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pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica o:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex.occurrence of yersinia spp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic yersinia in the wildlife. in total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. the most frequently identified species was y. enterocolitica found in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. interestingly, one ...201322697252
longitudinal pathogenesis study of young red deer (cervus elaphus) after experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map).paratuberculosis progresses more quickly in young red deer than in sheep or cattle. this study describes the clinical, immunological and pathological changes over a 50-week period in fourteen 4-month-old red deer that received heavy oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). at 4 and 12 weeks post challenge they were anaesthetized and a section of jejunal lymph node was surgically removed for culture, histopathology, and genetic studies. all 14 deer became infected, n ...201222720193
putative risk factors for infections with toggenburg orbivirus in goat herds in southern switzerland (canton of ticino).toggenburg orbivirus (tov), only detected in goats, has been described as a member of the bluetongue virus (btv) serogroup. the transmission pathway of the virus seems different from other bluetongue viruses (btvs). the objective of this study was to explore risk factors, especially the influence of alpine pasture and the presence of other livestock species, for the presence of tov infected goats on farms. between february 2008 and september 2009, blood samples were collected and analyzed for to ...201222739059
effects of culling eurasian wild boar on the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis and aujeszky's disease virus.worldwide, failure to eradicate a disease in livestock has sometimes been related to wildlife reservoirs of infection. we describe the effects of eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) abundance reduction through increased culling on the prevalence of two chronic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (tb) and aujeszky's disease (ad), in a region of south-central spain (scs). the two infections studied responded differently to an approximately 50% reduction of wild boar abundance. wild boar tb prevalence re ...201222743215
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi.the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ...201222777774
evaluation of serodiagnostic assays for mycobacterium bovis infection in elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in the united states.in 2011, the united states department of agriculture conducted a project in which elk (cervus elaphus spp.), white-tailed deer (wtd) (odocoileus virginianus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) were evaluated by the single cervical tuberculin test (sct), comparative cervical tuberculin test (cct), and serologic tests. the rapid antibody detection tests evaluated were the cervidtb stat-pak (stat-pak), and the dual path platform vettb (dpp). blood was collected from presumably uninfected animals pri ...201222792512
the effect of human activities and their associated noise on ungulate behavior.the effect of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife is a relatively new area of study with broad ranging management implications. noise has been identified as a disturbance that has the potential to induce behavioral responses in animals similar to those associated with predation risk. this study investigated potential impacts of a variety of human activities and their associated noise on the behavior of elk (cervus elaphus) and pronghorn (antilocapra americana) along a transportation corr ...201222808175
browsed twig environmental dna: diagnostic pcr to identify ungulate species.ungulate browsing can have a strong effect on ecological processes by affecting plant community structure and composition, with cascading effects on nutrient cycling and animal communities. however, in the absence of direct observations of foraging, species-specific foraging behaviours are difficult to quantify. we therefore know relatively little about foraging competition and species-specific browsing patterns in systems with several browsers. however, during browsing, a small amount of saliva ...201222813481
quality, oxidative markers and dna damage (dna) fragmentation of red deer thawed spermatozoa after incubation at 37 °c in presence of several antioxidants.antioxidants may be useful for supplementing sperm extenders. we have tested dehydroascorbic acid (dha), tempol, n-acetyl-cysteine (nac) and rutin on epididymal spermatozoa from red deer, during incubation at 37 °c. cryopreserved spermatozoa were thawed, washed and incubated with 1 mm or 0.1 mm of each antioxidant, including oxidative stress (fe(2+)/ascorbate). motility (casa and clustering of subpopulations), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and acrosomal status were assessed at 2 a ...201222818091
shared spatial effects on quantitative genetic parameters: accounting for spatial autocorrelation and home range overlap reduces estimates of heritability in wild red deer.social structure, limited dispersal, and spatial heterogeneity in resources are ubiquitous in wild vertebrate populations. as a result, relatives share environments as well as genes, and environmental and genetic sources of similarity between individuals are potentially confounded. quantitative genetic studies in the wild therefore typically account for easily captured shared environmental effects (e.g., parent, nest, or region). fine-scale spatial effects are likely to be just as important in w ...201222834741
global gene expression analysis in skin biopsies of european red deer experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8.bluetongue virus (btv) is a double-stranded rna virus transmitted by blood-feeding biting midges of the genus culicoides to wild and domestic ruminants, causing high morbidity and variable mortality. the aim of this study was to characterize differential gene expression in skin biopsies of red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds experimentally infected with btv serotypes 1 and 8. skin biopsies were collected from btv-1 and btv-8 experimentally infected and control hinds at 14 and 98 days post-infection ...201222835526
cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in selected red deer (cervus elaphus l.) tissues from north-eastern croatia.concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury were determined in muscle, liver and kidney tissue from three different age groups of red deer (young animals aged 6 or 7 months, middle-aged animals aged 3 to 5 years, old animals aged over 8 years) from the baranja region of croatia. median cadmium concentrations were low in the muscles of all investigated age groups (0.0002; 0.0009 and 0.0020 μg/g), higher in the liver (0.0279; 0.0656 and 0.1463 μg/g) and highest in the kidneys (0.4792; 2.8531 and 6 ...201222871008
