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urinary metabolomic profile of preterm infants receiving human milk with either bovine or donkey milk-based fortifiers.fortification of human milk (hm) for preterm and very low-birth weight (vlbw) infants is a standard practice in most neonatal intensive care units. the optimal fortification strategy and the most suitable protein source for achieving better tolerance and growth rates for fortified infants are still being investigated. in a previous clinical trial, preterm and vlbw infants receiving supplementation of hm with experimental donkey milk-based fortifiers (d-hmf) showed decreased signs of feeding into ...202032727157
flavor components comparison between the neck meat of donkey, swine, bovine, and sheep.donkey in china is well known for its draft purpose and transportation; however, donkey meat has attracted more and more consumers in recent years, yet it lacks sufficient information on its flavor components compared to other main meats. therefore, in this study, volatile flavor compounds in neck meat of donkey, swine, bovine, and sheep were classified by electronic nose, then confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and gas ...202032734261
equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis.equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a tick-borne disease of economic importance, relevant in the international movement of equids. the causative agents are at least two apicomplexan protozoan parasites babesia caballi and theileria equi. to date, there is no study that estimates global and regional exposure of equids to ep. we therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and heterogeneity of ep using random-effects model. six electronic databases were sear ...202032741382
distribution of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in major fractions of donkey milk.the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of ca, p, s, mg, k, and na, and their distribution in major fractions of donkey milk (i.e., fat, casein, whey proteins, and aqueous phase). individual milk samples were collected by mechanical milking from 16 clinically healthy lactating donkeys. milk yield per milking was recorded and milk gross composition, casein content, and ph were determined. whole milk samples were centrifuged to separate fat and to obtain skim milk. skim milk sampl ...202032747106
preference by donkeys and goats among five mediterranean forest species: implications for reducing fire hazard.during the second half of the 20th century, european countries experienced an increase in their forest area due to the global change. consequently, there has been an increase in large forest fires, mainly in the mediterranean basin, and this has forced the development of several types of prevention programs. one of them is the control of the understory by livestock. in this sense, browsing with a combination of donkeys and goats could be a good option, as both animals usually feed on forest spec ...202032751439
quantitative detection of donkey hide gelatin (colla corii asini) adulteration by real-time pcr based on single-copy nuclear genes.donkey hide gelatin (colla corii asini) is highly recognized for its high nutritional value, especially the medicinal value. however, it is also a potential candidate for adulteration because of its low yield and high price. in order to quantitatively detect adulterated donkey-hide gelatin with all possible adulterated animal species, a real-time pcr approach based on single-copy housekeeping nuclear reference primers was proposed in this study. for the system establishment, mixtures containing ...202032766834
transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (h3n8) in west and central africa: molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in niger and senegal, in 2019.since november 2018, several countries in west and central africa have reported mortalities in donkeys and horses. specifically, more than 66,000 horses and donkeys have succumbed to disease in burkina faso, chad, cameroon, the gambia, ghana, mali, niger, nigeria, and senegal. strangles caused by streptococcus equi subsp equi, african horse sickness (ahs) virus, and equine influenza virus (eiv) were all suspected as potential causative agents. this study reports the identification of eiv in fiel ...202032770642
analysis of morphofunctional variables associated with performance in crossfit® competitors.crossfit® is a competitive sport and fitness modality characterized by multiple physical capabilities and multi-joint movements. this study aimed to analyse and classify variables related to crossfit® competitors' specific performance. fifteen male crossfit® competitors were selected (n = 15; 30.57 ± 5.5 years; 1.76 ± 0.06 m; 78.55 ± 9.12 kg). mean values were obtained for body mass index (25.3 ± 2.14 kg/m2), 4 skinfolds, 1 repetition maximum in the squat (137.60 ± 19.65 kg) and the bench press ...202032774540
domestic donkey bite of genitalia: an unusual etiology of penile glans amputation in burkina faso (case report and literature review).a 15-years-old boy was admitted in our hospital emergency unit with complaints of injured and hemorrhagic penile glans after donkey bites. the accident occurred during domestic activity with the animal when the boy attempted to guide the donkey. after thorough physical examination, the patient presented a penile glans amputation. tetanic prophylaxis was started. the patient benefited from hemostatic suturing, stump regularization and penile glans reconstructive surgery and there was no complicat ...202032774590
evaluation of jennies' colostrum: igg concentrations and absorption in the donkey foals. a preliminary study.immunoglobulin type g (igg) concentration both in jennies' colostrum and in serum of donkey foals are mostly unknown in the first 24 h after delivery. the aims of the present study were to evaluate the igg concentrations of colostrum during the first 24 h of lactation of amiata jennies, the absorption of colostrum and the weekly body weight gain of the donkey foals. igg concentrations were assessed in the jennies' colostrum and in the serum of donkey foals. colostrum was collected in 9 jennies r ...202032775752
