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prognostic factor of mortality and its clinical implications in patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus.in taiwan, the aquatic environment and endemic hepatitis contribute to the high susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus infection. a multidisciplinary treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis caused by v. vulnificus was developed in our institute, namely, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime combined with doxycycline or minocycline followed by an emergency fasciotomy and intensive care unit admission. we retrospectively reviewed 100 cases to evaluate the effectiveness of our treatment protocol and identif ...201424419406
iscr is a global regulator essential for pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus and induced by host cells.a mutant that exhibited less cytotoxic activity toward int-407 human intestinal epithelial cells than the wild type was screened from a random transposon mutant library of vibrio vulnificus, and an open reading frame encoding an fe-s cluster regulator, iscr, was identified using a transposon-tagging method. a mutational analysis demonstrated that iscr contributes to mouse mortality as well as cytotoxicity toward the int-407 cells, indicating that iscr is essential for the pathogenesis of v. vuln ...201424478072
host-nonspecific iron acquisition systems and virulence in the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus.the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus (known as biotype 2 serovar e) is the etiological agent of human and fish vibriosis. the aim of the present work was to discover the role of the vulnibactin- and hemin-dependent iron acquisition systems in the pathogenicity of this zoonotic serovar under the hypothesis that both are host-nonspecific virulence factors. to this end, we selected three genes for three outer membrane receptors (vuua, a receptor for ferric vulnibactin, and hupa and hutr, two h ...201424478087
molecular characterization of vulnibactin biosynthesis in vibrio vulnificus indicates the existence of an alternative siderophore.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium that causes fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infections in humans. virulent v. vulnificus isolates produce a catechol siderophore called vulnibactin, made up of one residue of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3-dhba) and two residues of salicylic acid (sa). vulnibactin biosynthetic genes (vv2_0828 to vv2_0844) are clustered at one locus of chromosome 2, expression of which is significantly up-regulated in vivo. in the present study, we de ...201424478763
high-salt preadaptation of vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances survival in response to lethal environmental stresses.adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. this pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% nacl. among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. v. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase sys ...201424490918
interaction between the α-barrel tip of vibrio vulnificus tolc homologs and acra implies the adapter bridging model.the acrab-tolc multidrug efflux pump confers resistance to escherichia coli against many antibiotics and toxic compounds. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of type i secretion systems. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two proteins homologous to the e. coli tolc, designated tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 partially complement the e. coli tolc function and physically interact with the membrane fusion protein acra, a ...201424500479
interspecific quorum sensing mediates the resuscitation of viable but nonculturable vibrios.entry and exit from dormancy are essential survival mechanisms utilized by microorganisms to cope with harsh environments. many bacteria, including the opportunistic human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, enter a form of dormancy known as the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. vbnc cells can resuscitate when suitable conditions arise, yet the molecular mechanisms facilitating resuscitation in most bacteria are not well understood. we discovered that bacterial cell-free supernatants (cfs) can awak ...201424509922
functional analysis of tolc homologs in vibrio vulnificus.gram-negative bacteria use tripartite pumps to transport antibacterial drugs and other toxic compounds across the inner and outer membranes, which are separated by the periplasmic space. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of tripartite efflux pumps. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two e. coli tolc homologs, tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 are involved in the efflux of antimicrobial agents. deletion of tolcv1 result ...201424515351
tlr2 and tlr4 mediate the tnfα response to vibrio vulnificus biotype 1.vibrio vulnificus (vv) is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. most fatal cases are due to septic shock that results from dysregulation of cytokines, particularly tnfα, which plays a critical role in the outcome of vv infection. the goal of this study was to investigate the toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated tnfα response to four vv biotype 1 strains using mice deficient for tlr2, tlr4, and tlr2/tlr4. ex vivo assays were performed with blood, splenocytes, a ...201424532589
low cell density regulator apha upregulates the expression of vibrio vulnificus iscr gene encoding the fe-s cluster regulator iscr.iscr is a global transcriptional regulator that contributes to the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen. in the present study, the regulatory mechanism for the iscr expression of v. vulnificus was evaluated. the expression of iscr was found to be upregulated by a transcriptional regulator apha, a homologue of the low cell density regulator apha of the vibrio species, in the exponential phase of growth. the promoter activity of iscr appeared to be activated and repressed by ap ...201424535746
bacterial infections from aquatic species: potential for and prevention of contact zoonoses.as aquaculture production and the consumption of aquaculture products increase, the possibility of contracting zoonotic infections from either handling or ingesting these products also increases. the principal pathogens acquired topically from fish or shellfish through spine/pincer puncture or open wounds are aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, mycobacterium marinum, streptococcus iniae, vibrio vulnificus and v. damsela. these pathogens, which are all indigenous to the aquatic environment, ...201324547653
starvation induces phenotypic diversification and convergent evolution in vibrio vulnificus.starvation is a common stress experienced by bacteria living in natural environments and the ability to adapt to and survive intense stress is of paramount importance for any bacterial population. a series of starvation experiments were conducted using v. vulnificus 93u204 in phosphate-buffered saline and seawater. the starved population entered the death phase during the first week and approximately 1% of cells survived. after that the population entered a long-term stationary phase, and could ...201424551129
