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[the studies of elimination of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae strains using the animal model of infection].the intranasal immunization is considered the effective method to induce immunological response in the mucosa and the model useful to develop the vaccine against otitis media due to nontypaeble haemophilus influenzae infections. in the study, elimination of nthi strains isolated from healthy and carrier individuals, varying with several genetic determinants, from mice nasopharynx, lungs and ears tissues and the interactions among strains during mixed infections were evaluated.201324180126
evolving trends of neonatal and childhood bacterial meningitis in northern taiwan.the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis varies in different areas, age groups, and times. to know the trend of neonatal and childhood bacterial meningitis in northern taiwan, we performed this 29-year-long assessment.201524184002
progranulin is a substrate for neutrophil-elastase and proteinase-3 in the airway and its concentration correlates with mediators of airway inflammation in copd.progranulin (pgrn) is an anti-inflammatory protein, yet its digestion by neutrophil-derived proteinases generates products that can stimulate epithelial cell lines to secrete the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin (il)-8. because dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), the possible influence of pgrn and digestion products may be of relevance to understanding and treating inflammation in the disease. pgrn was ...201424186875
pediatric lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.lumbar puncture (lp) is a commonly performed procedure in pediatrics. accurate analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) profile is essential in diagnosing and managing a variety of infectious and inflammatory conditions involving the brain, meninges, and spinal cord. it can also provide useful diagnostic information in the evaluation of possible subarachnoid hemorrhage and demyelinating syndromes, and aid in the diagnosis and management of pseudotumor cerebri.201424188604
activity of the antiseptic polyhexanide against gram-negative bacteria.the activity of the antiseptic polyhexanide was tested against 250 gram-negative clinical isolates, that is, 50 isolates each of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, moraxella catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined by using a serial broth microdilution technique according to din 58940. time-kill studies were performed for reference stains e. coli atcc 25922, k. pn ...201424192397
[antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients at a pediatric facility between 2009 and 2012].we examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1,208 haemophilus influenzae isolates obtained at a pediatric facility between 2009 and 2012. the percentage distribution of beta-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin (abpc)-sensitive (blnas) strains was 38.2%, that of beta-lactamase-non-producing abpc-intermediately resistant (blnai) strains was 13.9%, that of beta-lactamase-non-producing abpc-resistant (blnar) strains was 38.2%, that of beta-lactamase-producing abpc-resistant (blpar) strains was 5. ...201324195167
[concentration of tazobactam/piperacillin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis].while the incidence of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) meningitis is expected to decrease with the widespread use of the hib vaccine, the resistance of hib has actually increased. therefore, selection of the initial antibiotics used for treatment must be performed with resistant bacteria, including beta-lactamase negative ampicillin resistant h. influenzae (blnar), in mind. tazobactam/piperacillin (taz/pipc) has a satisfactory minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against blnar and is a bet ...201324195168
the history of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine development: dose selection.pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (pcvs) differ in polysaccharide (ps) dose, carrier protein and conjugation method. pcv development proceeded initially upon principles successfully proven in haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine development. however, the need to successfully incorporate multiple serotypes while minimizing the total ps dose and total carrier protein load saw some early vaccine candidates fail. dose-range studies of individual serotypes indicated that much lower ps ...201324195479
cleavage of bacteriophage m13 dna by haemophilus influenzae endonuclease-r.the restriction enzyme from haemophilus influenzae, endonuclease-r, has only one cleavage site on the double-stranded replicative form dna of bacteriophage m13. circular replicative forms are broken to yield full-length liniar m13-dna molecules (rf-iii). the cleavage site appears to be specific as the rf-iii molecules, produced by endonuclease-r, cannot be circularized by denaturation and renaturation.197324197429
neisseria gonorrhoeae filamentous phage ngoφ6 is capable of infecting a variety of gram-negative bacteria.we constructed a phagemid consisting of the whole genome of the neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteriophage ngoφ6 cloned into a pbluescript plasmid derivative lacking the f1 origin of replication (named pbs::φ6). escherichia coli cells harboring pbs::φ6 were able to produce a biologically active phagemid, ngoφ6fm, capable of infecting, integrating its dna into the chromosome of, and producing progeny phagemids in, a variety of taxonomically distant gram-negative bacteria, including e. coli, haemophilus ...201424198404
a novel enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (elisa) for the quantification of total and free polysaccharide in haemophilus influenzae b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines in monovalent and combined vaccine formulations.current haemophilus influenzae b conjugate vaccines (hib), which are made of purified capsular polysaccharide (poly-ribosyl-ribitol-phosphate; prp) conjugated to a carrier protein, are almost completely evaluated by physico-chemical methods to ensure the integrity and stability of the vaccine and consistency of manufacture of batches. the absence of a potency assay makes the quantification of total prp content (in si units) and of % free polysaccharide in final fills or bulk components of hib va ...201424200313
a phase i randomized clinical trial of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine mva.hiva administered to gambian infants.a vaccine to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) during breast-feeding would complement efforts to eliminate infant hiv-1 infection by antiretroviral therapy. relative to adults, infants have distinct immune development, potentially high-risk of transmission when exposed to hiv-1 and rapid progression to aids when infected. to date, there have been only three published hiv-1 vaccine trials in infants.201324205185