comparative efficacy of histrelin acetate and hcg for inducing ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus africanus asinus).the goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of histrelin acetate (gnrh analog) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) to hasten ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus africanus asinus). thirty cycles of ten jennies were randomly assigned in one of the three groups: g0 (control group), saline; g1, 250 μg of histrelin acetate; g2, 2500 iu of hcg. jennies were evaluated by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, and had the administration of an ovulation-inducing agent when ...202032797776
effect of the depth of insertion of the thermometer on the rectal temperature of donkeys during the hot-dry season in a tropical savannah.the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the depth of insertion and environmental parameters on the rectal temperature (rt) in donkeys during the hot-dry season in a tropical savannah zone of nigeria. the experimental subjects were comprised of thirty donkeys divided into three groups based on age: group i, 10 foals (40.67 ± 2.20 kg; 1.50 ± 0.02 months); group ii, 10 yearlings (91.53 ± 0.54 kg; 1.51 ± 0.01 years); and group iii, 10 adults (140 ± 0.71 kg; 8.03 ± 0.06 years ...202032797777
reference values and repeatability of transabdominal ultrasonographic gastrointestinal tract thickness and motility in healthy donkeys (equus asinus).the present study aimed to provide reference ranges for the wall thickness and motility pattern of the gastrointestinal tract from a sample of donkeys (equus asinus) population using b-mode ultrasonography. in the present study, 30 clinically healthy donkeys (equus asinus) (15 males and 15 females), aged 2-20 year old and weighed 100-280 kg were randomly selected for b-mode ultrasonographic scanning of the abdomen. the wall thickness of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, an ...202032797781
molecular analysis and risk factors associated with theileria equi infection in domestic donkeys and mules of punjab, pakistan.theileriosis is an important disease of economic significance which badly affects the equine husbandry of developing countries. the present study was planned to investigate the molecular prevalence of theileriosis, associated risk factors, and alterations in hematological parameters of donkeys and mules from district mianwali, punjab, pakistan. blood samples from 150 equids (n = 75 donkeys; n = 75 mules) were examined microscopically, and the genomic dna from each sample was processed for the am ...202032797787
evaluation of brix refractometry for the estimation of colostrum quality in jennies.donkey placenta does not allow the passage of immunoglobulins; thus, foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic and an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum in the first 24 hours of life is crucial for the surviving. the study aims to assess the relation between colostrum immunoglobulin g (igg) concentration evaluated by the single radial immunodiffusion (srid) test and the brix refractometer in donkeys to establish a cutoff value for high quality of colostrum based on brix refractometry. colostru ...202032797794
characterizing the serum proteome of donkeys (equus asinus).serum and plasma are commonly used in clinical practice considering the widely accepted fact that the "normal" protein expression pattern of a healthy animal changes under disease conditions. we herein used a label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach to characterize the serum proteome of donkeys. a total of 277 unique proteins were identified from 2,388 unique peptides. gene ontology analyses showed that the most frequent processes were related to metabolic activities a ...202032797796
toxoplasma gondii infections in horses, donkeys, and other equids: the last decade.toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. the present review summarizes worldwide information on the prevalence of clinical and subclinical infections, epidemiology, and genetic diversity of t. gondii in horses, donkeys and other equids in the past decade. this review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.202032799174
development of a donkey grimace scale to recognize pain in donkeys (equus asinus) post castration.the objectives of this study were to establish a donkey ethogram, followed by a donkey grimace scale to be applied to donkeys pre- and post-castration and to test if there was a notable difference in scores based on observer knowledge, gender, and experience, which could reveal possible discomfort/pain. nine healthy male adult donkeys were surgically castrated. fifty-four photos were selected from frontal, lateral, and body views taken pre- and post-castration. observers ranging from minimal to ...202032823676
vitrification of donkey sperm: is it better using permeable cryoprotectants?vitrification by direct exposure of sperm to liquid nitrogen is increasing in popularity as an alternative to conventional freezing. in this study, the effect of permeable cryoprotectant agents for donkey sperm vitrification was compared to an extender containing non-permeable cryoprotectants. first, three different concentrations of sucrose (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 molar, m) and bovine serum albumin, bsa (1, 5, and 10%) were compared. secondly, the concentration of non-permeable agents producing the ...202032825370
peste des petits ruminants virus transmission scaling and husbandry practices that contribute to increased transmission risk: an investigation among sheep, goats, and cattle in northern tanzania.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes an infectious disease of high morbidity and mortality among sheep and goats which impacts millions of livestock keepers globally. pprv transmission risk varies by production system, but a deeper understanding of how transmission scales in these systems and which husbandry practices impact risk is needed. to investigate transmission scaling and husbandry practice-associated risk, this study combined 395 household questionnaires with over 7115 cross-s ...202032847058
surgical castration versus chemical castration in donkeys: response of stress, lipid profile and redox potential biomarkers.castration is a husbandry practice raising important questions on the welfare and physiological status of farm animals. searching for effective castration methods that minimally compromise the body physiology is worthy of attention. therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the differential response of biological systems in donkeys to surgical castration versus the chemical one by cacl2 with special emphasis on stress, lipid profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers. donkeys were divided randomly a ...202032847551
