign any observed functions to a particular propo. by following the po fractions of aedes aegypti ...	2005	16203208
sindbis virus induces transport processes and alters expression of innate immunity pathway genes in the midgut of the disease vector, aedes aegypti.	the midgut of hematophagous insects is the initial site of infection by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and plays a crucial role in vector competence. to further understand processes that occur in the midgut in response to infection by an arbovirus, dna microarrays were used to analyze gene expression changes following infection by the alphavirus, sindbis (mre16 malaysian strain). midgut transcription profiles from mosquitoes fed blood containing 10(8)pfu/ml of virus were compared with tho ...	2005	16203210
serotype-specific detection of dengue viruses in a fourplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay.	the dengue (den) viruses are positive-strand rna viruses in the genus flavivirus. dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome are important human arboviral diseases caused by infection with one of four closely related but serologically distinct den viruses, designated den-1, den-2, den-3, and den-4 viruses. all four den serotypes are currently co-circulating throughout the subtropics and tropics, and genotypic variation occurs among isolates within a serotype. a real-time qua ...	2005	16207951
[detection of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti l. mosquitoes in sochi city].	few aedes aegypti females were found when collecting the mosquitoes attacking human beings in the central district of sochi in august to september 2001-2004. ae. aegypti, a vector of dangerous causative agents of diseases, such as yellow and aden fevers, appeared on the black sea coast of the caucasus is recorded after its long absence. by taking into account the potential epidemic value of ae. aegypti, it is necessary to make a monitoring in the cities, towns, and settlements to establish the s ...	2005	16212085
mutually exclusive splicing of the insect dscam pre-mrna directed by competing intronic rna secondary structures.	drosophila dscam encodes 38,016 distinct axon guidance receptors through the mutually exclusive alternative splicing of 95 variable exons. importantly, known mechanisms that ensure the mutually exclusive splicing of pairs of exons cannot explain this phenomenon in dscam. i have identified two classes of conserved elements in the dscam exon 6 cluster, which contains 48 alternative exons--the docking site, located in the intron downstream of constitutive exon 5, and the selector sequences, which a ...	0	16213213
influence of the endosymbiont of blastocrithidia culicis and crithidia deanei on the glycoconjugate expression and on aedes aegypti interaction.	blastocrithidia culicis and crithidia deanei are trypanosomatid protozoa of insects that normally contain intracellular symbiotic bacteria. the protozoa can be rid of their endosymbionts by antibiotics, producing a cured cell line. here, we analyzed the glycoconjugate profiles of endosymbiont-harboring and cured strains of b. culicis and c. deanei by western blotting and flow cytometry analyses using lectins that recognize specifically sialic acid and mannose-like residues. the absence of the en ...	2005	16216441
a spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing female mosquitoes as prey.	spiders do not feed directly on vertebrate blood, but a small east african jumping spider (salticidae), evarcha culicivora, feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing as preferred prey female mosquitoes that have had recent blood meals. experiments show that this spider can identify its preferred prey by sight alone and by odor alone. when presented with two types of size-matched motionless lures, e. culicivora consistently chose blood-fed female mosquitoes in preference to nonmosquito pre ...	2005	16217015
a two-year survey on mosquitoes of lebanon.	a total of 6,500 mosquitoes were identified during a two-year survey (1999-2001) in lebanon, and these belonged to twelve species: culex pipiens, cx. laticinctus, cx. mimeticus, cx. hortensis, cx. judaicus, aedes aegypti, ae. cretinus, ochlerotatus caspius, oc. geniculatus, oc. pulchritarsis, culiseta longiareolata and anopheles claviger. culex pipiens was the most predominant species in lebanon, collected indoors and outdoors. it was continuously abundant and active throughout the year. culex j ...	2005	16218210
aedes (stegomyia) albopictus--a dengue threat for southern australia?	aedes albopictus, the so-called 'asian tiger mosquito,' which has invaded areas of the pacific, the americas, africa and europe, and been intercepted in various australian seaports in recent years, has now become established on a number of torres strait islands in northern queensland and threatens to invade mainland australia. as well as being a significant pest with day-biting tendencies, ae. albopictus is a vector of dengue viruses and is capable of transmitting a number of other arboviruses. ...	2005	16220868
genetic diversity of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in australia and implications for future surveillance and mainland incursion monitoring.	in february 2004, the discovery of an incursion of the dengue vector aedes aegypti into the town of tennant creek in the northern territory caused concern for the northern territory health authorities who proceeded to implement a commonwealth-funded eradication program. to determine the origin of the incursion, we performed a genetic analysis on ae. aegypti from several queensland and overseas localities. a comparison of dna sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene indicated th ...	2005	16220869
