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characterization of a full-length infectious cdna clone and a gfp reporter derivative of the oncolytic picornavirus svv-001.seneca valley virus (svv-001) is an oncolytic picornavirus with selective tropism for a subset of human cancers with neuroendocrine differentiation. to characterize further the specificity of svv-001 and its patterns and kinetics of intratumoral spread, bacterial plasmids encoding a cdna clone of the full-length wild-type virus and a derivative virus expressing gfp were generated. the full-length cdna of the svv-001 rna genome was cloned into a bacterial plasmid under the control of the t7 core ...201222971818
a critical role of n-myc and stat interactor (nmi) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2c-induced apoptosis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2c, is one of the most highly-conserved viral proteins among the serotypes of fmdv. however, its effect on host cells is not very clear. using yeast two-hybrid system and immunoprecipitation approaches, we found that fmdv 2c interacted with the n-myc and stat interactor (nmi) protein. when expressed in cells, fmdv 2c is mainly associated with endoplasmic reticulum in the forms of speckles. in the absence of fmdv 2c, nmi was distributed diffusely in the cytopla ...201222974759
adenovirus-vectored type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid proteins as a vehicle to display a conserved, neutralising epitope of type o fmdv.the objective of this study was to explore the immunogenicity of an adenovirus construction expressing a type o foot and mouth disease virus neutralising epitope (8e8) in the context of heterologous capsid proteins. adenoviruses expressing four chimeric type asia1 fmdv capsid proteins were constructed by inserting the type o fmdv 8e8 epitope into the g-h loop from the type asia1 vp1 at amino acid residues 139/140, 150/151, 134/140 or at both 139/140 and 150/151. these recombinant proteins were r ...201322981982
recombinant viral protein vp1 suppresses her-2 expression and migration/metastasis of breast cancer.breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer death. development of new therapeutic agents for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis is therefore an urgent need. we previously demonstrated that recombinant dna-derived viral capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced apoptosis of mcf-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. here, we investigated whether rvp1 exhibits any inhibitory effects on migration/metastasis ...201222983836
identification of peptides from foot-and-mouth disease virus structural proteins bound by class i swine leukocyte antigen (sla) alleles, sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401.characterization of the peptide-binding specificity of swine leukocyte antigen (sla) class i and ii molecules is critical to the understanding of adaptive immune responses of swine toward infectious pathogens. here, we describe the complete binding motif of the sla-2*0401 molecule based on a positional scanning combinatorial peptide library approach. by combining this binding motif with data achieved by applying the netmhcpan peptide prediction algorithm to both sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401, we ide ...201322984928
phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in ecuador.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of the most important disease of domestic cattle, foot-and-mouth disease. in ecuador, fmdv is maintained at an endemic state, with sporadic outbreaks. to unravel the tempo and mode of fmdv spread within the country we conducted a bayesian phylogeographic analysis using a continuous time markov chain (ctmc) to model the diffusion of fmdv between ecuadorian provinces. we implement this framework through markov chain monte carlo available i ...201322985683
foot-and-mouth disease virus induces autophagosomes during cell entry via a class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent pathway.autophagy is an intracellular pathway that can contribute to innate antiviral immunity by delivering viruses to lysosomes for degradation or can be beneficial for viruses by providing specialized membranes for virus replication. here, we show that the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces the formation of autophagosomes. induction was dependent on atg5, involved processing of lc3 to lc3ii, and led to a redistribution of lc3 from the cytosol to punctate vesicles indicative of a ...201222993157
avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.serological assessment of the heterologous response among foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains is mainly performed by virus neutralization test (vnt), liquid phase blocking elisa and complement fixation assay. in this study two high-throughput elisa techniques, avidity and igg subtype elisa, were developed and used to further characterize heterologous antibody responses in cattle during vaccination and challenge. both assays were applied to a set of previously characterized sera from anim ...201223000129
enhanced inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus by combinations of porcine interferon-α and antiviral agents.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically significant animal disease because of the speed of its transmission. the current fmd vaccine provides no protection until 7days after the vaccination, which reduces its effectiveness in the case of an outbreak. therefore, to find an alternative method of applying antiviral agents for rapid and enhanced inhibition of the fmd virus (fmdv), we compared the antiviral effects of promising antiviral agents and attempted to apply them in combination. firs ...201223000495
comparison of immune responses against fmd by a dna vaccine encoding the fmdv/o/irn/2007 vp1 gene and the conventional inactivated vaccine in an animal model.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is highly contagious and responsible for huge outbreaks among cloven hoofed animals. the aim of the present study is to evaluate a plasmid dna immunization system that expresses the fmdv/o/irn/2007 vp1 gene and compare it with the conventional inactivated vaccine in an animal model. the vp1 gene was sub-cloned into the unique kpn i and bamh i cloning sites of the pcdna3.1+ and pegfp-n1 vectors to construct the vp(1) gene cassettes. the transfected bhkt7 cells ...201223001482
global transcriptional analysis of model of persistent fmdv infection reveals critical role of host cells in persistence.with the aid of ammonium chloride, we established a model for persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of bhk-21 cells (huang et al., 2011). distinctive to a previously established model, the persistently infected cell line acquired new features including more rounded morphology, resistance to wild type fmdv infection, consistent replication efficiency in late passages, etc. to elucidate the mechanism of establishment of persistence, we performed systematically microarray analysi ...201323022682
the comparative utility of oral swabs and probang samples for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle and pigs.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr) assays in oral swab and probang samples collected from cattle and pigs during experimental infections with serotype o fmdv. during acute infection, fmdv rna was measurable in oral swabs as well as in probang samples from both species. fmdv rna could be detected in oral swabs and probang samples from a time point corresponding to the onset of viremia in directly inoculated animals, whereas ...201323022683
emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus sat 2 in egypt during 2012.the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in north africa is complicated by the co-circulation of endemic fmd viruses (fmdv), as well as sporadic incursions of exotic viral strains from the middle east and sub-saharan africa. this report describes the molecular characterization of sat 2 fmd viruses that have caused widespread field outbreaks of fmd in egypt during february and march 2012. phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from these outbreaks fell into two distinct lineages within ...201223025522
interferon-γ induced by in vitro re-stimulation of cd4+ t-cells correlates with in vivo fmd vaccine induced protection of cattle against disease and persistent infection.the immune defense against fmdv has been correlated to the antibody mediated component. however, there are occasions when some animals with high virus neutralising (vn) antibody are not protected following challenge and some with low neutralising antibody which do not succumb to disease. the importance of cell mediated immunity in clinical protection is less clear and so we investigated the source and production of interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) in re-stimulated whole blood of fmdv immunized cattle an ...201223028529
plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate is required for internalization of foot-and-mouth disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, pi(4,5)p(2), is a phospholipid which plays important roles in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. to investigate the possible role of this lipid on viral entry, two viruses important for animal health were selected: the enveloped vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) - which uses a well characterized clathrin mediated endocytic route - and two different variants of the non-enveloped foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with distinct receptor specificities. the express ...201223028825
cd4+ t-cell responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle.we have performed a series of studies to investigate the role of cd4(+) t-cells in the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) post-vaccination. virus neutralizing antibody titres (vnt) in cattle vaccinated with killed fmd commercial vaccine were significantly reduced and class switching delayed as a consequence of rigorous in vivo cd4(+) t-cell depletion. further studies were performed to examine whether the magnitude of t-cell proliferative responses correlated with the antibody ...201323034593
accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus.analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in the uk in 2001 and 2007. interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly bhk-21-ce ...201323034594
development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o virus-like-particles (vlps) vaccine and evaluation of its potency.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically significant viral disease that rampage dairy and other livestock industries in many countries. the disease is being controlled by the use of an inactivated vaccine. however, a recombinant marker vaccine, which avoids the use of live virus, may be an option for the unambiguous differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. a recombinant baculovirus clone containing p1-2a-3c coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) seroty ...201223043941
humanization and characterization of an anti-ricin neutralization monoclonal antibody.ricin is regarded as a high terrorist risk for the public due to its high toxicity and ease of production. currently, there is no therapeutic or vaccine available against ricin. d9, a murine monoclonal antibody developed previously in our laboratory, can strongly neutralize ricin and is therefore a good candidate for humanization. humanization of d9 variable regions was achieved by a complementarity-determining region grafting approach. the humanized d9 (hd9) variable regions were further grafte ...201223049820
recombinant protein rvp1 upregulates becn1-independent autophagy, mapk1/3 phosphorylation and mmp9 activity via wipi1/wipi2 to promote macrophage migration.the monocyte/macrophage is critical for regulating immune and antitumor responses. recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus induces apoptosis and inhibits migration/metastasis of cancer cells. here, we explored the effects of rvp1 on macrophages. our results showed that rvp1 increased lc3-related autophagosome formation via wipi1 and wipi2 in a becn1-independent manner. rvp1 treatment increased macrophage migration that was attenuated by knockdown of atg5, atg7, wipi ...201323051912
generation of monoclonal antibodies against non-structural protein 3ab of foot-and-mouth disease virus.to identify linear epitopes on the non-structural protein 3ab of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), babl/c mice were immunized with the 3ab protein and splenocytes of balb/c mice were fused with myeloma sp2/0 cells. two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies (mabs) cell lines against the 3ab protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were obtained, named c6 and e7 respectively. the microneutralization titer was 1:1024 for mab c6, and 1:512 for e7. both mabs contain kappa light chains, and were of ...201223055007
spatial trend of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes in cattle and buffaloes, pakistan.the present study describes the frequency of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus serotypes (o, a and asia-1) in major regions (all provinces) of pakistan using indirect sandwich elisa. also, spatial distribution of various fmd serotypes and their comparison is discussed. a total of 590 samples (epithelial tissue) have been analyzed during a period of five years (2005-2009). out of 590 samples, 180 were found positive, giving an overall confirmation of fmdv about 33.2 %. of the prevalent serotypes ...201223055008
sequence analysis of capsid coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a vaccine strain during serial passages in bhk-21 adherent and suspension cells.sequence variability within the capsid coding region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus type a vaccine strain during serial in vitro passage was investigated. specifically, two methods of virus propagation were utilized, a monolayer and suspension culture of bhk-21 cells. at three positions (vp2(131) e-k in both monolayer and suspension passages, vp3(85) h-r in late monolayer passages and vp3(139) k-e in only suspension passages), all mapped to surface exposed loops, amino acid substitutions we ...201223084588
monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for foot and mouth disease virus type a and type o vp1.the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus composed of single stranded positive sense rna. fmdv has been known to infect cloven-hoofed animals, including pigs, cattle, and sheep. fmdv is rapidly spreading outward to neighboring regions, often leading to a high mortality rate. thus, early diagnosis of fmdv is critical to suppress propagation of fmdv and minimize economic losses. in this study, we report the generation and characterization of polyclonal and six monoclonal antibodies a ...023098303
theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the stopgo non-standard translation mechanism.the picornaviruses' genome consists of a positive-sense ssrna. like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. both the [l-1abcd-2a] and the [2bc-3abcd] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. an unusual translational event, known as 'stopgo' or 'stop-carry on', is responsible for the release of the [l-1abcd-2a] polyprotein from the riboso ...201323100365
preparation of fmd type a87/irn inactivated vaccine by gamma irradiation and the immune response on guinea pig.fmd is one of the most economically damaging diseases that affect livestock animals. in this study fmd virus type a87/irn was multiplied on bhk21 cells. the virus was titrated by tcid50 method, it was 10(7.5)/ml. the fmd virus samples were inactivated by gamma ray from 60co source at -20°c. safety test was done by ibrs2 monolayer cell culture method, also antigenicity of irradiated and un-irradiated virus samples were studied by complement fixation test. the dose/survival curve for irradiated fm ...200823100729
genetic and antigenic characterization of indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o isolates collected during the period 2001 to 2012.the phylogenetic analysis of vp1 sequences of the 39 type o foot and mouth virus (fmdv) isolates collected from different regions of india during the year of 2001-12 revealed that all isolates belonged to the middle east - south asia (me-sa) topotype. based on the amount of divergence among the isolates, the viruses were further classified into three distinct lineages namely ind 2001, panasia and panasia-2 as well as a minor, unnamed group. ind 2001 lineage viruses accounted for most of the curr ...201323123825
foot-and-mouth disease virus strains and examination of exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009.new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. the objectives of the study reported here were: (i) to identify current fmd virus strains circulating in cattle herds and (ii) to identify exposure factors associated with a seropositive diagnosis of fmd in cattle herds. this study provides evidence that fmd virus serotypes o, a and sat-2 were co-circulating in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. cattle herds in a neighborhood affected with ...201323127691
characterization of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat2 in egypt.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in egypt affected approximately 40,000 cattle and water buffaloes and killed more than 4,600 animals during february-march 2012. to investigate the etiology of the 2012 outbreak, specimens were collected from six governorates and analyzed using universal primers to amplify the 5' untranslated region (utr) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. only fmdv-sat2 was detected, with an overall detection rate of 80.3 %. complete vp1- and leader-p ...201323132412
sequential administration of cytokine genes to enhance cellular immune responses and cd4 (+) t memory cells during dna vaccination.antigen specific memory t cells (tm) have shown to be an important factor in protecting hosts against subsequent infection by previously encountered pathogens. during t-cell activation, several cytokines including il-6, il-7 and il-15, play crucial roles in the development of t cells into memory t cells. with the aim of generating specific tm, we examined a strategy of sequential administration of molecular adjuvants. in this strategy a dna vaccine encoding the vp1 capsid protein of foot and mou ...201223151452
exploring the dynamics of four rna-dependent rna polymerases by a coarse-grained model.in this article, we present a hybrid enm/martini coarse-grained model and examine the impact of reduced chemical detail on both static and dynamic properties by comparing against explicit atomistic simulations. this methodology complements the advanced molecular characterization and dynamics of proteins for medical and bioengineering applications by developing a fundamental understanding of how the motion and molecular characteristics of proteins, viruses, their precursors, and their interaction ...201223157550
outbreaks and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o in the republic of korea, april-june 2010.thirteen outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) were reported in pigs and cattle in korea between 8 april and 4 june 2010. the fmd virus (fmdv) isolates were of serotype o, indicating that they were related to the virus strains of the southeast asia topotype that are circulating in east asian countries. animals carrying the viruses were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) during a 29-day period between 8 april and 6 may, 2010. prior to this outbreak, these f ...201423164336
a bayesian inference framework to reconstruct transmission trees using epidemiological and genetic data.the accurate identification of the route of transmission taken by an infectious agent through a host population is critical to understanding its epidemiology and informing measures for its control. however, reconstruction of transmission routes during an epidemic is often an underdetermined problem: data about the location and timings of infections can be incomplete, inaccurate, and compatible with a large number of different transmission scenarios. for fast-evolving pathogens like rna viruses, ...201223166481
protection against west nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type i interferon-inducing rna transcripts.west nile virus (wnv) is a neurovirulent single stranded rna mosquito-borne flavivirus, whose main natural hosts are birds, but it also infects humans and horses. nowadays, no human vaccine is commercially available and clinical treatment is only supportive. recently, it has been shown that rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) induce a potent ifn response and antiviral activity in transfected cultured cells, and ...201223166685
quantitative proteomics by amino acid labeling in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important disease agent that can be difficult to effectively eradicate from herds. because it is an obligate intracellular parasite, the virus has multiple effects on the host cell during infection. here, a high-throughput quantitative proteomic approach was used to develop an unbiased holistic overview of the protein changes in ibrs-2 cells infected with fmdv. stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) combined with lc-ms/ms was pe ...201323170859
efficient production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids in insect cells following down regulation of 3c protease activity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a significant economically and distributed globally pathogen of artiodactyla. current vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus particles that require large-scale virus growth in strict bio-containment with the associated risks of accidental release or incomplete inactivation. non-infectious empty capsids are structural mimics of authentic particles with no associated risk and constitute an alternate vaccine candidate. capsids self-assemble from the p ...201323174161
characterization of a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus re-emerging in the year 2011 in free areas of the southern cone of south america and cross-protection studies with the vaccine strain in use in the region.molecular, antigenic and vaccine matching studies, including protective response in vivo, were conducted with a foot-and-mouth disease type o virus isolated during the outbreak in september 2011 in san pedro, paraguay, country internationally recognized as free with vaccination in 1997. the phylogenetic tree derived from complete vp(1) sequences as well as monoclonal antibody profiling indicated that this isolate was related to viruses responsible for previous emergencies in free areas of the so ...201323182909
persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus.equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a member of the aphthovirus genus, and has many physical and structural similarities to the prototype aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the pathogenesis of fmdv has been extensively studied, however, the similarities in the pathogenesis of erav and fmdv disease has not been well documented. this study describes and compares the pathogenesis of erav both in the natural host and a small animal model alternative (cba mice). distinct parallels in the ...201323183058
mapping of antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 and relationships with sites described in other serotypes.knowledge of the antigenic structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has relevance in the development of diagnostic assays, in the evaluation of the antigenic variability and in the selection of appropriate vaccine strains. antigenic sites have been investigated only in fmdvs of serotypes o, a and c, while it would be valuable to extend studies also to other serotypes. this paper reports the identification of antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization in the fmdv serotype asia 1 by ...201323197575
time-dependent biodistribution and transgene expression of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5-luciferase vector as a surrogate for rad5-fmdv vaccines in cattle.replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 5 (rad5) vectors carrying foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) transgenes elicit a robust immune response to fmdv challenge in cattle; however mechanistic functions of vaccine function are incompletely understood. recent efforts addressing critical interactions of rad5 vectors with components of the bovine immune system have elucidated important aspects of induction of protective immunity against fmdv. in the current study, a rad5-luciferase (rad5-luc) ...201323219159
an efficient colorimetric assay for rna synthesis by viral rna-dependent rna polymerases, using thermostable pyrophosphatase.rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is essential for the replication of rna genome-containing positive-strand rna viruses. we developed a simple colorimetric assay to quantify the rna synthesis activity of rdrp by measuring the pyrophosphates released during nascent rna synthesis. rna polymerase reaction was quenched by heating at 70 °c for 5 min, during which thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase converted the accumulated pyrophosphates into inorganic phosphates. subsequently, the amount of in ...201323219564
poly(i:c) combined with multi-epitope protein vaccine completely protects against virulent foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge in pigs.we designed a series of epitope proteins containing the g-h loops of three topotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o and promiscuous artificial th sites and selected one epitope protein (designated as b4) with optimal immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. three out of five pigs immunized intramuscularly with this b4 were protected against virulent fmdv challenge after a single inoculation, while all pigs co-immunized with b4 and polyinosinic-cytidylic acid [poly(i:c)] conferred ...201323219974
the analysis of codon bias of foot-and-mouth disease virus and the adaptation of this virus to the hosts.the synonymous codon usage patterns of open reading frame (orf) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the similarity degree of the synonymous codon usage between this virus and the hosts and the genetic diversities of fmdv orfs and the viral functional genes in viral orf have been investigated by some simply statistical analyses. as for the synonymous codon usage of fmdv, some over-represented and under-represented codons have a similar usage in all seven serotypes. 33 out of 59 synonymous cod ...201323220329
reconstruction of the transmission history of rna virus outbreaks using full genome sequences: foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulgaria in 2011.improvements to sequencing protocols and the development of computational phylogenetics have opened up opportunities to study the rapid evolution of rna viruses in real time. in practical terms, these results can be combined with field data in order to reconstruct spatiotemporal scenarios that describe the origin and transmission pathways of viruses during an epidemic. in the case of notifiable diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), these analyses provide important insights into the epi ...201223226216
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a stable flag epitope in the vp1 g-h loop as a new tool for studying fmdv pathogenesis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 g-h loop contains the major antigenic site. by replacing the sequence upstream of the rgd motif with a flag epitope, a marker virus for pathogenesis studies was generated. in cell culture, the recombinant virus containing flag (a24-flag) exhibited similar plaque phenotypes and growth kinetics to parental virus. a24-flag was distinguished, neutralized, and immunoprecipitated by flag anti-sera. a24-flag infected cattle exhibited fmd and an antibody response ...201323228860
molecular dissection of a viral quasispecies under mutagenic treatment: positive correlation between fitness loss and mutational load.low fidelity replication and the absence of error-repair activities in rna viruses result in complex and adaptable ensembles of related genomes in the viral population, termed quasispecies, with important implications for natural infections. theoretical predictions suggested that elevated replication error rates in rna viruses might be near to a maximum compatible with viral viability. this fact encouraged the use of mutagenic nucleosides as a new antiviral strategy to induce viral extinction th ...201323239576
development of a liquid-phase blocking elisa based on foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid antigen for seromonitoring vaccinated animals.in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control programme, liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) is widely used to assay vaccine-induced seroconversion. currently, the assay utilizes inactivated fmd virus antigen for the detection of antibodies in serum samples. to develop a non-infectious substitute for the antigen in lpbe, we expressed the structural polypeptide of fmdv (serotype a) using a baculovirus expression system, and show that inclusion of viral 3c with reduced protease activity resulted in a hig ...201323242775
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. further, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable for dia ...201223244327
first confirmation of foot and mouth disease virus serotype sat-1 in cattle and small ruminants in ethiopia in 2007/08.the study was conducted in three regional states of ethiopia: amhara, oromia, and the southern nations nationalities and people regional state from august 2007 to april 2008 with the objective of identifying the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes circulating in the region. two serotypes were recorded from epithelial tissue and oesophageal-pharyngeal (op) fluid that were taken from outbreaks in study regions of ethiopia. serotype o fmdv was identified in girar jarso, yabello, and ankes ...201323250672