occurrence and distribution of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus--potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the gulf of mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. we quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative pcr; qpcr) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; dp-ch) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. we correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance ...201424571291
antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus recovered from recreational and commercial areas of chesapeake bay and maryland coastal bays.vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in the estuarine-marine environment are of human health significance and may be increasing in pathogenicity and abundance. vibrio illness originating from dermal contact with vibrio laden waters or through ingestion of seafood originating from such waters can cause deleterious health effects, particularly if the strains involved are resistant to clinically important antibiotics. the purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility among ...201424586914
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
dietary supplementation of bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide enhance the growth, non-specific immunity of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus and its disease resistance against vibrio vulnificus.a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary administration of probiotic bacillus subtilis and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (fos) on growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus. one thousand six hundred and twenty individuals (initial body weight: 10.32 ± 0.46 g, mean ± s.e) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 × 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control diet supplemented with three levels o ...201424614017
vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 multifunctional autoprocessing rtx toxin is an adenylate cyclase toxin essential for virulence in mice.vibrio vulnificus is an environmental organism that causes both food-borne and wound infections with high morbidity and mortality in humans. the annual incidence and global distribution of infections associated with this pathogen are increasing with climate change. in the late 1990s, an outbreak of tilapia-associated wound infections in israel was linked to a previously unrecognized variant of v. vulnificus designated biotype 3. the sudden emergence and clonality of the outbreak suggest that thi ...201424614656
skin and soft tissue infections following marine injuries and exposures in travelers.bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) in travelers often follow insect bites and can present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from impetigo to necrotizing cellulitis. significant sstis can also follow marine injuries and exposures in travelers, and the etiologies are often marine bacteria.201424628985
liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde enhances zebrafish (danio rerio) immunity and survival when challenged with vibrio vulnificus and streptococcus agalactiae.cinnamaldehyde, which is extracted from cinnamon, is a natural compound with activity against bacteria and a modulatory immune function. however, the antibacterial activity and immunostimulation of cinnamaldehyde in fish has not been well investigated due to the compound's poor water solubility. thus, liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (lec) was used to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on in vitro antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens and in vivo immunity and protection parame ...201424632045
draft genome sequence of israeli outbreak-associated vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87.vibrio vulnificus is a seafood-associated pathogen that causes severe wound and intestinal infections. biotype 3 of v. vulnificus emerged in 1996 as the cause of an israeli outbreak associated with the handling of infected tilapia. here, we describe the whole-genome sequence of the atcc biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87 (cdc9530-96).201424652973
vibrio vulnificus mo6-24/o lipopolysaccharide stimulates superoxide anion, thromboxane b₂, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cytokine and chemokine release by rat brain microglia in vitro.although human exposure to gram-negative vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus) lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been reported to result in septic shock, its impact on the central nervous system's innate immunity remains undetermined. the purpose of this study was to determine whether v. vulnificus mo6-24/o lps might activate rat microglia in vitro and stimulate the release of superoxide anion (o₂⁻), a reactive oxygen species known to cause oxidative stress and neuronal injury in vivo. brain microglia we ...201424675728
vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact.vibrio vulnificus is a potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogen of fish, which can infect humans (causing necrotic fasciitis). we analysed 24 v. vulnificus isolates (from 23 severe eel disease outbreaks in 8 dutch eel farms during 1996 to 2009, and 1 clinical strain from an eel farmer) for genetic correlation and zoonotic potential. strains were typed using biotyping and molecular typing by high-throughput multilocus sequence typing (himlst) and rep-pcr (diversilab®). we identified 19 strains of ...201424695233
induction, resuscitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of viable but nonculturable vibrio vulnificus in artificial sea water.vibrio vulnificus, an important food-borne pathogen, is known to enter viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state under low temperature and low nutrition stress conditions. present study examined the time required for induction of vbnc state and temperature which induces resuscitation of v. vulnificus yj016. the change in cell morphology and gene expression during vbnc state and in resuscitated cells was also examined. v. vulnificus incubated in artificial sea water at 4 °c entered vbnc state after c ...201424696138
cloning, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of an intact dna methyltransferase of a type i restriction-modification enzyme from vibrio vulnificus.independently of the restriction (hsdr) subunit, the specificity (hsds) and methylation (hsdm) subunits interact with each other, and function as a methyltransferase in type i restriction-modification systems. a single gene that combines the hsds and hsdm subunits in vibrio vulnificus yj016 was expressed and purified. a crystal suitable for x-ray diffraction was obtained from 25%(w/v) polyethylene glycol monomethylether 5000, 0.1 m hepes ph 8.0, 0.2 m ammonium sulfate at 291 k by hanging-drop va ...201424699746
