Publications

can a mind have two time lines? exploring space-time mapping in mandarin and english speakers.	spatial representations of time are a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. nevertheless, interesting sociolinguistic variations exist with respect to where in space people locate temporal constructs. for instance, while in english time metaphorically flows horizontally, in mandarin an additional vertical dimension is employed. noting that the bilingual mind can flexibly accommodate multiple representations, the present work explored whether mandarin-english bilinguals possess two mental time l ...	2011	21347879
earliest directly-dated human skull-cups.	the use of human braincases as drinking cups and containers has extensive historic and ethnographic documentation, but archaeological examples are extremely rare. in the upper palaeolithic of western europe, cut-marked and broken human bones are widespread in the magdalenian (~15 to 12,000 years bp) and skull-cup preparation is an element of this tradition.	2011	21359211
the impact of new national hiv testing guidelines at a district general hospital in an area of high hiv seroprevalence.	the latest uk national human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing guidelines, released in september 2008, state that hiv testing should be offered to all patients with indicator conditions and considered in all general medical admissions in high-prevalence areas. we audited testing rates at blackpool victoria hospital, a high-prevalence area, one year before and one year after the publication of the new guidelines. in the year after publication the rate of hiv testing in patients with indicator ...	2011	21365059
attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination: a qualitative study of vaccinated and unvaccinated girls aged 17-18 years.	background and methodology this study explored knowledge about human papillomavirus (hpv) and attitudes towards hpv vaccination among girls who were part of the 'catch-up' vaccination programme. interviews were carried out between march and may 2009 with girls (aged 17-18 years) who had received hpv vaccine (n=5) and girls who had opted not to receive hpv vaccine (n=5). interviews lasted approximately 25 minutes, were recorded and transcribed verbatim. the data were analysed qualitatively using ...	2011	21367699
age-specific incidence of a/h1n1 2009 influenza infection in england from sequential antibody prevalence data using likelihood-based estimation.	estimating the age-specific incidence of an emerging pathogen is essential for understanding its severity and transmission dynamics. this paper describes a statistical method that uses likelihoods to estimate incidence from sequential serological data. the method requires information on seroconversion intervals and allows integration of information on the temporal distribution of cases from clinical surveillance. among a family of candidate incidences, a likelihood function is derived by reconst ...	2011	21373639
exploring the psychological factors involved in the ladbroke grove rail accident.	ten years after the event and the question as to exactly why a driver passed a signal at danger to cause the ladbroke grove rail disaster is still an open one. this paper uses the literature on human error and cognition, combined with critical path analysis, to provide further insight. five aspects of train operation are drawn out of the known facts surrounding the incident: custom and practice in the use of the driver's reminder appliance, operation and use of the automatic warning system, the ...	2011	21376909
value of mismatch repair, kras, and braf mutations in predicting recurrence and benefits from chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.	it is uncertain whether modest benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage ii colorectal cancer justify the toxicity, cost, and inconvenience. we investigated the usefulness of defective mismatch repair (dmmr), braf, and kras mutations in predicting tumor recurrence and sensitivity to chemotherapy.	2011	21383284
phase i trial of a selective c-met inhibitor arq 197 incorporating proof of mechanism pharmacodynamic studies.	the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met axis is implicated in tumor cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. arq 197 is an oral, selective, non-adenosine triphosphate competitive c-met inhibitor. a phase i trial of arq 197 was conducted to assess safety, tolerability, and target inhibition, including intratumoral c-met signaling, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.	2011	21383285
one size fits all: or horses for courses? recovery-based care in specialist mental health services.	the ôçÿrecovery approachôçö to the management of severe mental health problems has become a guiding vision of service provision amongst many practitioners, researchers, and policy makers as well as service users.	2011	21391337
hiv/aids awareness in those diagnosed with mental illness.	the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) continues to increase among the general population. previous studies in this field focused mainly on the 'at-risk' groups such as homosexuals, prostitutes, intravenous drug users, bisexual men and women. mentally ill men and women remain one of the subgroups understudied and yet continue to show disproportionately high levels of seroprevalence. the purpose of this study was to elucidate awareness of the risk factors associated with hiv transmissio ...	2011	21395913
clinical effectiveness of biphasic insulin aspart 30:70 versus biphasic human insulin 30 in uk general clinical practice: a retrospective database study.	premixed, or biphasic, insulins containing varying proportions of rapid- and intermediate-acting insulin components have been developed to limit the number of daily injections for patients who require both prandial and basal insulin injections.	2011	21397771
using an online survey of healthcare-seeking behaviour to estimate the magnitude and severity of the 2009 h1n1v influenza epidemic in england.	during the 2009 h1n1v influenza epidemic, the total number of symptomatic cases was estimated by combining influenza-like illness (ili) consultations, virological surveillance and assumptions about healthcare-seeking behaviour. changes in healthcare-seeking behaviour due to changing scientific information, media coverage and public anxiety, were not included in case estimates. the purpose of the study was to improve estimates of the number of symptomatic h1n1v cases and the case fatality rate (c ...	2011	21410965
