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multiple contributory factors to the age distribution of disease cases: a modeling study in the context of influenza a(h3n2v).in late 2011 and early 2012, 13 cases of human influenza resulted from infection with a novel triple reassortant swine-origin influenza virus, influenza a (h3n2) variant. this variant was notable for its inclusion of the matrix gene from the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic virus. while most of these confirmed cases were among children, the transmission potential and likely age-dependent susceptibility to the virus was unknown. preliminary serologic studies indicated that very young children have ...201323794728
human infections with influenza a(h3n2) variant virus in the united states, 2011-2012.background. during august 2011-april 2012, 13 human infections with influenza a(h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus were identified in the united states; 8 occurred in the prior 2 years. this virus differs from previous variant influenza viruses in that it contains the matrix (m) gene from the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 pandemic influenza virus. methods. a case was defined as a person with laboratory-confirmed h3n2v virus infection. cases and contacts were interviewed to determine exposure to swine and othe ...201323794729
role of the viral hemagglutinin in the anti-influenza virus activity of newly synthesized polycyclic amine compounds.we here report on the synthesis of new series of polycyclic amines initially designed as ring-rearranged analogs of amantadine and featuring pentacyclo, hexacyclo, and octacyclo rings. a secondary amine, 3-azahexacyclo[7.6.0.0¹,⁵.0⁵,¹².0⁶,¹⁰.0¹¹,¹⁵]pentadeca-7,13-diene, 3, effectively inhibited a/m2 proton channel function, and, moreover, possessed dual activity against an a/h3n2 virus carrying a wild-type a/m2 proton channel, as well as an amantadine-resistant a/h1n1 virus. among the polycyclic ...201323800838
human h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from 1968 to 2012 show varying preference for receptor substructures with no apparent consequences for disease or spread.it is generally accepted that human influenza viruses bind glycans containing sialic acid linked α2-6 to the next sugar, that avian influenza viruses bind glycans containing the α2-3 linkage, and that mutations that change the binding specificity might change the host tropism. we noted that human h3n2 viruses showed dramatic differences in their binding specificity, and so we embarked on a study of representative human h3n2 influenza viruses, isolated from 1968 to 2012, that had been isolated an ...201323805213
[laboratory diagnostics in evaluation of acute respiratory viral infection morbidity in 2010 - 2011 epidemic season].study of etiological structure of arvi and evaluation of acute respiratory virus infection morbidity in 2010 - 2011 epidemic season taking into account the data of laboratory diagnostics by method of polymerase chain reaction with hybridization-fluorescent detection.201323805649
asperterrestide a, a cytotoxic cyclic tetrapeptide from the marine-derived fungus aspergillus terreus scsgaf0162.a new cytotoxic and antiviral cyclic tetrapeptide, asperterrestide a (1), a new alkaloid, terremide c (2), and a new aromatic butenolide, aspernolide e (3), together with 10 known compounds were isolated from the fermentation broth of the marine-derived fungus aspergillus terreus scsgaf0162. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the mosher ester technique and analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral-phase hplc co ...201323806112
influenza virus a(h3n2) strain isolated from cerebrospinal fluid from a patient presenting myelopathy post infectious.neurological involvement during influenza infection has been described during epidemics and is often consistent with serious sequelae or death.201323809474
different drug-resistant influenza a(h3n2) variants in two immunocompromised patients treated with oseltamivir during the 2011-2012 influenza season in italy.monitoring the emergence of drug-resistant influenza variants is crucial in influenza surveillance programs.201323810646
using sequence data to infer the antigenicity of influenza virus.the efficacy of current influenza vaccines requires a close antigenic match between circulating and vaccine strains. as such, timely identification of emerging influenza virus antigenic variants is central to the success of influenza vaccination programs. empirical methods to determine influenza virus antigenic properties are time-consuming and mid-throughput and require live viruses. here, we present a novel, experimentally validated, computational method for determining influenza virus antigen ...201323820391
a microbead-incorporated centrifugal sample pretreatment microdevice.in this study, we present a novel bead-incorporated centrifugal sample pretreatment microdevice to purify influenza a h3n2 viral rna. simple revolution per minute (rpm) control can lead to rna capture on a bead-bed, and the sequential loading of a washing solution and an elution solution. tetraethoxy orthosilicate (teos)-treated glass microbeads were utilized as a capture matrix. the sample pretreatment microdevice consists of four reservoirs for storing an rna sample, a washing solution, an elu ...201323824467
efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging h3n2 similar to the 2011-2012 h3n2v.vaccines provide a primary means to limit disease but may not be effective at blocking infection and pathogen transmission. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial inactivated swine influenza a virus (iav) vaccines and experimental live attenuated influenza virus (laiv) vaccines against infection with h3n2 virus and subsequent indirect transmission to naive pigs. the h3n2 virus evaluated was similar to the h3n2v detected in humans during 2011-2012, which was ...201323824815
single hemagglutinin mutations that alter both antigenicity and receptor binding avidity influence influenza virus antigenic clustering.the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) assay is the primary measurement used for identifying antigenically novel influenza virus strains. hai assays measure the amount of reference sera required to prevent virus binding to red blood cells. receptor binding avidities of viral strains are not usually taken into account when interpreting these assays. here, we created antigenic maps of human h3n2 viruses that computationally account for variation in viral receptor binding avidities. these new antige ...201323824816
expanded cocirculation of stable subtypes, emerging lineages, and new sporadic reassortants of porcine influenza viruses in swine populations in northwest germany.the emergence of the human 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus from swine populations refocused public and scientific attention on swine as an important source of influenza a viruses bearing zoonotic potential. widespread and year-round circulation of at least four stable lineages of porcine influenza viruses between 2009 and 2012 in a region of germany with a high-density swine population is documented here. european avian influenza virus-derived h1n1 (h1n1av) viruses dominated the epidemiology, ...201323824819
