Publications

organochlorine compounds in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) and fallow deer (dama dama l.) from inland and coastal croatia.	polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) and organochlorine pesticide (ocp) levels in fat tissue of red and fallow deer (cervus elaphus l. and dama dama l.) from two inland and an adriatic area were established. of 17 analysed pcbs, pcb-28, pcb-138, pcb-153, pcb-180 and pcb-118 were found in all samples, whilst pcb-101 and pcb-170 were found in more than 50% of samples. they ranged between 0.03 and 5.98 ng g(-1) fat weight. of seven analysed ocps, hcb, γ-hch and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene ...	2011	21904863
experimental interspecies transmission studies of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies to cattle: comparison to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle.	prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) of animals include scrapie of sheep and goats; transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme); chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer, elk and moose; and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of cattle. the emergence of bse and its spread to human beings in the form of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted in interest in susceptibility of cattle to cwd, tme and scrapie. experimental cross-species transmission of tse agents p ...	2011	21908269
sod3 decreases ischemic injury derived apoptosis through phosphorylation of erk1/2, akt, and foxo3a.	extracellular superoxide dismutase (sod3), which dismutates superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce the free radical stress derived apoptosis in tissue injuries. since both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide have a marked impact on signal transduction pathways and could potentially explain a number of apoptosis and survival -related phenomena in different pathological conditions, we clarified the impact of sod3 on akt and erk1/2 cell survival pathways in rat hind limb ...	2011	21909393
sdf-1α induces pdgf-b expression and the differentiation of bone marrow cells into pericytes.	platelet-derived growth factor b (pdgf-b) and its receptor, pdgfr-β, play a critical role in pericyte maturation; however, the mechanisms by which pdgf-b is upregulated in the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. we previously showed that upregulating stromal-derived factor, sdf-1α, in vegf(165)-inhibited ewing's sarcoma tumors (tc/sivegf(7-1)) induced pdgf-b mrna expression, increased infiltration and differentiation of bone marrow cells (bmc) into pericytes and, rescued tumor growth. the pur ...	2011	21911740
immediate-early transcriptional response to angiotensin ii in human adrenocortical cells.	angiotensin ii binds to the angiotensin ii receptors type 1 (at1 receptors) in adrenocortical cells and triggers an intracellular signaling cascade leading to changes in the gene expression pattern. here, we show that stimulation with angiotensin ii induces the expression of biologically active early growth response (egr)-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, in human h295r adrenocortical cells. expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the ternary complex factor elk-1, a key transcriptional ...	2011	21914770
evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (cwd) strains in experimental cwd in ferrets.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an evolving prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose) that has been recognized in north america and korea. infection of non-cervid reservoir or transport species in nature is not reported. however, the ferret (mustela putorius furo) is susceptible to cwd after experimental inoculation. here, we report that infection of ferrets with either of two ferret cwd isolates by various routes of exposure has revealed biologically distinct strain-like properties distin ...	2012	21918005
first molecular evidence of anaplasma ovis and rickettsia spp. in keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) of sheep and wild ruminants.	to evaluate the presence of rickettsial agents in hippoboscid flies with molecular methods, 81 sheep keds (melophagus ovinus) were collected from 23 sheep, 144 deer keds (lipoptena cervi) were caught in the environment, and a further 463 and 59 individuals of the latter species were obtained from fresh carcasses of 29 red deer and 17 roe deer, respectively. dna was extracted individually or in pools. anaplasma ovis was demonstrated in all examined sheep keds, and from one pool of free-living dee ...	2011	21923269
Attention grabbing in red deer sexual calls.	Identifying the respective functions of distinct call types is an important step towards understanding the diversification of mammal vocal repertoires. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags give two distinct types of roars during the rut, termed 'common roars' and 'harsh roars'. This study tests the hypothesis that harsh roars function to raise and maintain female attention to calling males. To this end, we examined the response of female red deer to playback sequences of common roar bouts including a ...	2011	21927848