additional morphological and physiological heterogeneity within the midgut of larval aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) revealed by histology, electrophysiology, and effects of bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.	analysis of larval aedes aegypti midgut using scanning electron microscopy, nuclear and mitochondrial dyes, response to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis cryivb toxin, and electrophysiology is described. the anterior ventriculus ("stomach") region is found to have much lower mitochondrial densities than other midgut regions. the transitional region is distinguished by apical surface architecture, and by region-specific effects of cryivb endotoxin. in this region cryivb causes holes ranging from ...	2005	16221479
biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends.	among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. however, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all f ...	0	16223950
wolbachia establishment and invasion in an aedes aegypti laboratory population.	a proposed strategy to aid in controlling the growing burden of vector-borne disease is population replacement, in which a natural vector population is replaced by a population with a reduced capacity for disease transmission. an important component of such a strategy is the drive system, which serves to spread a desired genotype into the targeted field population. endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria are potential transgene drivers, but infections do not naturally occur in some important mosquito v ...	2005	16224027
s-phase-dependent enhancement of dengue virus 2 replication in mosquito cells, but not in human cells.	dengue virus (den) is the most prevalent cause of arthropod-borne viral illness in humans. we determined the influence of cellular growth state on den type 2 (den2) replication in mosquito and human cells, based on the hypothesis that manipulation of cellular growth state will facilitate identification of viral and cellular determinants of productive infection. comparison of density-arrested and cycling c6/36 aedes albopictus cells infected with a low-passage den2 isolate revealed that cycling c ...	2005	16227245
dengue fever in humanized nod/scid mice.	the increased transmission and geographic spread of dengue fever (df) and its more severe presentation, dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf), make it the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans (50 to 100 million infections/year) (world health organization, fact sheet 117, 2002). there are no vaccines or treatment for df or dhf because there are no animal or other models of human disease; even higher primates do not show symptoms after infection (w. f. scherer, p. k. russell, l. rosen, j ...	2005	16227299
larvicidal activity of cybistax antisyphilitica against aedes aegypti larvae.	the larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti larvae of a stem wood hexane extract of cybistax antisyphilitica was evaluated. bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract, monitored by larvicidal assay, led to the isolation of a natural quinone identified as 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1.4-naphthoquinone (lapachol). this compound was quite potent against a. aegypti larvae (lc50 26.3 microg/ml).	2005	16229968
synergistic action of e74b and ecdysteroid receptor in activating a 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene.	a number of insect effector genes activated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) are dually controlled by the ecdysteroid receptor (ecr/usp) and products of ecdysteroid early responsive genes (e74, e75, and broad). however, the molecular mechanism of this dual action is poorly understood. here we examined transcriptional activation of the vitellogenin (vg) gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, by ecr/usp and e74 in response to an elevation of 20e titers. there are two isof ...	2005	16230625
isolation of bacterial strains colonizable in mosquito larval guts as novel host cells for mosquito control.	we screened for microorganisms that can be utilized as new host cells for mosquito larvicides. as long persistence in the environment is required of host cells, we examined the bacterial populations in the guts of mosquito larvae collected from natural breeding habitats. larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were examined, and bacillus species, particularly bacillus cereus, were found to be the dominant bacterial species in their guts. to investigate the relationship between these b ...	2001	16233108
sequencing and characterization of a cdna encoding a ferritin subunit of colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata.	a differentially expressed cdna fragment (p311) from colorado potato beetle (cpb), leptinotarsa decemlineata (say), was identified by restriction fragment differential display-polymerase chain reaction (rfdd-pcr) technique, and showed a strong similarity to ferritin heavy chain subunits of other organisms. based on p311, we constructed specific primers and obtained a 840-bp cdna fragment spanning the open reading frame of cpb ferritin subunit using the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) tec ...	2005	16235258
diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens evokes a metabolic switch from blood feeding to sugar gluttony.	a key characteristic of overwintering dormancy (diapause) in the mosquito culex pipiens is the switch in females from blood feeding to sugar gluttony. we present evidence demonstrating that genes encoding enzymes needed to digest a blood meal (trypsin and a chymotrypsin-like protease) are down-regulated in diapause-destined females, and that concurrently, a gene associated with the accumulation of lipid reserves (fatty acid synthase) is highly up-regulated. as the females then enter diapause, fa ...	2005	16247003