reconstruction of h3n2 influenza virus based virosome in-vitro.virosomes are virus like particles (vlp) assembled in-vitro. influenza virosomes maintain the cell binding and membrane fusion activity of the wild type virus but are devoid of viral genetic material or internal proteins. influenza virosomes mimic the natural antigen presentation route of the influenza virus.023825736
characterization of porcine p58ipk gene and its up-regulation after h1n1 or h3n2 influenza virus infection.the 58-kda inhibitor of the interferon-induced double-stranded rna-activated protein kinase (p58ipk) is a cellular protein that is activated during influenza virus infection. although the function of human p58ipk has been studied for a long time, porcine p58ipk (pp58ipk) has little been studied except for its cloning.201323827789
pathogenesis and transmission of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in ferrets and mice.on 29 march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. the recent human infections with h7n9 virus, totalling over 130 cases with 39 fatalities to date, have been characterized by severe pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). this is concerning because h7 viruses have typically been associated with ocular disease in humans, rather than severe respiratory disease ...201323842497
an eight-segment swine influenza virus harboring h1 and h3 hemagglutinins is attenuated and protective against h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in pigs.swine influenza virus (siv) infections continue to cause production losses in the agricultural industry in addition to being a human public health concern. the primary method of controlling siv is through vaccination. the killed siv vaccines currently in use must be closely matched to the challenge virus, and their protective efficacy is limited. live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) provide strong, long-lived cell-mediated and humoral immunity against different influenza virus subtypes with ...201323843633
triplet entropy analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences measures influenza virus phylodynamics.the influenza virus has been a challenge to science due to its ability to withstand new environmental conditions. taking into account the development of virus sequence databases, computational approaches can be helpful to understand virus behavior over time. furthermore, they can suggest new directions to deal with influenza. this work presents triplet entropy analysis as a potential phylodynamic tool to quantify nucleotide organization of viral sequences. the application of this measure to segm ...201323850726
simultaneous and complete genome sequencing of influenza a and b with high coverage by illumina miseq platform.active global surveillance and characterization of influenza viruses are essential for better preparation against possible pandemic events. obtaining comprehensive information about the influenza genome can improve our understanding of the evolution of influenza viruses and emergence of new strains, and improve the accuracy when designing preventive vaccines. this study investigated the use of deep sequencing by the next-generation sequencing (ngs) illumina miseq platform to obtain complete geno ...201323856301
mitochondrial proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with h3n2 swine influenza virus.swine influenza viruses (siv) are zoonotic pathogens that pose a potential threat to human health. in this study, we analyzed the differential mitochondrial proteomes of h3n2 siv-infected human lung a549 cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (maldi-tof/tof) analysis. in the comparative analysis, 24 altered proteins (13 upregulated and 11 downregulated) were identified in the mitochondria of h3n ...201323856606
patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2010-2011 influenza season: exploring disease severity by virus type and subtype.the 2010-2011 influenza season was dominated by influenza a(h3n2) virus, but influenza a(h1n1) pdm09 (ph1n1) and b viruses cocirculated. this provided an opportunity to explore within-season predictors of severity among hospitalized patients, avoiding biases associated with season-to-season differences in strain virulence, population immunity, and healthcare seeking.201323863950
baicalein, ethyl acetate, and chloroform extracts of scutellaria baicalensis inhibit the neuraminidase activity of pandemic 2009 h1n1 and seasonal influenza a viruses.this study rated antiviral activity of scutellaria baicalensis georgi (s. baicalensis) extracts against influenza a virus subtypes, for example, pandemic 2009 h1n1, seasonal h1n1 and h3n2. ethyl acetate (etoac) and chloroform extracts inhibited in vitro neuraminidase (na) enzymatic activity and viral replication more than methanol (meoh) extract. etoac extract demonstrated na inhibition ic50 values ranging from 73.16 to 487.40 μg/ml and plaque reduction ic50 values ranging from 23.7 to 27.4 μg/m ...201323864896
complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant avian influenza h1n2 virus isolated from a domestic sparrow in 2012.we report here the complete genome sequence of a novel h1n2 avian influenza virus strain, a/sparrow /guangxi/gxs-1/2012 (h1n2), isolated from a sparrow in the guangxi province of southern china in 2012. all of the 8 gene segments (hemagglutinin [ha], nucleoprotein [np], matrix [m], polymerase basic 2 [pb2], neuraminidase [na], polymerase acidic [pa], polymerase basic 1 [pb1], and nonstructural [ns] genes) of this natural recombinant virus are attributed to the eurasian lineage, and phylogenetic ...201323868121
observations of immuno-gold conjugates on influenza viruses using waveguide-mode sensors.gold nanoparticles were conjugated to an antibody (immuno-aunp) against a/udorn/307/1972 (h3n2) influenza virus to detect viruses on a sensing plate designed for an evanescent field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor. experiments were conducted using human influenza a/h3n2 strains, and immuno-aunp could detect 8×10(5) pfu/ml (40 pg/µl) intact a/udorn/307/1972 and 120 pg/µl a/brisbane/10/2007. furthermore, increased signal magnitude was achieved in the presence of non-ionic detergent, as the virtual d ...201323874887
antiviral responses by swine primary bronchoepithelial cells are limited compared to human bronchoepithelial cells following influenza virus infection.swine generate reassortant influenza viruses because they can be simultaneously infected with avian and human influenza; however, the features that restrict influenza reassortment in swine and human hosts are not fully understood. type i and iii interferons (ifns) act as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection of respiratory epithelium. to determine if human and swine have different capacities to mount an antiviral response the expression of ifn and ifn-stimulated genes (isg) ...201323875024
