Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| nonstationary influence of el niño on the synchronous dengue epidemics in thailand. | several factors, including environmental and climatic factors, influence the transmission of vector-borne diseases. nevertheless, the identification and relative importance of climatic factors for vector-borne diseases remain controversial. dengue is the world's most important viral vector-borne disease, and the controversy about climatic effects also applies in this case. here we address the role of climate variability in shaping the interannual pattern of dengue epidemics. | 2005 | 15839751 |
| a microfluorometric method for quantifying rna and dna in terrestrial insects. | evidence is accumulating for a mechanistic linkage between body phosphorus content and growth and reproduction of individual organisms, due in part to variation in allocation of resources to ribosomal rna. testing this connection requires reliable methods of quantifying the nucleic acid content of individual organisms. although methods for quantifying nucleic acids are available for a wide array of organisms, adaptation of such methods for study of insects has been neglected. sensitive stains an ... | 2003 | 15841218 |
| practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: an update. | ecdysteroids are widely used as inducers for gene-switch systems based on insect ecdysteroid receptors and genes of interest placed under the control of ecdysteroid-response elements. we review here these systems, which are currently mainly used in vitro with cultured cells in order to analyse the role of a wide array of genes, but which are expected to represent the basis for future gene therapy strategies. such developments raise several questions, which are addressed in detail. first, the met ... | 2003 | 15844229 |
| induction of nitric oxide synthase in anopheles stephensi by plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of signaling and the role of parasite glycosylphosphatidylinositols. | malaria parasite (plasmodium spp.) infection in the mosquito anopheles stephensi induces significant expression of a. stephensi nitric oxide synthase (asnos) in the midgut epithelium as early as 6 h postinfection and intermittently thereafter. this induction results in the synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no) in the blood-filled midgut that adversely impact parasite development. in mammals, p. falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce nos expression in immune ... | 2005 | 15845481 |
| [strategies for controlling dengue and aedes aegypti in the americas]. | 2009 | 15846945 | |
| [resistance to insecticides in larvae and adults of aedes aegypti, havana city: prevalence of a4 esterasa associated with resistance to temephos]. | 2 strains of aedes aegypti from 2 people's councils with high indexes of infestation of this vector were studied due to the need of carrying out an effective control of larvae and adults in the municipality of guanabacoa. the levels of susceptibility and/or resistance to organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroids and a carbamate were determined. the results of the bioassays in larvae showed a complete susceptibility to organophosphate insecticides, malathion, clorpirifos, methyl-pyrimifos and pro ... | 2004 | 15849910 |
| [status of resistance to insecticides and resistance mechanisms in larvae from playa municipality collected during the intensive campaign against aedes aegypti in havana city, 2001-2002]. | the levels of susceptibility and/or resistance to inseciticides in aedes aegypti larvae collected at the municipality of playa during the intensive campaign against the mosquito aedes aegypti, in havana city, in the present year, were determined. in larvae, it was found a high resistance to the organophosphate insecticides phention and temephos and moderate to fenitrothion. a high resistance to propoxur carbamate was also detected. the larvae proved to be susceptible to clorpirifos, malathion an ... | 2004 | 15849911 |
| [levels of resistance to insecticides and their mechanisms in 2 strains of aedes aegypti from panama]. | the levels of susceptibility and/or resistance to insecticides in larvae and adults of aedes aegypti from 2 localities of panama (rio abajo and victoriano lorenzo) were determined. among larvae, it was found resistance to methyl- pyrimifos in both localities; however, they were susceptible to the rest of the organophosphate insecticides (temephos, malathion, fenthion fenitrothion and clorpirifos) and to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. in the trials car ... | 2003 | 15849925 |
| [lethal effect of cuban myrtaceae on aedes aegypti (diptera cuilicidae)]. | the biological activity of the essential foliar oils from 2 cuban endemic myrtaceae: eugenia melanadenia and psidium rotundatum on a. aegypti larvae was evaluated for the first time at the laboratory level. the probit-log analysis of the results showed the larvicidal effect of both oils with values of cl50 = 0.0085% and cl95 = 0.0104% for e. melanadenia and cl50 = 0.0063% and cl95 = 0.0071% for o. rotundatum. besides, the diagnostic concentration for both essential oils are given and the possibl ... | 2003 | 15849965 |
| [cross resistance to pyrethroids in aedes aegypti from cuba induced by the selection with organophosphate malathion]. | a strain from aedes aegypti (l) collected in the municipality of santiago de cuba with low levels of resistance to malathion (1.79x) was subjected to selection pressure aimed at evaluating the evolution of the resistance to this organophosphate and its usefulness for control. after 5 generations of selection (san-f5) with malathion, it was not possible to increase the resistance and it was obtained a value of resistance factor (fr50) of 2.22x. none or little cross resistance to the following org ... | 2003 | 15849966 |
| crystal structures of aedes aegypti kynurenine aminotransferase. | aedes aegypti kynurenine aminotransferase (aekat) catalyzes the irreversible transamination of kynurenine to kynurenic acid, the natural antagonist of nmda and 7-nicotinic acetycholine receptors. here, we report the crystal structure of aekat in its pmp and plp forms at 1.90 and 1.55 a, respectively. the structure was solved by a combination of single-wavelength anomalous dispersion and molecular replacement approaches. the initial search model in the molecular replacement method was built with ... | 2005 | 15853804 |
| expression of nuclear receptor-transcription factor genes during aedes aegypti midgut metamorphosis and the effect of methoprene on expression. | exposure of mosquito 4th instars to the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene prevents the emergence of adults by interfering with metamorphosis. one metamorphic processes that is disrupted is midgut remodeling. to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs, the pattern of transcription factor gene expression during the aedes aegypti (l.) 4th instar was investigated by the method of real time pcr. the results indicate that in untreated larvae, expression of transcription factors ge ... | 2005 | 15857762 |