the hammersmith hospital hematopathology case of the month: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to epstein-barr virus associated t-cell lymphoma.	we discuss the clinical presentation, investigations carried out, and the management issues in an elderly patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh). the hlh was associated with an underlying epstein-barr virus positive peripheral t-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, and the lymphomatous cells harbored translocation t(5;9)(q11.2:p24). the 9p24 region contains the jak2 gene. the disease had a fulminant course.	2011	21417828
the incidence and prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in sheffield, uk.	background and purpose: the purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (iih) in sheffield, uk. methods: a retrospective review of case notes was conducted to identify cases of iih seen between 1 january 2007 and 31 december 2008. results: sixteen (15 women and 1 man) new patients were identified to give an incidence within sheffield of 1.56/100 000/year and 2.86/100 000/year for women. the incidence of iih in obese women was 11.9 ...	2011	21426442
explaining variation in the uptake of hpv vaccination in england.	in england, two national programmes of hpv vaccination for girls have been instituted, a routine programme for 12- and 13-year-olds and a catch-up programme for 17- and 18-year-olds. uptake rates across the country have been far from uniform, and this research sought to identify factors explaining the variation in uptake by locality.	2011	21426539
wetland conservation and sustainable coastal governance in japan and england.	coastal wetlands present particular challenges for coastal governance and for the implementation of the ramsar convention, not least because coastal areas are focal points of human activity and of governance ambiguity. through the evaluation of ramsar delivery at both national and local levels in japan and england, the relationship between ramsar implementation and coastal governance was examined. in england, ramsar status is primarily treated as a nature conservation designation which limits th ...	2011	21429531
investigating transmission of mycobacterium bovis in the united kingdom in 2005 to 2008.	due to an increase in bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the united kingdom, we investigated the characteristics of mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and assessed whether extensive transmission of m. bovis between humans has occurred. a cross-sectional study linking demographic, clinical, and dna fingerprinting (using 15-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat [miru-vntr] typing) data on cases reported between 2005 and 2008 was undertaken. a total of 12 ...	2011	21430093
n-nitroso compounds and cancer incidence: the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic)-norfolk study.	humans are exposed to preformed n-nitroso compounds (nocs) and endogenous nocs. several nocs are potential human carcinogens, including n-nitrosodimethylamine (ndma), but evidence from population studies is inconsistent.	2011	21430112
letter to the editor. group a streptococcal infections during the seasonal influenza outbreak 2010/11 in south east england.		2011	21435326
excess mortality monitoring in england and wales during the influenza a(h1n1) 2009 pandemic.	summarywe present the results from a novel surveillance system for detecting excess all-cause mortality by age group in england and wales developed during the pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 period from april 2009 to march 2010. a poisson regression model was fitted to age-specific mortality data from 1999 to 2008 and used to predict the expected number of weekly deaths in the absence of extreme health events. the system included adjustment for reporting delays. during the pandemic, excess all-c ...	2011	21439100
serotonin transporter gene moderates childhood maltreatment's effects on persistent but not single-episode depression: replications and implications for resolving inconsistent results.	background: genetic and environmental factors shape life-long vulnerability to depression, but most gene-environment interaction (g×e) research has focused on cross-sectional assessments rather than life-course phenotypes. this study tests the hypothesis that the g×e involving the length polymorphism in the serotonin-transporter-gene-linked-promoter-region (5-httlpr) and childhood maltreatment is specific to depression that runs a persistent course in adulthood. methods: the hypothesis is tested ...	2011	21439648
estrogen and progesterone receptor isoform distribution through the menstrual cycle in uteri with and without adenomyosis.	to test the hypothesis that the expression of the different isoforms of the estrogen receptor alpha (er-a) and beta (er-ß) and the progesterone receptor a (pr-a) and b (pr-b) would be differentially modulated in uteri with adenomyosis compared with controls and that modulation would be related to the menstrual cycle.	2011	21444077
effect of abcb1 genotype on pre- and post-cardiac transplantation plasma lipid concentrations.	genetic variation of atp-binding cassette subfamily b member 1 (abcb1) which encodes p-glycoprotein (p-gp) has been associated with lipid levels and response to statins. here, we studied these associations in patients with advanced heart failure who subsequently underwent transplantation. fasting total cholesterol (tc), low density lipoprotein (ldl) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (hdl) cholesterol and triglycerides (tg) concentrations in 268 adult heart transplant recipients were analysed ...	2011	21445698
children's relative clause markers in two non-mainstream dialects of english.	we examined children's productions of mainstream and non-mainstream relative clause markers (e.g. that, who, which, what, where, ø) in african american english (aae) and southern white english (swe) as a function of three linguistic variables (syntactic role of the marker, humanness of the antecedent and adjacency of the noun phrase head). the data were language samples from 99 typically developing 4-6-year-olds: 61 spoke aae and 38 spoke swe. the majority of the children's relative clauses incl ...	2011	21453062
dcdc2, kiaa0319 and cmip are associated with reading-related traits.	several susceptibility genes have been proposed for dyslexia (reading disability; rd) and specific language impairment (sli). rd and sli show comorbidity, but it is unclear whether a common genetic component is shared.	2011	21457949