gestational flu exposure induces changes in neurochemicals, affiliative hormones and brainstem inflammation, in addition to autism-like behaviors in mice.the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism is increasing, however the etiology of these disorders is unclear and thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental and immune factors. a recent epidemiological study found that gestational viral exposure during the first trimester increases risk of autism in offspring by twofold. in mice gestational viral exposures alter behavior of offspring, but the biological mechanisms which underpin these behavioral changes are uncl ...201323880236
influenza virus resistance to antiviral therapy.antiviral drugs for influenza therapy and prophylaxis are either of the adamantane or neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) class. however, the nais are mainly prescribed nowadays, because of widespread adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses and ineffectiveness of adamantanes against influenza b. emergence and spread of nai resistance would further limit our therapeutic options. taking into account the previous spread of oseltamivir-resistant viruses during the 2007/2008 season preceding the la ...201323886002
influenza a/hong kong/156/1997(h5n1) virus ns1 gene mutations f103l and m106i both increase ifn antagonism, virulence and cytoplasmic localization but differ in binding to rig-i and cpsf30.the genetic basis for avian to mammalian host switching in influenza a virus is largely unknown. the human a/hk/156/1997 (h5n1) virus that transmitted from poultry possesses ns1 gene mutations f103l + m106i that are virulence determinants in the mouse model of pneumonia; however their individual roles have not been determined. the emergent a/shanghai/patient1/2013(h7n9)-like viruses also possess these mutations which may contribute to their virulence and ability to switch species.201323886034
epidemiology of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 virus during 2009-2010 in taiwan.outbreak of swine-origin influenza a/h1n1 virus (pdmh1n1) occurred in 2009. taiwanese authorities implemented nationwide vaccinations with pdmh1n1-specific inactivated vaccine as of november 2009. this study evaluates prevalence, ha phylogenetic relationship, and transmission dynamic of influenza a and b viruses in taiwan in 2009-2010. respiratory tract specimens were analyzed for influenza a and b viruses. the pdmh1n1 peaked in november 2009, was predominant from august 2009 to january 2010, th ...201323886669
selection of h3 avian influenza viruses with saα2,6gal receptor specificity in pigs.avian influenza viruses possess hemagglutinin (ha) which preferentially bind to the sialic acid α2,3-galactose sialyloligosaccharides (saα2,3gal) receptor. in contrast, human influenza viruses bind to sialic acid α2,6-galactose sialyloligosaccharides (saα2,6gal). the a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) virus preferentially binds to saα2,6gal, although its ha gene was derived from an avian influenza virus strain. to elucidate the mechanisms behind acquisition of binding specificity for the human-type receptor, ...201323891155
distinction of subtype-specific antibodies against european porcine influenza viruses by indirect elisa based on recombinant hemagglutinin protein fragment-1.serological investigations of swine influenza virus infections and epidemiological conclusions thereof are challenging due to the complex and regionally variable pattern of co-circulating viral subtypes and lineages and varying vaccination regimes. detection of subtype-specific antibodies currently depends on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays which are difficult to standardize and unsuitable for large scale investigations.201323898799
caspase-1 deficient mice are more susceptible to influenza a virus infection with pa variation.reassortment within polymerase genes causes changes in the pathogenicity of influenza a viruses. we previously reported that the 2009 ph1n1 pa enhanced the pathogenicity of seasonal h1n1. we examined the effects of the pa gene from the hpai h5n1 following its introduction into currently circulating seasonal influenza viruses.201323901080
subtyping clinical specimens of influenza a virus by use of a simple method to amplify rna targets.this work presents the clinical application of a robust and unique approach for rna amplification, called a simple method for amplifying rna targets (smart), for the detection and identification of subtypes of h1n1 pandemic, h1n1 seasonal, and h3n2 seasonal influenza virus. while all the existing amplification techniques rely on the diffusion of two molecules to complex rna structures, the smart achieves fast and efficient amplification via single-molecule diffusion. the smart utilizes amplifiab ...201323903546
hemagglutinin stalk-based universal vaccine constructs protect against group 2 influenza a viruses.current influenza virus vaccines contain h1n1 (phylogenetic group 1 hemagglutinin), h3n2 (phylogenetic group 2 hemagglutinin), and influenza b virus components. these vaccines induce good protection against closely matched strains by predominantly eliciting antibodies against the membrane distal globular head domain of their respective viral hemagglutinins. this domain, however, undergoes rapid antigenic drift, allowing the virus to escape neutralizing antibody responses. the membrane proximal s ...201323903831
[virological characterization of influenza a(h3n2) virus in mainland china during 2011-2012].to study the prevalence and variation of influenza a(h3n2) viruses, the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a(h3n2) viruses circulating in mainland china during april 2011 to march 2012 were analyzed. the results showed that influenza a(h3n2) viruses increased gradually since 2012 and became the dominant strain since march. the viruses were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strain a/per/16/09 (87.2%) and the representative virus a/fj/196/09 (76.0%) in mainland china. th ...201323905468
preliminary crystallographic analysis of neuraminidase n2 from a new influenza a virus.influenza virus is a major viral respiratory pathogen that causes yearly epidemics in temperate climates. the h3n2 subtype is one of the major causative agents of severe epidemics and plays a critical role in vaccine development. the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are two commercially available na-targeted competitive antiviral drugs. however, their effectiveness has been compromised by the rapid emergence of resistance. q136k is a novel mutation in na which confers resi ...201323908028
respiratory virus laboratory pandemic planning and surveillance in central viet nam, 2008-2010.laboratory capacity is needed in central viet nam to provide early warning to public health authorities of respiratory outbreaks of importance to human health, for example the outbreak of influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in 2009. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedures established as part of a capacity-building process were used to conduct prospective respiratory surveillance in a region where few previous studies have been undertaken.201223908924