thermodynamic properties of the effector domains of martx toxins suggest their unfolding for translocation across the host membrane.martx (multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) family toxins are produced by vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, aeromonas hydrophila and other gram-negative bacteria. effector domains of martx toxins cross the cytoplasmic membrane of a host cell through a putative pore formed by the toxin's glycine-rich repeats. the structure of the pore is unknown and the translocation mechanism of the effector domains is poorly understood. we examined the thermodynamic stability of the effector domai ...201424724536
multiplex pcr assays for the detection of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae with an internal amplification control.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that can simultaneously detect 4 major vibrio spp., vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae, in the presence of an internal amplification control (iac) was developed. species-specific pcr primers were designed based on the gyrb gene for v. alginolyticus, the collagenase gene for v. parahaemolyticus, the vvha gene for v. vulnificus, and the ompw gene for v. cholerae. additionally, an iac primer pair wa ...201424731836
vibrio vulnificus phage pv94 is closely related to temperate phages of v. cholerae and other vibrio species.vibrio vulnificus is an important pathogen which can cause serious infections in humans. yet, there is limited knowledge on its virulence factors and the question whether temperate phages might be involved in pathogenicity, as is the case with v. cholerae. thus far, only two phages (ssp002 and vvaw1) infecting v. vulnificus have been genetically characterized. these phages were isolated from the environment and are not related to vibrio cholerae phages. the lack of information on temperate v. vu ...201424732980
quorum sensing-dependent metalloprotease vvpe is important in the virulence of vibrio vulnificus to invertebrates.vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for fatal septicemia caused by contaminated sea foods in eastern asia. quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-density dependent gene regulation mechanism that controls the expression of many virulence genes in various bacteria and v. vulnificus has been also suggested to express their virulence genes through the qs system. in this study, we investigated the role of qs system and qs-regulated exoproteases in the v ...201424769338
emergency treatment of 16 patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus infection complicated with septic shock. 201424824268
impact of hurricane irene on vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in surface water, sediment, and cultured oysters in the chesapeake bay, md, usa.to determine if a storm event (i.e., high winds, large volumes of precipitation) could alter concentrations of vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in aquacultured oysters (crassostrea virginica) and associated surface water and sediment, this study followed a sampling timeline before and after hurricane irene impacted the chesapeake bay estuary in late august 2011. aquacultured oysters were sampled from two levels in the water column: surface (0.3 m) and near-bottom (just above the sedimen ...201424847319
glycan specificity of the vibrio vulnificus hemolysin lectin outlines evolutionary history of membrane targeting by a toxin family.pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a class of pathogen-secreted molecules that oligomerize to form transmembrane channels in cellular membranes. determining the mechanism for how pfts bind membranes is important in understanding their role in disease and for developing possible ways to block their action. vibrio vulnificus, an aquatic pathogen responsible for severe food poisoning and septicemia in humans, secretes a pft called v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), which contains a single c-terminal target ...201424862282
uncertainty in model predictions of vibrio vulnificus response to climate variability and change: a chesapeake bay case study.the effect that climate change and variability will have on waterborne bacteria is a topic of increasing concern for coastal ecosystems, including the chesapeake bay. surface water temperature trends in the bay indicate a warming pattern of roughly 0.3-0.4°c per decade over the past 30 years. it is unclear what impact future warming will have on pathogens currently found in the bay, including vibrio spp. using historical environmental data, combined with three different statistical models of vib ...201424874082
sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groesel operon in vibrio species.heat-shock proteins are molecular chaperones essential for protein folding, degradation and trafficking. the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus encodes a copy of the groesel operon in both chromosomes and these genes share <80 % similarity with each other. comparative genomic analysis was used to determine whether this duplication is prevalent among vibrionaceae specifically or gammaproteobacteria in general. among the vibrionaceae complete genome sequences in the database (31 species), seven vibr ...201424913685
cytotoxicity of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin effector duf5 is linked to the c2a subdomain.the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins are bacterial protein toxins that serve as delivery platforms for cytotoxic effector domains. the domain of unknown function in position 5 (duf5) effector domain is present in at least six different species' martx toxins and as a hypothetical protein in photorhabdus spp. its presence increases the potency of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin in mouse virulence studies, indicating duf5 directly contributes to pathogenesis. in this ...201424935440
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...201424945318
development and evaluation of a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp) for rapid and simultaneous detection of ten pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals.rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly strategies are urgently needed for early disease diagnosis and timely treatment, particularly for on-site screening of pathogens in aquaculture. in this study, we successfully developed a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp), which was capable of simultaneously detecting 10 pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals, i.e., nocardia seriolae, pseudomonas putida, streptococcus iniae, ...201424954661
molecular analysis of vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles and patients in thailand.vibrio vulnificus can cause septicemia, wound infection and gastroenteritis. the most severe infections are related to consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. virulence genes, biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic relationships among v vulnificus isolated from clinical and environmental sources in thailand have not hitherto been investigated. viub encoding vulnibactin siderophore was detected in 33% and 50% of clinical and environmental (cockle) v. vulnificus isolates, respectivel ...201424964659
