Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| reovirus activates transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways in the central nervous system that contribute to neuronal survival following infection. | viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) are important causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, and understanding how viruses perturb host cell signaling pathways will facilitate identification of novel antiviral therapies. we now show that reovirus infection activates transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signaling in a murine model of encephalitis in vivo. tgf-beta receptor i (tgf-beta ri) expression is increased and its downstream sign ... | 2009 | 19279118 |
| hepatitis c virus ns2 is a protease stimulated by cofactor domains in ns3. | chronic infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) affects 130 million people worldwide and is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. after translation of the hcv rna genome into a polyprotein, 2 viral proteases process its non-structural protein (ns) region. while the essential chymotrypsin-like serine protease ns3-4a mediates all cleavages downstream of ns3, the ns2-3 cysteine protease catalyzes a vital cleavage at the ns2/3 site. protease activity of ns2-3 has been described to requir ... | 2009 | 19282477 |
| how b cells shape the immune response against mycobacterium tuberculosis. | extensive work illustrating the importance of cellular immune mechanisms for protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis has largely relegated b-cell biology to an afterthought within the tuberculosis (tb) field. however, recent studies have illustrated that b lymphocytes, through a variety of interactions with the cellular immune response, play previously underappreciated roles in shaping host defense against non-viral intracellular pathogens, including m. tuberculosis. work in our laboratory ... | 2009 | 19283721 |
| death and survival of heterozygous lurcher purkinje cells in vitro. | the differentiation and survival of heterozygous lurcher (+/lc) purkinje cells in vitro was examined as a model system for studying how chronic ionic stress affects neuronal differentiation and survival. the lurcher mutation in the delta2 glutamate receptor (glurdelta2) converts an orphan receptor into a membrane channel that constitutively passes an inward cation current. in the glurdelta2(+/lc) mutant, purkinje cell dendritic differentiation is disrupted and the cells degenerate following the ... | 0 | 19294643 |
| role of n-linked glycosylation for sindbis virus infection and replication in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. | each sindbis virus (sinv) surface glycoprotein has two sites for n-linked glycosylation (e1 positions 139 and 245 [e1-139 and e1-245] and e2 positions 196 and 318 [e2-196 and e2-318]). studies of sinv strain te12 mutants with each site eliminated identified the locations of carbohydrates by cryo-electron microscopy (s. v. pletnev et al., cell 105:127-136, 2001). in the current study, the effects of altered glycosylation on virion infectivity, growth in cells of vertebrates and invertebrates, hep ... | 2009 | 19297464 |
| type i and type ii interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. | human noroviruses are responsible for more than 95% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. both onset and resolution of disease symptoms are rapid, suggesting that components of the innate immune response are critical in norovirus control. while the study of the human noroviruses has been hampered by the lack of small animal and tissue culture systems, our recent discovery of a murine norovirus (mnv) and its in vitro propagation have allowed us to begin addressing norovirus replicat ... | 2009 | 19297466 |
| varicella-zoster virus infection induces autophagy in both cultured cells and human skin vesicles. | when grown in cultured cells, varicella-zoster virus (vzv) forms many aberrant light particles and produces low titers. various studies have explored the reasons for such a phenotype and have pointed to impaired expression of specific late genes and at lysosomal targeting of egressing virions as possible causes. in the studies presented here, we report that the autophagic degradation pathway was induced at late time points after vzv infection of cultured cells, as documented by immunoblot analys ... | 2009 | 19297471 |
| cell-to-cell spread of the rna interference response suppresses semliki forest virus (sfv) infection of mosquito cell cultures and cannot be antagonized by sfv. | in their vertebrate hosts, arboviruses such as semliki forest virus (sfv) (togaviridae) generally counteract innate defenses and trigger cell death. in contrast, in mosquito cells, following an early phase of efficient virus production, a persistent infection with low levels of virus production is established. whether arboviruses counteract rna interference (rnai), which provides an important antiviral defense system in mosquitoes, is an important question. here we show that in aedes albopictus- ... | 2009 | 19297476 |
| interferon-gamma coordinates ccl3-mediated neutrophil recruitment in vivo. | we have shown previously that acute infection with the respiratory pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), results in local production of the proinflammatory chemokine, ccl3, and that neutrophil recruitment in response to pvm infection is reduced dramatically in ccl3 -/- mice. | 2009 | 19298652 |
| 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin j2 inhibits hiv-1 transactivating protein, tat, through covalent modification. | controlling the hiv/aids epidemic remains a major challenge, with approximately 5 million new hiv infections annually. cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cypg), such as 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-pgj(2) (15d-pgj(2)), are arachidonic acid-derived endogenous electrophiles that possess anti-hiv activity by an unknown mechanism. given that the reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-pgj(2) covalently modifies key cys thiols in select proteins, we hypothesized that 15d-pgj(2) ... | 2009 | 19299483 |
| filamin b: a scaffold for interferon signalling. | 2009 | 19305389 | |
| corticosterone alters ampar mobility and facilitates bidirectional synaptic plasticity. | the stress hormone corticosterone has the ability both to enhance and suppress synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. however, until today there is very little known about the molecular mechanism that underlies the bidirectional effects of stress and corticosteroid hormones on synaptic efficacy and learning and memory processes. in this study we investigate the relationship between corticosterone and ampa receptors which play a critical role in activity-dependent plasticity and h ... | 2009 | 19305644 |
| properties and use of novel replication-competent vectors based on semliki forest virus. | semliki forest virus (sfv) has a positive strand rna genome and infects different cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. the 5' two-thirds of the genome encodes non-structural proteins that are required for virus replication and synthesis of subgenomic (sg) mrna for structural proteins. sg-mrna is generated by internal initiation at the sg-promoter that is located at the complementary minus-strand template. different types of expression systems including replication-competent vectors, which rep ... | 2009 | 19317912 |