| mosquito glucosamine-6-phosphate n-acetyltransferase: cdna, gene structure and enzyme kinetics. | mosquito midgut epithelial cells secrete digestive enzymes as well as components of the peritrophic matrix in response to blood-feeding. the peritrophic matrix is composed of proteins, glycoproteins and chitin fibrils in a proteoglycan matrix and may function to protect the midgut epithelium from mechanical damage and insult from pathogens and toxins. chitin biosynthesis takes place via the hexosamine pathway converting fructose-6-phosphate to udp-n-acetylglucosamine, which is then polymerized t ... | 2005 | 15857769 |
| primary characterization and basal promoter activity of two hexamerin genes of musca domestica. | hexamerins are high molecular-weight proteins found in the hemolymph of insects and have been proposed to function as storage proteins. in previous studies, two musca domestica hexamerins, designated hex-l and hex-f were characterized. hex-l is synthesized exclusively by the larval fat bodies, is secreted into the hemolymph and likely provides a source of amino acids and energy during metamorphosis. hex-f synthesis is induced by a proteinaceous meal and occurs only in the adult insect fat bodies ... | 2004 | 15861218 |
| rnai-induced silencing of embryonic tryptophan oxygenase in the pyralid moth, plodia interpunctella. | gene silencing through the introduction of double-stranded rna (rna interference, rnai) provides a powerful tool for the elucidation of gene function in many systems, including those where genomics and proteomics are incomplete. the use of rnai technology for gene silencing in lepidoptera has lacked significant attention compared to other systems. to demonstrate that rnai can be utilized in the lepidopteran, plodia interpunctella, we cloned a cdna for tryptophan oxygenase, and showed that silenc ... | 2005 | 15861231 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) as a potential west nile virus vector in tucson, arizona: blood meal analysis indicates feeding on both humans and birds. | most reports from the united states suggest culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes feed minimally on humans. given the abundance of c. quinquefasciatus in residential tucson and parts of metropolitan phoenix, and the arrival of west nile virus to this area, discovering the blood meal hosts of the local population is important. using a sandwich elisa technique, the local c. quinquefasciatus were found to feed on both humans and birds. this suggests they should be considered potential west nile virus v ... | 2004 | 15861236 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| serine proteinase over-expression in relation to deltamethrin resistance in culex pipiens pallens. | two serine proteinase genes were isolated from culex pipiens pallens as significantly up-regulated genes in a deltamethrin-resistant strain through a combination of suppression substractive hybridization and gene expression profiling by macroarrays. these two genes were found to be expressed at least threefold higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible one. by using rapid amplification of cdna ends to screen the constructed cdna library, we cloned these two sequences. there were 909 ... | 2005 | 15876421 |
| dengue: a review of the laboratory tests a clinician must know to achieve a correct diagnosis. | dengue is the most important disease caused by an arbovirus (1, 2, 3 and 4 serotypes) worldwide, especially in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. its clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infections to a severe disease characterized by hemorrhage and shock. the incidence of dengue virus activity in the americas has substantially increased from 1980 to 1994. in brazil, the increase in the incidence of dengue is especially linked to the dissemination of aedes aegypti. thus, a rapid a ... | 2004 | 15880229 |
| dengue fever, hawaii, 2001-2002. | autochthonous dengue infections were last reported in hawaii in 1944. in september 2001, the hawaii department of health was notified of an unusual febrile illness in a resident with no travel history; dengue fever was confirmed. during the investigation, 1,644 persons with locally acquired denguelike illness were evaluated, and 122 (7%) laboratory-positive dengue infections were identified; dengue virus serotype 1 was isolated from 15 patients. no cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock synd ... | 2005 | 15890132 |
| dengue antibody prevalence in german travelers. | we studied 2,259 german citizens after they returned from dengue-endemic countries from 1996 to 2004. serotype-specific dengue antibodies indicated acute infections in 51 (4.7%) travelers with recent fever and 13 (1.1%) travelers with no recent fever, depending largely on destination and epidemic activity in the countries visited. | 0 | 15890135 |
| retinal hemorrhages in 4 patients with dengue fever. | we report 4 patients with retinal hemorrhages that developed during hospitalization for dengue fever. onset of symptoms coincided with resolution of fever and the nadir of thrombocytopenia. retinal hemorrhages may reflect the rising incidence of dengue in singapore or may be caused by changes in the predominant serotype of the dengue virus. | 2005 | 15890137 |
| differential infectivities of o'nyong-nyong and chikungunya virus isolates in anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | o'nyong-nyong virus (onnv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) are closely related alphaviruses that cause human disease in africa and asia. like most alphaviruses, chikv is vectored by culicine mosquitoes. onnv is considered unusual as it primarily infects anopheline mosquitoes; however, there are relatively few experimental data to support this. in this study, three strains of onnv and one strain of chikv were evaluated in anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti mosquitoes and in four cell lines. as pre ... | 2005 | 15891138 |
| effect of mosquito midgut trypsin activity on dengue-2 virus infection and dissemination in aedes aegypti. | the effect of mosquito midgut trypsins in dengue serotype 2 flavivirus (denv-2) infectivity to aedes aegypti was studied. addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor (sti) in a denv-2 infectious blood meal resulted in a 91-97% decrease in midgut denv-2 rna copies (qrt-pcr analysis). sti treatment also resulted in slower denv-2 replication in the midgut, less denv-2 e protein expression, and decreased dissemination to the thorax and the head. a second uninfected blood meal, 7 days after the sti-treated ... | 2005 | 15891140 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| association mapping of segregating sites in the early trypsin gene and susceptibility to dengue-2 virus in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | evidence suggests that midgut trypsins in aedes aegypti condition the mosquito's ability to become infected with the dengue-2 flavivirus (den2). the activity of early trypsin protein peaks approximately 3 h after blood feeding and then drops within a few hours. we use association mapping to test the hypothesis that segregating sites in early trypsin condition midgut susceptibility to den2 virus. a total of 1642 females from throughout mexico and the southern us were fed an artificial blood meal ... | 2005 | 15894193 |