use of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide co-expression system to study intracellular protein trafficking in arabidopsis.a tool for stoichiometric co-expression of effector and target proteins to study intracellular protein trafficking processes has been provided by the so called 2a peptide technology. in this system, the 16-20 amino acid 2a peptide from rna viruses allows synthesis of multiple gene products from single transcripts. however, so far the use of the 2a technology in plant systems has been limited.201223251667
early adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. this acute disease, caused by the fmd virus (fmdv), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. the role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. here we report the kin ...201323255811
recombinant adenovirus expressing type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins induces protective immunity against homologous virus challenge in mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease worldwide affecting cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the fmdv capsid polyprotein and 3c proteinase are required for capsid precursor processing and assembly. the fmdv capsid protein, which contains the entire repertoire of immunogenic sites, can stimulate both humoral immunity and t-cell-mediated immune responses. in this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus, radv-asi-05, that expres ...201223267820
a proposal for an alternative quality control test procedure for inactivated vaccines against food-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control in brazil includes a strict mandatory vaccination program with vaccines produced in certified laboratories subject to inspection by the brazilian ministry of agriculture, livestock, and food supply (mapa). the fmd vaccine's potency is tested through antibodies titration against structural viral proteins in sera from cattle that have not had any exposure to food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), at 28 days post-vaccination. biological product testing using large ...201223267841
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
translation directed by hepatitis a virus ires in the absence of active eif4f complex and eif2.translation directed by several picornavirus ires elements can usually take place after cleavage of eif4g by picornavirus proteases 2a(pro) or l(pro). the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires is thought to be an exception to this rule because it requires intact eif4f complex for translation. in line with previous results we report that poliovirus (pv) 2a(pro) strongly blocks protein synthesis directed by hav ires. however, in contrast to previous findings we now demonstrate that eif4g cleavage by foot-a ...201223272212
candidate rna structures for domain 3 of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus internal ribosome entry site.the foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) utilizes non-canonical translation initiation for viral protein synthesis, by forming a specific rna structure called internal ribosome entry site (ires). domain 3 in fmdv ires is phylogenetically conserved and highly structured; it contains four-way junctions where intramolecular rna-rna interactions serve as a scaffold for the rna to fold for efficient ires activity. although the 3d structure of domain 3 is crucial to exploring and deciphering the initia ...201223275533
examination of soluble integrin resistant mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection via recognition of one of at least four cell-surface integrin molecules αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, or αvβ8 by a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located in the g-h loop of vp1. within the animal host, the αvβ6 interaction is believed to be the most relevant. sub-neutralizing levels of soluble secreted αvβ6 (ssαvβ6) was used as a selective pressure during passages in vitro to explore the plasticity of that interaction.201323282061
neuroattenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus through picornaviral internal ribosome entry sites.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is potent and a highly promising agent for the treatment of cancer. however, translation of vsv oncolytic virotherapy into the clinic is being hindered by its inherent neurotoxicity. it has been demonstrated that selected picornaviral internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements possess restricted activity in neuronal tissues. we therefore sought to determine whether the picornavirus ires could be engineered into vsv to attenuate its neuropathogenicity. we have u ...201323283963
dna prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves.the limited efficacy of dna vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and other natural hosts has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. in this study we tested a dna prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against fmd in bovine calves. we used purified recombinant fmdv specific multi-epitope protein (rmeg990) and an optimized sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine expressing this protein (psincmv-vac-meg990). we demonstrate that vaccination with a low dose ...201223305616
development of an inactivated 3c(pro)-3abc (mu3abc) elisa to differentiate cattle infected with foot and mouth disease virus from vaccinated cattle.foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is still endemic in asia, africa, and a few countries in south america. subclinical and persistent infections usually occur in vaccinated cattle exposed to fmdv. successful control and eradication measures need a diagnostic assay that can distinguish between immune responses to infection and vaccination. the non-structural 3abc elisa is the most reliable differential diagnostic assay. however, expression of the native ...201323305815
new technologies to diagnose and monitor infectious diseases of livestock: challenges for sub-saharan africa.using foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) as an example, this review describes new tools that can be used to detect and characterise livestock diseases. in recent years, molecular tests that can detect and characterise pathogens in a diverse range of sample types have revolutionised laboratory diagnostics. in addition to use in centralised laboratories, there are opportunities to locate diagnostic technologies close to the animals with suspected clinical signs. work in this area has developed simple-to ...201223327376
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes detected in tanzania from 2003 to 2010: conjectured status and future prospects.this study was conducted to investigate the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in different geographic locations of tanzania. epithelial tissues and fluids (n = 364) were collected from cattle exhibiting oral and foot vesicular lesions suggestive of fmd and submitted for routine fmd diagnosis. the analysis of these samples collected during the period of 2002 and 2010 was performed by serotype-specific antigen capture elisa to determine the presence of fmdv. the results of this study ...201223327382