shiga toxin subtypes associated with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains isolated from red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex.a total of 52 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains, isolated from fecal samples of six ibex, 12 chamois, 15 roe deer, and 19 red deer were further characterized by subtyping the stx genes, examining strains for the top nine serogroups and testing for the presence of eae and ehxa. eleven of the 52 strains belonged to one of the top nine stec o groups (o26, o45, o91, o103, o111, o113, o121, o145, and o157). eight stec strains were of serogroup o145, two strains of serogroup o113, ...201222891940
collaboration in natural resource governance: reconciling stakeholder expectations in deer management in scotland.the challenges of integrated, adaptive and ecosystem management are leading government agencies to adopt participatory modes of engagement. collaborative governance is a form of participation in which stakeholders co-produce goals and strategies and share responsibilities and resources. we assess the potential and challenges of collaborative governance as a mechanism to provide an integrated, ecosystem approach to natural resource management, using red deer in scotland as a case study. collabora ...201222898708
response of elk to habitat modification near natural gas development.elk (cervus elaphus) are known to shift habitat use in response to environmental modifications, including those associated with various forms of energy development. the specific behavioral responses underlying these trends, however, have not been effectively studied. to investigate such effects, we examined elk response to habitat alteration near natural gas wells in las animas county, colorado, usa in 2008-2010. we created 10 1-ha openings in forests adjacent to 10 operating natural gas wells b ...201222926238
a bayesian approach to study the risk variables for tuberculosis occurrence in domestic and wild ungulates in south central spain.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by mycobacterium bovis. although eradication is a priority for the european authorities, btb remains active or even increasing in many countries, causing significant economic losses. the integral consideration of epidemiological factors is crucial to more cost-effectively allocate control measures. the aim of this study was to identify the nature and extent of the association between tb distribution and a list of potential r ...201222931852
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
human selection of elk behavioural traits in a landscape of fear.among agents of selection that shape phenotypic traits in animals, humans can cause more rapid changes than many natural factors. studies have focused on human selection of morphological traits, but little is known about human selection of behavioural traits. by monitoring elk (cervus elaphus) with satellite telemetry, we tested whether individuals harvested by hunters adopted less favourable behaviours than elk that survived the hunting season. among 45 2-year-old males, harvested elk showed bo ...201222951744
distinguishing wild ruminant lipids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.the carbon isotopic characterisation of ruminant lipids associated with ceramic vessels has been crucial for elucidating the origins and changing nature of pastoral economies. δ(13)c values of fatty acids extracted from potsherds are commonly compared with those from the dairy and carcass fats of modern domesticated animals to determine vessel use. however, the processing of wild ruminant products in pottery, such as deer, is rarely considered despite the presence of several different species on ...201222956328
modelling transmission of bovine tuberculosis in red deer and wild boar in normandy, france.in early 2001, mycobacterium bovis infection was confirmed in red deer (rd) (cervus elaphus) shot in normandy region, france. an epidemiological survey conducted during the following hunting season in two connected forests confirmed the occurrence of the disease in both free-ranging rd and wild boar (wb) (sus scrofa). this was the first detected bovine tuberculosis outbreak in wildlife in france. we present a simple deterministic age-structured model of the within- and between-species m. bovis t ...201222958262
mercury speciation analysis in terrestrial animal tissues.no previous analytical procedures are available and validated for mercury speciation analysis in terrestrial animal tissues. this analysis is a difficult task both because the expected concentrations are low, since important accumulation process are not likely to occur, and also because there are not commercially available certified reference material. thus, an analytical methodology has been developed and validated for mercury speciation for the specific case of terrestrial animal tissues. the ...201222967634
strain characterization of the korean cwd cases in 2001 and 2004.chronic wasting disease (cwd) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was confirmed only in elk in the republic of korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005. epidemiological investigations showed that cwd was introduced via importation of infected elk from canada between 1994 and 1997. in spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of cwd, little ...201322972463
a migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring: jumping or surfing the green wave?the forage-maturation hypothesis (fmh) states that herbivores migrate along a phenological gradient of plant development in order to maximize energy intake. despite strong support for the fmh, the actual relationship between plant phenology and ungulate movement has remained enigmatic. we linked plant phenology (modis-normalized difference vegetation index [ndvi] data) and space use of 167 migratory and 78 resident red deer (cervus elaphus), using a space-time-time matrix of "springness," define ...201222976006
evaluation of remote delivery of passive integrated transponder (pit) technology to mark large mammals.methods to individually mark and identify free-ranging wildlife without trapping and handling would be useful for a variety of research and management purposes. the use of passive integrated transponder technology could be an efficient method for collecting data for mark-recapture analysis and other strategies for assessing characteristics about populations of various wildlife species. passive integrated transponder tags (pit) have unique numbered frequencies and have been used to successfully m ...201222984572
[phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus): data of analysis of polymorphism of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b].analysis of polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome b (1140 bp) of 106 samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) of eurasia is carried out, and the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire geographic range, including north america, are reconstructed. in total, the paper describes 75 haplotypes, 33 of them for the european and 42 for the asian part of the geographic range. common haplotypes for these two parts of the range were not found. the genetic kinship of asian siberian stags a ...201622988755