| nanos (nos) genes of the vector mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. | a number of genetics-based strategies for the control of vector-borne diseases require the development of genetic drive systems for introgressing antipathogen effector genes into wild populations of insects. modified transposons whose mobilization is controlled by the dna elements of developmentally regulated genes offer a potential solution for introducing effector genes into mosquitoes. such elements could exhibit sex-, stage- and species-specific transposition, thus mitigating some of the con ... | 2005 | 15894194 |
| [anthropophilic activity of aedes aegypti and of aedes albopictus in area under control and surveillance]. | to describe the hematophagous activity of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus in an area under control and surveillance. | 2005 | 15895139 |
| [aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) breeding sites in native bromeliads in vitória city, es]. | some insects that are vectors of human diseases have accompanied man in his migrations throughout the world and breed exclusively in the proximity of human dwellings. the mosquito aedes aegypti has been responsible for epidemics of dengue in brazil and its presence also constitutes a serious risk for future outbreaks of urban yellow fever. the failure of campaigns to eradicate this species justifies the search for alternative breeding sites, which may be beyond the reach of present control measu ... | 2005 | 15895175 |
| [identification of places with potential transmission of dengue fever in porto alegre using geographical information systems]. | the social-environmental conditions that promote the continuity of aedes aegypti in urban areas and its capacity for dengue transmission have yet to be determined. the aim of this work was to locate dengue cases and vector presence, then to identify social-environmental factors that characterize these sites, through geographical information systems (gis), with a view to developing a dengue fever prevention model. the vector was mainly located in south and east areas of the city, with a broad dis ... | 2005 | 15895177 |
| persistent emergence of dengue. | 0 | 15898171 | |
| more dengue, more questions. | 2005 | 15898172 | |
| rag1 core and v(d)j recombination signal sequences were derived from transib transposons. | the v(d)j recombination reaction in jawed vertebrates is catalyzed by the rag1 and rag2 proteins, which are believed to have emerged approximately 500 million years ago from transposon-encoded proteins. yet no transposase sequence similar to rag1 or rag2 has been found. here we show that the approximately 600-amino acid "core" region of rag1 required for its catalytic activity is significantly similar to the transposase encoded by dna transposons that belong to the transib superfamily. this supe ... | 2005 | 15898832 |
| phytopesticidal and repellent efficacy of litsea salicifolia (lauraceae) against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. | litsea salicifolia is one of the many plants used as phytopesticide, traditionally by various tribes of assam. of the five extracts of l. salicifolia tested for the bioactivity against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus, the aqueous extract was more effective compared to other extracts exhibiting bioactivity at 72 ppm against a. aegypti. the hexane extract (2000 ppm) exhibited 70% repellent activity for 3 hr against a. aegypti and 46% activity for 3 hr against c. quinquefasciatus. this is ... | 2005 | 15900915 |
| intravital observation of plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection of the liver. | plasmodium sporozoite invasion of liver cells has been an extremely elusive event to study. in the prevailing model, sporozoites enter the liver by passing through kupffer cells, but this model was based solely on incidental observations in fixed specimens and on biochemical and physiological data. to obtain direct information on the dynamics of sporozoite infection of the liver, we infected live mice with red or green fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites and monitored their behavior using ... | 2005 | 15901208 |
| seasonal fluctuations of dengue fever vector, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in delhi, india. | studies on the seasonal fluctuation of aedes aegypti were undertaken in different localities of delhi, during 2000. the aedes aegypti population was found to be prevalent in all the localities in delhi. water coolers and tires were found to be the preferred breeding habitats of aedes mosquitos in the city. aedes aegypti, being hygroscopic, showed a phenomenon of annual pulsation. it tends to move to mother foci in the central areas of the city, which are humid in the dry season, and spread out d ... | 2005 | 15906665 |
| immunostaining for allatotropin and allatostatin-a and -c in the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and anopheles albimanus. | confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used to carry out a comparative study of the immunostaining for three families of neuropeptides, viz., allatostatin-a (as-a), allatostatin-c (as-c) and allatotropin (at), in adult female mosquitoes of aedes aegypti and anopheles albimanus. the specific patterns of immunostaining for each of the three peptides were similar in both species. the antisera raised against at, as-a, and as-c revealed intense immunoreactivity in the cells of each protocerebral lobe ... | 2005 | 15909164 |
| efficacy of a new formulation of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (bti) in laboratory and field conditions of kumaun foothills of uttaranchal, india. | efficacy of a new bti formulation was tested in the laboratory and small scale field trials against mosquito larvae were carried out from march to june, 2001 in different breeding habitats of kumaun foothill region of nainital and udham singh nagar districts, uttaranchal state, india. laboratory tests revealed increased efficacy against culex quinquefasciatus (lc50 = 0.035 mg/l) followed by aedes aegypti (lc50 = 0.0628 mg/l), an. culicifacies sp a (lc50 = 0.184mg/l) and an. stephensi (lc50 - 0.2 ... | 2003 | 15909759 |
| characterization of an infectious clone of the wild-type yellow fever virus asibi strain that is able to infect and disseminate in mosquitoes. | infectious clone technology provides an opportunity to study the molecular basis of arthropod-virus interactions in detail. this study describes the development of an infectious clone of the prototype yellow fever virus asibi strain (yfv-as) with the purpose of identifying sequences or domains that influence infection dynamics in the mosquito vector. the full-length cdna of yfv-as virus was produced from rt-pcr products of parental viral rna. these were cloned into a low-copy-number plasmid prev ... | 2005 | 15914853 |