| pick1-mediated glutamate receptor subunit 2 (glur2) trafficking contributes to cell death in oxygen/glucose-deprived hippocampal neurons. | oxygen and glucose deprivation (ogd) induces delayed cell death in hippocampal ca1 neurons via ca(2+)/zn(2+)-permeable, glur2-lacking ampa receptors (ampars). following ogd, synaptic ampar currents in hippocampal neurons show marked inward rectification and increased sensitivity to channel blockers selective for glur2-lacking ampars. this occurs via two mechanisms: a delayed down-regulation of glur2 mrna expression and a rapid internalization of glur2-containing ampars during the ogd insult, whi ... | 2009 | 19321442 |
| fas-mediated apoptotic signaling in the mouse brain following reovirus infection. | type 3 (t3) reovirus strains induce apoptotic neuronal cell death and lethal encephalitis in infected mice. t3 strain dearing (t3d)-induced apoptosis in primary neuronal cultures occurs by a fas-mediated mechanism and requires the activation of caspase 8. we now show that fas mrna is upregulated in the brains of mice infected with encephalitic reovirus t3d and t3 strain abney (t3a) but not following infection with nonencephalitic reovirus type 1 strain lang. fas is upregulated in regions of the ... | 2009 | 19321603 |
| major histocompatibility complex haplotype determines hsp70-dependent protection against measles virus neurovirulence. | in vitro studies show that hsp70 promotes gene expression for multiple viral families, although there are few reports on the in vivo significance of virus-hsp70 interaction. previously we showed that hsp70-dependent stimulation of edmonston measles virus (ed mev) transcription caused an increased cytopathic effect and mortality in transgenic hsp70-overexpressing c57bl/6 mice (h-2(b)). the response to mev infection is influenced by the major histocompatibility complex haplotype; h-2(d) mice are r ... | 2009 | 19321604 |
| synthesis, antiviral and anticancer activity of some novel thioureas derived from n-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide. | due to a continuing effort to develop new antiviral agents, a series of 1-[4-(methanesulfonamido)-3-phenoxyphenyl]-3-alkyl/aryl thioureas 3a-i have been synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates with 4-amino-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide. these derivatives were structurally characterized by the use of spectral techniques and evaluated for their anticancer and antiviral activities. none of the tested compounds showed significant anticancer properties on a549 and l929 cell lines. a ... | 2009 | 19324473 |
| from tucson to genomics and transgenics: the vector biology network and the emergence of modern vector biology. | 2009 | 19333394 | |
| hnrnp a1 interacts with the 5' untranslated regions of enterovirus 71 and sindbis virus rna and is required for viral replication. | heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnrnp) a1 is involved in pre-mrna splicing in the nucleus and translational regulation in the cytoplasm. the cytoplasmic redistribution of hnrnp a1 is a regulated process during viral infection and cellular stress. here we demonstrate that hnrnp a1 not only is an internal ribosome entry site (ires) trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the 5' untranslated region (utr) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and regulates ires-dependent translation but also bind ... | 2009 | 19339352 |
| jnk and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contribute to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | infection with a wide variety of viruses often perturbs host cell signaling pathways including the jun nh(2)-terminal kinase/stress-activated kinase (jnk/sapk) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/mapk), which are important components of cellular signal transduction pathways. the present study demonstrated for the first time that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), which is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, can activa ... | 2009 | 19339353 |
| lentiviral delivery of short hairpin rnas. | in less than a decade after discovery, rna interference-mediated gene silencing is already being tested as potential therapy in clinical trials for a number of diseases. lentiviral vectors provide a means to express short hairpin rna (shrna) to induce stable and long-term gene silencing in both dividing and non-dividing cells and thus, are being intensively investigated for this purpose. however, induction of long-term shrna expression can also cause toxicities by inducing off-target effects and ... | 2009 | 19341774 |
| attachment and entry of chlamydia have distinct requirements for host protein disulfide isomerase. | chlamydia is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases in humans. attachment and entry are key processes in infectivity and subsequent pathogenesis of chlamydia, yet the mechanisms governing these interactions are unknown. it was recently shown that a cell line, cho6, that is resistant to attachment, and thus infectivity, of multiple chlamydia species has a defect in protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) n-terminal signal sequence processing. ectopic expression of pdi i ... | 2009 | 19343202 |
| clathrin-independent entry of baculovirus triggers uptake of e. coli in non-phagocytic human cells. | the prototype baculovirus, autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, an insect pathogen, holds great potential as a gene therapy vector. to develop transductional targeting and gene delivery by baculovirus, we focused on characterizing the nature and regulation of its uptake in human cancer cells. baculovirus entered the cells along fluid-phase markers from the raft areas into smooth-surfaced vesicles devoid of clathrin. notably, regulators associated with macropinocytosis, namely ei ... | 2009 | 19352496 |
| interferon-induced isg15 conjugation inhibits influenza a virus gene expression and replication in human cells. | the ubiquitin-like isg15 protein, as well as its conjugating enzymes, is induced by type i interferons (ifns). experiments using isg15 knockout (isg15(-/-)) mice established that isg15 and/or its conjugation inhibits the replication of influenza a virus. however, in contrast to the virus inhibition results for mice, the rates of virus replication in isg15(+/+) and isg15(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts in tissue culture were similar. here we focus on human tissue culture cells and on the effect of ... | 2009 | 19357168 |
| interferon-gamma prevents death of bystander neurons during cd8 t cell responses in the brain. | t cells restricted to neurotropic viruses are potentially harmful as their activity may result in the destruction of neurons. in the borna disease virus (bdv) model, antiviral cd8 t cells entering the brain of infected mice cause neurological disease but no substantial loss of neurons unless the animals lack interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). we show here that glutamate receptor antagonists failed to prevent bdv-induced neuronal loss in ifn-gamma-deficient mice, suggesting that excitotoxicity resulti ... | 2009 | 19359516 |
| autophagy is an essential component of drosophila immunity against vesicular stomatitis virus. | intrinsic innate immune mechanisms are the first line of defense against pathogens and exist to control infection autonomously in infected cells. here, we showed that autophagy, an intrinsic mechanism that can degrade cytoplasmic components, played a direct antiviral role against the mammalian viral pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) in the model organism drosophila. we found that the surface glycoprotein, vsv-g, was likely the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) that initiated t ... | 2009 | 19362021 |
| tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates glutamate transport in the cns and is a critical determinant of outcome from viral encephalomyelitis. | neuroadapted sindbis virus (nsv) is a neuronotropic virus that causes a fulminant encephalomyelitis in susceptible mice due to death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. we and others have found that uninfected motor neurons die in response to nsv infection, at least in part due to disrupted astrocytic glutamate transport, resulting in excitotoxic motor neuron death. here, we examined the mechanisms of astrocyte dysregulation associated with nsv infection. treatment of organotypic slic ... | 2009 | 19368827 |
| regulation of beclin 1 in autophagy. | class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3kc3) plays a pleiotropic role in autophagy and protein sorting pathways. the human core complex of pi3kc3 consists of three major components including pi3kc3/hvps34, p150 and beclin 1. how the specificity of pi3kc3 complex is derived towards autophagy is not clear. utilizing a sequential affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry approach, we have successfully purified a human beclin 1 complex and cloned a novel protein we called barkor (becl ... | 2009 | 19372752 |
| guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring cell death in higher eukaryotes. | cell death is essential for a plethora of physiological processes, and its deregulation characterizes numerous human diseases. thus, the in-depth investigation of cell death and its mechanisms constitutes a formidable challenge for fundamental and applied biomedical research, and has tremendous implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. it is, therefore, of utmost importance to standardize the experimental procedures that identify dying and dead cells in cell cultures and/ ... | 2009 | 19373242 |
| autophagy genes in immunity. | in its classical form, autophagy is a pathway by which cytoplasmic constituents, including intracellular pathogens, are sequestered in a double-membrane-bound autophagosome and delivered to the lysosome for degradation. this pathway has been linked to diverse aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including pathogen resistance, production of type i interferon, antigen presentation, tolerance and lymphocyte development, as well as the negative regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation. ... | 0 | 19381141 |
| lipids and membrane microdomains in hiv-1 replication. | several critical steps in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) - entry, assembly and budding - are complex processes that take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. a growing body of data indicates that these early and late steps in hiv-1 replication take place in specialized plasma membrane microdomains, and that many of the viral and cellular components required for entry, assembly, and budding are concentrated in these microdomains. in particular, a nu ... | 2009 | 19383519 |
| the crystal structures of chikungunya and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nsp3 macro domains define a conserved adenosine binding pocket. | macro domains (also called "x domains") constitute a protein module family present in all kingdoms of life, including viruses of the coronaviridae and togaviridae families. crystal structures of the macro domain from the chikungunya virus (an "old world" alphavirus) and the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (a "new world" alphavirus) were determined at resolutions of 1.65 and 2.30 a, respectively. these domains are active as adenosine di-phosphoribose 1''-phosphate phosphatases. both the chik ... | 2009 | 19386706 |
| complement and its role in protection and pathogenesis of flavivirus infections. | the complement system is a family of serum and cell surface proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, altered-self ligands, and immune complexes. activation of the complement cascade triggers several antiviral functions including pathogen opsonization and/or lysis, and priming of adaptive immune responses. in this review, we will examine the role of complement activation in protection and/or pathogenesis against infection by flaviviruses, with an emphasis on experiments wit ... | 2008 | 19388173 |
| transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells for gene therapy. | it is well known that angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathobiology of tumors. recent clinical trials have shown that inhibition of angiogenesis can be an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer. however, one of the outstanding issues in anti-angiogenic treatment for cancer is the development of toxicities related to off-target effects of drugs. transcriptional targeting of tumor endothelial cells involves the use of specific promoters for selective expression of therape ... | 2009 | 19393703 |
| the nsp3 macro domain is important for sindbis virus replication in neurons and neurovirulence in mice. | sindbis virus (sinv), the prototype alphavirus, contains a macro domain in the highly conserved n-terminal region of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). however, the biological role of the macro domain is unclear. mutations of amino acids 10 and 24 from asparagine to alanine in the adp-ribose binding region of the macro domain impaired sinv replication and viral rna synthesis particularly in neurons, but did not alter binding of poly(adp-ribose). mutation at position 10 had the greatest effect and c ... | 2009 | 19395054 |
| adenovirus vectors expressing hantavirus proteins protect hamsters against lethal challenge with andes virus. | hantaviruses infect humans following aerosolization from rodent feces and urine, producing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. due to the high rates of mortality and lack of therapies, vaccines are urgently needed. nonreplicating adenovirus (ad) vectors that express andes hantavirus (andv) nucleocapsid protein (adn) or glycoproteins (adg(n) and adg(c)) were constructed. ad vectors were tested for their ability to protect syrian hamsters from a lethal andv inf ... | 2009 | 19403663 |
| virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model. | little is known about viral determinants of virulence associated with western equine encephalitis virus (weev). here, we have analysed six north american weev isolates in an outbred cd1 mouse model. full genome sequence analyses showed < or =2.7 % divergence among the six weev isolates. however, the percentage mortality and mean time to death (mtd) varied significantly when mice received subcutaneous injections of 10(3) p.f.u. of each virus. two weev strains, mcmillan (mcm) and imperial 181 (imp ... | 2009 | 19403754 |
| salmonella enterica serovar typhi live vector vaccines finally come of age. | attenuated salmonella typhi vaccine strains hold great promise as live vectors for presentation of foreign antigens from unrelated bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens to the immune system. although this approach has proved quite successful in experimental animal models for eliciting antigen-specific mucosal, humoral and cellular responses, results have been disappointing for clinical trials carried out thus far. we hypothesize that the paucity of human responses to foreign antigens delivere ... | 2009 | 19417771 |