no evidence that wild red deer (cervus elaphus) on the iberian peninsula are a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.	the potential role of red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection is largely unknown. a total of 332 wild red deer were investigated using post-mortem examination, bacteriology and serology. only three animals (1.12%) were found to have lesions on histopathological examination and no map bacteria were recovered on culture. the results suggest it is unlikely that wild red deer make a significant contribution to the maintenance of map ...	2011	21930401
Elk-1 Interacts with Dynein upon Serum Stimulation but Independent of Serine 383 Phosphorylation.	Elk-1 belongs to the Ternary Complex Factor (TCF) subfamily of the ETS (from E26 viral oncogene) domain superfamily of transcription factors, and has been known as a regulator of mitogen-induced immediate early gene transcription upon Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) activation. Elk-1 has been previously shown to interact with neuronal microtubules, and here we show that P-S383-Elk-1, in addition to co-localizing with motor proteins kinesin, Eg5 and Mitotik Kinesin-Like Protein (MKLP) at ...	2011	21935709
Relationships between in vivo microdamage and the remarkable regional material and strain heterogeneity of cortical bone of adult deer, elk, sheep and horse calcanei.	Natural loading of the calcanei of deer, elk, sheep and horses produces marked regional differences in prevalent/predominant strain modes: compression in the dorsal cortex, shear in medial-lateral cortices, and tension/shear in the plantar cortex. This consistent non-uniform strain distribution is useful for investigating mechanisms that mediate the development of the remarkable regional material variations of these bones (e.g. collagen orientation, mineralization, remodeling rates and secondary ...	2011	21951210
the ratio of growth differentiation factor 9: bone morphogenetic protein 15 mrna expression is tightly co-regulated and differs between species over a wide range of ovulation rates.	recent evidence suggests that the species-specific ovulation-rate phenotypes may be influenced by differences in the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (gdf9) mrna and protein. the aim of this study was to compare gdf9 and bmp15 mrna levels in individual denuded oocytes (do) from a range of single (i.e. cow, red deer), single-to-triple (i.e. sheep) and high (i.e. pig, mouse, rat) ovulation-rate species. compared to all other species stu ...	2012	21970812
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate suppresses proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by high glucose by inhibition of pkc and erk1/2 signalings.	proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetes-related vascular complications. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major catechin derived from green tea, is able to exert antidiabetes effects in animal models. however, it is not known whether or not egcg inhibits vsmc proliferation induced by high glucose. this study tested the hypothesis that egcg might have an inhibitory effect on vsmc proliferation induced by h ...	2011	21973165
alterations of molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine by selective inhibition of elk-1 phosphorylation.	activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling pathway in the striatum is crucial for molecular adaptations and long-term behavioral alterations induced by cocaine. in response to cocaine, erk controls the phosphorylation levels of both mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (msk-1), a nuclear kinase involved in histone h3 (ser10) and camp response element binding protein phosphorylation, and elk-1, a transcription factor involved in serum response element (sre)-d ...	2011	21976515
climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment.	altered species interactions are difficult to predict and yet may drive the response of ecological communities to climate change. we show that declining snowpack strengthens the impacts of a generalist herbivore, elk (cervus elaphus), on a common tree species. thick snowpack substantially reduces elk visitation to sites; aspen (populus tremuloides) shoots in these areas experience lower browsing rates, higher survival and enhanced recruitment. aspen inside herbivore exclosures have greatly incre ...	2011	21976686
taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) from its definitive (brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus) and intermediate (moose/elk alces spp.) hosts.	taenia arctos n. sp. (cestoda: cyclophyllidea: taeniidae) is described from the brown bear ursus arctos linnaeus (definitive host) and moose/elk alces spp. (intermediate hosts) from finland (type-locality) and alaska, usa. the independent status of the new species and the conspecificity of its adults and metacestodes have been recently confirmed by the mtdna sequence data of lavikainen et al. (2011; parasitology international, 60, 289-295). special reference is given to morphological differences ...	2011	22002024