| bottle and biochemical assays on temephos resistance in aedes aegypti in thailand. | the bottle bioassay measuring the time-mortality rate is a simplified procedure for detecting insecticide resistance. it can be used with a biochemical microplate assay to identify the mechanism involved. this integrated approach was used to detect temephos resistance in aedes aegypti from nonthaburi (lowest use) and roi et (highest use). ae. aegypti bkk1 laboratory strain was used as the susceptible reference strain. the appropriate concentration of insecticide for bottle bioassay was determine ... | 2005 | 15916049 |
| the geographic information system as an epidemiological tool in the surveillance of dengue virus-infected aedes mosquitos. | a geographic information system (gis) was used as analysis tool to study the spatial distribution of dengue virus-infected aedes mosquitos in thailand. global positioning system (gps) instruments were used to map villages involved in dengue epidemiological studies in ratchaburi province, thailand. differentially processed gps data, with a spatial resolution of approximately 1 meter, were incorporated into a gis for analysis and mapping. databases associated with a village gis included village nu ... | 2004 | 15916091 |
| chimeric dengue 2 pdk-53/west nile ny99 viruses retain the phenotypic attenuation markers of the candidate pdk-53 vaccine virus and protect mice against lethal challenge with west nile virus. | chimeric dengue serotype 2/west nile (d2/wn) viruses expressing prm-e of wn ny99 virus in the genetic background of wild-type d2 16681 virus and two candidate d2 pdk-53 vaccine variants (pdk53-e and pdk53-v) were engineered. the viability of the d2/wn viruses required incorporation of the wn virus-specific signal sequence for prm. introduction of two mutations at m-58 and e-191 in the chimeric cdna clones further improved the viability of the chimeras constructed in all three d2 carriers. two d2 ... | 2005 | 15919884 |
| [impact on the potential epidemic of dengue fever under warming winter in hainan province]. | impact of climate warming in winter on the potential epidemics of dengue fever in hainan was assessed. | 2005 | 15921588 |
| regulation of the ferritin heavy-chain homologue gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, the ferritin heavy-chain homologue (hch) gene is induced by blood feeding. this suggests that ferritin may serve as a cytotoxic protector against the oxidative challenge of the blood meal and may be essential for the survival of the insect. in this study, various cis-acting elements for the gene were identified and mapped. transfection assays showed that the strength and activity of a subset of these elements are orientation-dependent. the shift observ ... | 2005 | 15926891 |
| the ferritin light-chain homologue promoter in aedes aegypti. | promoters that direct the expression of antipathogenic molecules to primary sites of pathogenic invasions provide a means to interfere with these invasions. thus, they have the potential to be used in mosquito control. however, exogenous elements are known to lower the fitness of most insects, and given the ability of insects to evolve rapidly, all currently known promoters could be rendered useless. as transgenic mosquitoes may be a major component in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases, ... | 2005 | 15926895 |
| functional analysis of aescp-2 using gene expression knockdown in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | the effect of gene expression knockdown was used to study the function of the sterol carrier protein-2 (aescp-2) in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. injection of small double stranded aescp-2 rnas into mosquito larvae resulted in the knockdown of gene products. the lack of aescp-2 in larvae coincided with a reduction in accumulated cholesterol in pupae, supporting the hypothesis that aescp-2 may be involved in cholesterol uptake in mosquito larvae. knockdown of aescp-2 caused a high mor ... | 2005 | 15926899 |
| mosquito phenoloxidase and defensin colocalize in melanization innate immune responses. | mosquitoes mount strong humoral and cellular immune responses against foreign organisms. two components of the mosquito immune response that have received much attention are the phenoloxidase cascade that leads to melanization and antimicrobial peptides. the purpose of the current study was to use immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy to identify the location of the melanization rate-limiting enzyme phenoloxidase and the antimicrobial peptide defensin in innate immune reaction ... | 2005 | 15928318 |
| the buen pastor cemetery in trujillo, venezuela: measuring dengue vector output from a public area. | as vector control of dengue typically targets individual households to eliminate breeding sites or control adult mosquitoes during epidemics, public spaces are frequently neglected. to investigate the importance of such places as sources of dengue vectors, a study of aedes aegypti productivity in a cemetery in northern venezuela, using standard entomological indices for assessing dengue vector infestations, was carried out in the wet season in may 2003. containers were found on 72.8% of graves; ... | 2005 | 15941424 |
| an information value based analysis of physical and climatic factors affecting dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever incidence. | vector-borne diseases are the most dreaded worldwide health problems. although many campaigns against it have been conducted, dengue fever (df) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (dhf) are still the major health problems of thailand. the reported number of dengue incidences in 1998 for the thailand was 129,954, of which sukhothai province alone reported alarming number of 682. it was the second largest epidemic outbreak of dengue after 1987. government arranges the remedial facilities as and when den ... | 2005 | 15943863 |
| elevated activity of an epsilon class glutathione transferase confers ddt resistance in the dengue vector, aedes aegypti. | glutathione transferases (gsts) play a central role in the detoxification of xenobiotics such as insecticides and elevated gst expression is an important mechanism of insecticide resistance. in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, increased expression of an epsilon class gst, gste2, confers resistance to ddt. we have identified eight gst genes in the dengue vector, aedes aegypti. four of these belong to the insect specific gst classes delta and epsilon and three are from the more ubiquitously distri ... | 2005 | 15944082 |
| generation of a novel wolbachia infection in aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito) via embryonic microinjection. | genetic strategies that reduce or block pathogen transmission by mosquitoes are being investigated as a means to augment current control measures. strategies of vector suppression and replacement are based upon intracellular wolbachia bacteria, which occur naturally in many insect populations. maternally inherited wolbachia have evolved diverse mechanisms to manipulate host insect reproduction and promote infection invasion. one mechanism is cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) through which wolbach ... | 2005 | 15944085 |