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections.the role of bacteria in acute respiratory illnesses (ari) of adults and interactions with viral infections is incompletely understood. this study tested the hypothesis that bacterial co-infection during ari adds to airway inflammation and illness severity.201324211414
the first reported case of possible haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine failure from kuwait and literature-review.a 17-month-old vaccinated kuwaiti boy presented with meningitis. the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) capsular antigen was detected in his blood, csf and urine. the microorganism failed to grow in culture. this case represents the first report of possible hib vaccine failure from kuwait. this report examines the possible reasons for this failure by reviewing the literature and emphasizes the need to broaden the definition of vaccine failure with the aim of optimizing the timing of the vaccine ...201624216517
internalization and trafficking of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in human respiratory epithelial cells and roles of iga1 proteases for optimal invasion and persistence.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a leading cause of opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract in children and adults. although considered an extracellular pathogen, nthi has been observed repeatedly within and between cells of the human respiratory tract, and these observations have been correlated to symptomatic infection. these findings are intriguing in light of the knowledge that nthi persists in the respiratory tract despite antibiotic therapy and the development of bact ...201424218477
haemophilus influenzae resides in tonsils and uses immunoglobulin d binding as an evasion strategy.haemophilus influenzae (hi) causes respiratory tract infections and is also considered to be a commensal, particularly in preschool children. tonsils from patients (n = 617) undergoing tonsillectomy due to chronic infection or hypertrophy were examined. we found that 51% of tonsils were positive for hi, and in 95% of cases analyzed in detail (n = 39) hi resided intracellularly in the core tonsillar tissue. patients harbored several intracellular unique strains and the majority were nontypeable h ...201424218509
mailed versus frozen transport of nasal swabs for surveillance of respiratory bacteria in remote indigenous communities in australia.surveillance programs and research for acute respiratory infections in remote australian communities are complicated by difficulties in the storage and transport of frozen samples to urban laboratories for testing. this study assessed the sensitivity of a simple method for transporting nasal swabs from a remote setting for bacterial polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing.201324228701
changes in acute mastoiditis in a single pediatric tertiary medical center: our experience during 2008-2009 compared with data for 1983-2007.the objective of this study was to assess clinical reports and bacteriological changes over a 25-y period in children with acute mastoiditis.201424228823
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-substituted isonipecotic acid benzothiazole analogues as potent bacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors.the discovery and optimisation of a new class of benzothiazole small molecules that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv are described. antibacterial properties have been demonstrated by activity against dna gyrase atpase and potent activity against staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus pyogenes and haemophilus influenzae. further refinements to the scaffold designed to enhance drug-likeness included analogues bearing an α-substituent to the carboxylic acid gro ...201324239017
structure of murnac 6-phosphate hydrolase (murq) from haemophilus influenzae with a bound inhibitor.the breakdown and recycling of peptidoglycan, an essential polymeric cell structure, occur in a number of bacterial species. a key enzyme in the recycling pathway of one of the components of the peptidoglycan layer, n-acetylmuramic acid (murnac), is murnac 6-phosphate hydrolase (murq). this enzyme catalyzes the cofactor-independent cleavage of a relatively nonlabile ether bond and presents an interesting target for mechanistic studies. open chain product and substrate analogues were synthesized ...201324251551
haemophilus influenzae infection of a prosthetic knee joint in a patient with cll: a vaccine preventable disease.a 71-year-old man was admitted with a 2-day history of the hot and swollen right knee in december 2012. he had undergone a primary cemented right total knee replacement (tkr) in 2002. he also had a history of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (cll), haemolytic anaemia and splenomegaly, and was in partial remission following chemotherapy in 2008. he underwent arthroscopic washout of right tkr on admission. blood cultures on admission and joint fluid specimen grew haemophilus influenzae (hi). the isolat ...201324252835
leaning in to the power of the possible: the crucial role of women scientists on preventing haemophilus influenzae type b disease.beginning in an era when female scientists were a lonely minority, women have made major contributions to our understanding of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) as a pathogen, its treatment and its prevention. the individual scientific and public health contributions, and their collective impact, are reviewed in the context of the development and successful implementation of highly efficacious hib vaccines that are now being deployed to nearly every country worldwide for the prevention of life ...201424263217
characteristics and outcomes of acute otitis media in children carrying streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx as a single otopathogen after introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.after pcv7 implementation, clinical characteristics were investigated in 832 young children with acute otitis media, carrying a single s. pneumoniae or h. influenzae in their nasopharynx. as compared with h. influenzae, s. pneumoniae-associated acute otitis media was less frequently associated with treatment failure (odds ratio = 0.5; 95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.83) and recurrence (odds ratio = 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.75). post-pcv7 serotype replacement seemed not to affect the ...201424263220