foot-and-mouth disease control in zambia: a review of the current situation.zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (cbpp). foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in zambia in 1933 in the western province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for fmd including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on fmd control. w ...201223327395
infectious diseases of economic importance: molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in tanzania from 1967 to 2009.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in tanzania. since the first reports in 1954, fmd has caused significant economic losses in the country due to mortality and morbidity of livestock and costs associated with controlling the disease. the aim of this study was to review the serotype and genetic relationships of the fmd virus (fmdv) recovered from outbreaks in tanzania, and compare them with viruses detected from elsewhere in the sub-saharan region. at the world reference laboratory for foot- ...201223327397
comparative evaluation of three commercial elisa kits for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.in this study, we validated three commercial elisa (nsp-elisa) kits that detect antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in terms of their specificities and sensitivities. although the specificities of the nsp-elisa kits were as high as that of liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) in non-infected, non-vaccinated animals, the sensitivities of the nsp-elisa kits were significantly lower than those of the present lpbe and did not agree with the findings of a previo ...201323328606
epidemiological analysis, serological prevalence and genotypic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in nigeria 2008-2009.the epidemiological situation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is uncertain in nigeria, where the disease is endemic, and the majority of outbreaks are unreported. control measures for fmd in nigeria are not being implemented due to the absence of locally produced vaccines and an official ban on vaccine importation. this study summarizes the findings of a 3-year study aimed at quantifying the seroprevalence of fmd, its distribution in susceptible species and the genetic diversity of fmdv i ...201423347819
low levels of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease expression are required to achieve optimal capsid protein expression and processing in mammalian cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor (p1-2a) is processed by the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) to produce vp0, vp3, vp1 and 2a. within the virus-encoded polyprotein, the p1-2a and 3c(pro) can be expected to be produced at equivalent concentrations. however, using transient-expression assays, within mammalian cells, it is possible to modify the relative amounts of the substrate and protease. it has now been shown that optimal production of the processed capsid pr ...201323364188
engineering foot-and-mouth disease viruses with improved growth properties for vaccine development.no licensed vaccine is currently available against serotype a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in china, despite the isolation of a/wh/cha/09 in 2009, partly because this strain does not replicate well in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells.201323372840
development of a universal rt-pcr for amplifying and sequencing the leader and capsid-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with debilitating and devastating consequences for livestock industries throughout the world. key antigenic determinants of the causative agent, fmd virus (fmdv), reside within the surface-exposed proteins of the viral capsid. therefore, characterization of the sequence that encodes the capsid (p1) is important for tracking the emergence or spread of fmd and for selection and development of new vaccines. r ...201323380590
observing micro-evolutionary processes of viral populations at multiple scales.advances in sequencing technology coupled with new integrative approaches to data analysis provide a potentially transformative opportunity to use pathogen genome data to advance our understanding of transmission. however, to maximize the insights such genetic data can provide, we need to understand more about how the microevolution of pathogens is observed at different scales of biological organization. here, we examine the evolutionary processes in foot-and-mouth disease virus observed at diff ...201323382425
growth kinetics and immune response of chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype 'o' produced through replication competent mini genome of serotype asia 1, 63/72, in bhk cell lines.regular vaccinations with potent vaccine, in endemic countries and vaccination to live in non-endemic countries are the methods available to control foot-and-mouth disease. selection of candidate vaccine strain is not only cumbersome but the candidate should grow well for high potency vaccine preparation. alternative strategy is to generate an infectious cdna of a cell culture-adapted virus and use the replicon for development of tailor-made vaccines. we produced a chimeric 'o' virus in the back ...201323384973
construction of a bovine enterovirus-based vector expressing a foot-and-mouth disease virus epitope.a recombinant infectious bovine enterovirus (bev) vector was constructed to express a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein (vp1) epitope. sequences encoding the vp1 epitope (amino acid residues 141-160) of fmdv (vaccine strain o1/manisa/turkey/69) were inserted into pblubev at the vp1/2a junction. the growth characteristics of the parental virus and viruses derived from recombinant plasmids (pblubev, pblubev-manisa-epi) were determined by plaque assay and one-step growth curve anal ...201323391822
developing country applications of molecular farming: case studies in south africa and argentina.molecular farming is a technology that is very well suited to being applied in developing countries, given the reasonably high level of expertise in recombinant plant development in many centers. in addition, there is an urgent need for products such as inexpensive vaccines and therapeutics for livestock and for some human diseases - and especially those that do not occur or are rare in developed regions. south africa and argentina have been at the fore in this area among developing nations, as ...201323394557
virus-like particles produced in plants as potential vaccines.virus-like particles (vlps) have been produced as candidate vaccines in plants virtually since the introduction of biofarming. even today, vlps remain the best candidates for safe, immunogenic, efficacious and inexpensive vaccines. well-characterized human animal viruses such as hbv, hcv, hiv and hpv, rotaviruses, norovirus, foot and mouth disease viruses and even influenza virus proteins have all been successfully investigated for vlp formation. proteins have been produced in transgenic plants ...201323414411
biological activity of ovine il-23 expressed using a foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a self-cleaving peptide.hetero-dimeric cytokines often require equi-molar expression of both subunits to achieve biological activity. previously, we expressed ovine il-12 p40 and p35 linked using a self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we now generated a new improved vector for the expression of hetero-dimeric cytokines and demonstrate the more general applicability of this strategy by cloning and expressing ovine il-23 using the 2a peptide to link il-12/il-23 p40 and p19. the resulting pro ...201323419450
