Publications

evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate.	uranyl acetate (uac) has been generally used not only as a superb staining reagent for ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded biological materials, but also as high-contrast negative stains for biological macromolecules such as particles of protein or virus. however, the use and purchase of radioactive uac have been restricted. in this study, we determine the performance of ytterbium triacetate, lutetium triacetate, samarium triacetate and gadolinium triacetate as new staining reagents for biolo ...	2015	26374081
moderate water stress prevents the postharvest decline of ascorbic acid in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) but not in spinach beet (beta vulgaris l.).	babyleaf salads such as spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and spinach beet (beta vulgaris l. subsp. cicla var. cicla) are an important dietary source of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin c). such compounds may be important in disease prevention in consumers but the level of these compounds in leaves frequently declines after harvest. as such, methods to maintain antioxidant levels in fresh produce are being sought.	2016	26381599
application of metagenomic sequencing to food safety: detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli on fresh bagged spinach.	culture-independent diagnostics reduce the reliance on traditional (and slower) culture-based methodologies. here we capitalize on advances in next-generation sequencing (ngs) to apply this approach to food pathogen detection utilizing ngs as an analytical tool. in this study, spiking spinach with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) following an established fda culture-based protocol was used in conjunction with shotgun metagenomic sequencing to determine the limits of detection, sensi ...	2015	26386062
survival of salmonella enterica in dried turkey manure and persistence on spinach leaves.	concerns about the microbiological safety of fresh produce have attracted attention in the past three decades due to multiple foodborne outbreaks. animal manure contaminated with enteric pathogens has been identified as an important preharvest pathogen source. this study investigated the survival of salmonella enterica in dust particles of dehydrated turkey manure and how association with manure dust may enhance the survival of salmonellae on leafy greens in the field. the survival of a cocktail ...	2015	26408127
inhibition of bacterial pathogens in medium and on spinach leaf surfaces using plant-derived antimicrobials loaded in surfactant micelles.	encapsulation of hydrophobic plant essential oil components (eoc) into surfactant micelles can assist the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. loading of eugenol and carvacrol into surfactant micelles of polysorbate 20 (tween 20), surfynol® 485w, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), and cytoguard® la 20 (cg20) was determined by identification of the eoc/surfactant-specific maximum additive concentration (mac). rheological behavior of dilute eoc- ...	2015	26444985
nutrient-rich versus nutrient-poor foods for depressed patients based on iranian traditional medicine resources.	considering the positive effects of certain nutrients on depression, increasingly prevalent in the contemporary societies, we investigated the nutritional content of prescribed and prohibited foodstuffs for depressed patients in iranian traditional medicine resources.	2017	26445711
determination of cadmium, lead and zinc in vegetables in jaipur (india).	an atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc in vegetables grown in and around jaipur food stuffs irrigated with industrial waste water. vegetable samples were collected after maturity, and analyzed, such as spinach (spinacia oleracea), ladyfinger (abelmoschus esulentus), pepper mint (menthe pipereta), brinjal (solanum melongena), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cauliflower (brassica oleracea), onion (allium cepa), radish (raphanus sativus), ...	2014	26445755
highly efficient cyp167a1 (epok) dependent epothilone b formation and production of 7-ketone epothilone d as a new epothilone derivative.	since their discovery in the soil bacterium sorangium cellulosum, epothilones have emerged as a valuable substance class with promising anti-tumor activity. because of their benefits in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, epothilones are targets for drug design and pharmaceutical research. the final step of their biosynthesis - a cytochrome p450 mediated epoxidation of epothilone c/d to a/b by cyp167a1 (epok) - needs significant improvement, in particular regarding the effici ...	2015	26445909
contribution to the traditional uses of medicinal plants of turgutlu (manisa--turkey).	the aim of this study is to document and describe important ethnobotanical features of 14 villages of turgutlu (manisa - turkey).	2015	26494509
spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) modulates its proteome differentially in response to salinity, cadmium and their combination stress.	cadmium (cd) contamination and salinity are common stressors in agricultural soils all over the globe. sensitivity and modulation of plant proteome lead to proper signal execution and adaptation to abiotic stress via molecular responses, which strengthen plant defence system. a comparative proteomic study, employing 2de-maldi tof/tof ms, of spinacia oleracea plants exposed to cadmium (50 μg cdcl2 g(-1) soil), salinity (10 mg nacl g(-1) soil) and their combination (nacl + cd) was conducted to und ...	2015	26497449
analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of a medicinal plant, dianthus superbus var. longicalyncinus, from a comparative genomics perspective.	dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus is an economically important traditional chinese medicinal plant that is also used for ornamental purposes. in this study, d. superbus was compared to its closely related family of caryophyllaceae chloroplast (cp) genomes such as lychnis chalcedonica and spinacia oleracea. d. superbus had the longest large single copy (lsc) region (82,805 bp), with some variations in the inverted repeat region a (ira)/lsc regions. the irs underwent both expansion and constri ...	2015	26513163
determination of lutein from fruit and vegetables through an alkaline hydrolysis extraction method and hplc analysis.	a simple and rapid analytical method for the determination of lutein content, successfully used for cereal matrices, was evaluated in fruit and vegetables. the method involved the determination of lutein after an alkaline hydrolysis of the sample matrix, followed by extraction with solvents and analysis by normal phase hplc. the optimized method was simple, precise, and accurate and it was characterized by few steps that could prevent loss of lutein and its degradation. the optimized method was ...	2015	26540023
selection of intracellularly functional rna mimics of green fluorescent protein using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.	fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs) was exploited to isolate escherichia coli cells that were highly fluorescent due to the expression of rna aptamers that induce fluorescence of 3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone. two different aptamers, named zt-26 and zt-324, were identified by this method and compared to the fluorescence-signaling properties of spinach, a previously reported rna aptamer. aptamer zt-26 exhibits significantly enhanced fluorescence over spinach only in vitro ...	2015	26573804