labeling studies on cortical bone formation in the antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus).the formation and mineralization process of antlers, which constitute the fastest growing bones in vertebrates, is still not fully understood. we used oxytetracycline injections to label different stages of bone formation in antlers of 14 red deer between days 28 and 156 of antler growth. results show that initially a trabecular scaffold of woven bone is formed which largely replaces a pre-existing scaffold of mineralized cartilage. lamellar bone is then deposited and from about day 70 onwards, ...201323000508
reconstructing the history of a fragmented and heavily exploited red deer population using ancient and contemporary dna.red deer (cervus elaphus) have been an important human resource for millennia, experiencing intensive human influence through habitat alterations, hunting and translocation of animals. in this study we investigate a time series of ancient and contemporary dna from norwegian red deer spanning about 7,000 years. our main aim was to investigate how increasing agricultural land use, hunting pressure and possibly human mediated translocation of animals have affected the genetic diversity on a long-te ...201223009643
surveillance for mycobacterium bovis transmission from domestic cattle to wild ruminants in a mexican wildlife-livestock interface area.to assess the prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (wrs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (wlia) of the mexican highland plateau.201223013189
reduced glutathione and trolox (vitamin e) as extender supplements in cryopreservation of red deer epididymal spermatozoa.the use of assisted reproductive techniques in cervids is increasing as the commercial use of these species increase. we have tested the suitability of the antioxidants trolox and reduced glutathione (gsh) for freezing red deer epididymal spermatozoa, aiming at improving post-thawing quality. samples from 19 stags were frozen in a tes-tris-fructose extender (20% egg yolk, 8% glycerol), with 1 or 5 mm of antioxidant. motility (casa), lipoperoxidation (malondialdehyde -mda- production), membrane s ...201223021747
re-mating across years and intralineage polygyny are associated with greater than expected levels of inbreeding in wild red deer.the interaction between philopatry and nonrandom mating has important consequences for the genetic structure of populations, influencing co-ancestry within social groups but also inbreeding. here, using genetic paternity data, we describe mating patterns in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) which are associated with marked consequences for co-ancestry and inbreeding in the population. around a fifth of females mate with a male with whom they have mated previously, and further, femal ...201223039875
bluetongue virus serotype 1 in wild ruminants, france, 2008-10.the persistence of bluetongue virus serotype 1 (btv-1) circulation was evaluated in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), mouflons (ovis ammon), and pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) sampled during two hunting seasons between september 2008 and february 2010 in the east pyrenean mountains, france. the prevalence of btv antibody in red deer was high and not significantly different between the two hunting seasons (50.9% and 49.6%, respectively). the prevalence o ...201223060507
the impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of scotland.the red deer (cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in scotland and, due to its value as a game species, an important element of the scottish rural economy. the native status of this species is sometimes questioned because of many recorded introductions of nonnative deer in the past that were an attempt to improve trophy size. in this study, we assessed the impact of past introductions on the genetic makeup of scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite loci a large number of samples (n ...201223091222
superovulation in waptiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season.the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three previously unreported ovarian superovulatory treatment protocols in wapiti. protocols were initiated specifically at the time of ovarian follicular wave emergence, and intended to enable determination of the effects of frequency of treatment (i.e., animal handling) and lh supplementation on ovarian response. thirteen parous wapiti hinds, 2 to 4 y of age, were used late in the anovulatory season (july). the ovaries were examined daily by transre ...201323102845
bovine viral diarrhea virus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: low prevalence of infection despite regular interactions with domestic livestock. 201223107231
assessment of the genetic relationship between dictyocaulus species from bos taurus and cervus elaphus using complete mitochondrial genomic datasets.dictyocaulus species are strongylid nematodes of major veterinary significance in ruminants, such as cattle and cervids, and cause serious bronchitis or pneumonia (dictyocaulosis or "husk"). there has been ongoing controversy surrounding the validity of some dictyocaulus species and their host specificity. here, we sequenced and characterized the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of dictyocaulus viviparus (from bos taurus) with dictyocaulus sp. cf. eckerti from red deer (cervus elaphus), used mt datase ...201223110936
discovery of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing escherichia coli among hunted deer, chamois and ibex.the aim of the present study was to assess for the first time the dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli in the wild animal ecosystem in switzerland. fecal samples of 84 red deer, 64 roe deer, 64 chamois, and 27 ibex were investigated. one sample from a roe deer tested positive for esbl-producing e. coli. the isolate harboured blactx-m-1 and tested negative for both blatem and blashv. based on these results low occurrence of esbl-producing enterobacte ...201223117989
[reduction of plant fibers in the digestive tract of the moose and the red deer].a comparative study of the reduction of plant fibers moving in the digestive tract of nine red deer (cervus elaphus) and six moose (alces alces) was made. in the winter season, the character of fiber reduction in the moose and the red deer was similar. in the deer obtained in the early autumn, the relative concentration of small-sized fractions was significantly higher. a sharp decrease in the share oflarge-sized fibers was observed in the omasum as compared to the rumen and the reticulum. it wa ...201623136740
multilocus genotyping of giardia duodenalis isolates from red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from poland.a total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of poland. giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from red deer and in two samples from roe deer. fragments of the beta-giardin (bg) triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes were successfully amplified from the giardia isolate obtained from red deer, whereas only amplicons of bg and gdh were obtained from giardia isolates derived from two roe deer. the result of genotyping an ...201223136805