| the n-terminal domain of glud2 (glurdelta2) recruits presynaptic terminals and regulates synaptogenesis in the cerebellum in vivo. | the delta2 glutamate receptor (glurdelta2; glud2), which is predominantly expressed on postsynaptic sites at parallel fiber (pf)-purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum, plays two crucial roles in the cerebellum: the formation of pf synapses and the regulation of long-term depression (ltd), a form of synaptic plasticity underlying motor learning. although the induction of ltd and motor learning absolutely require signaling via the cytoplasmic c-terminal domain of glud2, the mechanisms by which ... | 2009 | 19420242 |
| selection and characterization of packaging cell lines for xj-160 virus. | xj-160 virus is a mosquito-derived sindbis-like virus isolated in china. based on its infectious clone (pbr-xj-160) we have developed an rna-based vector system. in this work, we constructed packaging cell lines (pcls) for xj-160 virus. | 2009 | 19420962 |
| effects of the nsp2-726 pro mutation on infectivity and pathogenesis of sindbis virus derived from a full-length infectious cdna clone. | the point mutations at residue 726 pro in the nonstructural gene 2 (nsp2-726p) could make sindbis virus (sinv) replicons lacking the structural protein-coding region less cytopathic and capable of persisting in some vertebrate cell lines. however, the effects of nsp2-726p mutations on characteristics of sinv in the context of genomic-rna are poorly understood. to investigate the effects of point mutations at nsp2-726p on the infectivity and the pathogenesis of sinv, based on the infectious clone ... | 2009 | 19428754 |
| redirecting lentiviral vectors by insertion of integrin-tageting peptides into envelope proteins. | targeting gene therapy vectors that can home in on desired cell and tissue types in vivo comprise the ultimate gene delivery system. we have previously developed targeting lentiviral vectors by pseudotyping vectors with modified sindbis virus envelope proteins. the envelope protein contains the fc-binding region of protein a (zz domain), so the virus can be conjugated with antibodies. the conjugated antibody mediates specific transduction of the cells and tissues expressing the target antigens, ... | 2009 | 19434609 |
| laminin receptor initiates bacterial contact with the blood brain barrier in experimental meningitis models. | a diverse array of infectious agents, including prions and certain neurotropic viruses, bind to the laminin receptor (lr), and this determines tropism to the cns. bacterial meningitis in childhood is almost exclusively caused by the respiratory tract pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae, but the mechanism by which they initiate contact with the vascular endothelium of the blood brain barrier (bbb) is unknown. we hypothesized that an interaction w ... | 2009 | 19436113 |
| counteracting quasispecies adaptability: extinction of a ribavirin-resistant virus mutant by an alternative mutagenic treatment. | lethal mutagenesis, or virus extinction promoted by mutagen-induced elevation of mutation rates of viruses, may meet with the problem of selection of mutagen-resistant variants, as extensively documented for standard, non-mutagenic antiviral inhibitors. previously, we characterized a mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus that included in its rna-dependent rna polymerase replacement m296i that decreased the sensitivity of the virus to the mutagenic nucleoside analogue ribavirin. | 2009 | 19436746 |
| signal transduction pathways in liver and the influence of hepatitis c virus infection on their activities. | in liver, the most intensively studied transmembrane and intracellular signal transduction pathways are the janus kinase signal transduction pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway, the transforming growth factor beta signal transduction pathway, the tumor necrosis factor alpha signal transduction pathway and the recently discovered sphingolipid signal transduction pathway. all of them are activated by many different cytokines and growth factors. they regulate ... | 2009 | 19437557 |
| natural and engineered mosquito immunity. | a recent paper in bmc microbiology shows how suppression of mosquito innate immunity against a virus that the mosquito can normally tolerate increases mosquito mortality. this is just one of several approaches that may soon bring genetics-based mosquito control methods from the laboratory into the field. | 2009 | 19439051 |
| activity level-dependent synapse-specific ampa receptor trafficking regulates transmission kinetics. | central glutamatergic synapses may express ampa-sensitive glutamate receptors (ampa-rs) with distinct gating properties and exhibit different transmission dynamics, which are important for computing various synaptic inputs received at different populations of synapses. however, how glutamatergic synapses acquire ampa-rs with distinct kinetics to influence synaptic integration remains poorly understood. here i report synapse-specific trafficking of distinct ampa-rs in rat cortical layer 4 stellat ... | 2009 | 19439609 |
| culturing thick brain slices: an interstitial 3d microperfusion system for enhanced viability. | brain slice preparations are well-established models for a wide spectrum of in vitro investigations in the neuroscience discipline. however, these investigations are limited to acute preparations or thin organotypic culture preparations due to the lack of a successful method that allows culturing of thick organotypic brain slices. thick brain slice cultures suffer necrosis due to ischemia deep in the tissue resulting from a destroyed circulatory system and subsequent diffusion-limited supply of ... | 2009 | 19443039 |
| chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates protect mice from intranasal challenge with western equine encephalitis virus. | we developed two types of chimeric sindbis virus (sinv)/western equine encephalitis virus (weev) alphaviruses to investigate their potential use as live virus vaccines against wee. the first-generation vaccine candidate, sin/co92, was derived from structural protein genes of weev strain co92-1356, and two second-generation candidates were derived from weev strain mcmillan. for both first- and second-generation vaccine candidates, the nonstructural protein genes were derived from sinv strain ar33 ... | 2009 | 19446595 |
| cd4+ t cells provide protection against acute lethal encephalitis caused by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. | studying the mechanisms of host survival resulting from viral encephalitis is critical to the development of vaccines. here we have shown in several independent studies that high dose treatment with neutralizing antibody prior to intranasal infection with venezuelan equine encephalitis virus had an antiviral effect in the visceral organs and prolonged survival time of infected mice, even in the absence of alphabeta t cells. nevertheless, antibody treatment did not prevent the development of leth ... | 2009 | 19446933 |
| the role of rnai and micrornas in animal virus replication and antiviral immunity. | the closely related microrna (mirna) and rnai pathways have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. although both pathways are relatively well conserved all the way from plants to invertebrates to mammals, there are important differences between these systems. a more complete understanding of these differences will be required to fully appreciate the relationship between these diverse host organisms and the various viruses that infect them. insights derived from this res ... | 0 | 19451215 |