combining spinach-tagged rna and gene localization to image gene expression in live yeast.	although many factors required for the formation of export-competent mrnps have been described, an integrative view of the spatiotemporal coordinated cascade leading mrnps from their site of transcription to their site of nuclear exit, at a single cell level, is still partially missing due to technological limitations. here we report that the rna spinach aptamer is a powerful tool for mrna imaging in live s. cerevisiae with high spatial-temporal resolution and no perturbation of the mrna biogene ...	2015	26582123
evaluation of ultrasound based sterilization approaches in terms of shelf life and quality parameters of fruit and vegetable juices.	the present work evaluates the performance of ultrasound based sterilization approaches for processing of different fruit and vegetable juices in terms of microbial growth and changes in the quality parameters during the storage. comparison with the conventional thermal processing has also been presented. a novel approach based on combination of ultrasound with ultraviolet irradiation and crude extract of essential oil from orange peels has been used for the first time. identification of the mic ...	2016	26585014
effects of phosphorus on chemical forms of cd in plants of four spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) cultivars differing in cd accumulation.	in order to clarify how cadmium (cd) chemical forms in planta relate to the genotype difference in cd accumulation of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), two low-cd and two high-cd cultivars were compared under a hydroponic experiment with two concentrations of cd (8.98 or 44.71 μmol cd l(-1)). the concentrations of phosphorus in the hydroponic system were also adjusted to two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mmol l(-1)) to investigate the influence of phosphorus on the forms and accumulation of cd in the tested ...	2016	26585453
assessment of fertilizer potential of the struvite produced from the treatment of methanogenic landfill leachate using low-cost reagents.	leachates generated in methanogenic landfills contain high strength of ammonium nitrogen which removal is hard to be accomplished by means of conventional techniques. the chemical precipitation of struvite, which is a mineral that could be reused as a slow-release fertilizer, is an effective process in the removal and recovery of nh4 amount of high-concentrated wastewaters. in this paper, a struvite precipitation process using unconventional reagents is proposed for a sustainable recovery of nit ...	0	26604197
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis, chlorophyll content and antioxidant properties of native and defatted foliage of green leafy vegetables.	ftir analysis for five selected green leafy vegetables (glvs) viz., hibiscus cannabinus l., (kenaf), h. sabdariffa l., (roselle), basella alba l., (vine spinach), b. rubra l. (malabar spinach) and rumex vesicarius l., (sorrel) confirmed the presence of free alcohol, intermolecular bonded alcohol, intramolecular bonded alcohol, alkane, aromatic compounds, imine or oxime or ketone or alkene, phenol and amine stretching. the chlorophyll content was higher in native leaves of b. alba (2.96 g/kg) tha ...	2015	26604386
molecular diversity of turncurtoviruses in iran.	turnip curly top virus (tctv) is the only member of the newly established genus turncurtovirus (family geminiviridae). as part of an ongoing study to identify additional plant hosts and the diversity of turncurtoviruses, between 2012 and 2014, we sampled symptomatic turnip plants and other crops in the provinces fars and khorasan razavi (southern and northeastern iran, respectively). infection by turncurtoviruses was tested by pcr and/or rolling-circle amplification (rca) coupled with restrictio ...	2016	26611911
de novo and comparative transcriptome analysis of cultivated and wild spinach.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is an economically important green leafy vegetable crop. in this study, we performed deep transcriptome sequencing for nine spinach accessions: three from cultivated s. oleracea, three from wild s. turkestanica and three from wild s. tetrandra. a total of approximately 100 million high-quality reads were generated, which were de novo assembled into 72,151 unigenes with a total length of 46.5 mb. by comparing sequences of these unigenes against different protein dat ...	2015	26635144
crystal diagnostics xpress™ e7 stec kit for the rapid multiplex detection of e. coli o157 and non-o157 shiga toxin-producing e. coli.	the crystal diagnostics (cdx) xpress e7 stec kit is a rapid and sensitive detection assay for the detection of escherichia coli o157 and six non-o157 shiga toxin-producing e. coli (serogroups o26, o45, o1o3, o111, o121, and o145, collectively referred to as stec) at 1 cfu/325 g of raw ground beef and raw beef trim, or 200 g of spinach. the system comprises an automatic crystal diagnostics xpress system reader that integrates immunochemical and optical processes for the liquid crystal-based detec ...	2015	26651567
assessment of different washing treatments to mitigate imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues in spinach.	agricultural crops treated with pesticides retain toxic residues that can cause various health disorders upon consumption. the present research project was designed to assess pesticide residues in contaminated spinach (spinacia oleracea). the efficiency of chemical solutions (acetic acid, citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) of different concentrations (% w/v) along with tap water for the dissolution of pesticide residues in spinach was studied. after various dip ...	0	26678536
an oxalate selective electrode based on modified pvc-membrane with tetra-butylammonium--clinoptilolite nanoparticles.	a modified pvc-membrane electrode with tetra-butylammonium bromide - clinoptilolite nano-particles (tba-ncp) showed good nernstian slope (29.9±0.6 mv per decade of oxalate concentration) in concentration range of 3.1×10(-7)-8.3×10(-1) mol l(-1) with a detection limit of 1.5×10(-7) mol l(-1). the best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of 31.5% pvc, 62.5% dop and 6% tba-ncp in the temperature range of 20-35 °c and the ph range of 4-9. the fast response time and good reproducibil ...	2016	26706514
light-up and fret aptamer reporters; evaluating their applications for imaging transcription in eukaryotic cells.	the regulation of rna transcription is central to cellular function. changes in gene expression drive differentiation and cellular responses to events such as injury. rna trafficking can also have a large impact on protein expression and its localization. thus, the ability to image rna transcription and trafficking in real time and in living cells is a worthwhile goal that has been difficult to achieve. the availability of "light-up" aptamers that cause an increase in fluorescence of their ligan ...	2016	26707205
mimicking respiratory phosphorylation using purified enzymes.	the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation is a striking example of the functional association of multiple enzyme complexes, working together to form atp from cellular reducing equivalents. these complexes, such as cytochrome c oxidase or the atp synthase, are typically investigated individually and therefore, their functional interplay is not well understood. here, we present methodology that allows the co-reconstitution of purified terminal oxidases and atp synthases in synthetic liposomes. the ...	2016	26707617
impacts of climate and management variables on the contamination of preharvest leafy greens with escherichia coli.	the observed seasonality of foodborne disease suggests that climatic conditions play a role and that changes in the climate may affect the presence of pathogens. however, it is hard to determine whether this effect is direct or whether it works indirectly through other factors, such as farm management. this study aimed to identify the climate and management variables that are associated with the contamination (presence and concentration) of leafy green vegetables with e. coli. this study used da ...	2016	26735025