| optimized diagnosis of acute dengue fever in swedish travelers by a combination of reverse transcription-pcr and immunoglobulin m detection. | the dengue viruses (genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae) are mosquito borne and cause 100 million cases of dengue fever each year in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. increased global travel has been accompanied by an increased import not only of dengue but also of severe fevers of unknown origin to sweden. fifty-seven swedish travelers to dengue epidemic areas, with clinical and serologically diagnosed dengue fever, were included in this study. to find fast and reliable method ... | 2005 | 15956408 |
| inhibition of alpha/beta interferon signaling by the ns4b protein of flaviviruses. | flaviviruses are insect-borne, positive-strand rna viruses that have been disseminated worldwide. their genome is translated into a polyprotein, which is subsequently cleaved by a combination of viral and host proteases to produce three structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins. the nonstructural protein ns4b of dengue 2 virus partially blocks activation of stat1 and interferon-stimulated response element (isre) promoters in cells stimulated with interferon (ifn). we have found that t ... | 2005 | 15956546 |
| comparison of contact and spatial repellency of catnip oil and n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) against mosquitoes. | nepetalactone, the primary component of catnip oil, was compared with the repellent n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) for its ability to affect the host-seeking ability of aedes aegypti (l.). a triple cage olfactometer was used to bioassay each substance and to assess its attraction inhibition (spatial repellent) attributes when combined with the following attractants: carbon dioxide, acetone, a blend of l-lactic acid and acetone, and human odors. repellent tests were conducted with each subs ... | 2005 | 15962779 |
| comparative study on nocturnal behavior of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | nocturnal behavior of nonblood-fed females of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) was studied using an automatic recording device equipped with a photoelectric sensor. carbon dioxide, heating, and the contrast of the black and white colors were used as attractive cues for mosquitoes. the nocturnal host-seeking activity positively correlated with the increasing light intensity in both species. ae. aegypti was found to be more sensitive to light than ae. albopictus. the threshold of li ... | 2005 | 15962780 |
| synthesis of additional endotoxins in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni pg-14 and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan significantly improves their mosquitocidal efficacy. | a fundamental principal of resistance management is that the more complex and potent a toxin mixture, the slower resistance will develop to the mixture in an insect population. thus, to develop more complex and potent mosquitocidal bacteria, we genetically engineered bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni pg-14 and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan, to synthesize, respectively, the binary (bin) toxin of bacillus sphaericus or a combination of bin and the cytla protein of bacillus thuring ... | 2005 | 15962784 |
| use of novel compounds for pest control: insecticidal and acaricidal activity of essential oil components from heartwood of alaska yellow cedar. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the activity of 15 natural products isolated from essential oil components extracted from the heartwood of alaska yellow cedar, chamaecyparis nootkatensis (d. don) spach., against ixodes scapularis say nymphs, xenopsylla cheopis (rothchild), and aedes aegypti (l.) adults. four of the compounds from the essential oil have been identified as monoterpenes, five as eremophilane sesquiterpenes, five as eremophilane sesquiterpene derivatives from valenc ... | 2005 | 15962787 |
| [characteristics of new cell cultures derived from embryonic tissues of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae)]. | cell cultures from insects are a useful methodology in technological and biomedical studies. | 2005 | 15962903 |
| cry11aa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis binds its receptor in aedes aegypti mosquito larvae through loop alpha-8 of domain ii. | bacillus thuringiensis subs israelensis produces cry toxins active against mosquitoes. receptor binding is a key determinant for specificity of cry toxins composed of three domains. we found that exposed loop alpha-8 of cry11aa toxin, located in domain ii, is an important epitope involved in receptor interaction. synthetic peptides corresponding to exposed regions in domain ii (loop alpha-8, beta-4 and loop 3) competed binding of cry11aa to membrane vesicles from aedes aegypti midgut microvilli. ... | 2005 | 15963509 |
| combination of a non-pyrethroid insecticide and a repellent: a new approach for controlling knockdown-resistant mosquitoes. | although pyrethroid-treated materials are a promising tool for the prevention and the control of dengue in the tropics, the development of pyrethroid resistance in the main mosquito vector (aedes aegypti) may negate their use for personal and/or community protection. in that context, the efficacy of a mixture of a repellent (n,n-diethyl toluamide [deet]) and a non-pyrethroid insecticide (propoxur) was investigated under laboratory conditions against both pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-res ... | 2005 | 15964959 |
| dengue in grenada. | dengue fever is endemic in the country of grenada and is grossly underreported as a source of morbidity. the goal of this study was to assess the status of dengue fever in a representative community in grenada. | 2005 | 15969973 |
| knowledge and attitudes in puerto rico concerning dengue prevention. | dengue has been endemic in puerto rico for three decades. multiple educational and community-based efforts have been developed to inform the population about dengue prevention. we undertook this study to understand the community members' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dengue prevention and to elicit their ideas for future prevention campaigns. | 2005 | 15969976 |
| identification and characterization of a novel peritrophic matrix protein, ae-aper50, and the microvillar membrane protein, aeg12, from the mosquito, aedes aegypti. | immuno-screening of an adult aedes aegypti midgut cdna expression library with anti-peritrophic matrix antibodies identified cdnas encoding a novel peritrophic matrix protein, termed ae. aegypti adult peritrophin 50 (ae-aper50), and the epithelial cell-surface membrane protein, aeg12. both genes are expressed exclusively in the midguts of adult female mosquitoes and their expression is strongly induced by blood feeding. ae-aper50 has a predicted secretory signal peptide and five chitin-binding d ... | 2005 | 15978997 |
| antennal expressed genes of the yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti l.); characterization of odorant-binding protein 10 and takeout. | a small cdna library was constructed from antennae of 100 adult male aedes aegypti yellow fever mosquitoes. sequencing of 80 clones identified 49 unique gene products, including a member of the odorant binding protein family (aaeg-obp10), a homologue of takeout (aaeg-to), and transposable elements of the line, sine and mite classes. aaeg-obp10 encodes a 140 amino acid protein including a predicted 25 amino acid signal peptide. aaeg-obp10 expression was adult male enriched, increased with adult a ... | 2005 | 15978998 |