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts.rna virus populations within samples are highly heterogeneous, containing a large number of minority sequence variants which can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible hosts. consequently, consensus genome sequences provide an incomplete picture of the within- and between-host viral evolutionary dynamics during transmission. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus that can spread from primary sites of replication, via the systemic circulation, to found distinct sites of loca ...201323452550
influence of conjugation chemistry and b epitope orientation on the immune response of branched peptide antigens.multimeric presentation, a well-proven way of enhancing peptide immunogenicity, has found substantial application in synthetic vaccine design. we have reported that a combination of four copies of a b-cell epitope with one of a t-cell epitope in a single branched construct results in a peptide vaccine conferring total protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, a natural host (cubillos et al. (2008) j. virol. 82, 7223-7230). more recently, a downsized version of this prototype with ...201323458489
rescue of infective virus from a genome-length cdna clone of the fmdv serotype o (ind-r2/75) vaccine strain and its characterization.we report here the construction and characterization of an infectious cdna clone of the indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, ind-r2/75. viral genome was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in five fragments and subsequently assembled sequentially in a plasmid vector to generate a complete cdna clone, flanked by the t7 rna polymerase promoter and poly (a) tail at 5' and 3' ends, respectively. transfection of bhk-21 cells with t ...201323465777
venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles can induce rapid protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus.we have previously shown that delivery of the porcine type i interferon gene (poifn-α/β) with a replication-defective human adenovirus vector (adenovirus 5 [ad5]) can sterilely protect swine challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 1 day later. however, the need of relatively high doses of ad5 limits the applicability of such a control strategy in the livestock industry. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) empty replicon particles (vrps) can induce rapid protection of mice agai ...201323468490
proof of concept for the inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by the anti-viral drug 2'-c-methylcytidine in severe combined immunodeficient mice.recent european contingency plans envisage emergency vaccination as an animal-friendly control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). anti-viral drugs may be used as an alternative or complementary measure. we here demonstrate that the nucleoside analogue 2'-c-methylcytidine (2'cmc) protects severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice against lethal fmd virus infection. in brief, scid mice were inoculated with serotype a fmd virus and treated for five consecutive days with 2'cmc. all 15 trea ...201423480064
serological evidence indicates that foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o, c and sat1 are most dominant in eritrea.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in eritrea and in most parts of africa. to be able to control fmd using vaccination, information on the occurrence of various foot-and-mouth disease serotypes in eritrea is needed. in this cross-sectional study, 212 sera samples were collected from fmd infected and recovered animals in eritrea. these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against fmd non-structural proteins (nsp) and neutralizing antibodies against six of the seven (all but sat ...201423480728
bovine fetal epithelium cells expressing shrna targeting viral vp1 gene resisted against foot-and-mouth disease virus.rnai could protect experimental animals from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), but pivotal issue is delivery of rnai. in this study, shrna recombinant lentiviral plasmid rnai-lt6 targeting vp1 of fmdv, which strongly suppressed the transient expression of a flag-tagged vp1 protein in 293t cells and significantly inhibited viral replication in bhk-21 cells, was screened and transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells. with subsequent somatic cell cloning, three 4-month-old transgenic fetuse ...201323481248
co-expression of the bcl-xl antiapoptotic protein enhances the induction of th1-like immune responses in mice immunized with dna vaccines encoding fmdv b and t cell epitopes.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most devastating animal diseases, affecting all cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animal species. previous studies from our group using dna vaccines encoding fmd virus (fmdv) b and t cell epitopes targeted to antigen presenting cells, allowed demonstrating total protection from fmdv homologous challenge in those animals efficiently primed for both humoral and cellular specific responses (borrego et al. antivir res 92:359-363, 2011). in this study, a new d ...201323483312
foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier status in bos grunniens yaks.the carrier status of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is complicated, and the role of carrier animals in virus transmission is controversial. to investigate the carrier status of fmdv in animals that live in high altitude, bos grunniens yaks were infected experimentally with fmdv o/akesu/58.201323497369
an adenovirus vectored mucosal adjuvant augments protection of mice immunized intranasally with an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe morbidity and economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries. the oral and respiratory mucosae are the main ports of entry of fmdv, so the stimulation of local immunity in these tissues may help prevent initial infection and viral spread. e. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) has been described as one of the few molecules that have adjuvant activity at mucosal surfaces. the objective of this study ...201323499593
the effects of the synonymous codon usage and trna abundance on protein folding of the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a conserved amino acid sequence and is responsible for most cleavage in the viral polyprotein. the effects of the synonymous codon usage of fmdv 3c gene and trna abundance of the hosts on shaping different folding units (α-helix, β-strand and the coil) in the 3c protease were analyzed based on the structural information of the fmdv 3c protease from protein data bank (pdb: 2bhg) and 210 genes of 3c for all serotypes of fmdv. the strong co ...201323499709
evolutionary conserved motifs constrain the rna structure organization of picornavirus ires.picornavirus rnas initiate translation using a 5' end-independent mechanism based on internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. despite performing similar functions, ires elements present in genetically distant rnas differ in primary sequence, rna secondary structure and trans-acting factors requirement. the lack of conserved features amongst iress represents obstacles for the understanding of the internal initiation process. rna structure is tightly linked to picornavirus ires activity, cons ...201323507141