"novel" brominated flame retardants in belgian and uk indoor dust: implications for human exposure.	concentrations of several "novel" brominated flame retardants (nbfrs) are reported in indoor dust samples from belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the west midlands of the uk (n=36). using a gc-ecni/ms method, the following nbfrs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe) (range <20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (btbpe) (range <0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol a-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (tbbpa-dbpe) (range <20-9 ...	2011	21458020
edgar pask and his physiological research--an unsung hero of world war two.	edgar pask died in 1966 at the age of 53. he was the professor of anaesthesia in newcastle upon tyne, and a quiet and unassuming man. but during the second world war he had been involved in a number of dangerous and remarkable experiments; these included investigating the effects of acute hypoxia related to high altitude parachute descents, resuscitation techniques and the effectiveness of lifejackets.	2011	21465904
revival of an old problem: an increase in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 8 infections in 2010 in england and northern ireland linked to duck eggs.	summarysalmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 8 is uncommon in humans in the uk. in july 2010, the health protection agency reported an excess isolation rate of pan-susceptible s. typhimurium dt8 in england and northern ireland. by the end of october, this amounted to 81 laboratory-confirmed human cases for all regions of england and northern ireland in 2010, an increase of 26% and 41% on 2009 and 2008, respectively. descriptive epidemiological investigation found a s ...	2011	21470442
nurses' knowledge and risk perception towards seasonal influenza and vaccination and their vaccination behaviours: a cross-sectional survey.	background: seasonal influenza has become a serious public health problem worldwide and vaccination is recognized as the most effective preventative measure. healthcare workers can be the vectors of influenza outbreaks. data suggest that nurses' vaccination remains suboptimal worldwide. objectives: to explore the relationship among nurses' knowledge, risk perception and their vaccination behaviours and the reasons for vaccination uptake. design: a cross-sectional survey. setting: participants we ...	2011	21474136
political orientations are correlated with brain structure in young adults.	substantial differences exist in the cognitive styles of liberals and conservatives on psychological measures [1]. variability in political attitudes reflects genetic influences and their interaction with environmental factors [2, 3]. recent work has shown a correlation between liberalism and conflict-related activity measured by event-related potentials originating in the anterior cingulate cortex [4]. here we show that this functional correlate of political attitudes has a counterpart in brain ...	2011	21474316
academic and molecular matrices: a study of the transformations of connective tissue research at the university of manchester (1947-1996).	this paper explores the different identities adopted by connective tissue research at the university of manchester during the second half of the 20th century. by looking at the long-term redefinition of a research programme, it sheds new light on the interactions between different and conflicting levels in the study of biomedicine, such as the local and the global, or the medical and the biological. it also addresses the gap in the literature between the first biomedical complexes after world wa ...	2011	21486662
the study of anatomy in england from 1700 to the early 20th century.	the study of anatomy in england during the 18th and 19th century has become infamous for bodysnatching from graveyards to provide a sufficient supply of cadavers. however, recent discoveries have improved our understanding of how and why anatomy was studied during the enlightenment, and allow us to see the context in which dissection of the human body took place. excavations of infirmary burial grounds and medical school cemeteries, study of hospital archives, and analysis of the content of surv ...	2011	21496014
high-density fine-mapping of a chromosome 10q26 linkage peak suggests association between endometriosis and variants close to cyp2c19.	to refine a previously reported linkage peak for endometriosis on chromosome 10q26, and conduct follow-up analyses and a fine-mapping association study across the region to identify new candidate genes for endometriosis.	2011	21497341
the 2010 paton lecture. the sympathetic nervous system through the ages: from thomas willis to resistant hypertension.	the 17th century london neuroanatomical school headed by thomas willis provided us with the first identifiable images of the sympathetic nervous system. nineteenth century giants of european physiology (bernard, waller, brown-sequard) identified these as the 'pressor nerves'. von euler's demonstration that the sympathetic transmitter was noradrenaline brought the field into the modern era. the development of ganglion-blocking drugs, by paton whose name this review commemorates, allowed comprehen ...	2011	21551268
prisoners' bodies: methods and advances in convict medicine in the transportation era.	recent historical research looks upon the plight of australian convicts not as victims of a harsh penal system, but as workers whose health had to be judiciously maintained. what then can be said for the medical treatments provided for convict patients during this chapter in australia's past? did convicts receive medical treatments with the same measure of importance and urgency as the free populace, or were prisoners' bodies considered with such a measure of insignificance that they provided ve ...	2010	21553693
a family of doctors over 250 years: innovation and controversy.	a family of watkins doctors originating in the northamptonshire town of towcester included 13 doctors in seven generations during 250 years. in each generation there were between one and four doctors. three doctors involved themselves actively in innovative yet controversial practises, described in their own writings and publications. timothy watkins' (1755-1834) own handwritten lecture notes describe the problems affecting an 18th-century man-midwife, while his accounts book provides insights i ...	2011	21558531