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in retail raw oysters from the eastern coast of thailand.occurrence, population density and virulence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in 240 retail raw oysters collected monthly between march 2010 and february 2011 from ang sila coast, chon buri province, thailand were determined using most probable number (mpn) multiplex pcr. multiplex pcr detected v. parahaemolyticus in 219 raw oyster samples, of which 29 samples contained the virulence tdh. mpn values for v. parahaemolyticus and pathogenic strains in most samples ranged from 10 to 10(2 ...201424974651
in vivo efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against vibrio vulnificus sepsis.the in vivo efficacy of a cefotaxime-ciprofloxacin combination against vibrio vulnificus and the effects on rtxa1 expression of commonly used antibiotics are unknown.201424978586
pleiotropic effects of a vibrio extracellular protease on the activation of contact system.many proteases secreted by pathogenic bacteria can affect seriously on hemostatic system. we have reported that an extracellular zinc metalloprotease (named vep-45) from vibrio vulnificus atcc29307 activates prothrombin to active thrombin, leading the formation of fibrin clot. in this study, the effects of vep-45 on the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein/kinin system were examined. the protease could activate proteolytically clotting factor zymogens, including fxii, fxi, fx, and ...201424996182
the effect of storage time on vibrio spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in an isco autosampler.monitoring concentrations of bacterial pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination in coastal and estuarine ecosystems is critical to reduce adverse effects to public health. during storm events, particularly hurricanes, floods, nor'easters, and tropical cyclones, sampling of coastal and estuarine waters is not generally possible due to safety concerns. it is particularly important to monitor waters during these periods as it is at precisely these times that pathogenic bacteria such as vibri ...201425008356
genetic analysis and prevalence studies of the brp exopolysaccharide locus of vibrio vulnificus.phase variation in the gram-negative human pathogen vibrio vulnificus involves three colonial morphotypes- smooth opaque colonies due to production of capsular polysaccharide (cps), smooth translucent colonies as the result of little or no cps expression, and rugose colonies due to production of a separate extracellular polysaccharide (eps), which greatly enhances biofilm formation. previously, it was shown that the brp locus, which consists of nine genes arranged as an operon, is up-regulated i ...201425013926
flagellin from marinobacter algicola and vibrio vulnificus activates the innate immune response of gilthead seabream.adjuvants have emerged as the best tools to enhance the efficacy of vaccination. however, the traditional adjuvants used in aquaculture may cause adverse alterations in fish making necessary the development of new adjuvants able to stimulate the immune system and offer strong protection against infectious pathogens with minimal undesirable effects. in this respect, flagellin seems an attractive candidate due to its ability to strongly stimulate the immune response of fish. in the present study, ...201425020195
species differences in alternative substrate utilization by the antibacterial target undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase.undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (upps) is a critical enzyme required for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides essential for bacterial survival. in this report, we have tested the substrate selectivity of upps derived from the mammalian symbiont bacteroides fragilis, the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, and the typically benign but opportunistic pathogen escherichia coli. an anthranilamide-containing substrate, 2-amideanilinogeranyl diphosphate (2aa-gpp), was an effective substrate for only t ...201425020247
occurrence of virulence genes among vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from treated wastewaters.pathogenic vibrio species are an important cause of foodborne illnesses. the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio species in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant and the risk that they may pose to public health. during the 1-year monitoring, a total of 43 vibrio strains were isolated: 23 vibrio alginolyticus, 1 vibrio cholerae, 4 vibrio vulnificus, and 15 vibrio parahaemolyticus. the pcr investigation of v. parahaemolyticus and v. chole ...201425023745
isolation of vibrio vulnificus from seawater and emerging vibrio vulnificus septicemia on jeju island.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen, transmitted from seawater, raw oyster, and shellfish and responsible for severe septicemia. we studied v. vulnificus from surface seawater around jeju island between 2010 and 2011. in 2010, v. vulnificus was isolated and v. vulnificus septicemia was reported. surface seawater temperature is an important factor for growth of v. vulnificus, and here we showed that high surface seawater temperature may influence growth of v. vulnificus and occur ...201425024873
distinct characteristics of oxyr2, a new oxyr-type regulator, ensuring expression of peroxiredoxin 2 detoxifying low levels of hydrogen peroxide in vibrio vulnificus.two peroxiredoxins, prx1 and prx2, were previously identified in vibrio vulnificus. besides oxyr1, a homologue of escherichia coli oxyr (ecoxyr), oxyr2 that shares low homology with ecoxyr was first identified in v. vulnificus. oxyr2 activated prx2 during aerobic growth, while oxyr1 activated prx1 only when exposed to exogenous h2o2. oxyr2 was oxidized to form a reversible c206 to c215 disulphide bond by sensing low levels of h2o2, which were insufficient to oxidize oxyr1, and only the oxidized ...201425041181
prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus in blue crabs (callinectes sapidus), seawater and sediments of the maryland coastal bays.to determine the prevalence of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) and v. vulnificus (vv) in blue crabs, water and sediment from the maryland coastal bays (mcbs), usa.201425066367
occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio in oysters (crassostrea gigas) and waters from bivalve mollusk cultivations in the south bay of santa catarina.this research aimed to identify and quantify potentially pathogenic vibrio from different cultivations of bivalve shellfish in the state of santa catarina, brazil, and water regions in the south bay, as well as correlate the incidence of these microorganisms with the physicochemical parameters of marine waters.201425075484