an integrated paper-based sample-to-answer biosensor for nucleic acid testing at the point of care.	with advances in point-of-care testing (poct), lateral flow assays (lfas) have been explored for nucleic acid detection. however, biological samples generally contain complex compositions and low amounts of target nucleic acids, and currently require laborious off-chip nucleic acid extraction and amplification processes (e.g., tube-based extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)) prior to detection. to the best of our knowledge, even though the integration of dna extraction and amplificatio ...	2016	26759062
expression of spinach ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase using tandem t7 promoters and application of the purified protein for in vitro light-dependent thioredoxin-reduction system.	thioredoxins (trxs) regulate the activity of target proteins in the chloroplast redox regulatory system. in vivo, a disulfide bond within trxs is reduced by photochemically generated electrons via ferredoxin (fd) and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (ftr: ec 1.8.7.2). ftr is an αβ-heterodimer, and the β-subunit has a 4fe-4s cluster that is indispensable for the electron transfer from fd to trxs. reconstitution of the light-dependent fd/trx system, including ftr, is required for the biochemical c ...	2016	26773743
nutritional quality of ten leafy vegetables harvested at two light intensities.	the nutritional composition of ten leafy vegetables (chicory, green lettuce, lamb's lettuce, mizuna, red chard, red lettuce, rocket, spinach, swiss chard, and tatsoi) and quality traits of the selected leafy vegetables in relation to the light intensity (low and high photosynthetically active radiation; par) at time of harvest were determined. irrespective of the light intensity at time of harvest, the highest leaf dry matter (dm), proteins, nitrate, p, k and ca contents were observed in rocket ...	2016	26776027
reversible, partial inactivation of plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by betaine aldehyde: mechanism and possible physiological implications.	in plants, the last step in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (gb) is the nad(+)-dependent oxidation of betaine aldehyde (bal) catalysed by some aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) 10 enzymes that exhibit betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) activity. given the irreversibility of the reaction, the short-term regulation of these enzymes is of great physiological relevance to avoid adverse decreases in the nad(+):nadh ratio. in the present study, we report that the spinacia olerace ...	2016	26792760
de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves under heat stress.	spinach (spinacia oleracea) has cold tolerant but heat sensitive characteristics. the spinach variety 'island,' is suitable for summer periods. there is lack molecular information available for spinach in response to heat stress. in this study, high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analyses were carried out at different spinach variety 'island' leaves (grown at 24 °c (control), exposed to 35 °c for 30 min (s1), and 5 h (s2)). a total of 133,200,898 clean reads were ...	2016	26857466
municipal composts reduce the transfer of cd from soil to vegetables.	cadmium (cd) is a non-essential trace element that accumulates in agricultural soils through the application of cd-rich phosphate fertiliser. vegetables can accumulate cd to concentrations that sometimes exceed food safety standards. we investigated the potential of low-cost soil amendments to reduce cd uptake by spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) and onion (allium cepa l.). batch sorption experiments revealed the relative sorption of cd by biosolids, charcoal, lignite, ...	2016	26874314
it is rocket science - why dietary nitrate is hard to 'beet'! part ii: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate-nitrite-no pathway.	dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate-nitrite-no pathway. dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in part i, we explore the more recent developments which have s ...	2017	26914827
microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the eastern shore of maryland, united states of america.	the aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the eastern shore of maryland, usa. a total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (apc), total coliforms, escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (e. coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella), using standard methods. presumptive pathogenic isolates ...	2016	26919815
characterization of soil suppressiveness to root-knot nematodes in organic horticulture in plastic greenhouse.	the fluctuation of meloidogyne population density and the percentage of fungal egg parasitism were determined from july 2011 to july 2013 in two commercial organic vegetable production sites (m10.23 and m10.55) in plastic greenhouses, located in northeastern spain, in order to know the level of soil suppressiveness. fungal parasites were identified by molecular methods. in parallel, pot tests characterized the level of soil suppressiveness and the fungal species growing from the eggs. in additio ...	2016	26925080
genetic features of human and bovine escherichia coli o157:h7 strains isolated in argentina.	shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are important food-borne pathogens associated with human diseases. in argentina, o157:h7 is the dominant serotype in hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) cases. previously, we have described the almost exclusive circulation of human e. coli o157 strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8 in neuquén province. the aim of the present study was to investigate, by a broad molecular characterization, if this particular distribution of e. coli o157 clades in ...	2016	26935026
effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach.	in this study, we analyzed seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological aspects after treatment with high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro dbd plasma in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), a green leafy vegetable known to have low germination rate. both germination and dry weight of seedlings increased after high voltage pulse shots were applied to spinach seeds. however seeds treated with many shots (10 shots) showed a decrease in germination rate and seedling growth. seeds treate ...	2016	26944552
assessing the growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in spinach, lettuce, parsley and chard extracts at different storage temperatures.	the objective of this work was to study the growth potential of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in leafy vegetable extracts at different temperature conditions.	2016	26950043
comparison of assurance gds(®) mpx id for top stec with reference culture methods for the detection of e. coli top 6 stec; direct confirmation of top 6 stec from isolation plates and determination of equivalence of pickpen(®) and fsis octomacs™ concentration protocols.	assurance gds(®) mpx id for top shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec; mpx id) was validated according to the aoac international methods committee guidelines for validation of microbiological methods for foods and environmental surfaces as (1) a secondary screening method for specific detection of the top 6 stec serogroups (o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145) in raw beef trim, raw ground beef, raw spinach, and on stainless steel; and (2) as a confirmatory method for the identification o ...	2017	26997139