| targeted gene delivery to cd117-expressing cells in vivo with lentiviral vectors co-displaying stem cell factor and a fusogenic molecule. | the development of a lentiviral system to deliver genes to specific cell types could improve the safety and the efficacy of gene delivery. previously, we have developed an efficient method to target lentivectors to specific cells via an antibody-antigen interaction in vitro and in vivo. we report herein a targeted lentivector that harnesses the natural ligand-receptor recognition mechanism for targeted modification of c-kit receptor-expressing cells. for targeting, we incorporate membrane-bound ... | 2009 | 19452500 |
| a versatile targeting system with lentiviral vectors bearing the biotin-adaptor peptide. | targeted gene transduction in vivo is the ultimate preferred method for gene delivery. we previously developed targeting lentiviral vectors that specifically recognize cell surface molecules with conjugated antibodies and mediate targeted gene transduction both in vitro and in vivo. although effective in some experimental settings, the conjugation of virus with antibodies is mediated by the interaction between protein a and the fc region of antibodies, which is not as stable as covalent conjugat ... | 2009 | 19455593 |
| alpha-c-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant for a live attenuated influenza virus vaccine. | there is a substantial need to develop better influenza virus vaccines that can protect populations that are not adequately protected by the currently licensed vaccines. while live attenuated influenza virus vaccines induce superior immune responses compared to inactivated vaccines, the manufacturing process of both types of influenza virus vaccines is time consuming and may not be adequate during a pandemic. adjuvants would be particularly useful if they could enhance the immune response to liv ... | 2009 | 19464560 |
| nv-128, a novel isoflavone derivative, induces caspase-independent cell death through the akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. | resistance to apoptosis is 1 of the key events that confer chemoresistance and is mediated by the overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, which inhibit caspase activation. the objective of this study was to evaluate whether the activation of an alternative, caspase-independent cell death pathway could promote death in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. the authors report the characterization of nv-128 as an inducer of cell death through a caspase-independent pathway. | 2009 | 19472400 |
| chemically inducible inactivation of protein synthesis in genetically targeted neurons. | 2009 | 19474302 | |
| sindbis virus as a model for studies of conformational changes in a metastable virus and the role of conformational changes in in vitro antibody neutralisation. | sindbis virus has long been the prototypical alphavirus used in the study of assembly of icosahedral viruses which contain membranes. much is known about the assembly pathway and molecular architecture of this virus, and models of mechanisms of infection and release of the viral rna have been proposed. this review will focus on the structural aspects of in vitro antibody neutralisation of a metastable alphavirus, sindbis virus, which results from antibody induced conformational changes. for the ... | 2009 | 19475572 |
| a therapeutic antibody against west nile virus neutralizes infection by blocking fusion within endosomes. | defining the precise cellular mechanisms of neutralization by potently inhibitory antibodies is important for understanding how the immune system successfully limits viral infections. we recently described a potently inhibitory monoclonal antibody (mab e16) against the envelope (e) protein of west nile virus (wnv) that neutralizes infection even after virus has spread to the central nervous system. herein, we define its mechanism of inhibition. e16 blocks infection primarily at a post-attachment ... | 2009 | 19478866 |
| nora virus persistent infections are not affected by the rnai machinery. | drosophila melanogaster is widely used to decipher the innate immune system in response to various pathogens. the innate immune response towards persistent virus infections is among the least studied in this model system. we recently discovered a picorna-like virus, the nora virus which gives rise to persistent and essentially symptom-free infections in drosophila melanogaster. here, we have used this virus to study the interaction with its host and with some of the known drosophila antiviral im ... | 2009 | 19478998 |
| engineering fusogenic molecules to achieve targeted transduction of enveloped lentiviral vectors. | lentiviral vectors with broad tropism are one of the most promising gene delivery systems capable of efficiently delivering genes of interest into both dividing and non-dividing cells while maintaining long-term transgene expression. however, there are needs for developing lentiviral vectors with the capability to deliver genes to specific cell types, thus reducing the "off-target" effect of gene therapy. in the present study, we investigated the possibility of engineering the fusion-active doma ... | 2009 | 19490632 |
| effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses in culex quinquefasciatus. | west nile virus has spread rapidly throughout the united states since its introduction in 1999, into some areas that are also endemic for st. louis encephalitis virus (slev). these viruses are in the same antigenic complex within the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. further, both viruses are transmitted primarily by culex spp. mosquitoes and use birds as amplifying hosts. these viruses could contemporaneously coinfect individual vectors wherein changes in mosquito immune responses might oc ... | 2009 | 19492941 |
| saag-4 is a novel mosquito salivary protein that programmes host cd4 t cells to express il-4. | mosquitoes represent the most important vector for transmitting pathogens that cause human disease. central to pathogen transmission is the ability to divert the host immune system away from th1 and towards th2 responsiveness. identification of the mosquito factor(s) critical for programming th2 responsiveness should therefore lead to strategies to neutralize their function and thus prevent disease transmission. in the current study, we used a tcr transgenic adoptive transfer system to screen ge ... | 2009 | 19493208 |
| dynamics of biologically active subpopulations of influenza virus: plaque-forming, noninfectious cell-killing, and defective interfering particles. | the dynamic changes in the temporal appearance and quantity of a new class of influenza virus, noninfectious cell-killing particles (nickp), were compared to defective interfering particles (dip). after a single high-multiplicity passage in mdck cells of an egg-derived stock that lacked detectable nickp or dip, both classes of particles appeared in large numbers (>5 x 10(8)/ml), and the plaque-forming particle (pfp) titer dropped approximately 60-fold. after two additional serial high-multiplici ... | 2009 | 19494019 |