haemophilus influenzae serotype a as a cause of serious invasive infections.haemophilus influenzae, particularly h influenzae serotype b (hib), is an important pathogen that causes serious diseases like meningitis and septicaemia. since the introduction of hib conjugate vaccines in the 1990s, the epidemiology of invasive h influenzae disease has changed substantially, with most infections now caused by non-hib strains. we discuss the importance of h influenzae serotype a (hia) as a cause of serious morbidity and mortality and its global epidemiology, clinical presentati ...201424268829
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro.streptococcus pneumoniae (sp) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are common commensals of the human airway and major bacterial pathogens of otitis media (om) and other upper airway infections. the interaction between them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. although previous studies suggested nthi could promote pneumococcal survival and biofilm formation, how nthi affects pneumococcal activities has not been defined. our data in the present stud ...201324269704
acute bacterial meningitis among children admitted into an iranian referral children's hospital.bacterial meningitis is a serious threat to global health, particularly in developing countries. the aim of this study was to determine the etiological agents of acute bacterial meningitis, its clinical features, and antibacterial susceptibility among iranian children who were admitted to a referral regional children's hospital. laboratory data as well as symptoms and signs on admission, organism identification and antibiotic susceptibility results, physical examination findings, and neurologic ...201324270138
disinfection of rigid nasal endoscopes following in vitro contamination with staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae. 201324274231
the role of tlr4 896 a>g and 1196 c>t in susceptibility to infections: a review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies.toll-like receptor 4 plays a role in pathogen recognition, and common polymorphisms may alter host susceptibility to infectious diseases.201324282567
absence of an important vaccine and diagnostic target in carriage- and disease-related nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi)-associated disease is a major health problem globally. whole-genome sequence analysis identified the absence of hpd genes encoding haemophilus protein d in 3 of 16 phylogenetically distinct nthi isolates. this novel finding is of potential clinical significance, as protein d and hpd represent important nthi vaccine antigen and diagnostic targets, respectively.201424285816
effect of pneumococcal haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv10) on outpatient antimicrobial purchases: a double-blind, cluster randomised phase 3-4 trial.antimicrobial drugs are frequently prescribed to children for respiratory tract infections such as otitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia. we assessed the effect of the ten-valent pneumococcal haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv10; glaxosmithkline) on antimicrobial purchases.201424287186
[rapid identification of meningitis due to bacterial pathogens].we constructed a new real-time pcr method to detect causative pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from patient due to bacterial meningitis. the eight pathogens targeted in the pcr are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aurues, neisseria meningitides, listeria monocytogenes, esherichia coli, and mycoplasma pneumoniae. the total time from dna extraction from csf to pcr analysis was 1.5 hour. the pathogens were detected in 72% of the csf sa ...201324291923
[regulation of expression, function, and inflammatory responses of innate immune receptor toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2) during inflammatory responses against infection].toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2) is one of the important innate immune receptors that play an important role in recognizing the pathogens and producing inflammatory cytokines. in this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of expression, function and inflammatory responses of tlr2 during pathogenic infection in innate immune cells. we first showed that nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), an important human pathogen that exacerbates otitis media and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ...201324292189
risk factors and outcomes for pandemic h1n1 influenza compared with seasonal influenza in hospitalized children in china.to compare clinical features and outcomes of children hospitalized in china with pandemic (p)h1n1 between 2009 and 2010 versus seasonal influenza a between 2008 and 2009.201224294275
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline.omadacycline is the first intravenous and oral 9-aminomethylcycline in clinical development for use against multiple infectious diseases including acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi), community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp), and urinary tract infections (uti). the comparative in vitro activity of omadacycline was determined against a broad panel of gram-positive clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant ent ...201424295985
kpsc and kpss are retaining 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo) transferases involved in synthesis of bacterial capsules.capsular polysaccharides (cpss) are high-molecular-mass cell-surface polysaccharides, that act as important virulence factors for many pathogenic bacteria. several clinically important gram-negative pathogens share similar systems for cps biosynthesis and export; examples include escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, and pasteurella multocida. each cps contains a serotype-specific repeat-unit structure, but the glycans all possess a lipid moiety ...201324302764
vaccines for children and adults with chronic lung disease: efficacy against acute exacerbations.acute exacerbations of chronic lung disease are usually associated with viral and bacterial pathogens. they contribute to declining lung function, poor quality of life and exert an excess burden on individuals, families, communities and the healthcare sector. hence, preventing exacerbations is important in clinical management. several vaccines providing protection against respiratory pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis and influenza) that can trigger exacerbations are avail ...201424308654
anti-bacterial performance of azithromycin nanoparticles as colloidal drug delivery system against different gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.azithromycin (azi) is a new macrolide antibiotic with a better activity against intracellular gram negative bacteria in comparison with erythromycin. the purpose of this research was to prepare azi nanoparticles (nps) using plga polymer and to compare the effectiveness of prepared nanoparticles with untreated azi solution.201224312766