emerging causes of superficial and invasive infections following marine injuries and exposures.soft tissue bacterial infections following aquatic animal bites, stings, and minor injuries occur commonly and usually on the extremities in fishermen and beachgoers worldwide after freshwater and saltwater exposures. louisiana has more tidal, saltwater, and brackish water shorelines (more than 7,000 miles) than any other state, including alaska and hawaii. as a result, louisiana residents are often exposed to marine pathogens when fishing or working offshore or when enjoying louisiana's miles o ...201725075726
crystal structure of the full-length atpase gspe from the vibrio vulnificus type ii secretion system in complex with the cytoplasmic domain of gspl.the type ii secretion system (t2ss) is present in many gram-negative bacteria and is responsible for secreting a large number of folded proteins, including major virulence factors, across the outer membrane. the t2ss consists of 11-15 different proteins most of which are present in multiple copies in the assembled secretion machinery. the atpase gspe, essential for the functioning of the t2ss, contains three domains (n1e, n2e and cte) of which the n1e domain is associated with the cytoplasmic do ...201425092625
complete nucleotide sequence of pvv01, a p1-like plasmid prophage of vibrio vulnificus.we report here the 79,263-bp plasmid pvv01 isolated from vibrio vulnificus. pvv01 is closely related to the vibrio plasmid p0908 and shows some similarities to phage p1. unlike p0908, pvv01 represents an intact prophage inducible by mitomycin c. pvv01 phage particles revealed a myoviridal morphology and lytic activity.201425125637
comparison of skin and soft tissue infections caused by vibrio and aeromonas species.the aim of this study was to compare skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) caused by vibrio and aeromonas spp.201425126885
occurrence of the three major vibrio species pathogenic for human in seafood products consumed in france using real-time pcr.vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus are of particular concern as they have been linked to gastrointestinal infections and septicemia associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. we developed hydrolysis probe-based real-time pcr systems with an internal amplification control for the detection of these species. we applied these systems to a total of 167 fresh or frozen crustacean, f ...201425128747
pathogenic vibrios in environmental, seafood and clinical sources in germany.bacteria of the family vibrionaceae naturally occur in marine and estuarine environments. only few species of vibrionaceae are associated with human cases of gastroenteritis, ear and wound infections, caused by ingestion of seafood or contact with vibrio containing water. increasing consumption of seafood (fish, fishery products and shellfish) poses a possible source of vibrio infections in germany. additionally, there is a growing concern that abundances of pathogenic vibrios may increase in ge ...201425129553
modeling and forecasting the distribution of vibrio vulnificus in chesapeake bay.to construct statistical models to predict the presence, abundance and potential virulence of vibrio vulnificus in surface waters of chesapeake bay for implementation in ecological forecasting systems.201425139334
monoclonal antibodies against vibrio vulnificus rtxa1 elicit protective immunity through distinct mechanisms.vibrio vulnificus causes rapidly progressing septicemia with an extremely high mortality rate (≥50%), even with aggressive antibiotic treatment. the bacteria secrete multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins, which are involved in the pathogenesis of gram-negative vibrio species. recently, we reported that immunization with the c-terminal region of v. vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv, rtxa1-c, elicits a protective immune response against v. vulnificus through a poorly defined mechan ...201425156730
prevalence and characterisation of non-cholerae vibrio spp. in final effluents of wastewater treatment facilities in two districts of the eastern cape province of south africa: implications for public health.vibrios and other enteric pathogens can be found in wastewater effluents of a healthy population. we assessed the prevalence of three non-cholerae vibrios in wastewater effluents of 14 wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) in chris hani and amathole district municipalities in the eastern cape province of south africa for a period of 12 months. with the exception of wwtp10 where presumptive vibrios were not detected in summer and spring, presumptive vibrios were detected in all seasons in other wwtp ...201525167817
necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis caused by vibrio vulnificus and klebsiella pneumoniae in diabetic patients.vibrio vulnificus related necrotizing fasciitis is a fatal, rapidly progressive soft-tissue infection. necrotizing fasciitis caused by klebsiella pneumoniae is rare, which is indistinguishable from v. vulnificus infection in the emergency room. the purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcome between these two pathogens in diabetic patients.201625179718
the rnd protein is involved in the vulnibactin export system in vibrio vulnificus m2799.vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in humans, requires iron for its pathogenesis. this bacterium exports vulnibactin for iron acquisition from the environment. the mechanisms of vulnibactin biosynthesis and ferric-vulnibactin uptake systems have recently been reported, while the vulnibactin export system has not been reported. mutant growth under low-iron concentration conditions and a bioassay of the culture supernatant indicate th ...201425205089
expression of high mobility group protein b1 in the lungs of rats with sepsis.vibrio vulnificus inside the body could activate the nf-κb signaling pathway and initiate the inflammatory cascade. the lung is one of the earliest organs affected by sepsis associated with acute lung injury. high mobility group protein b1 (hmgb1) is an important late-acting pro-inflammatory cytokine involving in the pathophysiology of sepsis. it is also involved in the injury process in the lung, liver and intestine. there has been no report on the involvement of hmgb1 in vibrio vulnificus seps ...201125215028
activities of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunits c1 and c2 of vibrio parahaemolyticus against different peroxides.alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit c gene (ahpc) functions were characterized in vibrio parahaemolyticus, a commonly occurring marine food-borne enteropathogenic bacterium. two ahpc genes, ahpc1 (vpa1683) and ahpc2 (vp0580), encoded putative two-cysteine peroxiredoxins, which are highly similar to the homologous proteins of vibrio vulnificus. the responses of deletion mutants of ahpc genes to various peroxides were compared with and without gene complementation and at different incubation tem ...201425239899
identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type iv pili in vibrio mimicus strains.vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. it is distributed worldwide. factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. in pathogenic vibrio species such as v. cholerae, vibrio. parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificu ...201425246027