influence of extracellular cellulose and colanic acid production on the survival of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli on spinach and lettuce after chlorine treatment.	shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains produce extracellular cellulose and colanic acid, which may influence stress tolerance. this study investigates the role of these extracellular polymers on the tolerance of stec to chlorine treatment after attachment to lettuce and spinach. four stec strains, two wild-type cellulose-producing and their cellulose-deficient derivatives, were used. one strain pair produced colanic acid in addition to cellulose. spinach and lettuce with attached ...	2016	27052873
an experimental platform using human intestinal epithelial cell lines to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins.	human intestinal epithelial cell lines (t84, caco-2, and hct-8) grown on permeable transwell™ filters serve as models of the gastrointestinal barrier. in this study, this in vitro model system was evaluated for effectiveness at distinguishing between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins. indicators of cytotoxicity (ldh release, mtt conversion), monolayer barrier integrity ([(3)h]-inulin flux, horseradish peroxidase flux, trans-epithelial electrical resistance [teer]), and inflammation (il-8, il- ...	2016	27060235
the hevea brasiliensis xip aquaporin subfamily: genomic, structural and functional characterizations with relevance to intensive latex harvesting.	x-intrinsic proteins (xip) were recently identified in a narrow range of plants as a full clade within the aquaporins. these channels reportedly facilitate the transport of a wide range of hydrophobic solutes. the functional roles of xip in planta remain poorly identified. in this study, we found three xip genes (hbxip1;1, hbxip2;1 and hbxip3;1) in the hevea brasiliensis genome. comprehensive bioinformatics, biochemical and structural analyses were used to acquire a better understanding of this ...	2016	27068521
metrics proposed to prevent the harvest of leafy green crops exposed to floodwater contaminated with escherichia coli.	the california leafy green products handler marketing agreement (lgma) requires leafy green crops within 9 m of the edge of a flooded field not be harvested due to potential contamination (california leafy green products handler marketing board, commodity specific flood safety guidelines for the production and harvest of lettuce and leafy greens, 2012). further, previously flooded soils should not be replanted for 60 days. in this study, the suitability of the lgma metrics for farms in the mid-a ...	2016	27084022
nitrogen hurdle of host alternation for a polyphagous aphid and the associated changes of endosymbionts.	low proportion of essential amino acids (eaas) is one of the barriers for animals to use phloem as a diet. endosymbionts with eaas synthesis functions are considered crucial for ameliorating the lack of eaas in insects' diets. in this study, we transferred the insects from a cabbage-reared myzus persicae population onto 3 new plant species including eggplant, tobacco and spinach. the performance on these plants was evaluated and the dynamics of endosymbionts in relation to this host alternation ...	2016	27094934
aggregative adherence fimbriae i (aaf/i) mediate colonization of fresh produce and abiotic surface by shiga toxigenic enteroaggregative escherichia coli o104:h4.	the shiga toxigenic escherichia coli o104:h4 isolated during the 2011 european outbreak expresses shiga toxin 2a and possess virulence genes associated with the enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) pathotype. it produces plasmid encoded aggregative adherence fimbriae i (aaf/i) which mediate cell aggregation and biofilm formation in human intestine and promote shiga-toxin adsorption, but it is not clear whether the aaf/i fimbriae are involved in the colonization and biofilm formation on food and envi ...	2016	27099984
heavy metals phyto-assessment in commonly grown vegetables: water spinach (i. aquatica) and okra (a. esculentus).	the growth response, metal tolerance and phytoaccumulation properties of water spinach (ipomoea aquatica) and okra (abelmoschus esculentus) were assessed under different contaminated spiked metals: control, 50 mg pb/kg soil, 50 mg zn/kg soil and 50 mg cu/kg soil. the availability of pb, zn and cu metals in both soil and plants were detected using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. the concentration and accumulation of heavy metals from soil to roots and shoots (edible parts) were evaluated in ...	2016	27119073
spinachdb: a well-characterized genomic database for gene family classification and snp information of spinach.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), which originated in central and western asia, belongs to the family amaranthaceae. spinach is one of most important leafy vegetables with a high nutritional value as well as being a perfect research material for plant sex chromosome models. as the completion of genome assembly and gene prediction of spinach, we developed spinachdb (http://222.73.98.124/spinachdb) to store, annotate, mine and analyze genomics and genetics datasets efficiently. in this study, all of ...	2016	27148975
first report of the carolina spiral nematode, scutellonema brachyurus, from soil of a garden in crete, greece.	members of the genus scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated plants directly by feeding ectoparasitically on plant roots (bridge et al., 2005; coyne et al., 2006). in may 2015, a soil sample from a house garden from heraklion city in crete, greece, was sent for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. in this place, there had been cactus (opuntia sp.) plants (probably imported), which were uprooted 3 to 4 years earlier. after that, the area was cropped with cuc ...	2016	27168646
in vivo tracing of organochloride and organophosphorus pesticides in different organs of hydroponically grown malabar spinach (basella alba l.).	an in vivo uptake and elimination tracing study based on solid phase microextraction (spme) was conducted to investigate the accumulation, persistence and distribution of organochloride pesticides (ocps) and organophosphorus pesticides (opps) in malabar spinach (basella alba l.) plants. uptake and elimination of the pesticides were traced in leaves, stems and roots of living malabar spinach plants. root concentration factor (rcf), distribution concentration factor (dcf) and transpiration stream ...	2016	27209519
overexpression of spinach non-symbiotic hemoglobin in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no content and lowered nitrate and other abiotic stresses tolerance.	a class 1 non-symbiotic hemoglobin family gene, sohb, was isolated from spinach. qrt-pcr showed that sohb was induced by excess nitrate, polyethylene glycol, nacl, h2o2, and salicylic acid. besides, sohb was strongly induced by application of nitric oxide (no) donor, while was suppressed by no scavenger, nitrate reductase inhibitor, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. overexpression of sohb in arabidopsis resulted in decreased no level and sensitivity to nitrate stress, as shown by reduced root ...	2016	27211528
the influence of atmospheric particles on the elemental content of vegetables in urban gardens of sao paulo, brazil.	although urban horticulture provides multiple benefits to society, the extent to which these vegetables are contaminated by the absorption of chemical elements derived from atmospheric deposition is unclear. this study was designed to evaluate the influence of air pollution on leafy vegetables in community gardens of sao paulo, brazil. vegetable seedlings of brassica oleracea var. acephala (collard greens) and spinacia oleracea (spinach) obtained in a non-polluted rural area and growing in vesse ...	2016	27249450