parent and provider perspectives on immunization: are providers overestimating parental concerns?data are limited on whether providers understand parental attitudes to recommended childhood immunizations. we determined parental attitudes and assessed how accurately providers estimated parental opinions.201424315883
routine childhood vaccination programme coverage, el salvador, 2011-in search of timeliness.while assessing immunization programmes, not only vaccination coverage is important, but also timely receipt of vaccines. we estimated both vaccination coverage and timeliness, as well as reasons for non-vaccination, and identified predictors of delayed or missed vaccination, for vaccines of the first two years of age, in el salvador. we conducted a cluster survey among children aged 23-59 months. caregivers were interviewed about the child immunization status and their attitudes towards immuniz ...201424315884
structure of the secretion domain of hxua from haemophilus influenzae.haemophilus influenzae hxua is a cell-surface protein with haem-haemopexin binding activity which is key to haem acquisition from haemopexin and thus is one of the potential sources of haem for this microorganism. hxua is secreted by its specific transporter hxub. hxua/hxub belongs to the so-called two-partner secretion systems (tpss) that are characterized by a conserved n-terminal domain in the secreted protein which is essential for secretion. here, the 1.5 å resolution structure of the secre ...201324316822
a practical method for preparation of pneumococcal and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inocula that preserves viability and immunostimulatory activity.convenience is a major reason for using killed preparations of bacteria to investigate host-pathogen interactions, however, host responses to such preparations can result in different outcomes when compared to live bacterial stimulation. we investigated whether cryopreservation of streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) permitted investigation of host responses to infection without the complications of working with freshly prepared live bacteria on the day of exper ...201324321049
risk factors and pathogens involved in early ventilator-acquired pneumonia in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage.ventilator-acquired pneumonia (vap) is a common burden in intensive care unit (icu) patients, but, to date, specific data are not available in patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah). a single neuro-icu retrospective analysis of 193 patients with sah requiring mechanical ventilation (mv) ≥48 h admitted from january 2005 to may 2010 was undertaken. the diagnosis of early vap was prospectively upheld during a multidisciplinary staff meeting, according to the american thoracic ...201424322991
maternal supplementation with lgg reduces vaccine-specific immune responses in infants at high-risk of developing allergic disease.probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. among their pleiotropic effects, inhibition of pathogen colonization at the mucosal surface as well as modulation of immune responses are widely recognized as the principal biological activities of probiotic bacteria. in recent times, the immune effects of probiotics have led to their application as vaccine adjuvants, offering a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy ...201324324465
immunoglobulin deficiency in patients with streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae invasive infections.immunoglobulin (ig) deficiency is a well-known risk factor for streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae infections and noteworthy invasive diseases. however, the proportion of these deficiencies in cases of invasive disease is unknown. the objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of ig deficiency in cases of invasive disease.201424326288
a longitudinal analysis of the effect of nonmedical exemption law and vaccine uptake on vaccine-targeted disease rates.we assessed how nonmedical exemption (nme) laws and annual uptake of vaccines required for school or daycare entry affect annual incidence rates for 5 vaccine-targeted diseases: pertussis, measles, mumps, haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis b.201424328666
post-licensure rapid immunization safety monitoring program (prism) data characterization.the post-licensure rapid immunization safety monitoring (prism) program is the immunization safety monitoring component of fda's mini-sentinel project, a program to actively monitor the safety of medical products using electronic health information. fda sought to assess the surveillance capabilities of this large claims-based distributed database for vaccine safety surveillance by characterizing the underlying data.201324331080
diagnostic value of latex agglutination test in diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis.to know the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children below five years of age. to compare conventional culture and antigen detection methods (latex agglutination test).201324339598
the relationship between concentration of specific antibody at birth and subsequent response to primary immunization.trans-placentally acquired antibodies can protect infants from infection in the first months of life. however, high concentrations of antibody at birth may impact the infant's own immune response to primary immunization. we examine the relationship between concentration of specific antibody to bordetella pertussis, haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal antigens at birth and following primary immunization.201424342250
safety and immunogenicity of a toddler dose following an infant series of a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis b vaccine administered concurrently or at separate visits with a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.combination diphtheria-tetanus-5 component acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-haemophilus influenzae b conjugate-hepatitis b vaccine (dtap5-ipv-hib-hepb) administered either concurrently with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) or 1 month apart was generally safe and immunogenic at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. this study examined the effects of a booster dose at age 15 months.201424346596
high nasopharyngeal carriage of non-vaccine serotypes in western australian aboriginal people following 10 years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination.invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) continues to occur at high rates among australian aboriginal people. the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vpcv) was given in a 2-4-6-month schedule from 2001, with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vppv) booster at 18 months, and replaced with 13vpcv in july 2011. since carriage surveillance can supplement ipd surveillance, we have monitored pneumococcal carriage in western australia (wa) since 2008 to assess the impact of the 10- ...201324349245