nitrogen metabolism of four raw meat diets in domestic cats.	little nutritional information has been collected from domestic cats fed raw meat diets. the objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in n metabolism of domestic cats fed raw beef-based diet (66 % crude protein (cp) and 20 % fat), bison-based diet (49 % cp and 39 % fat), elk-based diet (79 % cp and 6 % fat) and horse-based diet (60 % cp and 26 % fat). a total of eight intact adult female cats were fed to maintain body weight in a cross-over design. daily food intake, faecal and ...	2011	22005421
dwarfism associated with chondrodysplasia in a red deer (cervus elaphus).		2011	22016513
Mercury exposure and mechanism of response in large game using the Almadén mercury mining area (Spain) as a case study.	Mercury (Hg) accumulation, transfer, defense mechanism and adverse effects were studied in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the Almadén mining district (Spain), the largest (285,000t of Hg) and the oldest (more than 2000 years) Hg mine/refining operation site in the world. Red deer (n=168) and wild boar (n=58) liver, kidney, bones (metacarpus), testis and muscle were analyzed for total Hg and selenium (Se) within a range of distances to the Almadén mining district. The h ...	2011	22019248
Inbreeding depression in red deer calves.	ABSTRACT:	2011	22039837
an nmr metabolomics study of elk inoculated with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both farmed and wild cervids, specifically deer and elk, and is a member of the larger family of prion diseases. prion disease transmission is believed to occur through exposure to infectious prion material-a misfolded and infectious form of the prion protein that is normally present in the host. chronic wasting disease is endemic to regions of central north america and infectious material can persist for long periods i ...	2011	22043909
molecular dynamics simulations and in silico peptide ligand screening of the elk-1 ets domain.	abstract:	2011	22044511
early growth response 1--a transcription factor in the crossfire of signal transduction cascades.	early growth response-1 (egr-1) is a cys2-his2-type zinc-finger transcription factor. a broad range of extracellular stimuli is capable of activating egr-1, thus mediating growth, proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. egr-1 is, therefore, participating in the progression of a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis or cancer. functional response elements connect egr-1 to signal transduction cascades targeting egr-1. five serum response elements (sre) have been identified in the promot ...	2011	22053691
influence of packaging method and length of chilled storage on microflora, tenderness and colour stability of venison loins.	sections of venison loins (ld) weighing approximately 300 g from 12 red deer (cervus elaphus) were packaged using four packaging methods: (a) vacuum packaging, (b) co(2) flushed using a nylon containment film (co(2)-nylon), (c) co(2) flushed using an ultra-high barrier containment film (co(2)-uhb), and (d) co(2) flushed using an aluminium foil laminate containment film (co(2)-foil) and stored for 1, 6, 12 and 18 weeks at 0°c. meat ph values were lower in all co(2) flushed meat packages (p<0·05) ...	1988	22055411
t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) is recurrent in marginal zone lymphoma and upregulates GPR34.	Genetic events underlying pathogenesis of nodal and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are incompletely understood. We report here a novel t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) identified in 4 lymphoma cases: 2 with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 1 with a nodal MZL and 1 with gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In all cases lymphoma evolved from a previous auto-immune disorder. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies showed that t(X;14) which is mediated by ...	2011	22058210
determination of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence for red deer (cervus elaphus) and the differentiation of closely related deer meats.	the cytochrome b gene sequence for red deer was determined using the dye terminator cycle sequencing method and used for identification of deer meat in meat and meat products. red deer showed a similarity of 94.1, 84.0, 81.1, 85.5 and 85.6% to sika deer (cervus nippon), bovine, pigs, sheep and goats, respectively. to differentiate the deer meat, oligonucleotide primers rd-1(5'-tcatcgcagcactcgctatagtacact-3'), rd-2(5'-atctccaagtaggtctggtgcgaataa-3') were designed for the region of the cytochrome ...	1998	22060620