elucidation of enterotoxigenic bacillus cereus outbreaks in austria by complementary epidemiological and microbiological investigations, 2013.	identifying bacillus cereus as the causative agent of a foodborne outbreak still poses a challenge. we report on the epidemiological and microbiological investigation of three outbreaks of food poisoning (a, b, and c) in austria in 2013. a total of 44% among 32 hotel guests (a), 22% among 63 employees (b) and 29% among 362 residents of a rehab clinic (c) fell sick immediately after meal consumption. b. cereus isolated from left overs or retained samples from related foods were characterized by t ...	2016	27257745
natural occurrence of tomato leaf curl new delhi virus in iranian cucurbit crops.	the main areas for field-grown vegetable production in iran were surveyed during the years of 2012-2014 to determine the occurrence of begomoviruses infecting these crops. a total of 787 leaf samples were collected from vegetables and some other host plants showing virus-like symptoms and tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using polyclonal antibodies produced against tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). according to the elisa results, 81 samples (10.3%) positively reacted w ...	2016	27298595
a snare-like superfamily protein sbslsp from the halophyte salicornia brachiata confers salt and drought tolerance by maintaining membrane stability, k(+)/na(+) ratio, and antioxidant machinery.	about 1000 salt-responsive ests were identified from an extreme halophyte salicornia brachiata. among these, a novel salt-inducible gene sbslsp (salicornia brachiata snare-like superfamily protein), showed up-regulation upon salinity and dehydration stress. the presence of cis-regulatory motifs related to abiotic stress in the putative promoter region supports our finding that sbslsp gene is inducible by abiotic stress. the sbslsp protein showed a high sequence identity to hypothetical/uncharact ...	2016	27313584
organic chelants-mediated enhanced lead (pb) uptake and accumulation is associated with higher activity of enzymatic antioxidants in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.).	the spinach was tested in the present studies for its phytoextraction potential. furthermore, the study assessed whether organic chelants could reduce oxidative stress, and thus enhance growth of spinach plants under 2.42 and 4.83mm pb regimes. different organic chelates viz. ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, (edta), citric acid (ca), oxalic acid (oa), tartaric acid (ta) and malic acid (ma) were applied separately in addition to control (without chelating agents) under different pb regimes. the ...	2016	27318732
functional properties of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) phytochemicals and bioactives.	overwhelming evidence indicates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against common chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease. leafy green vegetables, in particular, are recognized as having substantial health-promoting activities that are attributed to the functional properties of their nutrients and non-essential chemical compounds. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is widely regarded as a functional food due to its diverse nutritional composition, wh ...	0	27353735
impact of irrigation using water containing cuo and zno nanoparticles on spinach oleracea grown in soil media.	wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in rapidly growing urban centers. reuse potential of nanoparticles (nps) contaminated wastewater for irrigation of spinacia oleracea grown in soil media were assessed in this study. irrigation of plant were done with water containing cuo and zno nps as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/l) till 11 weeks. at 1000 mg/l, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 % ...	2016	27370820
purification and some molecular properties of rice germ calmodulin.	calmodulin (cam) from rice germ (oryza sativa l) was purified to homogeneity by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration. the protein showed a single spot by sds-page. this purified protein had multiple absorption maxima at 276~279, 268, 265, 258, and 253 nm. like other plant cam, the protein contained one mole of tm3lys, cysteine, and tyrosine, and tryptophan was not detected. hydrophobic properties of rice germ, spinach, and neurospora crassa cam were directly tested by an hpl ...	1998	27388650
amino-substituted para-benzoquinones as potential herbicides.	although quinones present a large array of biological activities, a few studies on the herbicidal potential of 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones have been reported to date. in this work, starting from benzoquinone, 13 2,5-bis(alkyl/arylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones were prepared in 46 - 93% yield. the products were fully characterized by spectroscopic analyses and their phytotoxicity against cucumis sativus and sorghum bicolor seedlings was investigated. at 100 ppm, compounds caused 10 - 88% ...	2016	27389616
coumestrol inhibits proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells by regulating akt, erk1/2, and jnk mapk cell signaling cascades.	coumestrol is the one of the major phytoestrogens which is abundant in soybeans, legumes, brussel sprouts, and spinach. the beneficial effects of coumestrol are well known in various biological processes including; neuroprotective effects on the nervous system, function of the female reproductive system, anti-bacterial properties, and anti-cancer effects. although the anti-tumor activity of coumestrol has been demonstrated for ovarian, breast, lung, and cervical cancers, little is known of its e ...	2017	27431052
developing and optimizing bacteriophage treatment to control enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli on fresh produce.	bacteriophages are potentially useful in controlling foodborne pathogens on minimally processed products since phage application is a non-destructive treatment. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a newly isolated environmental bacteriophage against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli on fresh produce, and optimize the treatment with consideration for potential application. seven anti e. coli o157:h7 edl933 bacteriophages were isolated from various sources; the most promisin ...	2016	27454784
whole-transcriptome analysis of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157:h7 (sakai) suggests plant-species-specific metabolic responses on exposure to spinach and lettuce extracts.	verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) can contaminate crop plants, potentially using them as secondary hosts, which can lead to food-borne infection. currently, little is known about the influence of the specific plant species on the success of bacterial colonization. as such, we compared the ability of the vtec strain, e. coli o157:h7 'sakai,' to colonize the roots and leaves of four leafy vegetables: spinach (spinacia oleracea), lettuce (lactuca sativa), vining green pea (pisum sativum), a ...	2016	27462311
genetic diversity and association analysis of leafminer (liriomyza langei) resistance in spinach (spinacia oleracea).	leafminer (liriomyza langei) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops, including spinach (spinacia oleracea). use of genetic resistance is an efficient, economic, and environment-friendly method to control this pest. the objective of this research was to conduct association analysis and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers associated with leafminer resistance in spinach germplasm. a total of 300 usda spinach germplasm accessions were used for the association a ...	2016	27490441