molecular epidemiology of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae causing community-acquired pneumonia in adults.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen which causes a variety of respiratory infections. the objectives of the study were to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility, to characterize the β-lactam resistance, and to establish a genetic characterization of nthi isolates. ninety-five nthi isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multi locus sequence typing (mlst). antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by microdilution, and the fts ...201324349303
menhibrix: a new combination meningococcal vaccine for infants and toddlers.to review the immunogenicity and safety of the haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroups c and y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (hib-mency-tt) for infants and toddlers.201424353263
co-colonization by haemophilus influenzae with streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn), haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (np). the effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the np on the host immune response has not been evaluated. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by hi or mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antige ...201324355091
safety and immunogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) in nigerian children: booster dose and 2-dose catch-up regimens in the second year of life.in a previous study, 3-dose primary vaccination of nigerian infants with the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) was immunogenic for vaccine pneumococcal serotypes, with comparable tolerability between phid-cv and control groups. in an open-label study (clinicaltrials.gov, nct01153893), 68 primed children received a phid-cv booster dose co-administered with a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (dtpa) booster dose at 15-21 months and ...201424356787
[antibiotherapy of severe ent infections in children: propositions of the french group of pediatric infectious diseases (pid) of the french society of pediatrics].the french group of pediatric infectious diseases (pid) of the french society of pediatrics found necessary to issue in 2011 therapeutic proposals concerning antibiotic treatment in severe ent infections in children (acute mastoiditis, severe sinusitis, peripharyngeal abscess). they took into account, for each clinical situation, published studies and existing guidelines, the most frequently encountered bacterial species, their usual sensitivity to antibiotics, their pharmacokinetic and pharmaco ...201324360297
ultrasound imaging and characterization of biofilms based on wavelet de-noised radiofrequency data.the ability to non-invasively image and characterize bacterial biofilms in children during nasopharyngeal colonization with potential otopathogens and during acute otitis media would represent a significant advance. we sought to determine if quantitative high-frequency ultrasound techniques could be used to achieve that goal. systematic time studies of bacterial biofilm formation were performed on three preparations of an isolated haemophilus influenzae (nthi) strain, a streptococcus pneumoniae ...201424361221
distal nf-kb binding motif functions as an enhancer for nontypeable h. influenzae-induced defb4 regulation in epithelial cells.among the antimicrobial molecules produced by epithelial cells, defb4 is inducible in response to proinflammatory signals such as cytokines and bacterial molecules. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an important human pathogen that exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adult and causes otitis media and sinusitis in children. previously, we have demonstrated that defb4 effectively kills nthi and is induced by nthi via tlr2 signaling. the 5'-flanking region of defb4 conta ...201424368180
comparison of transcription of the haemophilus influenzae iron/heme modulon genes in vitro and in vivo in the chinchilla middle ear.haemophilus influenzae is a significant cause of childhood otitis media, and also has an absolute growth requirement for heme. recent microarray studies using three h. influenzae isolates were used to propose a putative core of genes responsive to iron and heme levels. included in the core modulon were thirty seven genes that are preferentially expressed under iron/heme limitation, most of which are directly involved with iron and or heme acquisition. in this report, the core iron/heme modulon w ...201324373462
population-based surveillance for bacterial meningitis in china, september 2006-december 2009.during september 2006-december 2009, we conducted active population and sentinel laboratory-based surveillance for bacterial meningitis pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae type b, in 4 china prefectures. we identified 7,876 acute meningitis and encephalitis syndrome cases, including 6,388 among prefecture residents. a total of 833 resident cases from sentinel hospitals met the world health organization case definition for probable bac ...201424377388
[analysis of pathogen spectrum of encephalitis/meningitis in northwestern area of china].to learn the characteristics of pathogen spectrum of encephalitis /meningitis in northwestern area of china.201324378133
prevalence, distribution and transfer of small β-lactamase-containing plasmids in swedish haemophilus influenzae.the β-lactamase genes of haemophilus influenzae are commonly positioned on large integrative and conjugative elements, but a group of blatem-carrying small plasmids (4000-6000 bp) with a common structural backbone have recently been characterized. in this study we investigated the epidemiological significance and potential for transfer of this group of small plasmids.201424381073
purulent pericarditis caused by haemophilus parainfluenzae.bacterial pericarditis is a rare disease in the era of antibiotics. purulent pericarditis is most often caused by staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, or haemophilus influenzae. the number of h. parainfluenzae infections has been increasing; in rare cases, it has caused endocarditis. we report a case of purulent pericarditis caused by h. parainfluenzae in a 62-year-old woman who reported a recent upper respiratory tract infection. the patient presented with signs and symptoms of peri ...201324391338