the tree as evolutionary icon: tree in the natural history museum, london.	as part of the darwin celebrations in 2009, the natural history museum in london unveiled tree, the first contemporary artwork to win a permanent place in the museum. while the artist claimed that the inspiration for tree came from darwin's famous notebook sketch of branching evolution, sometimes referred to as his "tree of life" drawing, this article emphasises the apparent incongruity between darwin's sketch and the artist's design -- best explained by other, complementary sources of inspirati ...	2011	21560437
familial c3 glomerulopathy associated with cfhr5 mutations: clinical characteristics of 91 patients in 16 pedigrees.	summary background and objectives complement factor h and related proteins (cfhr) are key regulators of the alternative complement pathway, where loss of function mutations lead to a glomerulopathy with isolated mesangial c3 deposits without immunoglobulins. gale et al. (12) reported on 26 patients with the first familial, hematuric glomerulopathy caused by a founder mutation in the cfhr5 gene in patients of cypriot descent living in the united kingdom. cfhr5 nephropathy is clinically characteri ...	2011	21566112
organisational quality, nurse staffing and the quality of chronic disease management in primary care: observational study using routinely collected data.	background: an association between quality of care and staffing levels, particularly registered nurses, has been established in acute hospitals. recently an association between nurse staffing and quality of care for several chronic conditions has also been demonstrated for primary care in english general practice. a smaller body of literature identifies organisational factors, in particular issues of human resource management, as being a dominant factor. however the literature has tended to cons ...	2011	21571273
patricia jacobs.		2011	21577227
the prognostic significance of computerised tomography findings in women with liver metastases from breast cancer.	aims: while computerised tomography (ct) is used for diagnosis and assessing response to treatment little work has been performed on the prognostic significance of the ct findings in women with liver metastases. the aim of this study was to assess if the ct findings in women diagnosed with liver metastases at the time of first presentation with metastatic breast cancer have any prognostic significance. materials and methods: the staging ct scans of 78 consecutive women diagnosed with liver metas ...	2011	21596564
raymond greene: physician, mountaineer, and raconteur.	c. raymond greene (1901-1982) was a man of many talents. after graduating from medical school in 1927, he spent a decade in general practice. he subsequently became heavily involved in the emerging specialty of endocrinology and went on to gain considerable recognition in the treatment of thyroid disorders before eventually becoming involved in the world of medical publishing. aside from greene's mainstream vocational and intellectual pursuits, from boyhood he nurtured a passionate interest in m ...	2011	21601498
influenza and acute myocardial infarction.		2011	21606526
circulating influenza virus, climatic factors, and acute myocardial infarction: a time series study in england and wales and hong kong.	(see the editorial commentary by finelli and chaves, on pages 1701-4.) background. previous studies identifying associations between influenza and acute cardiac events may have been confounded by climatic factors. differing seasonal patterns of influenza activity in hong kong and england and wales provide a natural experiment to examine associations with myocardial infarction (mi) independent of cold weather effects. methods. weekly clinical and laboratory influenza surveillance data, environmen ...	2011	21606529
hospital facilities for head injured children: uk national survey.	aim to assess how child emergency department (ed) attendances are distributed between hospitals across england, wales and northern ireland and how care is organised for children with a head injury. methods a cross-sectional survey was performed of the 245 hospitals in england wales, northern ireland and the crown dependencies (channel islands and isle of man) which were eligible to participate in the enquiry from september 2009 to april 2010. the survey covered hospital details, departments and ...	2011	21609945
limitations of the clea model when assessing human health risks from dioxins and furans in soil at an allotments site in rochdale, nw england.	many allotments in the uk today are situated on urban brownfield areas which creates a potential human health risk from soil borne contamination. this paper looks specifically at the risks to allotment users at a site in rochdale, uk, from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (pcdd and pcdf). a contaminated land investigation was undertaken involving the collection and analysis of 24 soil samples from the top 0.0-0.3 m of the soil profile. homogenised egg samples ...	2011	21611642
nephrology in a medicinal dictionary of robert james (1703-1776).	robert james was a member of the college of physicians at cambridge and a practitioner. he was considered one of the "three best known characters in london--perhaps in europe. the other two being the lexycographer samuel johnson and the shakespearean actor david garrick." james became famous for his powerful ability to write and publish, which produced many books, including the ponderous a medicinal dictionary, with a history of drugs, in 3 volumes in folio, published in london in the years 1743 ...	2011	21614778
endovascular aneurysm repair reverses the increased titer and the inflammatory activity of interleukin-1α in the serum of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.	objective: to examine serum cytokine/chemokine profiles before and 6 months after endovascular repair (evar) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) and to determine whether they correlate with serum inflammatory activity using an in vitro model of leukocyte recruitment. methods: serum il-1-α, il-1β, il-4, il-6, il-8, il-10, ifn-γ, ip-10, mcp-1, tnf-α, and tnf-β were measured using a cytometry-based immunoassay. to test patient serum for direct inflammatory activity, human endothelial cells (ec) were ...	2011	21620624
incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse in colposcopy-negative/human papillomavirus-positive women with low-grade cytological abnormalities.	please cite this paper as: kelly r, walker p, kitchener h, moss s. incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse in colposcopy-negative/human papillomavirus-positive women with low-grade cytological abnormalities. bjog 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02970.x objective to determine the risk of incident high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) in human papillomavirus (hpv) -positive women with low-grade cytological abnormalities who had a satisfactory normal colp ...	2011	21624034