validating methods for estimating endocranial volume in individual red deer (cervus elaphus).comparing brain sizes is a key method in comparative cognition and evolution. brain sizes are commonly validated by interspecific comparisons involving animals of varying size, which does not provide a realistic index of their accuracy for intraspecific comparisons. intraspecific validation of methods for measuring brain size should include animals of the same age and sex to ensure that individual differences can be detected in animals of similar size. in this study we compare three methods of m ...201323137587
evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in game animals from slovenia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen responsible for granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammalian hosts including humans. wild animals may play an important role in the epidemiology of this disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infection with a. phagocytophilum among wildlife in slovenia. serum samples (n = 376) from the most important game species [red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa), chamois (rupicapra ...201223160026
elk herbivory alters small mammal assemblages in high-elevation drainages.heavy herbivory by ungulates can substantially alter habitat, but the indirect consequences of habitat modification for animal assemblages that rely on that habitat are not well studied. this is a particularly important topic given that climate change can alter plant-herbivore interactions. we explored short-term responses of small mammal communities to recent exclusion of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) in high-elevation riparian drainages in northern arizona, where elk impacts on vegetatio ...201323163813
epizootic spread of schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, belgium, fall 2011.schmallenberg virus was detected in cattle and sheep in northwestern europe in 2011. to determine whether wild ruminants are also susceptible, we measured antibody seroprevalence in cervids (roe deer and red deer) in belgium in 2010 and 2011. findings indicated rapid spread among these deer since virus emergence ≈250 km away.201223171763
detection and characterization of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in game meat and ready-to-eat meat products.a total of 142 samples of game meat and ready-to-eat meat products from red deer and wild boar were analysed in order to assess the presence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). shiga-toxin encoding genes (stx genes) were detected by pcr in 36 (25.4%) of the samples and stec was isolated from 8 (5.6%) of the same samples. none of the samples tested positive for e. coli o157:h7. four different serotypes were found among the 8 stec isolates, with serotype o27:h30 being predominant (62 ...201223177058
[sacrocystis hjorti lesions in hunted red deer in switzerland].in meat samples from 2 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) of different origins (region ilanz, region filisur) large-scale greenish tissue discolorations with a gelatinous change of fascia were observed and diagnosed as eosinophilic fasciitis. sarcocystis hjorti, a recently described sarcocystis species in red deer and moose in norway, was found as the causing agent. foxes are regarded as final hosts in the development cycle of this parasite. factors leading to such cases of eosinophilic fasciitis ...201223188766
importance and mitigation of the risk of spillback transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection for eradication of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife in new zealand.introduced brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) are wildlife maintenance hosts for mycobacterium bovis in new zealand, often living sympatrically with other potential hosts, including wild red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus). population control of possums has been predicted to eradicate tuberculosis (tb) from new zealand wildlife ; however, there is concern that long-lived m. bovis-infected deer could represent a ‘ spillback’ risk for tb re-establishment (particularly when possum populations ...201323211646
a foreign invader or a reclusive native? dna bar coding reveals a distinct european lineage of the zoonotic parasite schistosoma turkestanicum (syn. orientobilharzia turkestanicum ()).natural foci of schistosoma turkestanicum (syn. orientobilharzia turkestanicum) has been identified in the gemenc forest regions of hungary utilising red deer as the definitive host. in order to identify the origins of this parasite in europe standard dna bar coding techniques were employed to sequence fragments of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed region (its) from 10 individual adult male worms. phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum likelihood p ...201323220360
the anatomy of vocal divergence in north american elk and european red deer.loud and frequent vocalizations play an important role in courtship behavior in cervus species. european red deer (cervus elaphus) produce low-pitched calls, whereas north american elk (cervus canadensis) produce high-pitched calls, which is remarkable for one of the biggest land mammals. both species engage their vocal organs in elaborate maneuvers but the precise mechanism is unknown. vocal organs were compared by macroscopic and microscopic dissection. the larynx is sexually dimorphic in red ...201323225193
effects of humans on behaviour of wildlife exceed those of natural predators in a landscape of fear.human disturbance can influence wildlife behaviour, which can have implications for wildlife populations. for example, wildlife may be more vigilant near human disturbance, resulting in decreased forage intake and reduced reproductive success. we measured the effects of human activities compared to predator and other environmental factors on the behaviour of elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus 1758) in a human-dominated landscape in alberta, canada.201223226330
extranodal follicular lymphoma in the lung of a free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus).a hunted free-ranging female red deer (cervus elaphus) from a region near the nahuel huapi national park, northern patagonia, argentina, had a focally extensive peribronchial lymphoid proliferative lesion in the lung characterized by formation of multiple follicles, with prominent germinal centers lacking mantle zone cells and antigen-related polarity. on examination of immunohistochemically stained tissues, a predominance of b cells (cluster of differentiation [cd]20 positive) with only a few s ...201323242668
chronic effects of lead (pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins a and d3.here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the pb-mediated disruption of vitamins a and d in wild ungulates living in a lead (pb)-polluted mining area. red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from t ...201323262069