tracking oseltamivir-resistance in new zealand influenza viruses during a medicine reclassification in 2007, a resistant-virus importation in 2008 and the 2009 pandemic.oseltamivir (tamiflu®) is an important pharmaceutical intervention against the influenza virus. the importance of surveillance for resistance to oseltamivir has been highlighted by two global events: the emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza a(h1n1) virus in 2008, and emergence of the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in 2009. oseltamivir is a prescription medicine in new zealand, but more timely access has been provided since 2007 by allowing pharmacies to directly dispense oselta ...201223908945
probability of detecting influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 in individual pig nasal swabs and pen-based oral fluid specimens over time.the probability of detecting influenza a virus (iav) by virus isolation (vi), point-of-care (poc) antigen detection, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) was estimated for pen-based oral fluid (of) and individual pig nasal swab (ns) specimens. piglets (n=82) were isolated for 30 days and confirmed negative for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and iav infections. a subset (n=28) was vaccinated on day post inoculation ...201323910522
national surveillance for influenza and influenza-like illness in vietnam, 2006-2010.influenza virus infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality both in the temperate and tropical world. influenza surveillance over multiple years is important to determine the impact and epidemiology of influenza and to develop a national vaccine policy, especially in countries developing influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity, such as vietnam. we conducted surveillance of influenza and influenza-like illness in vietnam through the national influenza surveillance system during 200 ...201323911781
bioluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay for monitoring influenza virus drug susceptibility in clinical specimens.the qflu prototype bioluminescence-based neuraminidase (na) inhibition (ni) assay kit was designed to detect na inhibitor (nai)-resistant influenza viruses at point of care. here, we evaluated its suitability for drug susceptibility assessment at a surveillance laboratory. a comprehensive panel of reference viruses (n = 14) and a set of 90 seasonal influenza virus a and b isolates were included for testing with oseltamivir and/or zanamivir in the qflu assay using the manufacturer-recommended pro ...201323917311
emergence of a c-terminal seven-amino-acid elongation of ns1 in around 1950 conferred a minor growth advantage to former seasonal influenza a viruses.influenza a viruses circulating in humans from ∼1950 to ∼1987 featured a nonstructural (ns1) protein with a c-terminal extension of seven amino acids. the biological significance of this ns1 elongation remained elusive. we observed that replication kinetics of the wild-type virus a/hong kong/01/68 (h3n2) and a mutant encoding a truncated ns1 were indistinguishable in most experimental systems. however, wild-type virus outcompeted the mutant during mixed infections, suggesting that the ns1 extens ...201323926347
survival of influenza virus on human fingers.indirect transmission of the influenza virus via finger contamination with respiratory mucus droplets has been hypothesized to contribute to transmission in the community. under laboratory conditions, influenza-infected respiratory droplets were reconstituted as close as possible to natural conditions. we investigated experimentally the survival of influenza a (h3n2) and a (h1n1)pdm09 viruses on human fingers. infectious virus was easily recoverable on all fingers 1 min after fingertip contamina ...201423927722
antiviral protein of momordica charantia l. inhibits different subtypes of influenza a.the new antiviral activity of the protein extracted from momordica charantia was determined with different subtypes of influenza a. the protein was purified from the seed of m. charantia using an anion exchanger and a fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) system. at the concentration of 1.401 mg/ml, the protein did not exhibit cytotoxicity in madin-darby canine kidney cells (mdck) but inhibited 1 × 10(5) ffu influenza a/pr/8/34 h1n1 virus at 56.50%, 65.72%, and 100% inhibition by the protein ...201323935676
antiviral spirooliganones a and b with unprecedented skeletons from the roots of illicium oligandrum.two novel spirooliganones a (1) and (2), a pair of spiro carbon epimers, with a rare dioxaspiro skeleton were isolated from the roots of illicium oligandrum. the structures were fully determined by spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods, especially modified mosher's method, and x-ray diffraction analysis. spirooliganone b was found to exhibit more potent activities against coxsackie virus b3 and influenza virus a (h3n2) (ic50 3.70-5.05 μm) than spirooliganone a. the biosynthetic pathway inv ...201323937631
co-incorporation of the pb2 and pa polymerase subunits from human h3n2 influenza virus is a critical determinant of the replication of reassortant ribonucleoprotein complexes.the influenza virus rna polymerase, composed of the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits, has a potential role in influencing genetic reassortment. recent studies on the reassortment of human h3n2 strains suggest that the co-incorporation of pb2 and pa from the same h3n2 strain appears to be important for efficient virus replication; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. here, we reconstituted reassortant ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes and demonstrated that the rnp activity was severely impa ...201323939981
[chemical consitituents from root of isatis indigotica].thirty-three compounds were isolated from the root decoction of isatis indigotica by using a combination of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorbent resin, sephadex lh-20, and reversed-phase hplc. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (1), (s)-(+)-abscisic acid (2), vomifoliol (3), cyclo (l-phe-l-leu) (4), cyclo(l-phe-l-tyr) (5), cyclo(l-tyr-l-leu) (6), cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr) (7), evofolin b (8), (+)-syringaresinol (9), ...201323944031
neutralizing antibodies against previously encountered influenza virus strains increase over time: a longitudinal analysis.antigenic diversity shapes immunity in distinct and unexpected ways. this is particularly true of the humoral response generated against influenza a viruses. although it is known that immunological memory developed against previously encountered influenza a virus strains affects the outcome of subsequent infections, exactly how sequential exposures to antigenically variant viruses shape the humoral immune response in humans remains poorly understood. to address this important question, we perfor ...201323946196