expression of the bacillus thuringiensis mosquitocidal toxin cry11aa in the aquatic bacterium asticcacaulis excentricus.	a mosquitocidal aquatic bacterium has been developed by introducing an operon containing the cry11aa, and p20 genes from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) into the gram-negative aquatic bacterium asticcacaulis excentricus. after transformation, the cry11aa gene was successfully expressed in recombinant a. excentricus under the tac promoter, at the level of 0.04 pg/cell. the recombinant bacteria were toxic to aedes aegypti larvae with an lc(50) of 6.83 x 10(5) cells/ml. we believe t ...	2005	16252134
attraction, feeding, and repellency responses in mutant strains of aedes aegypti.	in a laboratory olfactometer, 12% of female aedes aegypti with a marker gene for red eye (re), 0.7% of females with a marker gene for white eye (we), and 54.1% of females with normal (norm) eye color were attracted to odor from a human hand. when a synthetic attractant blend was used in place of the hand, the attraction rate was 7%, 0.3%, and 35.4%, respectively. on average, re females required significantly less time (76.8 sec) than we (189.6 sec) or norm (176.7 sec) females to locate, land on, ...	2005	16252515
laboratory and field evaluation of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen (sumilarv 0.5g) against dengue vectors.	the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen was tested against aedes aegypti at 0.01 and 0.02 mg of active ingredient (ai) per liter of water in 60-liter earthern jars. both concentrations provided 100% control for 4 months. in additional experiments where 10 liters of water were replaced fortnightly, 100% control was still obtained over 4 months with 0.02 mg ai/liter and greater than 93-100% control was obtained over 4 months with 0.01 mg ai/liter. in less-controlled field-trial conditions, pyripr ...	2005	16252520
activities of some brazilian plants against larvae of the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the insecticidal activities of extracts and oils of seventeen medicinal plants of brazil have been determined using an aedes aegypti larvicidal bioassay. oils from anacardium occidentalis, copaifera langsdorffii, carapa guianensis, cymbopogon winterianus and ageratum conyzoides showed high activities with lc50 values of 14.5, 41, 57, 98 and 148 microg/l, respectively. the most active ethanolic extract tested was that from the stem of annona glabra which presented an lc50 value of 27 microg/l. th ...	2005	16253435
neuronal architecture of the mosquito deutocerebrum.	mosquito behavior is heavily dependent on olfactory and mechanosensory cues, which are detected by receptor neurons on the antenna and on the palps. recent progress in mosquito sensory genomics highlights the need for an up-to-date understanding of the neural architecture of the mosquito brain. here we present a detailed description of the neural structure of the primary target of the majority of these neurons, the deutocerebrum, in the african malaria (anopheles gambiae) and yellow fever (aedes ...	2005	16255032
a gpi-anchored alkaline phosphatase is a functional midgut receptor of cry11aa toxin in aedes aegypti larvae.	a 65 kda gpi (glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol)-anchored alp (alkaline phosphatase) was characterized as a functional receptor of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cry11aa toxin in aedes aegypti midgut cells. two (a 100 kda and a 65 kda) gpi-anchored proteins that bound cry11aa toxin were preferentially extracted after treatment of bbmv (brush boder membrane vesicles) from ae. aegypti midgut epithelia with phospholipase c. the 65 kda protein was further purified by toxin affinity chroma ...	2006	16255715
free amino acids are important for the retention of protein and non-protein meals by the midgut of aedes aegypti females.	there is a relationship between the normal progress of digestion and the retention or elimination of the proteins ingested with the meal by aedes aegyti females. the addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (sti) to a protein meal prevented digestion and resulted in a rapid elimination of the undigested proteins. the addition of a mix of free amino acids to a protein meal together with sti resulted in a significant increase in the retention of the undigested proteins during the first 10-15 hrs afte ...	2003	16256686
an immune-responsive serpin, srpn6, mediates mosquito defense against malaria parasites.	we have functionally analyzed the orthologous srpn6 genes from anopheles stephensi and anopheles gambiae using phylogenetic, molecular, reverse genetic, and cell biological tools. the results strongly implicate srpn6 in the innate immune response against plasmodium. this gene belongs to a mosquito-specific gene cluster including three additional anopheles serpins. srpn6 expression is induced by escherichia coli and both rodent and human malaria parasites. the gene is specifically expressed in mi ...	2005	16260729
identification and biochemical characterization of the anopheles gambiae 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase.	spontaneous oxidation of 3-hydroxykynureine (3-hk), a metabolic intermediate of the tryptophan degradation pathway, elicits a remarkable oxidative stress response in animal tissues. in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti the excess of this toxic metabolic intermediate is efficiently removed by a specific 3-hk transaminase, which converts 3-hk into the more stable compound xanthurenic acid. in anopheline mosquitoes transmitting malaria, xanthurenic acid plays an important role in plasmodium g ...	2005	16262702