balancing income and cost in red deer management.this paper presents a bioeconomic analysis of a red deer population within a norwegian institutional context. this population is managed by a well-defined manager, typically consisting of many landowners operating in a cooperative manner, with the goal of maximizing the present-value hunting related income while taking browsing and grazing damages into account. the red deer population is structured in five categories of animals (calves, female and male yearlings, adult females and adult males). ...201323262406
the modification and evaluation of an elisa test for the surveillance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in wild ruminants.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is often used to test wildlife samples for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection. however, commercially available kits are only validated for use with domestic ruminant species. a literature review was performed to document the current use of map serum elisa in wild and semi-domestic ruminants. we then modified and evaluated a commercial elisa kit (idexx mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody test kit) for use with species for whic ...201323302439
serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa.five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ...201323307387
simulating retention of rare alleles in small populations to assess management options for species with different life histories.preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long-term population viability. allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life-history traits: north island brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long-lived), north island robins (petroica longipes; monogamous, short-lived), and ...201323330669
first detection of echinococcus granulosus g1 and g7 in wild boars (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in romania using pcr and pcr-rflp techniques.the epidemiological status of ce in our country places romania into the top of the european countries and among the first countries worldwide. two hundred ninety wild animals (267 wild boars, 21 red deer and 2 mouflons) hunted in a private ground from bihor county from western romania were the subject of the necropsy in january 2012.out of 290 wild animals, 35 were positive during necropsy for hydatic cysts and from these, 33 wild boars and 2 red deer had hydatic cystsonly in the liver parenchym ...201223332123
expression of immunoregulatory genes and its relationship to lead exposure and lead-mediated oxidative stress in wild ungulates from an abandoned mining area.lead (pb) is a highly toxic metal that can induce oxidative stress and affect the immune system by modifying the expression of immunomodulator-related genes. the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between pb exposure and the transcriptional profiles of some cytokines, as well as the relationship between pb exposure and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers observed in the spleen of wild ungulates exposed to mining pollution. red deer and wild boar from the mining area s ...201323344983
innate immune markers that distinguish red deer (cervus elaphus) selected for resistant or susceptible genotypes for johne's disease.while many factors contribute to resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease, a major component is the genotype of the host and the way in which it is expressed. johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting ruminants and is caused by infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). we have previously identified red deer breeds (cervus elaphus) that are resistant; have a low rate of map infection and do not progress to develop johne's disease. in ...201323347398
an improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old.analysis of dna from older samples, such as museum specimen, is a promising approach to studying genetics of populations and ecological processes across several generations. here, we present a method for extracting high quality nuclear dna for microsatellite analysis from antlers of red deer (cervus elaphus). the genotyping of individuals was based on nine microsatellite loci. because the amount of dna found in antlers was high, we could reduce the amount of sample and chemicals used and shorten ...201323347507
surveillance of bovine tuberculosis and risk estimation of a future reservoir formation in wildlife in switzerland and liechtenstein.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis or m. caprae has recently (re-) emerged in livestock and wildlife in all countries bordering switzerland (ch) and the principality of liechtenstein (fl). comprehensive data for swiss and liechtenstein wildlife are not available so far, although two native species, wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus), act as btb reservoirs elsewhere in continental europe. our aims were (1) to assess the occurrence of btb in these wil ...201323349839
inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from gps data: comparing red deer cervus elaphus movements with simulation models.1. increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing gps data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties. 2. gps data are typically collected with ≥ 1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. however, compariso ...201323351042
[the influence of the products prepared from young not ossified antlers marals of siberian red deer on the characteristics of the blood oxygen-supplying system in the athletes during the contest season].the objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of the products prepared from young not ossified antlers marals of siberian red deer on the characteristics of the blood oxygen-supplying system in the athletes undergoing heavy physical loads during the contest season. it was shown that the use of such preparations promotes correction of humoral characteristics reflecting the development of iron-deficient conditions.201323373295
prevalence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game animals intended for consumption: relationship with management practices and livestock influence.although wild ruminants have been identified as reservoirs of shiga-toxin producing escherichia coli (stec), little information is available concerning the role of salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game species. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in faeces (n=574) and carcasses (n=585) sampled from red deer (n=295), wild boar (n=333) and other ungulates (fallow deer, mouflon) (n=9). animal sampling was done in situ from 33 hunting estates during two hunting seasons. salmo ...201323384892
elk migration patterns and human activity influence wolf habitat use in the greater yellowstone ecosystem.identifying the ecological dynamics underlying human-wildlife conflicts is important for the management and conservation of wildlife populations. in landscapes still occupied by large carnivores, many ungulate prey species migrate seasonally, yet little empirical research has explored the relationship between carnivore distribution and ungulate migration strategy. in this study, we evaluate the influence of elk (cervus elaphus) distribution and other landscape features on wolf (canis lupus) habi ...201223387126