factors affecting the uptake and retention of vibrio vulnificus in oysters.vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium ubiquitous in oysters and coastal water, is capable of causing ailments ranging from gastroenteritis to grievous wound infections or septicemia. the uptake of these bacteria into oysters is often examined in vitro by placing oysters in seawater amended with v. vulnificus. multiple teams have obtained similar results in studies where laboratory-grown bacteria were observed to be rapidly taken up by oysters but quickly eliminated. this technique, along with suggested ...201425261513
complete genome sequence of vibrio vulnificus 93u204, a bacterium isolated from diseased tilapia in taiwan.vibrio vulnificus 93u204 is a bacterium isolated from a moribund tilapia collected in kaohsiung, taiwan. here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its pathogenicity and for comparative analyses with human-pathogenic strains within the same species.201425278541
abundance of vibrio cholerae, v. vulnificus, and v. parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea virginica) and clams (mercenaria mercenaria) from long island sound.vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the united states. typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. however, little is known about the prevalence of vibrio spp. in clams. the objective of this study was to compare the levels of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from long island sound ...201425281373
occurrence of vibrio vulnificus and toxigenic vibrio parahaemolyticus on sea catfishes from galveston bay, texas.dorsal and pectoral fin spines from two species of sea catfishes (bagre marinus and ariopsis felis) landed at 54 sites in galveston bay, texas, and its sub-bays from june to october 2005 were screened with traditional cultivation-based assays and quantitative pcr assays for vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus. v. vulnificus was present on 51.2% of fish (n = 247), with an average of 403 ± 337 sd cells g(-1). v. parahaemolyticus was present on 94.2% (n = 247); 12.8% tested positive for t ...201425285498
temperature effect on high salinity depuration of vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus from the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).vibrio vulnificus (vv) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) are opportunistic human pathogens naturally associated with the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica. the abundances of both pathogens in oysters are positively correlated with temperature, thus ingestion of raw oysters during the warm summer months is a risk factor for contracting illness from these bacteria. current post-harvest processing (php) methods for elimination of these pathogens are expensive and kill the oyster, changing their o ...201525310264
vvpm, an extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio vulnificus, induces apoptotic death of human cells.a pathogenic bacterium, vibrio vulnificus produces various extracellular proteases including the elastolytic metalloprotease, vvpe. in silico analysis of its genome revealed a vvpe-homologous protease, vvpm whose proteolytic activity was abolished by specific inhibitors against metalloproteases. to investigate whether this newly identified protease has pathogenic role in host interaction in addition to proteolytic role, human cell lines were incubated with recombinant vvpm (rvvpm). rvvpm-challen ...201425363631
characterization of the vibrio vulnificus 1-cys peroxiredoxin prx3 and regulation of its expression by the fe-s cluster regulator iscr in response to oxidative stress and iron starvation.peroxiredoxins (prxs) are ubiquitous antioxidant enzymes that reduce toxic peroxides. a new vibrio vulnificus prx, named prx3, was identified and characterized in this study. biochemical and mutational analyses revealed that prx3 reduces h2o2, utilizing glutaredoxin 3 (grx3) and glutathione (gsh) as reductants, and requires only n-terminal peroxidatic cysteine for its catalysis. these results, combined with the monomeric size of prx3 observed under non-reducing conditions, suggested that prx3 is ...201425398878
[the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell on lung injury induced by vibrio vulnificus sepsis].to discuss the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (bmsc) on lung injury induced by vibrio vulnificus sepsis and its mechanism.201425399898
role of anaerobiosis in capsule production and biofilm formation in vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus, a pervasive human pathogen, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after consumption of undercooked seafood. biotype 1 strains of v. vulnificus are most commonly associated with human infection and are separated into two genotypes, clinical (c) and environmental (e), based on the virulence-correlated gene. for ingestion-based vibriosis to occur, this bacterium must be able to withstand multiple conditions as it traverses the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately gains entry in ...201525404024
bacterial virulence analysis using brine shrimp as an infection model in relation to the importance of quorum sensing and proteases.brine shrimp are aquatic crustaceans belonging to a genus of artemia. this organism is widely used for testing the toxicity of chemicals. in this study, brine shrimp were evaluated as an infection model organism to study bacterial virulence. artemia nauplii were infected with various pathogenic bacteria, such as vibrio vulnificus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia vietnamiensis, staphylococcus aureus, and escherichia coli, and the susceptibility to these bacteria was investigated by counting ...201425420421
draft genome sequence of fish pathogenic vibrio vulnificus biotype 2.vibrio vulnificus is a marine pathogen capable of causing severe soft tissue infections and septicemia in humans. v. vulnificus biotype 2 is the etiological agent of fish vibriosis. we describe here the first draft genome sequence of v. vulnificus biotype 2, strain es-7601, isolated from an infected eel in japan.201425428972
impact of analytic provenance in genome analysis.many computational methods are available for assembly and annotation of newly sequenced microbial genomes. however, when new genomes are reported in the literature, there is frequently very little critical analysis of choices made during the sequence assembly and gene annotation stages. these choices have a direct impact on the biologically relevant products of a genomic analysis--for instance identification of common and differentiating regions among genomes in a comparison, or identification o ...201425435180
serum survival of vibrio vulnificus: role of genotype, capsule, complement, clinical origin, and in situ incubation.virulence of the human pathogen, v. vulnificus, is associated with encapsulation, serum complement resistance, and genotype. the c-genotype of this bacterium is correlated (>90%) with virulence and with isolation source (clinical settings). e-genotype strains are highly correlated with environmental isolation (93%) but appear less virulent. in this study, we characterized the importance of genotype, encapsulation, serum complement, and in situ exposure to estuarine water on the survival of the t ...201425436506