biochar enhances the cadmium tolerance in spinach (spinacia oleracea) through modification of cd uptake and physiological and biochemical attributes.	cadmium (cd) has no known role in plant biology and is toxic to plants and animals. the cd mainly accumulated in agricultural soils through anthropogenic activities, such as sewage water irrigation and phosphorus fertilization. biochar (bc) has been proposed as an amendment to reduce metal toxicity in plants. the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of bc (cotton stick at a rate of 0, 3, and 5 %) on cd uptake and the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical responses of spinach ...	0	27502564
changes in rubisco, cysteine-rich proteins and antioxidant system of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) due to sulphur deficiency, cadmium stress and their combination.	sulphur (s) deficiency, cadmium (cd) toxicity and their combinations are of wide occurrence throughout agricultural lands. we assessed the impact of short-term (2 days) and long-term (4 days) applications of cadmium (40 μg/g soil) on spinach plants grown on sulphur-sufficient (300 μm so42-) and sulphur-deficient (30 μm so42-) soils. compared with the control (+s and -cd), oxidative stress was increased by s deficiency (-s and -cd), cadmium (+s and +cd) and their combination stress (-s and +cd) i ...	2017	27503461
automated multi-plug filtration cleanup for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric pesticide multi-residue analysis in representative crop commodities.	an automated multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-pfc) method on modified quechers (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extracts was developed. the automatic device was aimed to reduce labor-consuming manual operation workload in the cleanup steps. it could control the volume and the speed of pulling and pushing cycles accurately. in this work, m-pfc was based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) mixed with other sorbents and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (mgso4) in a packed tip for ...	2016	27507726
subcellular localization of triacylglycerol synthesis in spinach leaves.	the subcellular location of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (ec 2.3.1.20) in spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l. cv. longstanding bloomsdale) was determined after sucrose-gradient centrifugation of tissue homogenates. enzyme activity was associated primarily with gradient fractions containing oil bodies and intact chloroplasts. gradient fractions enriched with the endoplasmic reticulum contained insignificant levels of diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. on the basis of chlorophyll, diacylg ...	1984	27520324
hydrogen sulfide-mediated polyamines and sugar changes are involved in hydrogen sulfide-induced drought tolerance in spinacia oleracea seedlings.	hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is a newly appreciated participant in physiological and biochemical regulation in plants. however, whether h2s is involved in the regulation of plant responses to drought stress remains unclear. here, the role of h2s in the regulation of drought stress response in spinacia oleracea seedlings is reported. first, drought stress dramatically decreased the relative water content (rwc) of leaves, photosynthesis, and the efficiency of psii. moreover, drought caused the accumulat ...	2016	27540388
influence of cold stress on contents of soluble sugars, vitamin c and free amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) in spinach (spinacia oleracea).	the contents of soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose and raffinose), vitamin c and free amino acids (34 compounds, essential and non-essential) were quantified in open-field and greenhouse-grown spinaches in response to cold stress using liquid chromatography. in general, greenhouse cultivation produced nutritionally high value spinach in a shorter growing period, where the soluble sugars, vitamin c and total amino acids concentrations, including essential were in larger amounts c ...	2017	27542466
utilization of biochar and activated carbon to reduce cd, pb and zn phytoavailability and phytotoxicity for plants.	in the present study, the content of risk elements and content of free amino acids were studied in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and mustard (sinapis alba l.) subsequently grown on uncontaminated and contaminated soils (5 mg cd/kg, 1000 mg pb/kg and 400 mg zn/kg) with the addition of activated carbon (from coconut shells) or biochar (derived from local wood residues planted for phytoextaction) in different seasons (spring, summer and autumn). the results showed that activated carbon and biochar ...	2016	27544477
an evaluation method for the suppression of pathogenic fusarium oxysporum by soil microorganisms using the dilution plate technique.	soil-borne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are one of the main factors responsible for the decline in crop yields in farmlands. pathogenic fusarium oxysporum causes serious damage to various crops, and, thus, a feasible diagnostic method for soil-borne diseases is required. we herein examined a simple method to evaluate the suppressiveness of soil microorganisms against a pathogen by co-cultivating indigenous soil microorganisms and a pathogenic fungus (f. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae ...	2016	27558588
comparison of spinach sex chromosomes with sugar beet autosomes reveals extensive synteny and low recombination at the male-determining locus.	spinach (spinacia oleracea, 2n = 12) and sugar beet (beta vulgaris, 2n = 18) are important crop members of the family chenopodiaceae ss sugar beet has a basic chromosome number of 9 and a cosexual breeding system, as do most members of the chenopodiaceae ss. family. by contrast, spinach has a basic chromosome number of 6 and, although certain cultivars and genotypes produce monoecious plants, is considered to be a dioecious species. the loci determining male and monoecious sexual expression were ...	2016	27563071
the effects of applying sewage sludge into jiangxi red soil on the growth of vegetables and the migration and enrichment of cu and zn.	jiangxi red soil was used as the tested soil and water spinach (ipomoea aquatic) and chinese chive (allium tuberosum) were used as the tested vegetables in this study to investigate the effects of different amounts of sewage-sludge application on the growth of vegetables and the migration and enrichment patterns of cu and zn in vegetables using the potted method. the results indicated that the application of sewage sludge could improve the properties of red soil and promote vegetable growth. the ...	2016	27579018
systemic stereoselectivity study of flufiprole: stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate.	in this study, the stereoselectivity of flufiprole enantiomers in regards to their bioactivity, acute toxicity and environmental fate is reported for the first time. four types of representative insects (plutella xylostella, nilaparvata lugens, mythimna separata and acyrthosiphon pisum) were used to investigate enantioselective bioactivity. acute toxicities of flufiprole enantiomers toward two non-target organisms were also evaluated. moreover, stereoselective degradation in four vegetables unde ...	2016	27585281