repellent properties of celery, apium graveolens l., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.	in our search for new bioactive products against mosquito vectors, we reported the slightly larvicidal and adulticidal potency, but remarkable repellency of apium graveolens both in laboratory and field conditions. repellency of the ethanolic preparation of hexane-extracted a. graveolens was, therefore, investigated and compared with those of 15 commercial mosquito repellents including the most widely used, deet. hexane-extracted a. graveolens showed a significant degree of repellency in a dose- ...	2005	16262746
evaluation of ko-tab 1-2-3: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets.	insecticide-treated nets (itn) are an important method of preventing malaria. to remain effective, they need to be re-treated with pyrethroid insecticide at approximately yearly intervals. systems for re-treating nets in africa are limited, and the vast majority of nets in use have never been treated or were treated only once. bayer environmental science (bes) has developed a long-lasting formulation 'ko-tab 1-2-3' which can be applied to the net post-manufacture, under field conditions, and ren ...	2005	16269088
16s rrna gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught anopheles gambiae sensu lato and a. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts.	field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in africa, anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. the midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16s rrna genes. altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. interestingly, several of ...	2005	16269761
females use self-referent cues to avoid mating with previous mates.	females of many species mate repeatedly throughout their lives, often with many different males (polyandry). females can secure genetic benefits by maximizing their diversity of mating partners, and might be expected, therefore, to forego matings with previous partners in favour of novel males. indeed, a female preference for novel mating partners has been shown in several taxa, but the mechanism by which females distinguish between novel males and previous mates remains unknown. we show that fe ...	0	16271971
discrete pulses of molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, during late larval development of drosophila melanogaster: correlations with changes in gene activity.	periodic pulses of the insect steroid molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), acting via its nuclear receptor complex (ecr/usp), control gene expression at many stages throughout drosophila development. however, during the last larval instar of some lepidopteran insects, subtle changes in titers of ecdysteroids have been documented, including the so-called "commitment peak." this small elevation of 20e reprograms the larva for metamorphosis to the pupa. similar periods of ecdysteroid immunorea ...	0	16273522
invasion and maintenance of dengue virus type 2 and type 4 in the americas.	dengue virus type 4 (denv-4) was first reported in the americas in 1981, where it caused epidemics of dengue fever throughout the region. in the same year, the region's first epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported, caused by an asian strain of dengue virus type 2 (denv-2) that was distinct from the american subtype circulating previously. despite the importance of these epidemics, little is known about the rates or determinants of viral spread among island and mainland populations or ...	2005	16282468
a web-based multimedia spatial information system to document aedes aegypti breeding sites and dengue fever risk along the us-mexico border.	this paper describes a web-based multimedia spatial information system used to support a study of the re-invasion of aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector for dengue fever, in the deserts of the southwest united states/northwest mexico. the system was developed applying open geospatial consortium and world wide web consortium open specifications and using open source software. the system creates a sensory-rich environment, one which allows users to interact with the system to explore connections am ...	2006	16290210
efficacy of igr compound starycide 480 sc (triflumuron) against mosquito larvae in clear and polluted water.	an environmental friendly formulation starycide 480 sc (triflumuron-oms-2015 ), a new insect growth regulator with chitin synthesis inhibitor type mode of action was evaluated against mosquito larvae in laboratory and small-scale field trials carried out in and around delhi.	2005	16294809
discrimination of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) laboratory lines based on wing geometry.	recent techniques of geometric morphometrics were applied to the study of four thailand laboratory lines of the dengue vector aedes aegypti. these lines differed by their geographic origin and the number of generations spent in the laboratory. using a phase contrast microscope, a set of sixteen landmarks of the wings could be identified. a subsequent procrustean superposition analysis produced the corresponding size and shape variables which were statistically analyzed. size showed a significant ...	2005	16295537
laboratory bio-assay of temephos and fenthion against some vector species of public health importance.	laboratory studies carried out using temephos and fenthion, two commonly used larvicides under urban malaria scheme (nmep) and nfcp for the control of mosquito larvae. the results revealed that the lc50 and lc90 values for temephos against aedes aegypti 0.0177 and 0.0559, anopheles stephensi 0.0148 and 0.0472, culex quinquefasciatus 0.0157 & 0.0480 and for culex vishnui group of mosquitoes 0.043 & 0.0118 ppm respectively. the results obtained revealed that there is a 62.8 & 94.12 times increase ...	2004	16295670