forensic dna barcoding and bio-response studies of animal horn products used in traditional medicine.animal horns (ahs) have been applied to traditional medicine for more than thousands of years, of which clinical effects have been confirmed by the history. but now parts of ahs have been listed in the items of wildlife conservation, which limits the use for traditional medicine. the contradiction between the development of traditional medicine and the protection of wild resources has already become the common concern of zoophilists, traditional medical professionals, economists, sociologists. w ...201323409064
bluetongue dynamics in french wildlife: exploring the driving forces.bluetongue (bt) was monitored in wildlife in france during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. the disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (cervus elaphus) was explored using elisa test on serum and real-time rt-pcr test on blood or spleen. a large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to rt-pcr in 2008, but also in 2009 (sero ...201423414427
anaplasma phagocytophilum variants in sympatric red deer (cervus elaphus) and sheep in southern norway.infections by the ixodid tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum are common in domestic ruminants and cervids in the coastal areas of southern norway. previous experimental work has shown that a. phagocytophilum strains recovered from red deer (cervus elaphus) are infective in lambs, but epidemiological links between infections in red deer and sheep have yet to be established. to address this shortfall, the present study explores the genotypic relatedness between a. phagocy ...201323414797
red deer (cervus elaphus) as a host for the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in yucatan, mexico.rhipicephalus microplus is the most economically important cattle tick in the mexican tropics. wild ungulate species, including red deer (cervus elaphus), are gaining popularity in diversified livestock ranching operations in mexico. however, there is no information available on the susceptibility of red deer to infestation with the cattle tick, r. microplus, under hot, subhumid tropical conditions in mexico. biological data on r. microplus as an ectoparasite of cattle and red deer in a farm in ...201323423423
comparison of ranging behaviour in a multi-species complex of free-ranging hosts of bovine tuberculosis in relation to their use as disease sentinels.sentinel species are increasingly used by disease managers to detect and monitor the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations. characterizing home-range movements of sentinel hosts is thus important for developing improved disease surveillance methods, especially in systems where multiple host species co-exist. we studied ranging activity of major hosts of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in an upland habitat of new zealand: we compared home-range coverage by ferrets (mustela furo), wild ...201323433406
sensitivity, specificity and level of agreement of meat inspector detection of abnormal lymph nodes of farmed deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand.to assess the sensitivity (se), specificity (sp) and level of agreement in the detection of abnormal deer mesenteric lymph nodes (mln) by official assessors (meat inspectors) for the purpose of slaughter premise surveillance for johne's disease in new zealand farmed deer.201323441889
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) with grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes.to estimate the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in farmed deer with no gross post-mortem evidence of map infection slaughtered in new zealand, and to assess predictors of infection.201323441922
association between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and lymph node size in new zealand farmed deer (cervus elaphus).to develop and validate criteria for identification of abnormal lymph nodes (ln) at commercial slaughter, for the purpose of national surveillance for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in new zealand farmed deer. this included estimation of the predictive value of abnormal ln for map infection; a standard circumference cut-point for measurement of abnormal ln; and identification of risk factors associated with increasing ln circumference.201323442016
demodex acutipes bukva et preisler, 1988 (acari, demodecidae)--a rare parasite of red deer (cervus elaphus l.).two species of demodectic mites were described in the red deer cervus elaphus, including demodex kutzeri, which had also been found in other species of the cervidae family in austria, germany, czech republic, poland and north america. whereas the other species, d. acutipes, had been previously known from only one finding in the czech republic. the present research included skin samples taken in winter 2012 from thirty red deer in northern poland. demodex acutipes (prevalence 20%, mean intensity ...201223444799
global gene expression profiling of monocyte-derived macrophages from red deer (cervus elaphus) genotypically resistant or susceptible to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) can cause a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, johne's disease (jd), in ruminant animals. this study has explored the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility to this disease in red deer breeds previously confirmed to express polarised phenotypes by experimental infection trials and following natural infection. monocyte-derived macrophage cultures were obtained from uninfected red deer selected for either a resistant or susceptible p ...201323454067
incidence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains in beef, pork, chicken, deer, boar, bison, and rabbit retail meat.the objective of the current study was to determine the incidence of contamination by the top 7 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o-groups, responsible for the majority of e. coli infections in human beings, in retail meat from different animal species. samples from ground beef (n = 51), ground pork (n = 16), ground chicken (n = 16), and game meat (deer, wild boar, bison, and rabbit; n = 55) were collected from retail vendors for the detection of 7 stec o-groups (o26, o45, o103, o111 ...201323512921
ixodes ricinus infestation in free-ranging cervids in norway--a study based upon ear examinations of hunted animals.prevalence, abundance and instar composition of ixodes ricinus as found on one ear collected from 1019 moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus), shot during hunting (august-december) 2001-2003, are reported. the animals originated from 15 coastal municipalities (cm), seven municipalities bordering to coastal municipalities (bcm) and four inland municipalities (im), in norway, between latitudes 58-66° n. i. ricinus occurred endemically in all cm and bcm up ...201323541678