to moscow with love: partial reconstruction of vygotsky's trip to london.	the russian psychologist lev vygotsky (1896-1934) left the soviet union only once to attend a conference on the education of the deaf in london. so far almost nothing was known about this trip, which took place in a period when vygotsky was still completely unknown as a psychologist, both inside his own country and abroad. making use of a newly discovered notebook, it proved possible to partially reconstruct vygotsky's journey and stay in london. vygotsky's very personal remarks show him to have ...	2011	21626140
adiponectin and lipid profiles compared with insulins in relation to early growth of british south asian and european children: the manchester children's growth and vascular health study.	context: adiponectin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c) and insulin concentrations may be important in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. objective: we tested the hypothesis that serum adiponectin rather than insulin differs from early life, between south asians and europeans, with a potentially key role in excess cardiovascular risk characteristic of adult south asians. design and participants: we conducted a longitudinal study of 215 british-born children of european (n ...	2011	21632814
meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with a novel meca homologue in human and bovine populations in the uk and denmark: a descriptive study.	background: animals can act as a reservoir and source for the emergence of novel meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) clones in human beings. here, we report the discovery of a strain of s aureus (lga251) isolated from bulk milk that was phenotypically resistant to meticillin but tested negative for the meca gene and a preliminary investigation of the extent to which such strains are present in bovine and human populations. methods: isolates of bovine mrsa were obtained from the vet ...	2011	21641281
increasing rates of cervical cancer in young women in england: an analysis of national data 1982-2006.	in england, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women aged under 35 years. overall incidence of cervical cancer has decreased since the introduction of the national screening programme in 1988 but recent trends of incidence in young women have not been studied in detail.	2011	21654675
food labels as boundary objects: how consumers make sense of organic and functional foods.	this paper considers how consumers make sense of food labeling, drawing on a qualitative, empirical study in england. i look in detail at two examples of labeling: 1) food certified as produced by organic methods and 2) functional food claimed to be beneficial for human health, especially probiotic and cholesterol-lowering products. i use the concept of "boundary objects" to demonstrate how such labels are intended to work between the worlds of food producers and food consumers and to show how i ...	2011	21657133
assisted dying commission is told of need for robust protocols.		2011	21661641
demographic consequences of increased winter births in a large aseasonally breeding mammal (bos taurus) in response to climate change.	1.ôçéstudies examining changes in the scheduling of breeding in response to climate change have focused on species with well-defined breeding seasons. species exhibiting year-round breeding have received little attention and the magnitudes of any responses are unknown. 2.ôçéwe investigated phenological data for an enclosed feral population of cattle (bos taurus l.) in northern england exhibiting year-round breeding. this population is relatively free of human interference. 3.ôçéwe assessed wheth ...	2011	21668894
lmtk3 expression in breast cancer: association with tumor phenotype and clinical outcome.	interactions between kinases and the estrogen receptor ╬▒ (er╬▒) are thought to be a critical signaling pathway in the majority of human breast cancers. we have recently identified a previously uncharacterized molecule, lemur tyrosine kinase-3 (lmtk3) as a prognostic and predictive oncogenic er╬▒ regulator with a central role in endocrine resistance. unusually this protein has undergone darwinian positive selection between chimpanzees and humans suggesting it may contribute to human susceptibili ...	2011	21671015
introduction to the department for environment, food and rural affairs (defra) predict 2 tamar estuary research workshop: pathological risk evaluation using "health status-related" biomarkers.		2011	21683997
squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity rarely harbours oncogenic human papillomavirus.	although it is now well established that a significant proportion of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (scc) harbour oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) sequences, the frequency with which these sequences are detected in oral scc (excluding oropharyngeal subsites) is highly variable. in an attempt to establish the true prevalence of hpv-16 and hpv-18 subtypes in oral scc, we screened 142 consecutive cases from a uk cohort using both conventional pcr with consensus primers and type-specific ...	2011	21689967
mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: in north west england: an assessment of actuarial survival in a region of the uk since 1989.	neurofibromatosis 1 (nf1) is a comparatively common autosomal dominant disorder. however, relatively few studies have assessed lifetime risk; and information about the effect of nf1 on mortality remains uncertain. nf1 patients were identified using the north west regional family genetic register, which covers the 4.1 million people living in north west england, including the regions of greater manchester, cheshire and cumbria. data relating to tumours and malignancies were obtained from the nort ...	2011	21694737
bilateral asymmetry of the humerus during growth and development.	the development of handedness throughout growth can be investigated by using bilateral asymmetry of the humerus as a proxy for this trait. a large skeletal sample of nonadults from english archaeological sites was examined using standard metric techniques to assess when right-sided asymmetry first appears in the human skeleton. results of this work indicate a change in directional asymmetry during growth and development, with infants and young children exhibiting no significant asymmetry and old ...	2011	21702005
a cross-sectional audit of the uptake of seasonal and h1n1 influenza vaccination amongst patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a london hospital.		2011	21722505