risk factors associated with bruising in red deer at a commercial slaughter plant.	bruising of slaughter animals has both economic and welfare implications. in order to identify potential risk factors we surveyed bruising of red deer carcasses from a single deer slaughter plant (dsp) over a three year period. downgrading due to bruising did not vary between the three years surveyed [1991, n = 21 454, 6.5% downgraded (dg); 1992, n = 22 289, 7.9% dg; 1993, n = 22 262, 6.1% dg]. from an intensive examination of one year's kill (1991) we related the incidence of bruising to variou ...	1996	22060828
microbiological quality of freshly shot game in germany.	in the framework of a project on the hygiene status of freshly shot game 289 samples were microbiologically analysed: 127 samples from wild boars, 95 from roe deer and 67 from red deer. the microbiological parameters evaluated were the mesophilic aerobic count (apc), which showed mean log10-counts of 2.6cfu/cm(2) for roe deer, 2.9cfu/cm(2) for red deer and 3.2cfu/cm(2) for wild boars and the numbers of enterobacteriaceae, which gave mean log10-values of 2.1cfu/cm(2) for all three species with di ...	2008	22062460
electrical stimulation of red deer (cervus elaphus) carcasses - effects on rate of ph-decline, meat tenderness, colour stability and water-holding capacity.	a total of 14 female red deer were included in a study on the effects of low voltage carcass electrical stimulation on meat tenderness, colour stability and water-holding capacity. carcasses were randomly allocated to either electrical stimulation treatment (es; 90-95 v unipolar pulses, 7.5 ms duration, 15 hz for a duration of 55 s) or no electrical stimulation (non-es) (n=7 in each group). temperature and ph decline was recorded in m.m. triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi et lumborum (at the las ...	2001	22062680
real-time pcr for detection and quantification of red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in meat mixtures.	a rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique using sybr green detection system, has been developed for the quantification of red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer dnas in meat mixtures. the method combines the use of cervid-specific primers that amplify a 134, 169, and 120bp of the 12s rrna gene fragment of red deer, fallow deer and roe deer, respectively, and universal primers that amplify a 140bp fragment on the nuclear 18s rrna gene from eukaryotic dna. the c(t) (threshold cycle) ...	2008	22062757
a comparison of biochemical and meat quality variables in red deer (cervus elaphus) following either slaughter at pasture or killing at a deer slaughter plant.	to investigate effects of pre-slaughter handling on blood and muscle biochemistry and venison quality, paddock-shot (n=8) and commercially slaughtered red deer (n=8) were compared. the deer were kept in two larger groups. one stag per group per day was head-shot, exsanguinated, electrically stimulated then transported 150 m to a deer slaughter premises (dsp) for processing. prior to each slaughter day one of the groups was mustered into a deer yards and six (including two experimental) deer were ...	2002	22063109
authentication of meat from game and domestic species by snapshot minisequencing analysis.	the aim of the present study is to develop an assay for the specific identification of meat from capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, rupicapra rupicapra, targeting sequences of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of mitochondrial dna. the assay is also intended to enable differentiation between meat from these wild species as well as ovis aries, capra hircus, bubalus bubalis, bos taurus and sus scrofa domestic species. the primers used in the preliminary pcr were designed in well conserve ...	2008	22063325
conservation of cervus elaphus meat in modified atmospheres.	this study examines the effect of three types of modified atmospheres, each with a different gas composition (a:40% co(2)+60% n(2); b:80% co(2)+20% o(2); c:80% co(2)+20% n(2)), on the development of meat quality of cervus elaphus in order to suggest a gas composition that best preserves this type of meat. meat quality was assessed by examining ph, colour as l()a()b(*) values, drip loss (dl), cooking loss (cl) and shear force (sf). in samples of group a, ph values tended to be higher in all sto ...	2003	22063440
cholesterol concentration and fatty acid profile of red deer (cervus elaphus) meat.	the effects of gender and age on intramuscular fat (imf) levels, cholesterol concentration, and fatty acid composition were investigated in the semitendinosus (st) and triceps brachii (tb) muscles of feral red deer (cervus elaphus). six stags of >2years of age, four hinds of 1year, and six calves of 6months were shot in slovenia. generally, all parameters measured were influenced by interaction of muscle and treatment group (hinds, stags and calves) at the 5% level or less. in st muscle, the imf ...	2008	22063609