genetic characterization of hydatid cysts of different intermediate hosts.cystic echinococcosis is an important cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis that causes public health and economic problems in egypt. the present study was undertaken to identify genotypes of hydatid cyst (hc) dna isolated from different animal isolates and to identify the genotype of secondary hydatid cysts (hcs) developed in rabbits experimentally infected with camel hc for detection of any genetic mutation. in the present study, we extracted dna from the germinal layers of 8 hcs collected from 3 ca ...202032855606
multiplex pcr and 12s rrna gene sequencing for detection of meat adulteration: a case study in the egyptian markets.recently, dna-based methods have proved to be accurate, fast and sensitive for meat authentication. according to the european union, the food safety standards require accurate and detailed composition information of the meat products. therefore, an accurate, fast and cost-effective identification methodology is needed. in this study, multiplex pcr coupled with 12s rdna sequencing was employed for the detection of meat adulteration in two red meat products (frozen beef liver and cold cut samples, ...202132860900
an epidemiological survey of theileria equi parasite in donkeys (equus asinus) in egypt.in the present study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of theileria equi, with sequencing analysis of the pcr product using blood-dna samples collected from donkeys (n = 149) reared in different egyptian provinces in lower egypt (menoufia and mersa matruh) and middle egypt (giza). all animals were tested for the presence of t. equi parasite using species-specific pcr assay targeting the equi merozoite antigen-1 (ema-1). nine- (6.04%) samples were positive for t. equi. the highest positive ...202032862920
proline protects boar sperm against oxidative stress through proline dehydrogenase-mediated metabolism and the amine structure of pyrrolidine.proline was reported to improve sperm quality in rams, stallions, cynomolgus monkeys, donkeys, and canines during cryopreservation. however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of proline on boar semen during liquid storage at 17 °c and explore the underlying mechanism. freshly ejaculated boar semen was supplemented with different concentrations of proline (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 mm) and stored at 17 °c for nine days. sperm motility patt ...202032883027
therapeutic efficacy of phage piz sae-01e2 against abortion caused by salmonella enterica serovar abortusequi in mice.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi is a frequently reported pathogen causing abortion in mares. in this study, the preventive and therapeutic effects of phage piz sae-01e2 against s abortusequi in a mouse model of abortion were investigated. phage piz sae-01e2 was stable at different temperatures (4 to 70°c) and ph values (ph 4 to 10) and could lyse the majority of the salmonella serogroup o:4 and o:9 strains tested (25/28). there was no lysogeny-related, toxin, or antibioti ...202032887718
fatal donkey bite in children: a case report.although animal-inflicted injuries are a worldwide major public health problem, lethal donkey bites have very rarely been reported. we describe the case of a 21-month-old girl that was found dead in a farmyard next to a donkey that belonged to the family. examination of the body showed bite marks on the right side of the neck and the upper part of the shoulder. death was attributed to cervical trauma and spine injuries from a donkey attack.202032889631
fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza h3n8 in nigeria, 2019: the first introduction of florida clade 1 to west africa.in december 2018, suspected outbreaks of equine influenza (ei) were observed in donkeys in sokoto state, in the extreme northwest of nigeria bordering the republic of the niger. equine influenza virus (eiv) subtype h3n8 was the etiologic agent identified in the outbreaks using real-time rt-qpcr and sequencing of both the partial haemagglutinin (ha) gene and the complete genome. since then the h3n8 virus spread to 7 of the 19 northern states of nigeria, where it affected both donkeys and horses. ...202032891950
probiotics and prebiotics in non-bovine milk.probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate numbers, confer health benefit/s on the host, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that are selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the distal parts of the host digestive tract conferring health benefits. dairy products manufactured mainly using bovine milk is the major vehicle in delivering probiotics to humans. at present, there is an increasing demand for non-bovine probiotic milk pr ...202032892837
tissue expression profile, polymorphism of igf1 gene and its effect on body size traits of dezhou donkey.insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) is a multifunctional cell proliferation regulator that plays a critical role in regulating animal growth and development. in this study, the expression level of igf1 gene in different tissues of dezhou donkey in different periods was investigated by rt-qpcr. meanwhile, two mutation sites were identified within the igf1 gene and its effect on body size traits of dezhou donkey was analysed. the results showed that the expression level of the adult donkey igf1 ge ...202132896588
first report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in jilin, china.equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of equids, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. equine piroplasmosis represents a serious challenge to the equine industry due to important economic losses worldwide. the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in equids from jilin province, china.202032907616
equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in fasciola hepatica-infected mules.fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by freshwater lymnaeid snails. donkey and horse reservoir roles have been highlighted in human endemic areas. liver fluke infection in mules has received very limited research. their role in disease transmission, epidemiological importance and fasciola hepatica pathogenicity are studied for the first time. prevalence was 39.5% in 81 mules from aconcagua, and 24.4% in 127 from uspallata, in high-altitude areas of mendoza provin ...202032907643