| time-specific ecological niche modeling predicts spatial dynamics of vector insects and human dengue cases. | numerous human diseases-malaria, dengue, yellow fever and leishmaniasis, to name a few-are transmitted by insect vectors with brief life cycles and biting activity that varies in both space and time. although the general geographic distributions of these epidemiologically important species are known, the spatiotemporal variation in their emergence and activity remains poorly understood. we used ecological niche modeling via a genetic algorithm to produce time-specific predictive models of monthl ... | 2005 | 15979656 |
| cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding putative ctcfs in the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. | one of the many ascribed functions of ccctc-binding factor (ctcf) in vertebrates is insulation of genes via enhancer-blocking. insulation allows genes to be shielded from "cross-talk" with neighboring regulatory elements. as such, endogenous insulator sequences would be valuable elements to enable stable transgene expression. recently, ctcf joined su(hw), zw5, beaf32 and gaga factor as a protein associated with insulator activity in the fruitfly, drosophila melanogaster. to date, no known insula ... | 2005 | 15985163 |
| detailed assessment of microhabitat suitability for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in buenos aires, argentina. | little information is available on the ecology of aedes aegypti linnaeus at the southern extreme of its distribution (buenos aires, argentina), particularly on microhabitat suitability. the aim of our study was to identify at a detailed scale, microhabitat factors that correlate with the presence of preimaginal stages of the mosquito. in march 2001, we performed a spatial census of all containers located in a 1 ha patch within a cemetery in buenos aires city. on a reference map (1:700) we plotte ... | 2005 | 15993832 |
| castanospermine, a potent inhibitor of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo. | previous studies have suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors such as castanospermine and deoxynojirimycin inhibit dengue virus type 1 infection by disrupting the folding of the structural proteins prm and e, a step crucial to viral secretion. we extend these studies by evaluating the inhibitory activity of castanospermine against a panel of clinically important flaviviruses including all four serotypes of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and west nile virus. using in vitro assays we demons ... | 2005 | 15994763 |
| factors influencing the population structure of aedes aegypti from the main cities in cambodia. | a population genetic analysis was conducted on 47 aedes aegypti collections from cambodia. genetic differentiation at seven polymorphic isoenzyme loci was analysed by starch gel electrophoresis. low (f(st)=0.024) but significant (p<10(-6)) differentiation was found when all samples were considered. whatever the grouping of samples tested, differentiation remained significant but low. the role of human activities (ie insecticide treatments or water storage practices) and environmental factors (ie ... | 2005 | 15999142 |
| outsmarting olfaction: the next generation of mosquito repellents. | 0 | 16002364 | |
| review of microsporidia-mosquito relationships: from the simple to the complex. | microsporidia in mosquitoes can be divided into two categories based on their life cycles and host-parasite relationships. some species of microsporidia exhibit simple life cycles with one spore type responsible for oral (horizontal) transmission. they affect only one generation of the mosquito and are not usually host or tissue specific. brachiola algerae and vavraia culicis are examples of species isolated from mosquitoes with relatively straightforward life cycles (one spore type) and simple ... | 2005 | 16004363 |
| sequential release and residual activity of temephos applied as sand granules to water-storage jars for the control of aedes aegypti larvae (diptera: culicidae). | two long-term experiments were carried out on the release profile and efficacy of temephos 1% gr (sand granules) against aedes aegypti larvae in water-storage containers. in the first experiment, the efficacy of temephos 1% gr enclosed and tied in a muslin cloth and placed in water at the bottom of 200 l earthen water-storage jars was studied by exposing the packets for four to nine wk in one set ofjars and then transferring them sequentially to new sets ofjars four times successively. temephos ... | 2005 | 16007957 |
| characterization of deltamethrin resistance in field populations of aedes aegypti in thailand. | five field collections of adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes from different areas in bangkok and pathum thani provinces were subjected to susceptibility tests against deltamethrin. low levels of resistance were detected among all populations tested (rr50 = 8-17.2) compared to the susceptible strain, bora (french polynesia). among the five populations tested, the bkh (bang khen, bangkok) and psc (phasicharoen, bangkok) populations showed a higher level of deltamethrin resistance than the other three ... | 2005 | 16007969 |
| prevalence-dependent costs of parasite virulence. | costs of parasitism are commonly measured by comparing the performance of infected groups of individuals to that of uninfected control groups. this measure potentially underestimates the cost of parasitism because it ignores indirect costs, which may result from the modification of the competitiveness of the hosts by the parasite. in this context, we used the host-parasite system consisting of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti and the microsporidian parasite vavraia culicis to address this ... | 2005 | 16008503 |
| morphological and molecular characterization of a cypovirus (reoviridae) from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (diptera: culicidae). | a novel cypovirus has been isolated from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (uscpv) and shown to cause a chronic infection confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the gastric ceca and posterior stomach. the production of large numbers of virions and inclusion bodies and their arrangement into paracrystalline arrays gives the gut of infected insects a distinctive blue iridescence. the virions, which were examined by electron microscopy, are icosahedral (55 to 65 nm in diameter) with a c ... | 2005 | 16014906 |
| residual effect of two bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products assayed against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in laboratory and outdoors at rio de janeiro, brazil. | resistance of the dengue vector to temephos stimulated its substitution for bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) since 2001 in brazil. the persistence of the two bti formulations employed at that time by the health ministry, vectobac g and aquabac g, was assayed under laboratory and outdoor conditions. both formulations were tested at 0.2 g/10 liters of water, the same concentration applied in the field for vector control. the tests were done against ae. aegypti third instar larvae (roc ... | 2005 | 16021284 |