phylogenetic relationships among sarcocystis species in cervids, cattle and sheep inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene.coccidian parasites in the genus sarcocystis have a two-host life cycle, and have traditionally been identified on the basis of morphological features of the sarcocyst stage in their intermediate hosts. additional molecular species identification, delimitation and phylogeny of sarcocystis spp. have been based mainly on the nuclear ssrrna gene. this gene is well suited for discrimination between more distant species but less so for closely related species. the objective of this study was therefor ...201323542092
efficacy of antemortem rectal biopsies to diagnose and estimate prevalence of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cow elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).a reliable antemortem test is needed to understand the ecology of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). we measured the ability of antemortem biopsy samples from the rectal mucosa to detect the abnormal prion protein associated with cwd (prp(cwd)), the relationship between test results from the obex and rectal biopsies at varying stages of cwd progression, and the prevalence of cwd in free-ranging elk from rocky mountain national park, colorado, usa. we sampled and place ...201323568902
severe dental fluorosis in juvenile deer linked to a recent volcanic eruption in patagonia.the puyehue-cordon caulle volcanic eruption deposited large amounts of tephra (ashes) on about 36 million ha of argentina in june of 2011. tephra was considered chemically innoxious based on water leachates, surface water fluoride levels were determined to be safe, and livestock losses were attributable to inanition and excessive tooth wear. to evaluate effects on wild ungulates, we sampled wild red deer (cervus elaphus) at 100 km from the volcano in september-november 2012. we show that tephra ...201323568911
cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv1): new insights on viral evolution in deer.we identified a novel papillomavirus (cepv1) in a fibropapilloma of a 1.5 year old male red deer (cervus elaphus) shot in the italian alps in brescia province. pv particles were first observed by electron microscopy and pv dna was then identified by pcr using degenerate primers. subsequently we cloned the entire genome and determined its complete sequence. cepv1 genome is 8009 bp long and contains all 9 orfs and the long untranslated regulatory region characteristic for delta-papillomaviruses. p ...201323578708
effectiveness of cattle operated bump gates and exclusion fences in preventing ungulate multi-host sanitary interaction.tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in south central spain, where evidence suggests transmission to domestic cattle. known risk factors for tb at the interface between livestock and wild ungulate species include density and spatial overlap, particularly around waterholes during summer. we evaluated the effectiveness of selective exclusion measures for reducing direct and indirect interaction between extensive beef cattle and wild ungulate ...201323602337
the origin of the giant liver fluke, fascioloides magna (trematoda: fasciolidae) from croatia determined by high-resolution melting screening of mitochondrial cox1 haplotypes.the high-resolution melting (hrm) method, recently optimized as a reliable technique for population study of the european fascioloides magna populations, was applied to determine an origin of f. magna individuals from croatia. the structure and frequency of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (439 bp; cox1) haplotypes of 200 croatian flukes coming from 19 red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) livers were screened and compared with recently determined reference samples of f. magna from all e ...201323609601
disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland.ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ...201323649757
[analysis on nutritional component of cervus elaphus products].to investigate nutrient values in the cervus elaphus, so as to provide a scientific basis for choosing products by businesses and consumers.201323654109
genetic epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei in the iberian wolf in asturias, spain.during the last decades, attempts have been made to understand the molecular epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei, and to detect and clarify the differences between isolates from different hosts and geographic regions. two main phenomena have been described: (i) host-taxon derived-sarcoptes mite infection in european wild animals (revealing the presence of three separate clusters, namely herbivore-, carnivore- and omnivore-derived sarcoptes populations in europe) and (ii) prey-to-predator sarcoptes ...201323664709
cloning and characterization of new transcript variants of insulin-like growth factor-i in sika deer (cervus elaphus).insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) is a multi-promoter gene that has complex biological functions and plays an important role in cell differentiation and proliferation, animal growth and metabolism. igf-i function is of particular importance in embryonic development. in this study, 5' and 3' race techniques were used to clone full-length cdna of the igf-i gene from the deer liver for the first time. six transcript variants were identified: class-1-ea, class-1-eb, class-1-ec, class-2-ea, class- ...201323665126
roaring high and low: composition and possible functions of the iberian stag's vocal repertoire.we provide a detailed description of the rutting vocalisations of free-ranging male iberian deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus, hilzheimer 1909), a geographically isolated and morphologically differentiated subspecies of red deer cervus elaphus. we combine spectrographic examinations, spectral analyses and automated classifications to identify different call types, and compare the composition of the vocal repertoire with that of other red deer subspecies. iberian stags give bouts of roars (and more ...201323667678
molecular characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (bos taurus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in the united states.in the united states, the generally non-pathogenic trypanosome of cattle is designated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri and is distinguished morphologically from trypanosoma (m.) cervi, a trypanosome originally described in mule deer and elk. phylogenetic studies of the megatrypanum trypanosomes using various molecular markers reveal two lineages, designated tthi and tthii, with several genotypes within each. however, to date there is very limited genetic data for t. theileri, and none for th ...201323683651
experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type vm mice.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a naturally occurring prion disease in north american deer (odocoileus species), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces). the disease was first confirmed in the republic of korea in 2001, and subsequent cases were diagnosed in 2004, 2005 and 2010. the experimental host range of cwd includes ferrets, several species of voles, white-footed mice, deer mice and syrian golden hamsters. in addition, cwd was transmitted to the transgenic mous ...201323708962