predatory potential of nepa cinerea against mosquito larvae in laboratory conditions.	biocontrol potential of nepidae bug, nepa cinerea against immature stages of anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. it was found that n. cinerea had the highest predation against an. stephensi followed by an. culicifacies, cmx quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. from the analysis, it was found that n. cinerea has good predation efficacy. it can be used as a biological control agent to control of mosquito breedi ...	2004	16295671
surveillance of dengue vector at thiruvananthapuram (kerala) international airport.	a survey of aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes was undertaken in and around the international airport at thiruvananthapuram during premonsoon season. an attempt has been made in this paper to elaborate on the presence of risk potential for dengue /yellow fever at the airport with the detection of aedes breeding. the entomological indices have also been discussed with regard to presence of potential wet containers and rate of infestation by aedes mosquitoes. the airport area was searched for aedes (ste ...	2004	16295677
a simple, artificial-membrane feeding method for the radio-isotope labelling of aedes aegypti polypeptides in vivo.	an artificial feeding unit has been designed and constructed to feed laboratory-bred aedes aegypti with a radio-isotope (35s), so that the mosquitoes' polypeptides can be labelled in vivo. in the unit, a piece of parafilm m barrier film is stretched over the bottom, outer surface of a polystyrene petri dish, to create a small gap in which the mixture of blood and radio-isotope is placed. warm water is placed in the dish, to keep the blood at about 37 degrees c. when such units were placed on net ...	2005	16297294
insight into a conserved lifestyle: protein-carbohydrate adhesion strategies of vector-borne pathogens.		2005	16299269
function and evolution of a mosquito salivary protein family.	saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a complex and diverse mixture of antihemostatic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory compounds. the d7 salivary family of proteins is abundantly expressed in blood-feeding diptera and is distantly related to the odorant-binding protein superfamily. in mosquitoes, two subfamilies exist, the long and short d7 proteins. ticks and kissing bugs evolved salivary lipocalins that act as efficient scavengers of biogenic amines, and a similar function was pos ...	2006	16301315
genetic lineages in the yellow fever mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from peru.	the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti was introduced in peru in 1852 and was considered to be eradicated in 1958. in 2001, ae. aegypti had been recorded in 15 out of 24 peruvian departments. peru has great ecological differences between the east and west sides of andes. because of this, we consider that ae. aegypti populations of both east and west sides can have a genetically distinct population structure. in this study we examined genetic variability and genealogical relationships among thre ...	2005	16302064
isolation of a fragment homologous to the rp49 constitutive gene of drosophila in the neotropical malaria vector anopheles aquasalis (diptera: culicidae).	the constitutive ribosomal gene rp49 is frequently used as an endogenous control in drosophila gene expression experiments. using the degenerate primer pcr technique we have cloned a fragment homologous to this gene in anopheles aquasalis curry, a neotropical vector of malaria. in addition, based on this first sequence, a new primer was designed, which allowed the isolation of fragments of rp49 in two other species, aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and culex quinquefasciatus say, suggesting that it coul ...	2005	16302065
clade replacements in dengue virus serotypes 1 and 3 are associated with changing serotype prevalence.	the evolution of dengue virus (denv) is characterized by phylogenetic trees that have a strong temporal structure punctuated by dramatic changes in clade frequency. to determine the cause of these large-scale phylogenetic patterns, we examined the evolutionary history of denv serotype 1 (denv-1) and denv-3 in thailand, where gene sequence and epidemiological data are relatively abundant over a 30-year period. we found evidence for the turnover of viral clades in both serotypes, most notably in d ...	2005	16306584
the isolated anterior stomach of larval mosquitoes (aedes aegypti): voltage-clamp measurements with a tubular epithelium.	the anterior stomach of larval aedes aegypti was isolated and perfused via two pipettes. for transepithelial voltage (v(te)) measurement, the inflow pipette and the bath were connected via agar bridges to calomel electrodes. for voltage-clamping, the lumen of the tissue contained an ag/agcl wire held by the outflow pipette, and the preparation was placed in a bath within a spiral of ag/agcl wire. after equilibrating the tissue in mosquito saline on both sides, a v(te) of -8+/-1 mv was measured ( ...	2006	16310390
dirofilariasis in argentina: historical review and first report of dirofilaria immitis in a natural mosquito population.	argentina is one of the four south american countries where the presence of dirofilaria immitis is currently confirmed. the objective of this study was to review information on dirofilariasis in the country, and to report our recent findings on mosquito vectors. since the first report of dogs with unidentified microfilariae in 1926, d. immitis was found in seven provinces and canine prevalence ranged 0-71% at local scale. national prevalence was 8% by the end of the 1980s and current information ...	2006	16310953