welfare assessment and identification of the associated risk factors compromising the welfare of working donkeys (equus asinus) in egyptian brick kilns.donkeys are a cornerstone in human existence, having played an important role throughout history in different economic activities, such as working in brick kilns in egypt. this study was conducted from january 2017 to the end of april 2017 in the el-saf brick kilns, which are located to the south of the giza governorate and 57 km away from cairo. physical clinical health and behavior data were collected from 179 donkeys spanning over a random sample of 20 brick kilns selected from the el-saf bri ...202032917031
comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of mexico.factors affecting working equid welfare are wide-ranging and reflect cultural, economic and climatic conditions, the type of work equids are used for, and individual differences in the practices of their handlers. in mexico working equids are widely used for facilitating agricultural activities, however, welfare issues are common.202032920907
comparison of carcass and meat quality obtained from mule and donkey.the aim of this study was to compare the carcass characteristics and the chemical and physical parameters of the meat produced by 10 male crossbred donkeys and 10 male mules slaughtered at 16 ± 1 years of age. the carcass weight and dressing percentage were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mules. samples of the muscle longissimus thoracis (lt) were analyzed. donkey meat showed a higher fat content, while the glycogen content was higher in the mule lt. the total collagen content was higher in t ...202032927781
neospora caninum infection in iran (2004-2020): a review.knowledge on neosporosis and associated risk factors in different species of animals are so important for designing the control programs and reduce the economic losses globally. this literature review targeted for evaluating the infection rate of neospora caninum in animals in iran. until april 2020, all of published documents in the main english and persian-language databases were searched. a total number of 110 documents (english = 85 and persian = 25) were extracted. most of reports were sero ...202032929312
utility of a fluid library with samples of humans, reservoirs and vectors collected in filter paper, for retrospective diagnosis of american trypanosomiasis in endemic areas of venezuela.we define a fluid library as a library of samples of different biological fluids (from humans, animals or vectors) collected and properly stored on filter paper, which allows retrospective studies, especially of diagnosis or detection of infectious agents in these samples, using different techniques. the objective of this work was the retrospective diagnosis of american trypanosomiasis by pcr in a venezuelan endemic area using a fluid library.202032930930
effects of long-distance transportation on blood constituents and composition of the nasal microbiota in healthy donkeys.this study aims to determine the effects of transportation on the nasal microbiota of healthy donkeys using 16s rrna sequencing.202032933535
occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated with infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in brazil.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii. ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. consumption of meat from equids is common in european and asian countries and an increase in brazil has been observed. the aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-t. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in minas gerais, brazil. blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys ...202032935768
insights on health and food applications of equus asinus (donkey) milk bioactive proteins and peptides-an overview.due to its similarity with human milk and its low allergenic properties, donkey milk has long been used as an alternative for infants and patients with cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa). in addition, this milk is attracting growing interest in human nutrition because of presumed health benefits. it has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antiproliferative and antidiabetic activity. in addition, it stimulates the immune system, regulates the gastrointestinal flora, and prevents inflammatory ...202032942687
seroprevalence and risk factors associated with equine piroplasmosis in north egypt.equine piroplasmosis (ep) is caused by theileria equi and/or babesia caballi and has economic importance particularly in equines reared in poor management systems. this study is based on celisa test to study the seroprevalence of ep among 370 horses and 150 donkeys in four governorates north egypt. additionally, its risk factors were studied for the first time. the seroprevalence rates 36.5 %, 20 %, and 5.6 % for t. equi, b. caballi, and mixed infections, respectively. the highest antibody level ...202032950955
children's road-crossing behavior: emotional decision making and emotion-based temperamental fear and anger.child pedestrian injuries represent a global public health burden. to date, most research on psychosocial factors affecting children's risk of pedestrian injury focused on cognitive aspects of children's functioning in traffic. recent evidence suggests, however, that emotional aspects such as temperament-based fear and anger/frustration, as well as executive function-based emotional decision making, may also affect children's safety in traffic. this study examined the role of emotions on childre ...202032951057
fetal lesions of ehv-1 in equine.ehv-1 infection is responsible for huge economic losses in equines due to abortion and neonatal mortality. in this study, we describe 4 cases of abortion and neonatal deaths from pregnant mares and a she-donkey from different localities in egypt during the period from may 2015 to october 2017. attempts were made to isolate and identify ehv-1, in addition to compare the different pathological lesions in various tissues of the necropsied cases. ehv-1 was successfully isolated from two aborted fetu ...202032965312