the frequency of detection of unexpected diabetes mellitus during haemoglobinopathy investigations.	to establish the frequency of detection of previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus as a result of detection of an increased glycated fraction of haemoglobin during high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) for haemoglobinopathy diagnosis.	2011	21730263
the epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in england and wales, 2000-2008.	summaryroutine typing of 14 469 isolates from human cryptosporidiosis cases between 2000 and 2008 revealed that 7439 (51-à4%) were cryptosporidium (c.) hominis, 6372 (44-à0%) c. parvum, 51 (0-à4%) both c. hominis and c. parvum, 443 (3-à1%) were not typable and 164 (1-à1%) were other cryptosporidium species or genotypes. of the latter, 109 were c. meleagridis, 38 c. felis, 11 c. ubiquitum, one c. canis, two horse, two novel and one skunk genotype. c. hominis monkey genotype and c. cuniculus were ...	2011	21733255
Should patents for antiretrovirals be waived in the developing world? Annual varsity medical debate - London, 21 January 2011.	ABSTRACT: The 2011 Varsity Medical Debate, between Oxford and Cambridge Universities, brought students and faculty together to discuss the waiving of patents for antiretroviral therapies in the developing world. With an estimated 29.5 million infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in low- and middle-income countries and only 5.3 million of those being treated, the effective and equitable distribution of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is an issue of great importance. The debate centred aro ...	2011	21740573
bath breakfast project (bbp) - examining the role of extended daily fasting in human energy balance and associated health outcomes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial [isrctn31521726].	abstract: background: current guidance regarding the role of daily breakfast in human health is largely grounded in cross-sectional observations. however, the causal nature of these relationships has not been fully explored and what limited information is emerging from controlled laboratory-based experiments appears inconsistent with much existing data. further progress in our understanding therefore requires a direct examination of how daily breakfast impacts human health under free-living cond ...	2011	21740575
'an old man in a dry month'		2011	21750021
combined analysis of chrna5, chrna3 and cyp2a6 in relation to adolescent smoking behaviour.	cyp2a6 influences smoking uptake in adolescence. genetic variation in the chrna5-chrna3 region influences smoking behaviour in adults. however, their combined effects on smoking in adolescence have not been tested to date. we present data on 1450 adolescents from the ten towns heart health study (tthhs) extensively phenotyped for smoking-related traits during adolescence. single nucleotide polymorphisms from chrna5 and chrna3 (previously associated with smoking), were typed in our study populati ...	2011	21765098
conventional versus acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cold-induced pain in healthy human participants: effects during stimulation.	objectives: to compare the hypoalgesic effects of conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) (high frequency, low intensity) and acupuncture-like tens (al-tens, low frequency, high intensity) on cold-induced pain. design: randomized controlled parallel group study comparing the effects of strong non-painful al-tens, conventional tens and placebo (no current) tens on cold-pressor pain threshold (cpt) and pain intensity. two baseline (pre-intervention) measures and three dur ...	2011	21771255
tick (ixodes ricinus) abundance and seasonality at recreational sites in the uk: hazards in relation to fine-scale habitat types revealed by complementary sampling methods.	the seasonal risk to humans of picking up ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitats at 3 recreational sites in the uk was assessed. a comprehensive range of vegetation types was sampled at 3-weekly intervals for 2 years, using standard blanket-dragging complemented by woollen leggings and square 'heel flags'. ticks were found in all vegetation types sampled, including short grass close to car parks, but highest densities were consistently found in plots with trees present. blankets picked up th ...	2011	21771540
evaluation of the experiences of family members whose deceased relative donated tissues at the nhsbt dedicated donation facility in speke, liverpool.	donation of human tissue for transplant and research has historically been facilitated within the hospital mortuary. in 2006 nhsbt tissue services opened the dedicated donation facility [ddf], the first facility in the uk dedicated to the donation of tissues under strictly controlled conditions. nine family members who had agreed and experienced the transfer of their deceased relative to the ddf for tissue donation participated in a service evaluation applying qualitative data collection methods ...	2011	21785945
the beauty of anatomy: visual displays and surgical education in early-nineteenth-century london.	summary:the early-nineteenth-century artist, anatomist, and teacher sir charles bell saw anatomy and art as closely related subjects. he taught anatomy to artists and surgeons, illustrated his own anatomical texts, and wrote a treatise on the use of anatomy in art. the author explores the connections among visual displays representing human anatomy, aesthetics, and pedagogical practices for bell and a particular group of british surgeon-anatomists. creating anatomical models and drawings was tho ...	2011	21804185
embryo futures and stem cell research: the management of informed uncertainty.	in the social worlds of assisted conception and stem cell science, uncertainties proliferate and particular framings of the future may be highly strategic. in this article we explore meanings and articulations of the future using data from our study of ethical and social issues implicated by the donation of embryos to human embryonic stem cell research in three linked assisted conception units and stem cell laboratories in the uk. framings of the future in this field inform the professional mana ...	2011	21812792