no serological evidence of influenza a h1n1pdm09 virus infection as a contributing factor in childhood narcolepsy after pandemrix vaccination campaign in finland.narcolepsy cataplexy syndrome, characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, is strongly associated with a genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (hla) dqb1*06:02. a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with as03-adjuvanted pandemrix influenza vaccine in finland at the beginning of 2010. here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza a h1n1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the pandemrix vaccination, to the increased inc ...201323950869
airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind from swine barns.airborne transmission of influenza a virus (iav) in swine is speculated to be an important route of virus dissemination, but data are scarce. this study attempted to detect and quantify airborne iav by virus isolation and rrt-pcr in air samples collected under field conditions. this was accomplished by collecting air samples from four acutely infected pig farms and locating air samplers inside the barns, at the external exhaust fans and downwind from the farms at distances up to 2.1 km. iav was ...201323951164
comparison of the clinical effectiveness of zanamivir and laninamivir octanoate for children with influenza a(h3n2) and b in the 2011-2012 season.to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the two inhaled neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), zanamivir (zn) and laninamivir octate (lo), for influenza a(h3n2) and b virus infections.201423953886
first report of seroprevalence of swine influenza a virus in tibetan pigs in tibet, china.swine influenza a virus (siv) is zoonotic pathogen that can be acquired by food-borne transmission because food animals, for example pigs, are recognized as a reservoir. the objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-siv (h1n1 and h3n2) in tibetan pigs in tibet nationality autonomous region, china, a region with cold weather and high altitude. a total of 421 serum samples were randomly collected from tibetan pigs in tibet and were evaluated for antibodies against siv u ...201423955014
[development of a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of e119v amino acid change in neuraminidase of influenza a (h3n2) using the taqman-mgb probe].to develop a rapid duplex real-time reverse transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) method to detect e119v mutation on neuraminidase (na) of influenza a(h3n2) subtype with drug resistance to oseltamivir.201323958130
the frequency and seasonality of influenza and other respiratory viruses in tennessee: two influenza seasons of surveillance data, 2010-2012.in 2010, the tennessee department of health, in collaboration with the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), expanded influenza surveillance in tennessee to include other respiratory viruses.201323962104
design, synthesis and antiviral activity studies of schizonepetin derivatives.a series of schizonepetin derivatives have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain potent antivirus agents. the antiviral activity against hsv-1 and influenza virus h3n2 as well as the cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated by using cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibition assay in vitro. compounds m2, m4, m5 and m34 showed higher inhibitory activity against hsv-1 virus with the tc50 values being in micromole. compounds m28, m33, and m35 showed higher inhibitory activity against infl ...201323965980
surveillance of human influenza a(h3n2) virus from 1999 to 2009 in southern italy.the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of influenza virus co-infections in humans and changes in the genetic variability of a(h3n2) virus strains in southern italy from 1999 to 2009. a partial sequence of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene by human influenza h3n2 strains identified in oropharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza-like illness was analysed by dna sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. during the seasons 1999-2000, 2002-2003, 2004-2005 and 2008-2009, the in ...201423967903
study of immunogenicity of recombinant proteins based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase conservative epitopes of influenza a virus.recombinant hemagglutinin (rha) and neurominidase (rna) developed in our investigation are amino acid sequence consensus variants of h1n1 2009 subtype influenza virus strain, also including immunogenic epitopes typical for other influenza virus subtypes (h3n1 and h5n1). substitutions were made: typical for russian virus isolates (in ha - s220t, na - d248n) and in active centers of molecules - r118l, r293l, r368l; c92s, c417s to increase recombinant proteins stability in e. coli. the aim of the p ...201323969554
clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent surface antigen seasonal influenza vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture and administered to young and elderly adults with and without a(h1n1) pre-vaccination.vaccination against influenza is an important means of reducing morbidity and mortality in subjects at risk. the prevalent viral strains responsible for seasonal epidemics usually change annually, but the who recommendations for the 2011/2012-season in the northern hemisphere included the same antigens as for the previous season. we conducted a single-center, single-arm study involving 62 younger (18-60 years) and 64 older (>60 years) adults to test the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of ...201323976960
reduced replication capacity of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus during the 2010-2011 winter season in tottori, japan.a novel swine-origin influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus has been circulating in humans since march-april, 2009. the 2009-2010 epidemic involved predominantly a single subtype of a(h1n1)pdm09 (at 96%, 46/48) in the sentinel sites of this study. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 started to circulate together with other type/subtype (49%, 33/68) at the first peak in the next epidemic season in 2010-2011: a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2) (9%, 6/68), a(h1n1)pdm09/b (35%, 24/68), and a(h1n1)pdm09/a(h3n2)/b (4%, 3/68). single infec ...201323983181
mutation tryptophan to leucine at position 222 of haemagglutinin could facilitate h3n2 influenza a virus infection in dogs.an avian-like h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) has recently caused sporadic canine influenza outbreaks in china and korea, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the interspecies transmission of h3n2 iav from avian to canine species are not well understood. sequence analysis showed that residue 222 in haemagglutinin (ha) is predominantly tryptophan (w) in the closely related avian h3n2 iav, but was leucine (l) in canine h3n2 iav. in this study, reassortant viruses rh3n2-222l (canine-like) and rh3n ...201323994833