functional annotation of conserved hypothetical proteins from haemophilus influenzae rd kw20.haemophilus influenzae is a gram negative bacterium that belongs to the family pasteurellaceae, causes bacteremia, pneumonia and acute bacterial meningitis in infants. the emergence of multi-drug resistance h. influenzae strain in clinical isolates demands the development of better/new drugs against this pathogen. our study combines a number of bioinformatics tools for function predictions of previously not assigned proteins in the genome of h. influenzae. this genome was extensively analyzed an ...201324391926
the case for and against initiating either hydroxyurea therapy, blood transfusion therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant in asymptomatic children with sickle cell disease.the perception of an asymptomatic sickle cell disease (scd) state is a misnomer. children without overt symptoms, likely have subclinical disease beginning in infancy with progression into adulthood. predictive models of scd severity are unable to predict a subgroup of asymptomatic children likely to develop severe scd. the introduction of penicillin prophylaxis, conjugated pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines have dramatically decreased the rate of life-threatening infections ...201424392871
bacteremia and empyema caused by shewanella algae in a trauma patient.to describe the first reported case of bacteremia and empyema caused by shewanella algae and summarize the existing literature on shewanella human infection.201424396089
vaccination of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: perspective in korea.antibody titers to vaccine-preventable diseases such as tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella decline within 1-10 years after allogeneic or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (sct) if the recipient is not vaccinated. vaccine-preventable diseases such as pneumococcal diseases, haemophilus influenzae type b infections, influenza, measles, and varicella can pose an increased risk for sct recipients. therefore, after sct, the recipients should be routinely revaccinated. vaccina ...201324396628
complications of adenotonsillectomy: a case report of meningitis due to dual infection with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae, and a prospective study of the rate of postoperative bacteremia.bacterial meningitis is a rare complication of adenotonsillectomy. we present a case of meningitis due to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae after adenotonsillectomy. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns indicated that the oral cavity was the source of h. influenzae and s. pneumoniae isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. blood culture study: as bacteremia is thought to be one of the etiologies of meningitis, we prospectively investigated the rate of bacteremia ...201324396981
estimation of the herd protection of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine against radiologically confirmed pneumonia in children under 2 years old in dhaka, bangladesh.herd protection of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine has been associated with excessive decrease of invasive hib diseases, i.e., pneumonia and meningitis, with increased national or regional hib vaccine coverage. only a few studies have examined herd protection at the individual level and even less evidence is available from asia. we examined hib vaccine herd protection against radiologically confirmed pneumonia among children less than 2 years old.201424397901
[immunization practices for workers. update recommendations].infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the workplace. worker vaccination against a number of infectious diseases is considered the most effective strategy of primary prevention to control them.201324399343
[surveillance of haemophilus influenzae serotypes in argentina from 2005 to 2010 during the haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era].the introduction of the haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in the immunization programs of many countries has greatly reduced this invasive disease and the carriage caused by this serotype, also increasing other capsular types and non-capsular isolations. there were 313 isolations of h. influenzae under study, which were recovered from a sterile site coming from pediatric and adult patients carrying the invasive disease. patients were treated at 90 different hospitals belonging to the red nac ...201424401777
cell vacuolation induced by haemophilus influenzae supernatants in hep-2 cells.haemophilus influenzae belongs to respiratory tract microbiota. we observed vacuoles formation in previous studies with h. influenzae culture supernatants, so in this work we characterised that cytotoxic effect. we observed an abundant production of acidic cytoplasmic vacuoles due to the presence of a "vacuolating factor" in h. influenzae supernatants which was characterised as thermolabile. greatest vacuolating activity was observed when utilizing the fraction > 50 kda. the presence of a large ...201324402145
long-term persistence of immunity and b-cell memory following haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination in early childhood and response to booster.protection against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), a rapidly invading encapsulated bacteria, is dependent on maintenance of an adequate level of serum antibody through early childhood. in many countries, hib vaccine booster doses have been implemented after infant immunization to sustain immunity. we investigated the long-term persistence of antibody and immunological memory in primary-school children following infant (with or without booster) hib vaccination.201424403544
factors affecting loss of tympanic membrane mobility in acute otitis media model of chinchilla.recently we reported that middle ear pressure (mep), middle ear effusion (mee), and ossicular changes each contribute to the loss of tympanic membrane (tm) mobility in a guinea pig model of acute otitis media (aom) induced by streptococcus pneumoniae (guan and gan, 2013). however, it is not clear how those factors vary along the course of the disease and whether those effects are reproducible in different species. in this study, a chinchilla aom model was produced by transbullar injection of hae ...201424406734
vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in aboriginal and torres strait islander people, australia 2006-2010.this report outlines the major positive impacts of vaccines on the health of aboriginal and torres strait islander people from 2007 to 2010, as well as highlighting areas that require further attention. hepatitis a disease is now less common in aboriginal and torres strait islander children than in their non-indigenous counterparts. hepatitis a vaccination for aboriginal and torres strait islander children was introduced in 2005 in the high incidence jurisdictions of the northern territory, quee ...201324410428