antinuclear antibodies are associated with tumor necrosis factor receptor i gene polymorphism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.	objectives: antinuclear antibodies (ana) are a common feature of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (ra). herein, we investigate the relationship between ana and polymorphism in the tumour necrosis factor receptor (tnfr) genes. methods: serum titers of ana at diagnosis were measured in 267 patients with ra and a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in each of the tnfr-i (36a/g) and tnfr-ii (676t/g) genes was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymor ...	2011	21813053
international spread of an epidemic population of salmonella enterica serotype kentucky st198 resistant to ciprofloxacin.	national salmonella surveillance systems from france, england and wales, denmark, and the united states identified the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of salmonella enterica serotype kentucky displaying high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin. a total of 489 human cases were identified during the period from 2002 (3 cases) to 2008 (174 cases). these isolates belonged to a single clone defined by the multilocus sequence type st198, the xbai-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis cluster ...	2011	21813512
genital warts and cost of care in england.	objectives to estimate the total number of cases of, and cost of care for, genital warts (gws) in england, to inform economic evaluations of human papillomavirus vaccination. methods the number of gw cases seen in general practices (gps) and in genitourinary medicine (gum) clinics was estimated using the general practice research database and the gum clinic activity dataset. the overlap in care of cases in the two settings was estimated. the calculated costs of care in gp and hospitals were adde ...	2011	21813567
limiting worker exposure to highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1): a repeat survey at a rendering plant processing infected poultry carcasses in the uk.	abstract:	2011	21819563
in the beginning: role of autonomy support on the motivation, mental health and intentions of participants entering an exercise referral scheme.	self-determination theory (deci & ryan, 2000, intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. new york: plenum publishing) highlights the impact autonomy supportive environments can have on exercise motivation and positive health outcomes. yet little is known about whether differential effects occur as a function of which significant other is providing this support. further, no research has examined the relationship between motivation and the social environment with participants' ...	2011	21827332
association between ivus findings and adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease the viva (vh-ivus in vulnerable atherosclerosis) study.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether thin-capped fibroatheromata (tcfa) identified by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (vh-ivus) are associated with major adverse cardiac events (mace) on individual plaque or whole patient analysis.	2011	21835382
nhs resource allocation: a question of funding?	the article explores the implications of using human rights principles as a basis to challenging a resource allocation decision by a primary care trust in the courts. it explores the implications of the recent decision in r (condliff) v north staffordshire nhs trust [2011] and the prospects for development of future litigation.	2011	21841679
loss to follow-up among adults attending human immunodeficiency virus services in england, wales, and northern ireland.	: to assess the extent to which human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-diagnosed adults attending hiv-services in england, wales, and northern ireland are lost to follow-up or attend services intermittently.	2011	21844719
Distinct neuropsychological profiles correspond to distribution of cortical thinning in inherited prion disease caused by insertional mutation.	Background The human prion diseases are a group of universally fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the auto-catalytic misfolding of the normal cell surface prion protein (PrP). Mutations causative of inherited human prion disease (IPD) include an insertion of six additional octapeptide repeats (6-OPRI) and a missense mutation (P102L) with large families segregating for each mutation residing in southern England. Here we report for the first time the neuropsychological and clinical ...	2012	21849340
who were his peers? the social and professional milieu of the provincial surgeon-apothecary in the late-eighteenth century.	the social standing of the surgeon-apothecary cannot be determined by reference to professional life alone, yet few such men left social documents. the lower middling sort was typically reticent about evaluations of their own social position in any source genre. this article uses a unique archive, and the concept of community connectedness, to investigate the status of thomas higgins, surgeon-apothecary and man-midwife of north shropshire. higgins embodied the traditional practitioner who relied ...	2011	21853622
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory virus infections in children with persistent cough in England: a retrospective analysis.	Persistent cough following an acute respiratory tract infection is common in children, but clinicians may find it difficult to give accurate prognostic information on likely duration of cough without a microbiologic diagnosis. This study estimates the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) and assesses the prognostic value of detecting Mp and respiratory viruses in children with persistent cough.	2011	21857262
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Huntington's disease.	Reduced Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels have been described in a number of patho-physiological conditions, most notably, in Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Since BDNF is also produced in blood, we have undertaken the measurement of its peripheral levels in the attempt to identify a possible link with HD prognosis and/or its progression. Here we evaluated BDNF level in 398 blood samples including 138 controls, 56 preHD, and 204 HD subjects. We ...	2011	21857974
wigan dentist completes iron man challenge.		2011	21869784
saviour-sibling and the psychological, ethical and judicial issues that it creates: should english and french legislators close the pandora's box?	since the advent of test-tube babies, advances in the biomedical field have risen steadily. in parallel, the scientific body has never since ceased to debate the ethical issues that they arise. this is particularly the case regarding saviour-sibling. saviour-sibling refers to a child who is conceived to cure an older brother or sister suffering from a serious family genetic disease. therefore, it is meant to give birth to a child who will provide stem-cells taken from the umbilical cord or bone ...	2011	21870591