effects of different sewage sludge applications on heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.).	in this study, we present the response of spinach to different amendment rates of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg-1) in a greenhouse pot experiment, where plant growth, biomass and heavy metal uptake were measured. the results showed that sewage sludge application increased soil electric conductivity (ec), organic matter, chromium and zinc concentrations and decreased soil ph. all heavy metal concentrations of the sewage sludge were below the permissible limits for land application ...	2017	27593943
population analysis of the genera buildup on some commercially important vegetable crops grown in kashmir valley.	in order to list the genera buildup on brassica oleracea (cauliflower), capsicum frustscens (chillies), spinacia oleracea (spinach) and phaseolus vulgaris (farash bean) a general survey was carried in the summer season of 2013. on examining the soil samples as well as root samples of cauliflower boleodorus, psilenchus, helicotylenchus, merlinius, aglenchus and filenchus were encountered with their absolute density of 18, 31, 34.5, 35, 35 and 31.5 %. on chillies, tylenchus, helicotylenchus, psile ...	2016	27605801
combination of cymbopogon citratus and allium cepa essential oils increased antibacterial activity in leafy vegetables.	cymbopogon citratus and allium cepa essential oils (eos) are rich in terpenes and sulfur compounds respectively, both with antibacterial activity and different cell targets, supporting the idea that their combination can increase their efficacy.	2017	27611358
increased permeability of the aquaporin sopip2;1 by mercury and mutations in loop a.	aquaporins (aqps) also referred to as major intrinsic proteins, regulate permeability of biological membranes for water and other uncharged small polar molecules. plants encode more aqps than other organisms and just one of the four aqp subfamilies in arabidopsis thaliana, the water specific plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (pips), has 13 isoforms, the same number as the total aqps encoded by the entire human genome. the pips are more conserved than other plant aqps and here we demonstrate tha ...	2016	27625657
effect of light and auxin transport inhibitors on endoreduplication in hypocotyl and cotyledon.	enhancement of endoreduplication in dark-grown hypocotyl is a common feature in dicotyledonous polysomatic plants, and tiba-mediated inhibition of the endoreduplication is partially due to abnormal actin organization. many higher plant species use endoreduplication during cell differentiation. however, the mechanisms underlying this process have remained elusive. in this study, we examined endoreduplication in hypocotyls and cotyledons in response to light in some dicotyledonous plant species. e ...	2016	27637202
toxicity of chlorophyllin against lymnaea acuminata at different wavelengths of visible light.	fasciolosis is a water and food-borne disease caused by the liver fluke fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica. this disease is widespread in different parts of the world. lymnaeidae and planorbidae snails are the intermediate hosts of these flukes. snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematodes. chlorophyll can be extracted from any green plant. chlorophyllin was prepared from spinach in 100% etha ...	2016	27688849
acrolein-detoxifying isozymes of glutathione transferase in plants.	acrolein is a lipid-derived highly reactive aldehyde, mediating oxidative signal and damage in plants. we found acrolein-scavenging glutathione transferase activity in plants and purified a low k m isozyme from spinach. various environmental stressors on plants cause the generation of acrolein, a highly toxic aldehyde produced from lipid peroxides, via the promotion of the formation of reactive oxygen species, which oxidize membrane lipids. in mammals, acrolein is scavenged by glutathione transf ...	2017	27718072
recycling carbon dioxide during xylose fermentation by engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae.	global climate change caused by the emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (ghgs) is a grand challenge to humanity. to alleviate the trend, the consumption of fossil fuels needs to be largely reduced and alternative energy technologies capable of controlling ghg emissions are anticipated. in this study, we introduced a synthetic reductive pentose phosphate pathway (rppp) into a xylose-fermenting saccharomyces cerevisiae strain sr8 to achieve simultaneous lignocellulosic bioethanol production ...	2017	27744692
cryo-em structure of the large subunit of the spinach chloroplast ribosome.	protein synthesis in the chloroplast is mediated by the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome). overall architecture of the chloro-ribosome is considerably similar to the escherichia coli (e. coli) ribosome but certain differences are evident. the chloro-ribosome proteins are generally larger because of the presence of chloroplast-specific extensions in their n- and c-termini. the chloro-ribosome harbours six plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (psrps); four in the small subunit and two in the l ...	2016	27762343
uptake of perfluoroalkyl substances and halogenated flame retardants by crop plants grown in biosolids-amended soils.	the bioaccumulation behavior of perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) and halogenated flame retardants (hfrs) was examined in three horticultural crops and earthworms. two species, spinach (spinacia oleracea) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.), were grown in field soil amended with a single application of biosolids (at agronomic rate for nitrogen), to represent the scenario using commercial biosolids as fertilizer, and the third crop, corn (zea mays) was grown in spiked soil (~50mg pfos/kg soil, ~ ...	2017	27792944
nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics.	plant nanobionics aims to embed non-native functions to plants by interfacing them with specifically designed nanoparticles. here, we demonstrate that living spinach plants (spinacia oleracea) can be engineered to serve as self-powered pre-concentrators and autosamplers of analytes in ambient groundwater and as infrared communication platforms that can send information to a smartphone. the plants employ a pair of near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors-single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) conju ...	2017	27798623
purification and characterization of the principal antimutagenic bioactive as ethoxy-substituted phylloquinone from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) based on evaluation in models including human lymphoblast tk(+/-) cells.	during in vitro analysis, spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaf extracts displayed varying antimutagenicity when analyzed in models including human lymphoblast (tk(+/-)) cell line (thymidine kinase gene mutation assay) and escherichia coli mg1655 (rifampicin resistance assay) against chemically (ethyl methanesulfonate and 5-azacytidine) induced mutagenicity. highest antimutagenicity was displayed by the quinone extract. the principal bioactive compound exhibited fluorescence in tlc at 366 nm (term ...	2016	27806562
environmental surveillance of commonly-grown vegetables for investigating potential lead and chromium contamination intensification in bangladesh.	with regard to previously reported lead (pb) and chromium (cr) contamination in egg, a semi-quantitative assessment of the general environment of bangladesh is carried out through nation-wide sampling of commonly grown and consumed vegetables. five vegetables, namely, white potato (solanum tuberosum), green cabbage (brassica oleracea capitata var. alba l.), red spinach (amaranthus dubius), white radish (raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus), and green bean (phaseolus vulgaris) were selected for s ...	2016	27812443