vitrification of donkey sperm using straws as an alternative to conventional slow freezing.cryoprotectant-free vitrification of donkey sperm using 0.25 ml straws has been recently developed, but the obtained results have not been directly compared to conventional slow freezing yet. the aim of this study was to compare sperm quality parameters after cryopreservation using both methods. semen samples were collected from three andalusian donkeys. semen was centrifuged and pellets resuspended with an extender with glycerol for conventional freezing or the same extender without glycerol, b ...202032974983
anti-inflammatory potential of cow, donkey and goat milk extracellular vesicles as revealed by metabolomic profile.in recent years, extracellular vesicles (evs), cell-derived micro and nano-sized structures enclosed in a double-layer membrane, have been in the spotlight for their high potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. indeed, they act as signal mediators between cells and/or tissues through different mechanisms involving their complex cargo and exert a number of biological effects depending upon evs subtype and cell source. being produced by almost all cell types, they are found in every ...202032977543
infection of hard ticks in the caspian sea littoral of iran with lyme borreliosis and relapsing fever borreliae.the caspian sea littoral of iran is home to various hard tick species, including ixodes ricinus, the notorious vector of lyme borreliosis (lb) in eurasia. here, in this area, we examined i. ricinus and other hard ticks, along with common rodents and small mammals for lb and relapsing fever (rf) borreliae infection. ticks were collected from various mammalian hosts, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, dogs, donkeys, rodents, and hedgehogs. rodents and small mammals were live-captured ...202032993956
the prevalence and risk factors of liver fluke infection in mexican horses, donkeys and mules in tropical and temperate regions.the objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of fasciola hepatica infection in horses, donkeys and mules from different climate regions in two states of mexico. a total of 594 serum samples were analysed for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), with excretory-secretory (e/s) products as the antigen. the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum igg elisa were 100% and 97.2%, respectively. we collected data using a ques ...202033006039
flesh id: nanopore sequencing combined with offline blast search for the identification of meat source.detection of animal species in meat product is crucial to prevent adulterated and unnecessary contamination during processing, in addition to avoid allergy and religious consequences. gold standard is the real-time pcr assays, which has a limited target capability. in this study, we have established a rapid sequencing protocol to identify animal species within hours. sequencing was achieved by nanopore sequencing and data analysis via offline blast search. the whole procedure was conducted in a ...202033019679
a pilot serosurvey for selected pathogens in feral donkeys (equus asinus).recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around death valley national park, california, usa. the aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (eh ...202033023217
anthelmintic efficacy of strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and fenbendazole on working donkeys (equus asinus) in and around hosaena town, southern ethiopia.gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against profitability of working equines all over the world.202033029340
detection of selection signatures underlying production and adaptive traits based on whole-genome sequencing of six donkey populations.donkeys (equus asinus) are an important farm animal. after long-term natural and artificial selection, donkeys now exhibit a variety of body sizes and production performance values. in this study, six donkey breeds, representing different regions and phenotypes, were used for second-generation resequencing. the sequencing results revealed more than seven million single nucleotide variants (snvs), with an average of more than four million snvs per species. we combined two methods, z-transformed h ...202033036357
antibacterial potential of donkey's milk disclosed by untargeted proteomics.donkey's milk (dm) has been extensively investigated as a valuable substitute of breast milk, often suitable to manage cow's milk protein allergy in infants. dm exhibits potent inhibitory properties against numerous microbial species. although oligosaccharides and lipids might contribute to the antimicrobial potential, the current inventory of proteins is not able to justify the low count of microorganisms generally observed in dm. the shotgun proteomic analysis of fractionated dm disclosed a se ...202033038512
west nile virus neutralizing antibody prevalence in donkeys from northern nigeria.this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-west nile virus (wnv) neutralizing antibodies in donkeys from two areas in northern nigeria.202033053581
variability analyses of the maternal lineage of horses and donkeys.equid breeds originating from the iberian peninsula and north africa are believed to have genetically contributed to the formation of breeds and ecotypes from brazil. the country has numerous breeds and ecotypes of horses and donkeys but there are no extensive studies on maternal genetic diversity and their origins. this study reports the results of the first genetic analysis of all horse and donkey breeds/ecotypes from brazil based on sequences of the mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) w ...202033065240
ethological and physiological parameters assessment in donkeys used in animal assisted interventions.few studies have been performed to identify objective indicators for the selection of therapeutic donkeys or to assess their welfare during animal-assisted interventions (aais) objective: this study aimed to evaluate the response to the ethological test and the modifications of physiological parameters in donkeys subjected to aai sessions.202033066258
pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of minocycline against salmonella abortus equi in donkey plasma and tissue cage fluid.tissue cage (tc) model was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of minocycline (mino) after intramuscular (im) administration to donkeys at 4 mg/kg body-weight. the cmax of mino with 1.79 and 2.63 μg ml-1 was obtained at 2.96 and 1.41 h in tcf (tissue cage fluid) and plasma respectively. the absorption half-lives (t1/2ka) of mino were calculated to be 0.71 h in tcf and 0.32 h in plasma, whereas the elimination half-lives (t1/2ke) were 10.46 h in tcf and 5.95 h in pl ...202033066989
multivariate models for estimating jackass semen production and quality.the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of season, age, gonad and accessory sex glands on semen characteristics of jackass and to construct multivariate regression models to predict semen quality. in autumn, spring and summer, semen characteristics of 30 sexually mature donkeys (1014 ejaculations) were analyzed to investigate the effect of seasons on semen quality, and gonad and accessory sex gland parameters of 12 jackasses were measured immediately after ejaculation by ultrasonogr ...202033068490
ultrasonographic appearance of elbow joints in a population of amiata donkeys.ultrasound (us) is a well-established technique for investigating joint diseases in horses, complementary to radiography. few studies have been performed on the ultrasonographic aspect of the elbow joint in horses and no reports are available on donkeys. the aim of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow joint in healthy donkeys. descriptive cohort study included 34 elbow joints, which were evaluated in 17 donkeys. inclusion criteria included no lameness or musculo ...202033077086
equid herpesvirus 8 isolated from an adult donkey in israel.we report the isolation of equid herpesvirus 8 from a rescued donkey that suffered severe postcastration complications. despite intensive treatment, the donkey deteriorated and was euthanized. postmortem virologic analysis revealed the isolation of a herpesvirus that is closely related to herpesviruses reported from donkeys and horses in australia, china, and ireland, causing respiratory disease in donkeys and abortion in mares. to our knowledge, this is the first report of this equid herpesviru ...202033077102
phylogenetic characterization of setaria equina and its association with other filarids.molecular characterization studies on setaria equina are limited. the present study aimed to characterize s. equina at the cytochrome c oxidase gene and to examine its phylogenetic relationships with other filarid species. sequence analysis showed 100% nucleotide homology with an s. equina sequence from italy (aj544873). however, both sequences exhibited 7 nucleotide substitutions from a s. equina donkey isolate from egypt (mk541847). overall, s. equina formed a monophyletic sister group to seta ...202033079270
effect of age and of reproductive status on reproductive indices in horse mares carrying mule pregnancies.mules (equus mulus) are interspecific hybrids derived from crossing horse (equus caballus) mares with jackasses (equus asinus). in italy, the production of mules is very important for the special environmental areas, where they are used as working animals, instead of the forbidden agricultural machines. although many horse mares carry mule pregnancy successfully at term, low fertility of mares used for producing mules was reported, but limited data about reproductive efficiency in mares carrying ...202033083622
tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of male equids.here we report the unusual presence of thalamic reticular neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase in equids. the diencephalons of one adult male of four equid species, domestic donkey (equus africanus asinus), domestic horse (equus caballus), cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) and plains zebra (equus quagga), were sectioned in a coronal plane with series of sections stained for nissl substance, myelin, or immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase, and the calcium-binding proteins parva ...202033086098
high exposure to toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. in donkeys in israel: serological survey and case reports.toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. are closely related cyst-forming coccidian parasites, which infect various animal species and have considerable zoonotic and economic implications, respectively. both parasites are endemic in israel and have been reported to infect wild and domestic animals. this study was conceived to evaluate the serologic exposure of donkeys to these parasites. serum samples were collected from 98 donkeys. half of them (n = 49) were from animal shelters in israel, and the r ...202033086723
expression of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia and its neurochemical characterization in reference to sensory neuron subpopulations.huntingtin-associated protein 1 (hap1) is a polyglutamine (polyq) length-dependent interactor with causal agents in several neurodegenerative diseases and has been regarded as a protective factor against neurodegeneration. in normal rodent brain and spinal cord, hap1 is abundantly expressed in the areas that are spared from neurodegeneration while those areas with little hap1 are frequent targets of neurodegeneration. we have recently showed that hap1 is highly expressed in the spinal dorsal hor ...202033089002
molecular characterization of the re-emerging west nile virus in avian species and equids in israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease.in this report we describe the molecular and pathological characteristics of west nile virus (wnv) infection that occurred during the summer and fall of 2018 in avian species and equines. wnv is reported in israel since the 1950s, with occasional outbreaks leading to significant morbidity and mortality in birds, high infection in horses and humans, and sporadic fatalities in humans.202033092614
policy-gradient and actor-critic based state representation learning for safe driving of autonomous vehicles.in this paper, we propose an environment perception framework for autonomous driving using state representation learning (srl). unlike existing q-learning based methods for efficient environment perception and object detection, our proposed method takes the learning loss into account under deterministic as well as stochastic policy gradient. through a combination of variational autoencoder (vae), deep deterministic policy gradient (ddpg), and soft actor-critic (sac), we focus on uninterrupted an ...202033105863