the influence of environment, mode of nutrition and animal species on level of nitrosamine contamination in venison.	the work aimed to research occurrence of nitrosamines in raw venison from different game species and mode of nutrition effect on their meat concentrations. samples of venison from male and female elks, male and female red deer, male and female roe deer, male and female fallow deer, male and female wild boars, male and female brown hares and males and females of wild rabbits shot in poland during the permissible hunting seasons were used for the experiments after their jointing and cutting. in th ...	2003	22063687
influence of hunting-season stage and ripening conditions on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins in venison (cervus elaphus) chorizo sausages.	the influence of hunting-season stage (deer hunted at the start versus deer hunted at the end of the season) and ripening conditions (natural versus controlled drying rooms) on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins were studied in chorizo sausages made with venison. variations of nitrogen fractions during 21 days of ripening were found. in all batches, myofibrillar protein content decreased and proteolysis indices were between 4.6% and 14.4% at the end of ripening. however, ...	2007	22064193
identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) using polymerase chain reaction targeting specific sequences from the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.	polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on oligonucleotide primers targeting the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene was applied to the specific identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). the use of a common reverse primer, together with forward specific primers for red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer, allowed the selective amplification of the desired cervid sequences. the specificity of each primer pair was verified by pcr analysi ...	2007	22064291
Novel regulatory mechanism and functional implication of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in CpG-ODN-stimulated macrophages.	Macrophages are activated by recognizing bacterial DNA and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) through Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been shown to be an important factor in inflammation-induced macrophage migration which is essential for defense functions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the molecular mechanism associated with the regulation of PAI-1 expression and its biological significance in CpG-ODN-stimulated mouse macrophages. Our res ...	2012	22078208
Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer.	Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are hosts for different tick species and tick-borne pathogens and play a role in tick dispersal and maintenance in some regions. These factors stress the importance of controlling tick infestations in deer and several methods such as culling and acaricide treatment have been used. Tick vaccines are a cost-effective alternative for tick control that reduced cattle tick infestations and tick-borne pathogens prevalence while r ...	2012	22079077
both mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (erk) 1/2 and phosphatidylinositide-3-oh kinase (pi3k)/akt pathways regulate activation of e-twenty-six (ets)-like transcription factor 1 (elk-1) in u138 glioblastoma cells.	epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor (egfr) have been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. in our study, the egfr was stimulated with egf in human u138 glioblastoma cells. we show that the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (erk) 1/2 pathway phosphorylated the e twenty-six (ets)-like transcription factor 1 (elk-1) mainly at serine 383 residue. mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek) 1/2 inhibit ...	2011	22085529
first description of nodular onchocercosis (onchocerca jakutensis) in free-ranging italian red deer (cervus elaphus).	onchocercosis is a vector-transmitted parasitic disease involving wild and domestic ungulates, humans, and dogs. red deer (cervus elaphus) host numerous onchocerca spp. which have precise anatomic sites in the host and two species, onchocerca flexuosa wedl, 1856 and onchocerca jakutensis guba-now, 1964, are found inside subcutaneous nodules. between september and november 2007, subcutaneous nodules were observed on both thighs in shot red deer of a tuscany population. we observed cystic structur ...	2011	22102667
mycobacterial infections in free-living cervids in germany (2002-2006).	we examined 1,022 free-living roe deer, red deer, and fallow deer for mycobacteria in germany, 2002-2006. retropharyngeal lymph nodes and other tissues were processed for culture and isolates were identified with the use of polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. mycobacteria were found in 18.3% of deer, with mycobacterium avium in 14.8%. other atypical mycobacteria were detected in 5.3%. members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were not detected.	2011	22102674