development of a matrix tool for the prediction of vibrio species in oysters harvested from north carolina.the united states has federal regulations in place to reduce the risk of seafood-related infection caused by the estuarine bacteria vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus. however, data to support the development of regulations have been generated in a very few specific regions of the nation. more regionally specific data are needed to further understand the dynamics of human infection relating to shellfish-harvesting conditions in other areas. in this study, oysters and water were collec ...201525452288
recreational swimmers' exposure to vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in the chesapeake bay, maryland, usa.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine-estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. we evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the chesapeake bay in 2009 and 2011. volunteers (n=31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n=25 ...201525454225
zebrafish fed on recombinant artemia expressing epinecidin-1 exhibit increased survival and altered expression of immunomodulatory genes upon vibrio vulnificus infection.artemia has been used extensively in aquaculture as fodder for larval fish, shrimp, and shellfish. epinecidin-1, an antimicrobial peptide, was isolated from grouper (epinephelus coioides) in 2005. epinecidin-1 has been previously reported to possess antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species, including staphylococcus coagulase, pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus pyogenes, and vibrio vulnificus. in this study, we used electroporation to introduce p ...201525462461
bacterial zoonoses of fishes: a review and appraisal of evidence for linkages between fish and human infections.human contact with and consumption of fishes presents hazards from a range of bacterial zoonotic infections. whereas many bacterial pathogens have been presented as fish-borne zoonoses on the basis of epidemiological and phenotypic evidence, genetic identity between fish and human isolates is not frequently examined or does not provide support for transmission between these hosts. in order to accurately assess the zoonotic risk from exposure to fishes in the context of aquaculture, wild fisherie ...201525466575
efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water for reducing pathogenic bacteria contaminating shrimp.pathogenic contamination is a food safety concern. this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (new) in killing pathogens, namely, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, salmonella enteritidis, and escherichia coli in shrimp. pure cultures of each pathogen were submerged separately in new containing five different chlorine concentrations: 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 ppm. for each concentration, three submersion times were tested: 1, 3, and 5 min. the popul ...201425474069
transcriptome sequencing reveals the virulence and environmental genetic programs of vibrio vulnificus exposed to host and estuarine conditions.vibrio vulnificus is a natural inhabitant of estuarine waters worldwide and is of medical relevance due to its ability to cause grievous wound infections and/or fatal septicemia. genetic polymorphisms within the virulence-correlated gene (vcg) serve as a primary feature to distinguish clinical (c-) genotypes from environmental (e-) genotypes. c-genotypes demonstrate superior survival in human serum relative to e-genotypes, and genome comparisons have allowed for the identification of several put ...201425489854
genome-wide snp-genotyping array to study the evolution of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 3.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. strains of v. vulnificus are classified into three different biotypes. the newly emerged biotype 3 has been found to be clonal and restricted to israel. in the family vibrionaceae, horizontal gene transfer is the main mechanism responsible for the emergence of new pathogen groups. to better understand the evolution of the bacterium, and in particular to trace the evolution of biotype 3, we performed genome-wide snp genoty ...201425526263
danger on a half shell: vibrio vulnificus septicemia. 201525555549
cyclo(phe-pro) produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus inhibits host innate immune responses through the nf-κb pathway.cyclo(phe-pro) (cfp) is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria and fungi. although recent studies highlight the role of cfp in cell-to-cell communication by bacteria, its role in the context of the host immune response is poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the role of cfp produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus in the modulation of innate immune responses toward the pathogen. cfp suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reacti ...201525561711
hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus.hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease caused by a deficiency in the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, is associated with lethal infections by siderophilic bacteria. to elucidate the mechanisms of this susceptibility, we infected wild-type and hepcidin-deficient mice with the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus and found that hepcidin deficiency results in increased bacteremia and decreased survival of infected mice, which can be partially ameliorated by dietary iron depletion ...201525590758
draft genome sequences of four closely linked vibrio vulnificus isolates from the biotype 1 environmental genotype.biotype 1 of vibrio vulnificus, which causes severe invasive intestinal and wound infections, is split into two genotypes with all previously sequenced clinical isolates from the c genotypes. we report here the whole-genome sequencing of two clinical isolates and two closely linked oyster isolates from the e genotype for comparative studies.201525593245
histidine phosphocarrier protein regulates pyruvate kinase a activity in response to glucose in vibrio vulnificus.the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (pts) consists of two general energy-coupling proteins [enzyme i and histidine phosphocarrier protein (hpr)] and several sugar-specific enzyme iis. although, in addition to the phosphorylation-coupled transport of sugars, various regulatory roles of pts components have been identified in escherichia coli, much less is known about the pts in the opportunistic human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. in this study, we have identified pyruv ...201525598011