genome-wide association study in individuals of south asian ancestry identifies six new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci.	we carried out a genome-wide association study of type-2 diabetes (t2d) in individuals of south asian ancestry. our discovery set included 5,561 individuals with t2d (cases) and 14,458 controls drawn from studies in london, pakistan and singapore. we identified 20 independent snps associated with t2d at p < 10(-4) for testing in a replication sample of 13,170 cases and 25,398 controls, also all of south asian ancestry. in the combined analysis, we identified common genetic variants at six loci ( ...	2011	21874001
MLH1 promoter methylation, diet, and lifestyle factors in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer patients from EPIC-Norfolk.	There is conflicting evidence for the role diet and lifestyle play in the development of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancers (CRC). In this study, associations between MMR deficiency, clinicopathological characteristics, and dietary and lifestyle factors in sporadic CRC were investigated. Tumor samples from 185 individuals in the EPIC-Norfolk study were analyzed for MLH1 gene promoter methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI). Dietary and lifestyle data were collected prosp ...	2011	21875327
guillain-barré syndrome and h1n1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an as03 adjuvanted vaccine in the united kingdom: self-controlled case series.	in 1976 a swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). although subsequent studies did not find an increased risk of gbs following seasonal influenza vaccine, there was concern that the monovalent h1n1 vaccines developed against the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 might increase the risk of gbs. in the uk a split-virion as03 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine (pandemrix™) was predominantly used. to determine whether the risk of gbs increased after ...	2011	21875631
dilemmas of citizenship: young people's conceptions of un/employment rights and responsibilities.	this paper draws on the concept of ideological dilemmas in order to explore how a sample of young people constructed potentially contrary themes of liberal citizenship in discussions of un/employment. the study took place in the context of recent policy developments in the uk which have sought to place a renewed emphasis upon notions of responsible citizenship in relation to both welfare and education policy. a total of 58 participants were interviewed in 24 semi-structured group interviews. in ...	2011	21884544
to err is human.		2011	21890036
a constructivist approach? using formative evaluation to inform the electronic prescription service implementation in primary care, england.	as part of the national programme for it (npfit) in england, the electronic prescription service (eps) is being implemented in two releases. the first release placed barcodes on prescriptions and is widely implemented. release two (eps2), the electronic transmission of prescriptions between gp, pharmacy and the reimbursement body, has just started implementation. on the npfit agenda, community pharmacies have been predicted to benefit from changes in work practice following the full eps implemen ...	2011	21893776
A review of nursing workforce policies in five European countries: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and United Kingdom*/England.	Review nursing workforce policies in five European countries: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom*.	2011	21899632
changes in severity of 2009 pandemic a/h1n1 influenza in england: a bayesian evidence synthesis.	to assess the impact of the 2009 a/h1n1 influenza pandemic in england during the two waves of activity up to end of february 2010 by estimating the probabilities of cases leading to severe events and the proportion of the population infected.	2011	21903689
socio-phenomenology and conversation analysis: interpreting video lifeworld healthcare interactions.	this article uses a socio-phenomenological methodology to develop knowledge and understanding of the healthcare consultation based on the concept of the lifeworld. it concentrates its attention on social action rather than strategic action and a systems approach. this article argues that patient-centred care is more effective when it is informed through a lifeworld conception of human mutual shared interaction. videos offer an opportunity for a wide audience to experience the many kinds of conve ...	2011	21906231
salmonella virchow isolates from human and avian origins in england--molecular characterization and infection of epithelial cells and poultry.	to characterize 12 salmonella virchow isolates from human and avian sources to begin to determine the genetic relationships within the serovar, determine its capacity to invade and induce inflammatory responses in human intestinal epithelial cells and investigate its ability to colonize the chicken gastrointestinal tract.	2011	21920003
Maiden voyage.	The scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querell ...	2011	21936203
Spatial covariation between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem services.	To inform the design and implementation of land-use policies that consider the variety of goods and services people derive from ecosystems, it is essential to understand spatial patterns of individual services, how multiple services relate to each other, and how these relationships vary across spatial scales and localities. Despite the importance of freshwater as a determinant of regional economic and human demographic patterns, there are surprisingly few studies that map the provision of a rang ...	2011	21939042
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis supports the presence of host-adapted salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains in the british garden bird population.	salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious disease of passerine birds in garden habitats within great britain with potential implications for human and domestic animal health. postmortem examinations were performed on 1,477 garden bird carcasses of circa 50 species from england and wales, 1999 to 2007 inclusive. salmonellosis was confirmed in 263 adult birds of 10 passerine species in this 11-year longitudinal study. a subset of 124 fully biotyped salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sero ...	2011	21948838