| n-linked glycans on dengue viruses grown in mammalian and insect cells. | this study compared the ability of mosquito and mammalian cell-derived dengue virus (denv) to infect human dendritic cell-specific icam3-grabbing non-integrin (dc-sign)-expressing cells and characterized the structure of envelope (e) protein n-linked glycans on denv derived from the two cell types. denvs derived from both cell types were equally effective at infecting dc-sign-expressing human monocytes and dendritic cells. the n-linked glycans on mosquito cell-derived virus were a mix of high-ma ... | 2009 | 19494052 |
| effective suppression of dengue fever virus in mosquito cell cultures using retroviral transduction of hammerhead ribozymes targeting the viral genome. | outbreaks of dengue impose a heavy economic burden on developing countries in terms of vector control and human morbidity. effective vaccines against all four serotypes of dengue are in development, but population replacement with transgenic vectors unable to transmit the virus might ultimately prove to be an effective approach to disease suppression, or even eradication. a key element of the refractory transgenic vector approach is the development of transgenes that effectively prohibit viral t ... | 2009 | 19497123 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralizing antibodies production induced by pcdna3 and sindbis virus based plasmid encoding fmdv p1-2a3c3d in swine. | dna vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an attractive and alternative strategy to the use of classical inactivated viral vaccines. the injection of a pcdna3.1-based dna vaccine encoding for fmdv p1-2a3c3d and gm-csf proteins had previously been shown to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv and partially protect swine against an experimental challenge. based on the induction of fmdv humoral immune responses, the aim of the present study was to see i ... | 2009 | 19501256 |
| progress on the development of therapeutics against west nile virus. | a decade has passed since the appearance of west nile virus (wnv) in humans in the western hemisphere in new york city. during this interval, wnv spread inexorably throughout north and south america and caused millions of infections ranging from a sub-clinical illness, to a self-limiting febrile syndrome or lethal neuroinvasive disease. its entry into the united states triggered intensive research into the basic biology of wnv and the elements that comprise a protective host immune response. alt ... | 2009 | 19501622 |
| mosquitoes put the brake on arbovirus evolution: experimental evolution reveals slower mutation accumulation in mosquito than vertebrate cells. | like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (denv) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. the trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains denv evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing denv from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. to test this prediction, denv was serially passaged in eith ... | 2009 | 19503824 |
| regulated cell death pathways: new twists in modulation of bcl2 family function. | a number of cell death pathways have been recognized. though apoptosis and autophagy have been well characterized, programmed necrosis has recently received attention and may provide clinical alternatives to suppress resistant tumors. necrosis is primarily characterized by large-scale permeabilization, swelling, and rupture of cell membranes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. traditionally, necrosis in cancer cells has been indicative of poor prognoses, as chronic inflammation was fo ... | 2009 | 19509269 |
| a strongly transdominant mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene defines an achilles heel in the virus life cycle. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease (pr) makes five obligatory cleavages in the viral gag polyprotein precursor. the cleavage events release the virion structural proteins from the precursor and allow the virion to undergo maturation to become infectious. the protease cleavage between the matrix protein (ma) domain and the adjacent capsid protein (ca) domain releases ca from the membrane-anchored ma and allows the n terminus of ca to refold into a structure that facilitates ... | 2009 | 19515760 |
| structural and functional elements of the promoter encoded by the 5' untranslated region of the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus genome. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is one of the most pathogenic members of the alphavirus genus in the togaviridae family. the pathogenesis of this virus depends strongly on the sequences of the structural proteins and on the mutations in the rna promoter encoded by the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) of the viral genome. in this study, we performed a detailed investigation of the structural and functional elements of the 5'-terminal promoter and analyzed the effect of multiple mutation ... | 2009 | 19515761 |
| fate of minus-strand templates and replication complexes produced by a p23-cleavage-defective mutant of sindbis virus. | sin2v is an engineered mutant sindbis virus (sin) that is unable to process the p23 cleavage site in polyproteins p123 and p1234 that are translated from the genome after its entry into cells. unlike wild-type (wt) sin, it caused minus strands to be made continuously and replication-transcription complex (rtc) activity to be unstable (r. gorchakov, e. frolova, s. sawicki, s. atasheva, d. sawicki, and i. frolov, j. virol. 82:6218-6231, 2008). we examined further the effects of p23 on sin rna repl ... | 2009 | 19515769 |
| interaction of sindbis virus non-structural protein 3 with poly(adp-ribose) polymerase 1 in neuronal cells. | the alphavirus non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) has a conserved n-terminal macro domain and a variable highly phosphorylated c-terminal domain. nsp3 forms complexes with cellular proteins, but its role in virus replication is poorly understood and protein interaction domains have not been defined. as the n-terminal macro domain can bind poly(adp-ribose) (par), and par polymerase-1 (parp-1) is activated and autoribosylated during sindbis virus (sinv) infection, it was hypothesized that parp-1 and ... | 2009 | 19515826 |
| lineage 2 west nile virus as cause of fatal neurologic disease in horses, south africa. | serologic evidence suggests that west nile virus (wnv) is widely distributed in horses in southern africa. however, because few neurologic cases have been reported, endemic lineage 2 strains were postulated to be nonpathogenic in horses. recent evidence suggests that highly neuroinvasive lineage 2 strains exist in humans and mice. to determine whether neurologic cases are being missed in south africa, we tested 80 serum or brain specimens from horses with unexplained fever (n = 48) and/or neurol ... | 2009 | 19523285 |
| autophagy, immunity, and microbial adaptations. | autophagy adjusts cellular biomass and function in response to diverse stimuli, including infection. autophagy plays specific roles in shaping immune system development, fueling host innate and adaptive immune responses, and directly controlling intracellular microbes as a cell-autonomous innate defense. as an evolutionary counterpoint, intracellular pathogens have evolved to block autophagic microbicidal defense and subvert host autophagic responses for their survival or growth. the ability of ... | 2009 | 19527881 |