evaluation of three influenza neuraminidase inhibition assays for use in a public health laboratory setting during the 2011-2012 influenza season.we evaluated the implementation of three commercially available neuraminidase inhibition assays in a public health laboratory (phl) setting. we also described the drug susceptibility patterns of human influenza a and b circulating in maryland during the 2011-2012 influenza season.201723997307
serological evidence for avian h9n2 influenza virus infections among romanian agriculture workers.in recent years, wild birds have introduced multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections in romanian poultry. in 2005 hpai infections were widespread among domestic poultry and anecdotal reports suggested domestic pigs may also have been exposed. we sought to examine evidence for zoonotic influenza infections among romanian agriculture workers. between 2009 and 2010, 363 adult participants were enrolled in a cross-sectional, seroepidemiological study. confined animal f ...201323999337
recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2013-2014.the purpose of this statement is to update recommendations for routine use of seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. highlights for the upcoming 2013-2014 season include (1) this year's trivalent influenza vaccine contains an a/california/7/2009 (h1n1) pdm09-like virus (same as 2012-2013); an a/texas/50/2012 (h3n2) virus (antigenically like the 2012-2013 strain); and a b/massachusetts/2/2012-like virus (a b/yamagata lineage ...201323999962
[immunogenicity of recombinant proteins including ectodomain of m2 influenza virus a].two recombinant proteins with three copies of the ectodomain of the conserved influenza protein m2 (m2e) of influenza viruses were developed: a (h1n1)pdm09, a/kurgan/05/05 (h5n1), and m2e consensus sequence of the human influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) based on flagellin and core antigen of hepatitis b (hbc). the first recombinant protein comprised flagellin fused to three tandem copies of m2e, the second preparation was based on non-covalent interaction between m2e peptides and hbc. the imm ...201624006628
[the influenza viruses and their surface proteins impact on the metabolism of human blood vessel endothelium cells].the modern influenza virus subtypes h3n2, h5n1, and h1n1 reduced the metabolism of the endothelial cells within the range from 20% to 60% (compared with control). the degree of the activity of the dehydrogenase reduction depended on the dose of virus and time of virus reproduction. ha and na also actively reduced the metabolism of the cells ranging from 5% to 60%, depending on the concentration of the proteins and time of their impact on cells. neuraminidase was more active than hemagglutinin in ...201624006629
[local antibody immune responses in influenza patients and persons vaccinated with seasonal, pre-pandemic, and pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines].mucosal immunity is one of the most important factors of human anti-influenza defense. the data about local immune responses in influenza a (h3n2) patients and in persons vaccinated within 2000-2009 with different seasonal laivs, a (h1n1)pdm2009 laiv, and a (h5n2) laiv are discussed. the influenza infection resulted in the larger quantities of local iga and igg conversions than seasonal laiv vaccination. 56% of young (18-21 y.o.) persons had high titers (> or = 1:64) of iga to a (h1n1)pdm2009 vi ...201624006632
[meta analysis on the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines].to evaluate the immunogenicity of domestic influenza virus vaccines.201324011163
prevalence of antibodies to european porcine influenza viruses in humans living in high pig density areas of germany.the risk of zoonotic human infection caused by european porcine influenza virus strains was estimated in german regions with a high pig density. sera from 622 healthy volunteers were collected between april 2009 and november 2011, mainly in westphalia and western lower saxony. these included 362 subjects with occupational contact to pigs and 260 blood donors without any direct exposition to pigs. samples were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay against a panel of six swine vi ...201424013183
structural analysis of the hemagglutinin from the recent 2013 h7n9 influenza virus.in march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention reported human infections with an h7n9 influenza virus, and by 20 july 2013, the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases had climbed to 134, including 43 fatalities and 127 hospitalizations. the newly emerging h7n9 viruses constitute an obvious public health concern because of the apparent severity of this outbreak. here we focus on the hemagglutinins (has) of these viruses and assess their receptor binding phenotype in relation ...201324027325
a mutant influenza virus that uses an n1 neuraminidase as the receptor-binding protein.in the vast majority of influenza a viruses characterized to date, hemagglutinin (ha) is the receptor-binding and fusion protein, whereas neuraminidase (na) is a receptor-cleaving protein that facilitates viral release but is expendable for entry. however, the nas of some recent human h3n2 isolates have acquired receptor-binding activity via the mutation d151g, although these isolates also appear to retain the ability to bind receptors via ha. we report here the laboratory generation of a mutati ...201324027333
emergence of h3n2pm-like and novel reassortant h3n1 swine viruses possessing segments derived from the a (h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, korea.human-to-swine transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 [a(h1n1)pdm09] virus in pig populations resulted in reassortment events with endemic swine influenza viruses worldwide.201324034626
evidence of transmission and risk factors for influenza a virus in household dogs and their owners.the possible transmission of influenza a virus between dogs and humans is important, as in mexico city there are approximately 1·2 million dogs. we present the first evidence of influenza a virus infection in household dogs in mexico.201324034782
critical role of segment-specific packaging signals in genetic reassortment of influenza a viruses.the fragmented nature of the influenza a genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. here, we studied genetic reassortment between the a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2, mo) virus originally isolated from human and the avian a/finch/england/2051/91 (h5n2, en) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. importantly, the avian ha segment never entered the mo genetic background alone b ...201324043788
genetic and biological characterisation of an avian-like h1n2 swine influenza virus generated by reassortment of circulating avian-like h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in denmark.the influenza a virus subtypes h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 are the most prevalent subtypes in swine. in 2003, a reassorted h1n2 swine influenza virus (siv) subtype appeared and became prevalent in denmark. in the present study, the reassortant h1n2 subtype was characterised genetically and the infection dynamics compared to an "avian-like" h1n1 virus by an experimental infection study.201324047399
