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composition of the sequence downstream of the dengue virus 5' cyclization sequence (dcs) affects viral rna replication.rna replication of dengue virus (denv) requires an rna-rna mediated circularization of the viral genome, which includes at least three sets of complementary rna sequences on both ends of the genome. the 5' and the 3' untranslated regions form several additional rna elements that are involved in regulation of translation and required for rna replication. communication between the genomic termini results in a structural reorganization of the rna elements, forming a functional rna panhandle structu ...201222137186
flaviviral helicase: insights into the mechanism of action of a motor protein.motor proteins are involved in crucial cell activities, such as cargo transport or nucleic acid remodeling, by converting the free energy of atp hydrolysis into motion or mechanical work. flavivirus helicase is a motor protein involved in dsrna separation during viral replication, thus essential for virus infection. since a clear vision of the protein activity, in particular of the relationship between atp cycling and dynamics, is missing, we carried over a molecular dynamics study on dengue vir ...201122138238
[Multidirectional effect of MIF and sodium polyprenyl phosphate on the course of experimental flavivirus infection in mice].Study of macrophage migration inhibiting factor (MIF) effect after intracerebral administration on the course of experimental infection induced in mice by tick borne encephalitis virus (TEV), and study of sodium polyprenyl phosphate (PPP) and/or antibodies against MIF on the course of this infection against the background of MIF administration.201122145351
Crystal structure of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein.Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is the leading global cause of viral encephalitis. The JEV envelope protein (E) facilitates cellular attachment and membrane fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Herein, we have determined the 2.1Å resolution crystal structure of the JEV E ectodomain refolded from bacterial inclusion bodies. The E protein possesses the three domains characteristic of flavivirus envelopes and epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies onto the structure re ...201122156523
complement-mediated neutralization of dengue virus requires mannose-binding lectin.mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a key soluble pathogen recognition protein of the innate immune system that binds specific mannose-containing glycans on the surfaces of microbial agents and initiates complement activation via the lectin pathway. prior studies showed that mbl-dependent activation of the complement cascade neutralized insect cell-derived west nile virus (wnv) in cell culture and restricted pathogenesis in mice. here, we investigated the antiviral activity of mbl in infection by de ...201122167226
West nile Fever outbreak in horses and humans, Spain, 2010.TO THE EDITOR: West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus within the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex. The enzootic virus cycle involves transmission between avian hosts and ornithophilic mosquitoes, whereas humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. Given the recent increase of WNV infection in humans and horses in Europe, concern has been raised regarding public and animal health.201122172565
Quantitative comparison of the cross-protection induced by tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines based on European and Far Eastern virus subtypes.Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus of wide geographic distribution and the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), an infection of the central nervous system. TBE has the highest incidence rate in Russia, where locally produced as well as Western European vaccines for the prevention of TBE are available. The Western European vaccines are based on TBE viruses that belong to the European subtype, while the Russian vaccines are based on Far Eastern subtype viruses. The q ...201122178103
Rapid detection of newly isolated Tembusu-related Flavivirus by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: From April 2010 to January 2011, a severe new viral disease had devastated most duck-farming regions in China. This disease affected not only laying ducks but also meat ducks, causing huge economic losses for the poultry industry. The objective of this study is to develop a one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of the new virus related to Tembusu-related Flavivirus. RESULTS: The RT-LAMP assay is very simple ...201122185513
inhibition of japanese encephalitis virus infection by the sulfated polysaccharide extracts from ulva lactuca.japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a neurotropic flavivirus, is one of the major causes of acute encephalitis in humans. after infection, inflammatory reactions and neurological diseases often develop. still there are no effective drugs available against virus infection. recently, extracts of algae have been shown to possess a broad range of biological activities including antivirus activity. in this study, we identified that the sulfated polysaccharide extracts from ulva lactuca can inhibit jev ...201122193590
Distinct Humoral and Cellular Immunity Induced by Alternating Prime-boost Vaccination Using Plasmid DNA and Live Viral Vector Vaccines Expressing the E Protein of Dengue Virus Type 2.Dengue virus, which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, causes fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) with infection risk of 2.5 billion people worldwide. However, approved vaccines are still not available. Here, we explored the immune responses induced by alternating prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine, adenovirus, and vaccinia virus expressing E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DenV2).201122194710
development of dengue type-2 virus replicons expressing gfp reporter gene in study of viral rna replication.insertion of green fluorescent protein (gfp) encoding-gene into virus genes has provided a valuable tool for flavivirus research. this study aimed to develop dengue virus (denv) replicons expressing gfp reporter that would provide a fast in vitro system to analyze functional roles of specific denv sequences in viral replication. two classes of recombinant replicon constructs were generated; one was a rna-launched replicon with a gfp gene directly inserted into a full-length denv genome (fl-denv/ ...201122197424
monitoring of the west nile virus epidemic in spain between 2010 and 2011.west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus recognized as an emerging and re-emerging pathogen in different countries. this study describes the monitoring of the first wnv epidemic in spain between 2010 and 2011. between september and december 2010, 36 outbreaks of wnv in horses were reported in three different provinces of andalusia (southern spain), with no apparent spread outside this area. the temporal distribution and the clinical signs observed during the wnv epidemic in spa ...201122212118
a diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate west nile virus from japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses.abstract the detection of west nile virus (wnv) in areas endemic for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. a testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-wnv antibody in areas endemic for jev. using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as bein ...201222217162
detection of usutu-virus-specific igg in blood donors from northern italy.abstract we developed a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the specific igg response to usutu virus (usuv) in humans, by evaluating 359 blood donors who were living in northeastern italy. our results demonstrate the presence of an anti-usuv response in 4 subjects with no history of other flavivirus infection.201222217176
development and application of an antigen capture elisa assay for diagnosis of japanese encephalitis virus in swine, human and mosquito.abstract: background: japanese encephalitis (je) is a serious zoonosis caused by the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) which is a mosquito-borne pathogen of the family flavivirus. however, the application of several developed laboratory methods for the detection of jev antigens or antibodies are limited by their requirements of laboratory operations, skilled technicians and special facilities. results: to develop a method for detecting jev antigen in swine, human, mosquito and other clinical sp ...201222221768
west nile virus population genetics and evolution.west nile virus (wnv) (flaviviridae: flavivirus) is transmitted from mosquitoes to birds, but can cause fatal encephalitis in infected humans. since its introduction into north america in new york in 1999, it has spread throughout the western hemisphere. multiple outbreaks have also occurred in europe over the last 20 years. this review highlights recent efforts to understand how host pressures impact viral population genetics, genotypic and phenotypic changes which have occurred in the wnv geno ...201122226703
japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected at daeseongdong, a village in the demilitarized zone of the republic of korea.in total, 22,846 (17,793 culicines and 5,053 anopheles spp.) female mosquitoes were captured by a mosquito magnet trap at daeseongdong, a small village adjacent to the military demarcation line (center of the demilitarized zone) in northern gyeonggi province, republic of korea (rok). culicine mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus using a sybr green i-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. in total, 51/660 pools positiv ...201122238887
seroconversion for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses in colombia.we prospectively sampled flavivirus-naïve horses in northern colombia to detect west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) seroconversion events, which would indicate the current circulation of these viruses. overall, 331 (34.1%) of the 971 horses screened were positive for past infection with flaviviruses upon initial sampling in july 2006. during the 12-month study from july 2006-june 2007, 33 wnv seroconversions and 14 slev seroconversions were detected, most of which occur ...201122241119
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