selected beetle assemblages captured in pitfall traps baited with deer dung or meat in balsam fir and sugar maple forests of central quebec.	vertebrate dung and carrion are rich and strongly attractive resources for numerous beetles that are often closely linked to them. the presence and abundance of beetles exploiting such resources are influenced by various ecological factors including climate and forest cover vegetation. we studied selected assemblages of coprophilous and necrophagous beetles in quebec along a 115-km north-south transect in three balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) miller) forest sites and in a fourth forest site dom ...	2010	22127165
bilateral microphthalmia and aphakia associated with multiple eye abnormalities in a free-living european red deer calf (cervus elaphus).	a free-living european red deer calf (cervus elaphus) was euthanized due to bilateral microphthalmia. lens was missing, replaced by proliferating squamous epithelial cells; hyperplastic squamous cells, sebaceous and mucinous glands were observed within the cornea with the characteristics of inclusion cyst. findings were consistent with congenital microphthalmia/aphakia, with multiple eye abnormalities.	2011	22134109
dpp activates integrin-mediated anchorage-dependent signals in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.	dpp, a major noncollagenous protein of the dentin matrix is a highly acidic protein and binds ca2+ avidly and thus linked to matrix mineralization. here, we demonstrate that the rgd domain in dpp can bind to integrins on the cell surface of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and pulp cells. this coupling generates intracellular signals that are channeled along cytoskeletal filaments and activates the non-receptor tyrosine kinase fak, which plays a key role in signaling at sites of cellular ...	2011	22134916
pronounced reduction of fluoride exposure in free-ranging deer in north bohemia (czech republic) as indicated by the biomarkers skeletal fluoride content and dental fluorosis.	wild deer have been recommended as bioindicators of fluoride pollution. we compared bone fluoride concentrations and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in free-ranging european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) from five counties in the northwestern part of the czech republic that had been collected by hunters and whose mandibles were presented at trophy exhibitions in the years 1996/1997 ("early period") and 2009 ("late period"). data on atmospheric fluoride ...	2011	22137477
prostaglandin e(2) production in mice is reduced by consumption of range-fed sources of red meat.	many view bison as a healthful alternative to other red meat sources, and as a way to decrease health risks, they associate it with meat consumption. using mice as a model for immune function, we hypothesized that consumption of meat from range-fed bison would decrease prostaglandin (pg) e(2) and alter prostacyclin (pgi(2)) release upon immune challenge when compared with mice fed meat from grain-finished bison, range-fed beef, feedlot steers, free-ranging elk, or chicken breast. after 2 weeks o ...	2011	22153516
corrected misidentification of first instars of the bot flies cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni, with a review of the biology and life history of both species.	first instars obtained from the uteri of host-seeking females, and compared with previously published descriptions of larvae collected from columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), revealed that larvae described as cephenemyia apicata bennett & sabrosky (diptera: oestridae) actually are c. jellisoni townsend. several new characters are added to supplement the original descriptions of the first instars of these species. collections of all larvae from deer autopsied during di ...	2011	22168389
growth response and shedding of leptospira spp. in urine following vaccination for leptospirosis in young farmed deer.	abstract	2012	22175424
Alpha and gamma herpesvirus detection in two herds of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand.	Abstract	2012	22175434
tissue-specific expression of human calcineurin-binding protein 1 in mouse synovial tissue can suppress inflammatory arthritis.	calcineurin (cn) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. in immune cells, cn controls the activity of a wide range of transcription factors, including nuclear factor of activated t, nuclear factor-kappa b, c-fos, and elk-1. cn plays an important role in synoviocyte activation and arthritis progression in vivo and this function is tightly linked to dysregulated intracellular ca(2+) store and ca(2+) response triggered by proinflammatory cytokines. in the present study, ...	2011	22175542