the first detection of influenza in the finnish pig population: a retrospective study.swine influenza is an infectious acute respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza a virus. we investigated the time of entry of swine influenza into the finnish pig population. we also describe the molecular detection of two types of influenza a (h1n1) viruses in porcine samples submitted in 2009 and 2010.this retrospective study was based on three categories of samples: blood samples collected for disease monitoring from pigs at major slaughterhouses from 2007 to 2009; blood samples from p ...201324047612
prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices--united states, 2013-2014.this report updates the 2012 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza (cdc. prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2012;61:613-8). routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. for the 2013-14 influenza season, it is expected that trivalen ...201324048214
dynamically correlated mutations drive human influenza a evolution.human influenza a virus undergoes recurrent changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) surface protein, primarily involved in the human antibody recognition. relevant antigenic changes, enabling the virus to evade host immune response, have been recognized to occur in parallel to multiple mutations at antigenic sites in ha. yet, the role of correlated mutations (epistasis) in driving the molecular evolution of the virus still represents a challenging puzzle. further, though circulation at a global geogra ...201324048220
influenza a virus with a human-like n2 gene is circulating in pigs.a novel reassortant influenza a virus, h1avn2hu, has been found in danish swine. the virus contains an h1 gene similar to the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of h1n1 avian-like swine viruses and an n2 gene most closely related to the neuraminidase (na) gene of human h3n2 viruses from the mid-1990s.201324051313
effectiveness of influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza, in the late 2011-2012 season in spain, among population targeted for vaccination.in spain, the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) was estimated in the last three seasons using the observational study cyceva conducted in the frame of the existing spanish influenza sentinel surveillance system. the objective of the study was to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ili) among the target groups for vaccination in spain in the 2011-2012 season. we also studied influenza ve in the early (weeks 52/2 ...201324053661
influenza a virus induction of oxidative stress and mmp-9 is associated with severe lung pathology in a mouse model.infection by different strains of influenza virus presents different pictures. whether the pathogenicity of influenza virus is defined by the ability of the virus to induce differential immunopathological responses in the lungs still remains unclear. we compared the immunopathological response induced by influenza virus a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and that by a/panama-like (h3n2) virus in c57bl/6 mice. wsn virus, in contrast to panama-like virus, induced high mortality and severe lung pathology accompanied ...201324055463
glyconanoparticles for the plasmonic detection and discrimination between human and avian influenza virus.a plasmonic bioassay for the specific detection of human influenza virus has been developed based on gold nanoparticles functionalised with a designed and synthesised thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative. the glyconanoparticles consist of the thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative and a thiolated polyethylene glycol (peg) derivative self-assembled onto the gold surface. varying ratios of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand and the peg lig ...201324057694
heterogeneity of the mdck cell line and its applicability for influenza virus research.single-cell clones have been established from the mdck cell line, characterized for their morphology and evaluated for their suitability for influenza virus research. three discrete cell morphotypes were identified using light microscopy. besides morphological features, the cell types can be distinguished by the level of expression of surface glycans recognized by peanut agglutinin (pna). all clones were susceptible to infection by influenza viruses of different subtypes of influenza a virus (h1 ...201324058646
outbreak of variant influenza a(h3n2) virus in the united states.variant influenza virus infections are rare but may have pandemic potential if person-to-person transmission is efficient. we describe the epidemiology of a multistate outbreak of an influenza a(h3n2) variant virus (h3n2v) first identified in 2011.201324065322
editorial commentary: variant influenza a(h3n2) virus: looking through a glass, darkly. 201324065323
virological surveillance of influenza viruses during the 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons in tunisia.the data contribute to a better understanding of the circulation of influenza viruses especially in north-africa.201324069267
mutation from arginine to lysine at the position 189 of hemagglutinin contributes to the antigenic drift in h3n2 swine influenza viruses.two distinct antigenic clusters were previously identified among the h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) and were designated h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta (feng et al., 2013. journal of virology 87 (13), 7655-7667). a consistent mutation was observed at the position 189 of hemagglutinin (r189k) between h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta fair isolates. to evaluate the contribution of r189k mutation to the antigenic drift from h3n2siv-alpha to h3n2siv-beta, four reassortant viruses with 189r or 189 ...201324074585
haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein replicon particle vaccination of swine protects against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus.the recent emergence of the pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) and h3n2 variant influenza a viruses (iav) in 2009 and 2011-2012, respectively, highlight the zoonotic potential of influenza viruses and the need for vaccines capable of eliciting heterosubtypic protection. in these studies, single-cycle, propagation-defective replicon particle (rp) vaccines expressing iav haemagglutinin (ha) and nucleoprotein (np) genes were constructed and efficacy was evaluated in homologous and heterologous pig challenge stu ...201324078226
a new macrolide from a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp.a new 16-membered macrolide named aspergillide d (1), along with six known compounds, including two polyketones (2-3) and four alkaloids (4-7), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungus aspergillus sp. scsgaf 0076. the structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of nmr and mass spectra. compound 5 showed an obvious inhibitory effect on influenza virus strains h1n1 and h3n2.201324079185