factors affecting embryo recovery rate, quality, and diameter in andalusian donkey jennies.embryo transfer and the vitrification of embryos could be used for the conservation and recovery of endangered donkey breeds. it is important to develop techniques that optimize recovery rates and the cryotolerance of donkey embryos. this study evaluates factors affecting the recovery rate, quality, and diameter of embryos obtained from donor jennies as a starting point for the use of vitrification and embryo transfer in the conservation of the andalusian donkey. a total of 100 embryos were reco ...202033114673
quantifying poor working equid welfare in nepalese brick kilns using a welfare assessment tool.across asia the brick-kiln industry is expanding. in nepal, urban dwelling has increased in recent years, raising requirement for low-cost, mass produced bricks to meet the population needs. working equids (wes) play a key role in non-mechanised kilns. assessing the welfare of these equids is the starting point to addressing concerns. in line with one welfare principles, the health and welfare of animals, people and the kiln environment are interlinked.202033115919
phylogenetic relationships of turkish indigenous donkey populations determined by mitochondrial dna d-loop region.in this study, to analyze the mtdna d-loop region and the origin of the maternal lineages of 16 different donkey populations, and to assess the domestication of turkish indigenous donkeys in seven geographical regions, we investigated the dna sequences of the d-loop region of 315 indigenous donkeys from turkey. a total of 54 haplotypes, resulting from 35 polymorphic regions (27 parsimoniously informative and 6 singleton sites), were defined. twenty-eight of these haplotypes are unique (51.85%), ...202033120938
assessment of phenotypic characteristics and work suitability for working donkeys in the central highlands in kenya.the study aimed to assess the phenotypic characteristics of donkeys and their suitability for work. data were collected on age, sex, coat color, height at withers, body length, and heart girth from 360 randomly sampled donkeys raised in a highland agroecological system in kenya between the months of june and september 2018. data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and anova with the sex of the donkey and age group treated as sources of variation. the weight of donkeys was estimated using ...202033123337
the prevalence and risk factors associated with leptospira in donkeys in ngaka modiri molema district, north west province, south africa.leptospirosis is one of the major emerging global economic and health problems affecting donkeys, thereby reducing their work output. furthermore, the disease has public health importance because of its zoonotic nature. despite the significant contribution donkeys make to the national economy, less attention is given to diseases that afflict donkeys and reduce their productivity and performance. a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of leptospira and identify ri ...202033132620
designing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-penicillin antibodies levels in various species of animals in khuzestan province, iran.the penicillin allergy is being increasingly recognized as a significant public health problem. immunological responses to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics are classified as immediate and non-immediate responses. this research aimed to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of the reactive antibody value against penicillin in various species of animals. the serum samples were collected from nine species (forty mature animals in each species) including h ...202033133467
collagen and eosinophils in jenny's endometrium: do they differ with endometrial classification?collagen fibers and inflammatory cells are the basis for jenny endometrium kenney and doig's classification developed for the mare. the infiltration of a large number of eosinophils in the jenny endometrium is intriguing. eosinophil and fibroblast produced il33, which has been related to fibrosis development and chronicity. this work on the endometrium consisted of (i) quantification of collagen type i (col1a2), type iii (col3a1), and il33 transcripts; (ii) histological localization and quantifi ...202033134338
blood storage conditions affect hematological analysis in samples from healthy donkeys and donkeys with experimentally-induced endotoxemia.preanalytical factors such as storage time and temperature are proved to induce marked artifactual changes in hematological parameters in horses, small animals and humans. these errors can mirror findings typical of endotoxemia, leading to dangerous misdiagnosis. since donkeys are common in warm climates and remote regions, blood samples from this species can be subjected to long lasting travels from the farm to the nearest laboratory, frequently under suboptimal conditions. moreover, as other e ...202033134340
optimization of casa-mot analysis of donkey sperm: optimum frame rate and values of kinematic variables for different counting chamber and fields.in order to optimize the donkey sperm motility analysis by the casa (computer assisted sperm analysis)-mot system, twelve ejaculates were collected from six jackasses. capillary loaded chamber (clc), isas®d4c depths 10 and 20 µm, isas®d4c leja 20 and drop displacement chamber (ddc), spermtrack® (spk) depths 10 and 20 µm were used. sperm kinematic variables were evaluated using each chamber and a high-resolution camera capable of capturing a maximum of 500 frames/second (fps). the optimum frame r ...202033138237
microbial profile antibacterial properties and chemical composition of raw donkey milk.the human interest in donkey milk is growing due to its nutritional, functional properties and excellent microbiological quality according to published reports. however, more research needs to be conducted to assess the above variables from various breeds. in the present study, milk samples were collected from 17 cypriot and six arcadian healthy greek donkeys. the microbiological quality, somatic cell counts (scc), chemical composition analysis, and antimicrobial activity of the samples was asse ...202033143191