| safety and immunogenicity of boosting bcg vaccinated subjects with bcg: comparison with boosting with a new tb vaccine, mva85a. | to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of a booster bcg vaccination delivered intradermally in healthy, bcg vaccinated subjects and to compare with a previous clinical trial where bcg vaccinated subjects were boosted with a new tb vaccine, mva85a. | 2009 | 19529780 |
| serological examination of songbirds (passeriformes) for mosquito-borne viruses sindbis, tahyna, and batai in a south moravian wetland (czech republic). | a total of 178 free-living birds of 14 species of 7 families of passeriformes sampled in a freshwater reedswamp habitat in southern moravia in july 2006 were examined for hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to alphavirus sindbis (sinv), and bunyaviruses tahyna (tahv) and batai (batv). hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was detected against all three viruses, but at different frequencies: sinv 0.7%, tahv 14.0%, and batv 6.8%. the survey indicates circulation of mosquito-borne viruses ta ... | 2009 | 19534626 |
| a high capacity alphavirus heterologous gene delivery system. | a novel replication competent sindbis virus based gene delivery vector has been developed for the introduction of genetic cargo into cell lines in vitro and potentially, animal models in vivo. this delivery system expands the previous uses of sindbis virus as a gene delivery system in that no replicons are required and the resulting cargo containing virus particles are infectious. the heterologous vector is based on a morphological mutant in c, ser180/gly183 which produces larger than the normal ... | 2009 | 19535122 |
| regulation of synaptic structure by ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l1. | ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l1 (uch-l1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is selectively and abundantly expressed in the brain, and its activity is required for normal synaptic function. here, we show that uch-l1 functions in maintaining normal synaptic structure in hippocampal neurons. we found that uch-l1 activity is rapidly upregulated by nmda receptor activation, which leads to an increase in the levels of free monomeric ubiquitin. conversely, pharmacological inhibition of uch-l1 signific ... | 2009 | 19535597 |
| origins of alphavirus-derived small rnas in mosquitoes. | the continual transmission in nature of many arthropod-borne viruses depends on the establishment of a persistent, nonpathogenic infection in a mosquito vector. the importance of antiviral immunity directed by small rnas in the mechanism by which alphaviruses establish a persistent, nonpathogenic infection in the mosquito vector has recently been demonstrated. the origin of the small rnas central to this rna silencing response has recently been the subject of debate. here we briefly summarize wh ... | 2009 | 19535909 |
| sindbis virus replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein elicits specific humoral and cellular immune response in dogs. | a sindbis virus (sinv) replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein g developed previously (saxena et al., vaccine 26, 6592, 2008) was used for immunization of dogs against rabies. the intradermal injection of dna vaccine into external ear generated protective level of virus neutralizing antibodies. the cellular immune response was specific to rabv, in particular by an increase in cd3+cd4+ and cd3+cd8+ lymphocytes. this study has demonstrated that the sinv replicon-based ... | 2009 | 19537908 |
| plasma phenoloxidase of the larval tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens, is virucidal. | heliothis virescens larval plasma contains high levels of an antiviral activity against the budded form of the helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hzsnpv) in vitro. preliminary results indicated that phenoloxidase is primarily responsible for this virucidal effect. however it is known that other enzymes that generate antimicrobial reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates are present in hemolymph that could contribute to the observed virucidal activity. to elucid ... | 2006 | 19537988 |
| type i interferon induction is correlated with attenuation of a south american eastern equine encephalitis virus strain in mice. | north american eastern equine encephalitis virus (na-eeev) strains cause high mortality in humans, whereas south american strains (sa-eeev) are typically avirulent. to clarify mechanisms of sa-eeev attenuation, we compared mouse-attenuated bear436087 sa-eeev, considered an eeev vaccine candidate, with mouse-virulent na-eeev strain, fl93-939. although attenuated, bear436087 initially replicated more efficiently than fl93-939 in lymphoid and other tissues, inducing systemic ifn-alpha/beta release, ... | 2009 | 19539968 |
| roles of stargazin and phosphorylation in the control of ampa receptor subcellular distribution. | understanding how the subcellular fate of newly synthesized ampa receptors (ampars) is controlled is important for elucidating the mechanisms of neuronal function. we examined the effect of increased synthesis of ampar subunits on their subcellular distribution in rat hippocampal neurons. virally expressed ampar subunits (glur1 or glur2) accumulated in cell bodies and replaced endogenous dendritic ampar with little effect on total dendritic amounts and caused no change in synaptic transmission. ... | 2009 | 19543281 |
| intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers. | the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ... | 2009 | 19543379 |
| rapid, long-term labeling of cells in the developing and adult rodent visual cortex using double-stranded adeno-associated viral vectors. | chronic in vivo imaging studies of the brain require a labeling method that is fast, long-lasting, efficient, nontoxic, and cell-type specific. over the last decade, adeno-associated virus (aav) has been used to stably express fluorescent proteins in neurons in vivo. however, aav's main limitation for many studies (such as those of neuronal development) is the necessity of second-strand dna synthesis, which delays peak transgene expression. the development of double-stranded aav (dsaav) vectors ... | 2009 | 19551873 |
| characterization of a novel flavivirus from mosquitoes in northern europe that is related to mosquito-borne flaviviruses of the tropics. | a novel flavivirus was isolated from mosquitoes in finland, representing the first mosquito-borne flavivirus from northern europe. the isolate, designated lammi virus (lamv), was antigenically cross-reactive with other flaviviruses and exhibited typical flavivirus morphology as determined by electron microscopy. the genomic sequence of lamv was highly divergent from the recognized flaviviruses, and yet the polyprotein properties resembled those of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. phylogenetic analys ... | 2009 | 19570865 |
| random insertion mutagenesis of sindbis virus nonstructural protein 2 and selection of variants incapable of downregulating cellular transcription. | sindbis virus nonstructural protein 2 (sinv nsp2) is an important determinant of virus pathogenesis and downregulation of virus-induced cell response. this protein efficiently inhibits transcription of cellular messenger and ribosomal rnas and, thus, is capable of inhibiting the activation of genes whose products are involved in development of the antiviral response. alphavirus nsp2 has a number of predicted functional domains, some of which were confirmed by crystal structure. our current study ... | 2009 | 19570872 |