hira-tan: a real-time pcr-based system for the rapid identification of causative agents in pneumonia.identification of the causative pathogen(s) of pneumonia would allow the selection of effective antibiotics and thus reduce the mortality rate and the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. to identify such pathogens and to obtain these benefits, it is necessary that a clinical test is rapid, accurate, easily performed, and cost-effective. here, we devised a pcr-based test, named hira-tan, which is able to discriminate therapeutic targets from commensal organisms (e.g. streptococcus pneumoniae o ...201424411834
haemophilus influenzae serotype a septic arthritis in an immunized central australian indigenous child.this article describes a notable case of haemophilus influenzae serotype a (hia) septic arthritis in an immunized central australian indigenous child. since the widespread immunization for h. influenzae serotype b (hib) in many indigenous peoples worldwide, there has been an increase in reported cases of hia, postulating that this serotype is taking over the niche that hib once occupied in indigenous populations.201424412315
the effect of antimicrobial use on nasopharyngeal colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. 201424413412
azithromycin analogue csy0073 attenuates lung inflammation induced by lps challenge.azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects. long-term azithromycin therapy in patients with chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis has been associated with increased antimicrobial resistance, emergence of hypermutable strains, ototoxicity and cardiac toxicity. the aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the non-antibiotic azithromycin derivative csy0073.201424417187
emergence of non-serotype b encapsulated haemophilus influenzae as a cause of pediatric meningitis in northwestern ontario.before the introduction of the conjugate vaccine, haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. although successful in reducing hib cases, the vaccine confers no protection against other serotypes of h influenzae, such as a (hia), or f (hif). the emergence of invasive disease caused by non-hib in northwestern ontario (38 cases between 2002 and 2008) with predominance of hia was previously reported by the authors. at that time, no cases of pedi ...201324421786
bacterial colonization increases daily symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.respiratory pathogens are frequently isolated from the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) in the absence of an exacerbation. this bacterial "colonization" by potential pathogens is associated with host inflammatory and immune responses, which could increase respiratory symptoms.201424423399
aspiration in head and neck cancer patients: a single centre experience of clinical profile, bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity pattern.most patients with head and neck cancer have dysphagia and are at increased risk of having aspiration and subsequent pneumonia. it can cause prolonged hospitalization, treatment delay and/or interruption and mortality in cancer patients. the treatment of these infections often relies on empirical antibiotics based on local microbiology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. the aim of present study is to analyse respiratory tract pathogens isolated by sputum culture in head and neck cancer patient ...201324427632
isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of altersolanol p using staphylococcus aureus fitness test based genome-wide screening.bacteria continue to evade existing antibiotics by acquiring resistance by various mechanisms, leading to loss of antibiotic effectiveness. to avoid an epidemic from infections of incurable drug-resistant bacteria, new antibiotics with new modes of action are desperately needed. using a genome-wide mechanism of action-guided whole cell screening approach based on antisense staphylococcus aureus fitness test technology, we report herein the discovery of altersolanol p (1), a new tetrahydroanthraq ...201424428261
comparative genomic analysis reveals distinct genotypic features of the emerging pathogen haemophilus influenzae type f.the incidence of invasive disease caused by encapsulated haemophilus influenzae type f (hif) has increased in the post-h. influenzae type b (hib) vaccine era. we previously annotated the first complete hif genome from a clinical isolate (kr494) that caused septic shock and necrotizing myositis. here, the full genome of hif kr494 was compared to sequenced reference strains hib 10810, capsule type d (hid) rd kw20, and finally nontypeable h. influenzae 3655. the goal was to identify possible genomi ...201424438474
acute otitis media.one in 4 children will have at least 1 episode of acute otitis media (aom) by age 10 years. aom results from infection of fluid that has become trapped in the middle ear. the bacteria that most often cause aom are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. differentiating aom from otitis media with effusion (ome) is a critical skill for physicians, as accurate diagnosis will guide appropriate treatment of these conditions. although fluid is present in the middle ...201424439877
understanding nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.bacteria are frequently implicated in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), but their influence on airway inflammation remains unclear. this review will focus on nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), its impact on host immune responses, and the potential for vaccination strategies in copd.201424441573
pediatric invasive haemophilus influenzae infections in israel in the era of haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: a nationwide prospective study.the conjugated haemophilus influenzae (hi) type b vaccine caused a marked decrease in invasive hi disease rates. nonencapsulated hi infection now constitutes most invasive hi morbidity and mortality. this study examines invasive hi infection incidence in israel in the postvaccine era years, 2003-2012, and characterizes the epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and case fatality rates of invasive hi disease in children <15 years of age.201424445822
nasopharyngeal bacterial interactions in children. 201424447582
incorporation of phosphorylcholine into the lipooligosaccharide of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae does not correlate with the level of biofilm formation in vitro.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes otitis media in children and community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. a large variety of studies suggest that biofilm formation by nthi may be an important step in the pathogenesis of this bacterium. the objective of this report was to determine the relationship between the presence of phosphorylcholine in the lipooligosaccharide of nthi and the level of bio ...201424452688