| a catalog for the transcripts from the venomous structures of the caterpillar lonomia obliqua: identification of the proteins potentially involved in the coagulation disorder and hemorrhagic syndrome. | accidents with the caterpillar lonomia obliqua are often associated with a coagulation disorder and hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. in the present study, we have constructed cdna libraries from two venomous structures of the caterpillar, namely the tegument and the bristle. high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed in parallel. over one thousand cdnas were obtained and clustered to produce a database of 538 contigs and singletons (clusters) for the tegument library an ... | 0 | 16023793 |
| influence of spatial heterogeneity on an emerging infectious disease: the case of dengue epidemics. | the importance of spatial heterogeneity and spatial scales (at a village or neighbourhood scale) has been explored with individual-based models. our reasoning is based on the chilean easter island (ei) case, where a first dengue epidemic occurred in 2002 among the relatively small population localized in one village. even in this simple situation, the real epidemic is not consistent with homogeneous models. conversely, including contact heterogeneity on different scales (intra-households, inter- ... | 0 | 16024379 |
| isolation and identification of mosquito bite deterrent terpenoids from leaves of american (callicarpa americana) and japanese (callicarpa japonica) beautyberry. | essential oil extracts from callicarpa americana and callicarpa japonica were investigated. bioassay-guided fractionation of c. americana extracts using the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, led to the isolation of alpha-humulene, humulene epoxide ii, and intermedeol and a newly isolated terpenoid (callicarpenal). similar work involving c. japonica resulted in the isolation of an additional compound, spathulenol, as well as the four compounds isolated from c. americana. structure elucidation ... | 2005 | 16028979 |
| fructose variation in the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, during high and low transmission seasons in the mae sot region of thailand. | to understand the potential for facultative sugar feeding by aedes aegypti, an important vector of dengue viruses, we evaluated seasonal and villagewide variation in sugar feeding during high- and low-dengue transmission seasons (rainy and dry seasons, respectively) in the mae sot region of thailand. these seasons in thailand are represented by different periods of flowering plant phenology. although overall sugar feeding among female and male mosquitoes was low (ranging from 0.60 to 7.53 microg ... | 2005 | 16033119 |
| testing vitamin b as a home remedy against mosquitoes. | vitamin b is often recommended in the popular media as a systemic repellent against mosquitoes. this information is especially prevalent on the web. the results of a small number of published studies suggested that vitamin b complex supplements are not effective as repellents, but these studies were limited by the use of very few human subjects and only 1 species of mosquito, aedes aegypti. we extended this work with the use of larger samples of human subjects and with anopheles stephensi as the ... | 2005 | 16033124 |
| laboratory evaluation of mosquito traps baited with a synthetic human odor blend to capture aedes aegypti. | a synthetic blend of chemicals comprising volatiles released by the human body has been shown to be an effective attractant for female aedes aegypti in olfactometer bioassays with laboratory-reared mosquitoes. we report the laboratory evaluation of ae. aegypti response to a synthetic blend tested with 4 types of mosquito traps (cdc model 512, cdc model 1012, cfg, and fay-prince traps). aedes aegypti females were attracted significantly by the blend. the higher release rate of attractant (320.2 + ... | 2005 | 16033129 |
| gene structure and expression profile of manduca sexta prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 (pap-3), an immune protein containing two clip domains. | prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 (pap-3) is a component of the defence system in manduca sexta. we have isolated genomic clones and elucidated the organization of this gene. the 3' end of exon 2, the entire exon 3 and the 5' end of exon 4 encode the two amino-terminal clip domains. southern blot analysis suggested a single copy of the pap-3 gene in the genome. we identified several putative immune-responsive elements in the upstream region. the pap-3 gene is not highly expressed in the f ... | 2005 | 16033436 |
| michelob_x is the missing inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist in mosquito genomes. | apoptosis is implicated in the life cycle of the malaria parasite in mosquitoes. the genome project for the primary malaria vector anopheles gambiae showed a significant expansion of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (iap) and caspase gene families in comparison with drosophila. however, because of extensive sequence divergence, no orthologue was identified for the reaper/grim-like iap antagonist genes that have a pivotal role in cell death regulation in drosophila. using a customized searching ... | 2005 | 16041319 |
| comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. | the mosquito repellent activity of 38 essential oils from plants at three concentrations was screened against the mosquito aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions using human subjects. on a volunteer's forearm, 0.1 ml of oil was applied per 30 cm2 of exposed skin. when the tested oils were applied at a 10% or 50% concentration, none of them prevented mosquito bites for as long as 2 h, but the undiluted oils of cymbopogon nardus (citronella), pogostemon cablin (patchuli), syzygium aromaticum (c ... | 2005 | 16041723 |
| carbon dioxide instantly sensitizes female yellow fever mosquitoes to human skin odours. | female mosquitoes are noted for their ability to use odours to locate a host for a blood meal. two sensory organs contribute to their sense of smell: the maxillary palps, which measure the level of co2, and the antennae, which detect other host-released odours. to establish the relative importance and interactions of co2 and other body emissions in freely flying mosquitoes, we presented female yellow fever mosquitoes aedes aegypti l. with broad plumes of human skin odour and co2 at natural conce ... | 2005 | 16043601 |
| impact of vector control on a dengue fever outbreak in trinidad, west indies, in 1998. | in 1998, trinidad experienced its first major outbreak of dengue haemorrhagic fever. data from the trinidad public health laboratory, the national surveillance unit and insect vector control division, ministry of health, trinidad and tobago were analysed to determine the impact of vector control measures on the dengue outbreak. geographical information systems (gis)/global positioning systems (gps) were used to map cases and to distinguish epidemiological clusters. the aedes aegypti population d ... | 2005 | 16045461 |