long-term density-dependent changes in habitat selection in red deer (cervus elaphus).understanding how habitat selection changes with population density is a key concept in population regulation, community composition and managing impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. at low density, it is expected that individuals select habitats in terms of their preference, but as population density increases, the availability of resources per individual declines on preferred habitats, leading to competition which forces some individuals to exploit less preferred habitats. using spa ...201323719900
effects of feed supplementation on mineral composition, mechanical properties and structure in femurs of iberian red deer hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus).few studies in wild animals have assessed changes in mineral profile in long bones and their implications for mechanical properties. we examined the effect of two diets differing in mineral content on the composition and mechanical properties of femora from two groups each with 13 free-ranging red deer hinds. contents of ca, p, mg, k, na, s, cu, fe, mn, se, zn, b and sr, young's modulus of elasticity (e), bending strength and work of fracture were assessed in the proximal part of the diaphysis ( ...201323750262
linking anti-predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore.ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide-ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population- or community-level consequences. we evaluated the non-consumptive effects (nces) of an active predator, the grey wolf (canis lupus), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk (cervus elaphus), their primary prey in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. when wolves approached within 1 km, elk in ...201323750905
a two-years' survey on the prevalence of tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium caprae in red deer (cervus elaphus) in the tyrol, austria.a survey of 143 hunter-harvested red deer for tuberculosis was conducted in an alpine area in western austria over two subsequent years. there, single tuberculosis cases caused by mycobacterium caprae had been detected in cattle and red deer over the preceding decade. the area under investigation covered approximately 500 km(2), divided into five different hunting plots. lymph nodes of red deer were examined grossly and microscopically for typical tuberculosis-like lesions and additionally by mi ...201223762580
early detection of chronic wasting disease prions in urine of pre-symptomatic deer by real-time quaking-induced conversion assay.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of captive and free-ranging deer (odocoileus spp), elk (cervus elaphus nelsonii) and moose (alces alces shirasi). unlike in most other prion diseases, in cwd prions are shed in urine and feces, which most likely contributes to the horizontal transmission within and between cervid species. to date, cwd ante-mortem diagnosis is only possible by immunohistochemical detection of protease resistant prion protein (prp (sc) ) in tonsil or recto-anal muco ...201523764839
correlation of tbe incidence with red deer and roe deer abundance in slovenia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a virus infection which sometimes causes human disease. the tbe virus is found in ticks and certain vertebrate tick hosts in restricted endemic localities termed tbe foci. the formation of natural foci is a combination of several factors: the vectors, a suitable and numerous enough number of hosts and in a habitat with suitable vegetation and climate. the present study investigated the influence of deer on the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis. we were able to ...201323776668
evaluation of transmission of brucella abortus strain 19 in bison by intravaginal, intrauterine, and intraconjunctival inoculation.bovine brucellosis, caused by the bacterium brucella abortus, is endemic in bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in the area of yellowstone national park, usa. two strategies have been proposed to reduce the risk of transmission of disease in bison: remote vaccination with the vaccine rb51, and the use of immunocontraception of bison to decrease shedding of organisms from infected females. the frequent occurrence of venereal transmission in bison would complicate eith ...201323778600
high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose.infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ...201323778618
babesia odocoilei infection in a saskatchewan elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) herd.an 8-year-old female elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) cow, presented for chronic severe weight loss and unthriftiness, was diagnosed with babesia odocoilei infection based on blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and dna sequence analysis. subsequently, velvet antler from a male that died acutely on the same farm was also pcr positive for babesia spp. both animals originated from a game ranch of saskatchewan-bred and -raised animals with no known history of tick exposure, but w ...201323780934
molecular phylogeography of tick-borne encephalitis virus in central europe.in order to obtain a better understanding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strain movements in central europe the e gene sequences of 102 tbev strains collected from 1953 to 2011 at 38 sites in the czech republic, slovakia, austria and germany were determined. bayesian analysis suggests a 350-year history of evolution and spread in central europe of two main lineages, a and b. in contrast to the east to west spread at the eurasian continent level, local central european spreading patterns ...201323784447
spatial and seasonal variation in the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in questing ixodes ricinus ticks in norway.understanding the variation in prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (lyme borreliosis spirochaetes, lbs) and anaplasma phagocytophilum (causing tick-borne fever in ruminants and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) in ticks is vital from both a human and an animal disease perspective to target the most effective mitigation measures. from the host competence hypothesis, we predicted that prevalence of lbs would decrease with red deer density, while prevalence of a. phagocytophilum would incr ...201323786850
first serosurvey of besnoitia spp. infection in wild european ruminants in spain.besnoitia besnoiti has been reported to affect cattle, wildebeest, kudu and impala, and b. tarandi other wild ruminants (caribou, reindeer, mule deer and musk ox), causing similar characteristic clinical signs and lesions. however, both besnoitia species have been reported in different geographical areas and the link between the sylvatic and domestic life cycles of besnoita spp. in wild ruminants and cattle remains unknown. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of specific antibodie ...201323790546
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