influence of the leader protein coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus on virus replication.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader (l) protein is produced in two forms, lab and lb, differing only at their amino-termini, due to the use of separate initiation codons, usually 84 nt apart. it has been shown previously, and confirmed here, that precise deletion of the lab coding sequence is lethal for the virus, whereas loss of the lb coding sequence results in a virus that is viable in bhk cells. in addition, it is now shown that deletion of the 'spacer' region between these two in ...201323515027
a continuous bovine kidney cell line constitutively expressing bovine αvβ6 integrin has increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a worldwide problem limiting the trade of animals and their products from affected countries. the rapid isolation, serotyping, and vaccine matching of fmd virus from disease outbreaks is critical for enabling the implementation of effective vaccination programs and to stop the spread of infection during outbreaks. some primary cells have been shown to be highly susceptible to most strains of fmd virus (fmdv) but are difficult and expensive to prepare and maintain. ...201323515553
a quantitative assessment of the risk of introducing foot and mouth disease virus into the united states via cloned bovine embryos.the trade of livestock or their products between nations requires information on the risk of introducing infectious agents such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). although transmission pathways for fmdv vary, a recent concern in the united states (usa) is that it might enter via cloned embryos. a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to determine the scenarios (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of fmdv via the importation of clon ...201223520731
probability of introducing foot and mouth disease into the united states via live animal importation.foot and mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a disease of major concern for the united states department of agriculture (usda) and livestock industries. foot and mouth disease virus is a high-consequence pathogen for the united states (usa). live animal trade is a major risk factor for introduction of fmd into a country. this research estimates the probability of fmd being introduced into the usa via the legal importation of livestock. this probability is calculated by considering the potential ...201223520732
expanding the spectral palette of fluorescent proteins for the green microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii.fluorescent proteins (fps) have become essential tools for a growing number of fields in biology. however, such tools have not been widely adopted for use in microalgal research. the aim of this study was to express and compare six fps (blue mtagbfp, cyan mcerulean, green crgfp, yellow venus, orange tdtomato and red mcherry) in the popular model microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. to circumvent the transgene silencing that often occurs in c. reinhardtii, the fps were expressed from the nuclear ...201323521393
association of bola drb3 alleles with variability in immune response among the crossbred cattle vaccinated for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd).polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 gene is being intensively investigated for potential association with economically important diseases of cattle. accordingly, we investigated the association of drb3 exon 2 polymorphism as evidenced by the variation in the binding pockets with variability in immune response to inactivated trivalent (o, a and asia1) foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine in a closed population of crossbred cattle. antibody titer of ≥ 1.8 was set as the cut ...201323541924
an infectious recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus expressing a fluorescent marker protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most extensively studied animal pathogens because it remains a major threat to livestock economies worldwide. however, the dynamics of fmdv infection are still poorly understood. the application of reverse genetics provides the opportunity to generate molecular tools to further dissect the fmdv life cycle. here, we have used reverse genetics to determine the capsid packaging limitations for a selected insertion site in the fmdv genome. we show th ...201323559477
vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) impairs baculovirus surface display.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes important economical losses in livestock farming. in order to develop a novel subunit vaccine against fmdv, we constructed recombinant baculoviruses that display the protein vp1 of fmdv on their surface, with either polar (fused to gp64) or nonpolar (fused to anchor membrane from vsv-g protein) distribution. insect cells infected with the different recombinant baculoviruses expressed vp1 fusion protein to high levels. however, the recombinant vp1 pr ...201323566950
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
tissue culture independent transformation of the forage crop sunnhemp (crotalaria juncea l.): an easy method towards generation of transgenics.a transformation system which is free of in vitro plant regeneration following agrobacterium infection is established for the forage legume, sunnhemp (crotalaria juncea l.) where in the entire embryo axis of the germinating seed was used as the target tissue for transformation. after standardization of transformation conditions, the cotyledonary node of the embryo axis was infected with agrobacterium host lba 4404 harboring the recombinant vector pcambia 2301. the bivalent 1d gene of the two maj ...201123573040
foot-and-mouth disease virus modulates cellular vimentin for virus survival.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an aphthovirus within the picornaviridae family. during infection with fmdv, several host cell membrane rearrangements occur to form sites of viral replication. fmdv protein 2c is part of the replication complex and thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. to better understand the role of 2c in the process of virus replication, we have been using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify host pro ...201323576498
regulation of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by cytokines.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the most potent producers of type-i interferon (ifn) and represent the main interferon (ifn)-α source in response to many viruses. considering the important roles played by type i ifn's, not only as antiviral effectors but also as potent alarming cytokine of the immune system, we investigated how such responses are regulated by various cytokines. to this end, we stimulated enriched pdc in the presence or absence of particular cytokines with a strong activat ...201323577175
repeated exposure to 5d9, an inhibitor of 3d polymerase, effectively limits the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in host cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock caused by a highly variable rna virus (fmdv) that has seven serotypes and more than sixty subtypes. both prophylactic and post-infection means of controlling the disease outbreak, including universally applicable vaccines and emergency response measures such as therapeutic treatments, are on high demand. in this study, we analyzed the long-term exposure outcome to a previously identified inhibitor of 3d polymerase (fmdv 3dp ...201323578728
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