rapid sex identification method of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) in the vegetative stage using loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	a lamp-mediated, simple and rapid method for sex identification in spinach was developed. nutrient compositional analysis showed a higher iron content in male than female plants. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is a dioecious plant with its sex determined by the xy system. male and female floral organs differ morphologically, but plants do not differ in the vegetative stage before flowering. pcr with y chromosome markers has been used to determine the sex of dioecious plants before flowering. in ...	2017	27838842
traditional chinese medicine, food therapy, and hypertension control: a narrative review of chinese literature.	despite the lack of english literature about traditional chinese medicine (tcm) food therapy, there is abundant chinese literature about the application of food therapy for hypertension control. this paper summarizes basic concepts of tcm, the principles of food therapy and its application for hypertension control according to chinese literature. in tcm, food is conceptualized according to both nutritional and functional aspects, and can be used to treat illnesses. four principles of tcm food th ...	2016	27852126
remediation of cu metal-induced accelerated fenton reaction by potato peels bio-sorbent.	this article has allied exposure to ecological particulate matter (epm) and its remediation using potato peel surface (ppc) bio-sorbent on two important edible crops spinacia oleracea and luffa acutangula. fenton reaction acceleration was one of the major stress oxidation reactions as a consequence of iron and copper toxicity, which involve in the formation of hydroxyl radical (oh) through epm. results showed that the oxidative stress encouraged by cu in both species that recruits the degradatio ...	2016	27853966
nutraceutical inherent of spinacia oleracea linn. methanolic leaf extract ameliorates isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in male albino wistar rats via mitigating inflammation.	cardiovascular diseases (cvds) remain the principal cause of death in both developed and developing countries. the present study was intended to appraise the nutraceutical inherent of hplc standardized spinacia oleracea methanolic leaf extract (sole) in isoproterenol (iso) induced male albino wistar rats via activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway that drives myocardial necrosis. biochemical analysis of iso injected rats showed significant alterations in the activities of homocysteine, ...	2017	27914824
detection of human immunodeficiency virus rnas in living cells using spinach rna aptamers.	many techniques currently used to measure hiv rna production in cells suffer from limitations that include high background signal or the potential to destroy cellular context. fluorophore-binding rna aptamers offer the potential for visualizing rnas directly in living cells with minimal cellular perturbation. we inserted a sequence encoding a fluorophore-binding rna aptamer, known as spinach, into the hiv genome such that predicted rna secondary structures in both spinach and hiv were preserved. ...	2017	27914932
seasonal induced changes in spinach rhizosphere microbial community structure with varying salinity and drought.	salinity is a common problem under irrigated agriculture, especially in low rainfall and high evaporative demand areas of southwestern united states and other semi-arid regions around the world. however, studies on salinity effects on soil microbial communities are relatively few while the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on soil chemical and physical properties and plant growth are well documented. in this study, we examined the effects of salinity, temperature, and temporal variability o ...	2017	27916300
strain-level discrimination of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in spinach using metagenomic sequencing.	consumption of fresh bagged spinach contaminated with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) has led to severe illness and death; however current culture-based methods to detect foodborne stec are time consuming. since not all stec strains are considered pathogenic to humans, it is crucial to incorporate virulence characterization of stec in the detection method. in this study, we assess the comprehensiveness of utilizing a shotgun metagenomics approach for detection and strain-level iden ...	2016	27930729
a genetically encoded fluorescent trna is active in live-cell protein synthesis.	transfer rnas (trnas) perform essential tasks for all living cells. they are major components of the ribosomal machinery for protein synthesis and they also serve in non-ribosomal pathways for regulation and signaling metabolism. we describe the development of a genetically encoded fluorescent trna fusion with the potential for imaging in live escherichia coli cells. this trna fusion carries a spinach aptamer that becomes fluorescent upon binding of a cell-permeable and non-toxic fluorophore. we ...	2016	27956502
addition of calcium compounds to reduce soluble oxalate in a high oxalate food system.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is often used as a base vegetable to make green juices that are promoted as healthy dietary alternatives. spinach is known to contain significant amounts of oxalates, which are toxic and, if consumed regularly, can lead to the development of kidney stones. this research investigates adding 50-500mg increments of calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate and calcium sulphate to 100g of raw homogenates of spinach to determine whether calcium would combine ...	2017	27979238
cryo-em structure of the spinach chloroplast ribosome reveals the location of plastid-specific ribosomal proteins and extensions.	ribosomes are the protein synthesizing machines of the cell. recent advances in cryo-em have led to the determination of structures from a variety of species, including bacterial 70s and eukaryotic 80s ribosomes as well as mitoribosomes from eukaryotic mitochondria, however, to date high resolution structures of plastid 70s ribosomes have been lacking. here we present a cryo-em structure of the spinach chloroplast 70s ribosome, with an average resolution of 5.4 å for the small 30s subunit and 3. ...	2016	27986857
corrigendum: increased permeability of the aquaporin sopip2;1 by mercury and mutations in loop a.	[this corrects the article on p. 1249 in vol. 7, pmid: 27625657.].	2016	28003817
determination of diphenylamine in agricultural products by hplc-fl.	a method for the determination of diphenylamine in agricultural products was developed. diphenylamine was extracted with acetonitrile from a sample under an acidic condition, passed through a c18 cartridge column, re-extracted with n-hexane, cleaned up on a psa cartridge column, determined by hplc with fluorescence detector and confirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. average recoveries (n=5) from brown rice, corn, soybeans, potato, cabbage, eggplant, spinach, orange, ap ...	2016	28025454
[a two-faced vitamin : folic acid - prevention or promotion of colon cancer?]	in the late 1930s, it was discovered that liver and yeast extracts can be used to correct certain cases of megaloblastic anemia in pregnancy. the factor responsible for this was isolated from spinach leaves in the 1940s, and referred to as folate, a term derived from the latin word folium for leaf. folate is considered an essential nutrient for human beings. folic acid, the synthetic form of the vitamin, is used in dietary supplements, medicines and fortified foods. since the 1980s, it has been ...	2017	28050621