| functional analysis of the bunyamwera orthobunyavirus gc glycoprotein. | the virion glycoproteins gn and gc of bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (family bunyaviridae) are encoded by the m rna genome segment and have roles in both viral attachment and membrane fusion. to investigate further the structure and function of the gc protein in viral replication, we generated 12 mutants that contain truncations from the n terminus. the effects of these deletions were analysed with regard to golgi targeting, low ph-dependent membrane fusion, infectious virus-like particle (vlp) form ... | 2009 | 19570952 |
| the evolution of viruses in multi-host fitness landscapes. | provided that generalist viruses will have access to potentially unlimited hosts, the question is why most viruses specialize in few hosts. it has been suggested that selection should favor specialists because there are tradeoffs limiting the fitness of generalists in any of the alternative hosts or because evolution proceeds faster with narrower niches. here we review experiments showing that virus adaptation to a specific host is often coupled with fitness losses in alternative ones. in most i ... | 2009 | 19572052 |
| rnai targeting of west nile virus in mosquito midguts promotes virus diversification. | west nile virus (wnv) exists in nature as a genetically diverse population of competing genomes. this high genetic diversity and concomitant adaptive plasticity has facilitated the rapid adaptation of wnv to north american transmission cycles and contributed to its explosive spread throughout the new world. wnv is maintained in nature in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and birds, with intrahost genetic diversity highest in mosquitoes. the mechanistic basis for this increase in genetic di ... | 2009 | 19578437 |
| differential incorporation of cholesterol by sindbis virus grown in mammalian or insect cells. | cholesterol has been shown to be essential for the fusion of alphaviruses with artificial membranes (liposomes). cholesterol has also been implicated as playing an essential and critical role in the processes of entry and egress of alphaviruses in living cells. paradoxically, insects, the alternate host for alphaviruses, are cholesterol auxotrophs and contain very low levels of this sterol. to further evaluate the role of cholesterol in the life cycle of alphaviruses, the cholesterol levels of t ... | 2009 | 19587056 |
| specific transduction of hiv-susceptible cells for ccr5 knockdown and resistance to hiv infection: a novel method for targeted gene therapy and intracellular immunization. | hiv-1 gene therapy offers a promising alternative to small molecule antiretroviral treatments and current vaccination strategies by transferring, into hiv-1-susceptible cells, the genetic ability to resist infection. the need for novel and innovative strategies to prevent and treat hiv-1 infection is critical due to devastating effects of the virus in developing countries, high cost, toxicity, generation of escape mutants from antiretroviral therapies, and the failure of past and current vaccina ... | 2009 | 19593160 |
| apoptosis of hippocampal pyramidal neurons is virus independent in a mouse model of acute neurovirulent picornavirus infection. | many viruses, including picornaviruses, have the potential to infect the central nervous system (cns) and stimulate a neuroinflammatory immune response, especially in infants and young children. cognitive deficits associated with cns picornavirus infection result from injury and death of neurons that may occur due to direct viral infection or during the immune responses to virus in the brain. previous studies have concluded that apoptosis of hippocampal neurons during picornavirus infection is a ... | 2009 | 19608874 |
| infection, dissemination, and transmission of a west nile virus green fluorescent protein infectious clone by culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | we report the construction and comparative characterization of a full-length west nile virus (wnv) cdna infectious clone (ic) that contains a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expression cassette fused within the viral open reading frame. virus derived from wnv-gfp ic stably infected culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes at comparable rates to virus derived from the parental (non-gfp) ic. however, insertion of this gfp cassette resulted in a temporal delay in in vivo replication kinetics and s ... | 2010 | 19619041 |
| axonal elongation triggered by stimulus-induced local translation of a polarity complex protein. | during development, axon growth rates are precisely regulated to provide temporal control over pathfinding. the precise temporal regulation of axonal growth is a key step in the formation of functional synapses and the proper patterning of the nervous system. the rate of axonal elongation is increased by factors such as netrin-1 and nerve growth factor (ngf), which stimulate axon outgrowth using incompletely defined pathways. to clarify the mechanism of netrin-1- and ngf-stimulated axon growth, ... | 2009 | 19620967 |
| performance of the realstar chikungunya virus real-time reverse transcription-pcr kit. | a novel commercial chikungunya virus real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) kit was evaluated on a comprehensive panel of original patient samples. the assay was 100% sensitive and specific in comparison to a published real-time rt-pcr. viral loads from both assays were highly correlated. the kit proved to be suitable for routine use in patient care. | 2009 | 19625474 |
| ars2 regulates both mirna- and sirna- dependent silencing and suppresses rna virus infection in drosophila. | intrinsic immune responses autonomously inhibit viral replication and spread. one pathway that restricts viral infection in plants and insects is rna interference (rnai), which targets and degrades viral rna to limit infection. to identify additional genes involved in intrinsic antiviral immunity, we screened drosophila cells for modulators of viral infection using an rnai library. we identified ars2 as a key component of drosophila antiviral immunity. loss of ars2 in cells, or in flies, increas ... | 2009 | 19632183 |
| west nile virus infection alters midgut gene expression in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). | alterations in gene expression in the midgut of female culex pipiens quinquefasciatus exposed to blood meals containing 6.8 logs plaque-forming units/ml of west nile virus (wnv) were studied by fluorescent differential display. twenty-six different cdnas exhibited reproducible differences after feeding on infected blood. of these, 21 cdnas showed an increase in expression, and 5 showed a decrease in expression as a result of wnv presence in the blood meal. genbank database searches showed that o ... | 2009 | 19635880 |
| regulation of the proteasome by neuronal activity and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii. | protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system has been shown to regulate changes in synaptic strength that underlie multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. it is plausible, therefore, that the ubiquitin proteasome system is itself regulated by synaptic activity. by utilizing live-cell imaging strategies we report the rapid and dynamic regulation of the proteasome in hippocampal neurons by synaptic activity. we find that the blockade of action potentials (aps) with tetrodotoxin inhibited ... | 2009 | 19638347 |