| effectiveness of dengue control practices in household water containers in northeast thailand. | to investigate the influence of larval control methods (using temephos, keeping fish and covering containers with lids), water use and weekly cleaning of containers on the presence of aedes aegypti larvae in water-storage containers in rural and urban households in khon kaen province. | 2005 | 16045462 |
| insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. | essential oils extracted from 10 medicinal plants were evaluated for larvicidal, adulticidal, ovicidal, oviposition-deterrent and repellent activities towards three mosquito species; anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the essential oils of juniperus macropoda and pimpinella anisum were highly effective as both larvicidal and ovicidal. the essential oil of p. anisum showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of a. stephensi and a. aegypti with equivalent ld95 values of ... | 2005 | 16051081 |
| building a better ovitrap for detecting aedes aegypti oviposition. | 2005 | 16055072 | |
| cloning and characterization of two novel genes, cry24b and s1orf2, from a mosquitocidal strain of bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto. | two new crystal protein genes, cry24b and s1orf2, were cloned from a mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis serovar sotto strain. the cry24b and s1orf2 genes encoded a 76-kda and 62-kda protein, respectively. the cry24b protein retained five conserved regions commonly found in the existing cry proteins. the amino acid sequence of the s1orf2 had a high homology to that of the orf2 protein of b. thuringiensis serovar jegathesan. southern hybridization experiments with a cry24b gene-specific probe re ... | 2005 | 16059769 |
| growth, sporulation, delta-endotoxins synthesis, and toxicity during culture of bacillus thuringiensis h14. | growth, sporulation, synthesis of delta-endotoxins, and toxicity against the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens were studied during fermentation of bacillus thuringiensis h14 in a 20-l fermentor. measurements of optical density and dielectric permittivity for biomass determination suggest a highly promising technique for on-line evaluation of sporulation. the synthesis of 65-, 25- and 130-kda proteins started at 16, 18, and 23 h, respectively. these proteins were enriched in different way ... | 2005 | 16059772 |
| inhibitor kappab-like proteins from a polydnavirus inhibit nf-kappab activation and suppress the insect immune response. | complex signaling pathways regulate the innate immune system of insects, with nf-kappab transcription factors playing a central role in the activation of antimicrobial peptides and other immune genes. although numerous studies have characterized the immune responses of insects to pathogens, comparatively little is known about the counter-strategies pathogens have evolved to circumvent host defenses. among the most potent immunosuppressive pathogens of insects are polydnaviruses that are symbioti ... | 2005 | 16061795 |
| phytochemical studies on the seed extract of piper nigrum linn. | the petroleum ether extract of dried ground seeds of piper nigrum linn. and some column fractions of this extract were subjected to gc and gc-ms analysis, resulting in the identification of fourteen compounds (1-14) by using nist mass spectral search program 1998 and the kovat's retention indices. ten of the compounds (1, 2, 4-12) are reported for the first time from this plant. all the fractions showed insecticidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti and against the fourt ... | 2005 | 16076642 |
| immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | we show that, in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, expression of cecropin 1 is regulated by rel2, an nf-kappab-like transcription factor orthologous to drosophila relish. through alternative splicing, rel2 produces a full-length (rel2-f) and a shorter (rel2-s) protein isoform lacking the inhibitory ankyrin repeats and death domain. rna interference experiments show that, in contrast to drosophila relish, which responds solely to gram-negative bacteria, the anopheles rel2-f and rel2-s isoform ... | 2005 | 16076953 |
| [residual effect of commercial applications of larvicides temefos and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on aedes aegypti larvae in recipients with water renewal]. | the residual effect of temefos (commercial applications a, b and c) and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (d and e) on aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, in recipients with water renewal. forty-four beakers of 1,000ml each (8 for each application and 4 controls) were used. in each beaker, 25 larvae were introduced daily. after 24 hours, the dead larvae were counted, the beakers emptied to 200ml and refilled to original volume, with addition of new larvae. the duration of the maximum residual e ... | 2005 | 16082478 |
| prevalence of dengue virus in aedes mosquitoes during dry season by semi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested rt-pcr). | dengue hemorrhagic fever remains a major health concern in thailand. much effort has focused on the prevention and control of the disease. detection of dengue virus infection rate in mosquitoes would evaluate dengue control programs and predict the epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever. to determine dengue virus infection rate in mosquitoes by semi-nested rt-pcr. a total of 400 mosquitoes were collected from rom kao community representing a crowded community and another 9 non-crowded communities ... | 2004 | 16083176 |
| identification and analysis of ribonuclease p and mrp rna in a broad range of eukaryotes. | rnases p and mrp are ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in trna and rrna processing, respectively. the rna subunits of these two enzymes are structurally related to each other and play an essential role in the enzymatic reaction. both of the rnas have a highly conserved helical region, p4, which is important in the catalytic reaction. we have used a bioinformatics approach based on conserved elements to computationally analyze available genomic sequences of eukaryotic organisms and have identi ... | 2005 | 16087735 |
| an anti-chitinase malaria transmission-blocking single-chain antibody as an effector molecule for creating a plasmodium falciparum-refractory mosquito. | indirect evidence has suggested the existence of a second chitinase gene, pgcht2, in the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum. we have now identified pgcht2 as the orthologue of the p. falciparum chitinase gene pfcht1, a malaria transmission-blocking target. computational phylogenetic evidence and biochemical and cell biological functional data support the hypothesis that an avian-related plasmodium species was the ancestor of both p. falciparum and p. reichenowi, and this single lineag ... | 2005 | 16088838 |