population susceptibility to north american and eurasian swine influenza viruses in england, at three time points between 2004 and 2011.age-stratified sera collected in 2004, 2008 and 2010 in england were evaluated for antibody to swine influenza a(h3n2) and a(h1n1) viruses from the united states or europe as a measure of population susceptibility to the emergence of novel viruses. children under 11 years of age had little or no measurable antibody to recent swine h3n2 viruses despite their high levels of antibody to recent h3n2 seasonal human strains. adolescents and young adults (born 1968–1999) had higher antibody levels to s ...201324079379
cell culture-selected substitutions in influenza a(h3n2) neuraminidase affect drug susceptibility assessment.assessment of drug susceptibility has become an integral part of influenza virus surveillance. in this study, we describe the drug resistance profile of influenza a(h3n2) virus, a/mississippi/05/2011, collected from a patient treated with oseltamivir and detected via surveillance. an mdck cell-grown isolate of this virus exhibited highly reduced inhibition by the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) oseltamivir (8,005-fold), zanamivir (813-fold), peramivir (116-fold), and laninamivir (257-fold) ...201324080660
snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs as a model for swine infectious disease research.the current study tested the benefit of commercially available spray-dried bovine colostrum (the saskatoon colostrum company, saskatoon, saskatchewan) in raising snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs. in experiment 1, 12 sf-pcd pigs received a liquid diet composed mainly of bovine colostrum from birth to day 10; 6 remained on the same liquid diet (col), and the other 6 were fed a diet composed mainly of milk replacer (rpl) until weaning. in experiment 2, 12 sf-pcd pigs were f ...201324082397
emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus in an elderly patient receiving a suboptimal dose of antiviral prophylaxis.we report the emergence of an influenza virus a/h3n2-e119v neuraminidase variant from an elderly patient with renal dysfunction who received a suboptimal dose of oseltamivir prophylaxis. in neuraminidase inhibition assays, the e119v variant showed a 413-fold increase in the 50% inhibitory oseltamivir concentration and grew at titers comparable to those of the wild type in vitro.201324088848
the french military influenza surveillance system (miss): overview of epidemiological and virological results during four influenza seasons--2008-2012.influenza is a viral infection caused by a pathogen with considerable ability for genetic mutation, which is responsible for seasonal outbreaks as well as pandemics. this article presents the results of epidemiological and virological monitoring of four successive influenza outbreaks in the french armed forces, for the period 2008 to 2012.201324089257
impact of prior seasonal h3n2 influenza vaccination or infection on protection and transmission of emerging variants of influenza a(h3n2)v virus in ferrets.influenza h3n2 a viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza h3n2 [a(h3n2)v] virus. it has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that a(h3n2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. however, a(h3n2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to a ...201324089569
h3n2 canine influenza virus causes severe morbidity in dogs with induction of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis.dogs are companion animals that live in close proximity with humans. canine h3n2 influenza virus has been isolated from pet dogs that showed severe respiratory signs and other clinical symptoms such as fever, reduced body weight, and interstitial pneumonia. the canine h3n2 influenza virus can be highly transmissible among dogs via aerosols. when we analyzed global gene expression in the lungs of infected dogs, the genes associated with the immune response and cell death were greatly elevated. ta ...201324090140
genesis and genetic constellations of swine influenza viruses in thailand.swine influenza virus (siv) is one of the most important zoonotic agents and the origin of the most recent pandemic virus. asia is considered to be the epicenter for genetic exchanging of influenza a viruses and southeast asia including thailand serves as a reservoir to maintain the persistence of the viruses for seeding other regions. therefore, searching for new reassortants in this area has been routinely required. although sivs in thailand have been characterized, collective information rega ...201324095146
germacrone inhibits early stages of influenza virus infection.highly pathogenic influenza viruses pose a serious public health threat to humans. although vaccines are available, antivirals are needed to efficiently control disease progression and virus transmission due to the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. in this study, germacrone, which is a major component of the essential oils extracted from rhizoma curcuma, was found to inhibit influenza virus replication. germacrone showed antiviral activity against the h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses a ...201324095670
genetic characterization of canine influenza a virus (h3n2) in thailand.in january 2012, several clinical cases of dogs with flu-like symptoms, including coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and fever, were reported in a small-animal hospital located in bangkok, thailand. one influenza a virus was identified and characterized as an avian-like influenza virus h3n2. the virus was named a/canine/thailand/cu-dc5299/12. a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the canine virus belonged to an avian eurasian lineage and was genetically related to the canine influenza viruses ...201424101341
review of 10 years of clinical experience with chinese domestic trivalent influenza vaccine anflu®.influenza viruses cause annual winter epidemics globally and influenza vaccination is most effective way to prevent the disease or severe outcomes from the illness, especially in developing countries. however, the majority of the world's total production capacity of influenza vaccine is concentrated in several large multinational manufacturers. a safe and effective preventive vaccine for the developing countries is urgent. anflu®, a chinese domestic preservative-free, split-virus trivalent influ ...201424104060
seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus fails to enhance staphylococcus aureus co-infection in a non-human primate respiratory tract infection model.staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia is often associated with influenza or an influenza-like syndrome. morbidity and mortality due to methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) or influenza and pneumonia, which includes bacterial co-infection, are among the top causes of death by infectious diseases in the united states. we developed a non-lethal influenza a virus (iav) (h3n2)/s. aureus co-infection model in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) to test the hypothesis that seasonal ...201324104465
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