evidence of bacterial biofilms among infected and hypertrophied tonsils in correlation with the microbiology, histopathology, and clinical symptoms of tonsillar diseases.diseases of the tonsils are becoming more resistant to antibiotics due to the persistence of bacteria through the formation of biofilms. therefore, understanding the microbiology and pathophysiology of such diseases represent an important step in the management of biofilm-related infections. we have isolated the microorganisms, evaluated their antimicrobial susceptibility, and detected the presence of bacterial biofilms in tonsillar specimens in correlation with the clinical manifestations of to ...201324454384
hexavalent vaccines for immunization in paediatric age.despite the potential for protection against a broad spectrum of pathogens, the availability of an increased number of effective vaccines could lead to a significant reduction in vaccination coverage as the result of issues with implementation of new vaccines within existing protocols. to overcome these problems, the development of combined vaccines has been promoted. the use of combined vaccines offers a number of potential benefits, including a reduction in the number of patient visits, reduce ...201424460910
impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on otitis media bacteriology.to determine the microbiology of otitis media (om) since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) in february 2010.201424461461
inhibitory effect of n-ethyl-3-amino-5-oxo-4-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide on haemophilus spp. planktonic or biofilm-forming cells.during this study, we have investigated in vitro activity of n-substituted-3-amino-5-oxo-4-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide derivatives with n-ethyl, n-(4-metoxyphenyl) and n-cyclohexyl substituents against gram-negative haemophilus influenzae and h. parainfluenzae bacteria. a spectrophotometric assay was used in order to determine the bacterial growth and biofilm formation using a microtiter plate to estimate minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimal biofilm inhibitory c ...201424465123
the seroepidemiology of haemophilus influenzae type b prior to introduction of an immunization programme in kathmandu, nepal.haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is now recognized as an important pathogen in asia. to evaluate disease susceptibility, and as a marker of hib transmission before routine immunization was introduced in kathmandu, 71 participants aged 7 months-77 years were recruited and 15 cord blood samples were collected for analysis of anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. only 20% of children under 5 years old had levels considered protective (>0.15 µg/ml ...201424465475
immunogenicity, impact on carriage and reactogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine in kenyan children aged 1-4 years: a randomized controlled trial.the impact on carriage and optimal schedule for primary vaccination of older children with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein-d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) are unknown.201424465570
effect of hiv-1 exposure and antiretroviral treatment strategies in hiv-infected children on immunogenicity of vaccines during infancy.we studied the effect of maternal hiv-exposure and timing of antiretroviral treatment (art) in hiv-infected infants on antibody responses to combined diphtheria-toxoid-tetanus-toxoid-whole cell pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (hibcv) and monovalent hepatitis b vaccine (hbv).201424468996
study of adverse events following immunisation with universal and newer vaccines in the serampore ima child clinic over a period of 7 years.immunisation is an important part of childcare practice. it is one of the most beneficial and cost effective measures for the prevention of diseases. from the previous retrospective studies, it was evident that smallpox has been completely eradicated throughout now-a-days with the wholehearted and sincere efforts of healthcare providers by applying efficient and safe vaccine against smallpox, same is true also to polio which is now close to worldwide eradication and measles and rubella are no lo ...201324475552
contradiction between in vitro and clinical outcome: intravenous followed by oral azithromycin therapy demonstrated clinical efficacy in macrolide-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia.we conducted a multicenter, unblinded, non-comparative, phase 3 trial of azithromycin-intravenous therapy followed by oral administration in japanese adults to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety against community-acquired pneumonia in order to obtain regulatory approval for the intravenous formulation in japan. azithromycin (500 mg, once daily) was intravenously administered for 2-5 days followed by oral 500 mg once daily administration to complete a total of 7-10 days treatment in 102 adults ...201424477328
outer membrane protein p5 is required for resistance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae to both the classical and alternative complement pathways.the complement system is an important first line of defense against the human pathogen haemophilus influenzae. to survive and propagate in vivo, h. influenzae has evolved mechanisms for subverting this host defense, most of which have been shown to involve outer surface structures, including lipooligosaccharide glycans and outer surface proteins. bacterial defense against complement acts at multiple steps in the pathway by mechanisms that are not fully understood. here we identify outer membrane ...201424478079
a pcr-high-resolution melt assay for rapid differentiation of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus.we have developed a pcr-high-resolution melt (pcr-hrm) assay to discriminate nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) colonies from haemophilus haemolyticus. this method is rapid and robust, with 96% sensitivity and 92% specificity compared to the hpd#3 assay. pcr-hrm is ideal for high-throughput screening for nthi surveillance and clinical trials.201424478508
five-year prospective study of paediatric acute otitis media in rochester, ny: modelling analysis of the risk of pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and infection.during a 5-year prospective study of nasopharyngeal (np) colonization and acute otitis media (aom) infections in children during the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv) era (july 2006-june 2011) we studied risk factors for np colonization and aom. np samples were collected at ages 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months during well-child visits. additionally, np and middle ear fluid (mef) samples were collected at onset of every aom episode. from 1825 visits (n = 464 children), 5301 np and ...201424480055
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