differential specificity of selective culture media for enumeration of pathogenic vibrios: advantages and limitations of multi-plating methods.plating environmental samples on vibrio-selective chromogenic media is a commonly used technique that allows one to quickly estimate concentrations of putative vibrio pathogens or to isolate them for further study. although this approach is convenient, its usefulness depends directly on how well the procedure selects against false positives. we tested whether a chromogenic medium, chromagar vibrio (cav), used alone (single-plating) or in combination (double-plating) with a traditional medium thi ...201525602161
multiplex pcr for detection of virulence markers of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative pathogen found in coastal and estuarine waters worldwide that can cause life threatening diseases. characterization of the vcg (virulence correlated gene) or 16s rrna alleles is used to distinguish virulent (clinical (c)-type) from presumably avirulent (environmental (e)-type) strains. however, some studies reported a significant number of clinical strains belonging to the e-type. in recent years more potential virulence markers have been identified, that are ...201525604517
identification of the target dna sequence and characterization of dna binding features of hlyu, and suggestion of a redox switch for hlya expression in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae from in silico studies.hlyu, a transcriptional regulator common in many vibrio species, activates the hemolysin gene hlya in vibrio cholerae, the rtxa1 operon in vibrio vulnificus and the genes of plp-vah1 and rtxachbde gene clusters in vibrio anguillarum. the protein is also proposed to be a potential global virulence regulator for v. cholerae and v. vulnificus. mechanisms of gene control by hlyu in v. vulnificus and v. anguillarum are reported. however, detailed elucidation of the interaction of hlyu in v. cholerae ...201525605793
early steps in the european eel (anguilla anguilla)-vibrio vulnificus interaction in the gills: role of the rtxa13 toxin.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic gram-negative bacterium that causes a systemic disease in eels called warm-water vibriosis. natural disease occurs via water born infection; bacteria attach to the gills (the main portal of entry) and spread to the internal organs through the bloodstream, provoking host death by haemorrhagic septicaemia. v. vulnificus produces a toxin called rtxa13 that hypothetically interferes with the eel immune system facilitating bacterial invasion and subsequent death by sep ...201525613341
role of hemf and hemn in the heme biosynthesis of vibrio vulnificus under s-adenosylmethionine-limiting conditions.vibrio vulnificus contains two coproporphyrinogen iii oxidases (cpos): o2-dependent hemf and o2-independent hemn. the growth of the hemf mutant hf1 was similar to wild-type cells at ph 7.5 under 2% o2 conditions where hemn was active and had a half-life of 64 min. however, hf1 did not grow when the medium ph decreased to ph 5.0, where oxidative stress affects endogenous s-adenosylmethionine (sam) levels. the growth of hf1 was restored not only by elevating the expression of mnsod but also throug ...201525626927
ph level as a marker for predicting death among patients with vibrio vulnificus infection, south korea, 2000-2011.vibrio vulnificus infection can progress to necrotizing fasciitis and death. to improve the likelihood of patient survival, an early prognosis of patient outcome is clinically important for emergency/trauma department doctors. to identify an accurate and simple predictor for death among v. vulnificus-infected persons, we reviewed clinical data for 34 patients at a hospital in south korea during 2000-2011; of the patients, 16 (47%) died and 18 (53%) survived. for nonsurvivors, median time from ho ...201525627847
novel host-specific iron acquisition system in the zoonotic pathogen vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium associated with human and fish (mainly farmed eels) diseases globally known as vibriosis. the ability to infect and overcome eel innate immunity relies on a virulence plasmid (pvvbt2) specific for biotype 2 (bt2) strains. in the present study, we demonstrated that pvvbt2 encodes a host-specific iron acquisition system that depends on an outer membrane receptor for eel transferrin called vep20. the inactivation of vep20 did not affect either bacterial growt ...201525630302
sediment and vegetation as reservoirs of vibrio vulnificus in the tampa bay estuary and gulf of mexico.the opportunistic pathogen vibrio vulnificus occurs naturally in estuarine habitats and is readily cultured from water and oysters under warm conditions but infrequently at ambient conditions of <15°c. the presence of v. vulnificus in other habitats, such as sediments and aquatic vegetation, has been explored much less frequently. this study investigated the ecology of v. vulnificus in water by culture and quantitative pcr (qpcr) and in sediment, oysters, and aquatic vegetation by culture. v. vu ...201525636843
comparative genomic analysis of clinical and environmental vibrio vulnificus isolates revealed biotype 3 evolutionary relationships.in 1996 a common-source outbreak of severe soft tissue and bloodstream infections erupted among israeli fish farmers and fish consumers due to changes in fish marketing policies. the causative pathogen was a new strain of vibrio vulnificus, named biotype 3, which displayed a unique biochemical and genotypic profile. initial observations suggested that the pathogen erupted as a result of genetic recombination between two distinct populations. we applied a whole genome shotgun sequencing approach ...201425642229
tetanus toxin fragment c fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine.recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. however, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. we have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune responses. in this study, we tested whether flab could be used as a fusion partner of subunit vaccine for tetanus.201525649002
the immediate global responses of aliivibrio salmonicida to iron limitations.iron is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms, and virulence and sequestration of iron in pathogenic bacteria are believed to be correlated. as a defence mechanism, potential hosts therefore keep the level of free iron inside the body to a minimum. in general, iron metabolism is well studied for some bacteria (mostly human or animal pathogens). however, this area is still under-investigated for a number of important bacterial pathogens. aliivibrio salmonicida is a fish pathogen, an ...201525649684
vvpm induces human cell death via multifarious modes including necroptosis and autophagy.vvpm, one of the extracellular metalloproteases produced by vibrio vulnificus, induces apoptotic cell death via a pathway consisting of erk activation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases-9 and -3. vvpm-treated cells also showed necrotic cell death as stained by propidium iodide (pi). the percentage of pi-stained cells was decreased by pretreatment with necrostatin-1, indicating that vvpm-mediated cell death occurs through necroptosis. the appearance of autophagic vesicles and lipid ...201525649984
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