investigation of the cyprus donkey milk bacterial diversity by 16s rdna high-throughput sequencing on a cyprus donkey farm.the interest in milk originating from donkeys is growing worldwide due to its claimed functional and nutritional properties, especially for sensitive population groups, such as infants with cow milk protein allergy. the current study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of donkey milk produced in a donkey farm in cyprus using culture-based and high-throughput sequencing techniques. the culture-based microbiological analysis showed very low microbial counts, whereas important food-borne pa ...202033162091
a new strain of taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and jenny donkeys.three horse mares inadvertently inseminated with semen from a tayorella asinigenitalis-positive jack donkey developed severe, purulent endometritis whereas two jenny donkeys mated naturally to the same jack donkey did not develop clinical signs of infection.202033174229
evaluation of colostral immunity against equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in martina franca's foals.eight martina franca pregnant jennies were selected in order to evaluate the transfer of colostral antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 in their relative foals after immunization with a commercial inactivated vaccine, compared with an unvaccinated group. samples of serum and colostrums/milk were collected from jennies and foals under study starting from 10 min before and up to 21 days after the foaling. specific anti-ehv-1 antibody titers were evaluated by means of a serum neutralization ...202033330699
a reassortant g3p12 rotavirus a strain associated with severe enteritis in donkeys (equus asinus).in contrast to horses, the only evidence suggesting gastrointestinal disease in neonatal donkeys is associated with group a rotaviruses (rvas) is the detection of viral antigens by elisa in just 1 of 82 symptomatic donkey foals. no additional, more comprehensive investigations have been conducted, and rvas if circulating in donkey populations have not been molecularly characterised.202133455000
a monovalent and trivalent mva-based vaccine completely protects mice against lethal venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis virus aerosol challenge.venezuelan, eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses (eev) can cause severe disease of the central nervous system in humans, potentially leading to permanent damage or death. yet, no licensed vaccine for human use is available to protect against these mosquito-borne pathogens, which can be aerosolized and therefore pose a bioterror threat in addition to the risk of natural outbreaks. using the mouse aerosol challenge model, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of eev vaccines that ...202133542715
epidemiology and serological detection of rift valley fever disease in farm animals in southern egypt.in this study, the serological surveillance of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in southern egypt was carried out for 460 serum samples collected from domestic animals (unvaccinated), including cattle, sheep, goat, camel and donkey reared in three different provinces (qena, luxor and aswan). enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect rvfv antibodies. the results showed that 97 out of 460 animals were positive by using blocking elisa. the percentage of rvfv infection in cattle, sh ...202133567844
stabilization of a broadly neutralizing anti-chikungunya virus single domain antibody.a single domain antibody (clone cc3) previously found to neutralize a vaccine strain of the chikungunya virus (prnt50 = 2. 5 ng/ml) was found to be broadly neutralizing. clone cc3 is not only able to neutralize a wild-type (wt) strain of chikungunya virus (chikv), but also neutralizes wt strains of mayaro virus (mayv) and ross river virus (rrv); both arthralgic, old world alphaviruses. interestingly, cc3 also demonstrated a degree of neutralizing activity against the new world alphavirus, venezu ...202133585527
active equine parvovirus-hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in austrian horses of advanced age.equine parvovirus-hepatitis (eqpv-h) research is in its infancy. information regarding prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and risk factors enhances understanding of this potentially fatal infection.202133704819
a hepatitis b virus causes chronic infections in equids worldwide.preclinical testing of novel therapeutics for chronic hepatitis b (chb) requires suitable animal models. equids host homologs of hepatitis c virus (hcv). because coinfections of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv occur in humans, we screened 2,917 specimens from equids from five continents for hbv. we discovered a distinct hbv species (equid hbv, eqhbv) in 3.2% of donkeys and zebras by pcr and antibodies against eqhbv in 5.4% of donkeys and zebras. molecular, histopathological, and biochemical anal ...202133723007
response of uk horse, pony and donkey owners to the early stages of the covid-19 pandemic.in the uk, march 2020 was a time of great uncertainty as covid-19 became increasingly widespread. the government responded by making suggestions about how people could reduce the risk of spread on 16 march, moved swiftly into closing schools on the 18 march before announcing a mandatory lockdown on the 23rd march. this was a challenging time for uk equestrians who had to balance maintaining their equine's routine and daily care alongside the increasing biosecurity measures. a cross-sectional sur ...202133922408
west nile virus seroprevalence in a selected donkey population of namibia.west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus enzootically maintained in birds. however, it can incidentally infect other species, leading to sometimes severe clinical consequences like in horses and especially human beings. despite the topic relevance, the presence and distribution of wnv are currently unknown in namibia. several countries implement surveillance systems based on virus detection in birds, mosquitoes, and vertebrate species including horses. the present study aimed to fill this ...202134222404
a scoping review of west nile virus seroprevalence studies among african equids.west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to africa. the virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. the majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. the aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to wnv among african equids. three bibliographic d ...202134358049
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