historic, pre-european settlement, and present-day contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the united states.	the objectives of this analysis were to estimated historic (pre-european settlement) enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from wild ruminants in the contiguous united states and compare these to present-day ch(4) emissions from farmed ruminants. the analysis included bison, elk (wapiti), and deer (white-tailed and mule). wild ruminants such as moose, antelope (pronghorn), caribou, and mountain sheep and goat were not included in the analysis due to their natural range being mostly outside of the co ...	2011	22178852
seroprevalence study in forestry workers from eastern germany using novel genotype 3- and rat hepatitis e virus-specific immunoglobulin g elisas.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of an acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans. in industrialized countries, autochthonous cases are linked to zoonotic transmission from domestic pigs, wild boar and red deer. the main route of human infection presumably is consumption of contaminated meat. farmers, slaughterers and veterinarians are expected to be risk groups as they work close to potentially infected animals. in this study, we tested four escherichia coli-expressed segments of the ...	2011	22179131
suspicion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transmission between cattle and wild-living red deer (cervus elaphus) by multi target genotyping.	for epidemiological tracing of paratuberculosis (johne's disease), multi-target genotyping of the etiologic agent mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is necessary. the study was undertaken to assess the informative value of different typing techniques and individual genome markers by investigation of map transmission between wild-living red deer and farmed cattle with known shared habitats.53 map-type-ii-isolates were differentiated by short-sequence repeat (ssr, 4 loci)-, mycobact ...	2011	22179249
the inhibitory effects of nkx3.1 on igf-1r expression and its signalling pathway in human prostatic carcinoma pc3 cells.	nkx3.1, which is a prostate-specific homeobox gene, plays an important role in prostate cancer and usually functions as a tumour suppressor gene. in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of nkx3.1 on insulin-like growth factor (igf)-1r expression and its downstream signalling pathway in pc3 cells. pc3 cells were stably transfected with nkx3.1 expression plasmid (pcdna3.1-nkx3.1) or vector plasmid (pcdna3.1+). the igf-ir mrna and protein expression levels were assessed in pc3-nkx3.1 t ...	2011	22179513
activation of the intracellular metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in striatal neurons leads to upregulation of genes associated with sustained synaptic transmission including arc/arg3.1.	the g-protein coupled receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mglur5), is expressed on both cell surface and intracellular membranes in striatal neurons. using pharmacological tools to differentiate membrane responses, we previously demonstrated that cell surface mglur5 triggers rapid, transient cytoplasmic ca2+ rises resulting in c-jun n-terminal kinase, ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (camk), and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (creb) phos ...	2011	22179607
food chain model based on field data to predict westslope cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) ovary selenium concentrations from water selenium concentrations in the elk valley, british columbia.	previous studies conducted in the elk river watershed showed that selenium concentrations are higher in aquatic biota in lentic compared to lotic habitats of the system having similar water selenium concentrations. studies have also shown that water selenium concentrations have increased over time (∼10% per year) and recent annual average concentrations have ranged up to 0.044 mg/l in areas downstream from mine discharges. for the present study, trophic transfer of selenium was characterized in ...	2011	22189838
Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome.	Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ...	2011	22190723
unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: implications for tuberculosis control.	tuberculosis (tb) in deer is a serious zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. detection of infected animals is usually performed using single or comparative skin-testing (sst/cst), although false responses due to sensitization to other mycobacteria may occur, hampering diagnostic specificity. we describe the evolution of the responses to the sst, cst and to an in-house serological assay in a red deer farm subjected to regular tb testing in southern spain in an attempt to understand the dyna ...	2011	22197268
Morphogenetic aspects of deer antler development.	Deer antlers are unique mammalian appendages that have potential for application as a valuable model for biomedical research, such as organ regeneration, bone development and growth control. In this review we described the morphogenetic aspects of antler development, by summarizing relevant information accumulated over the course of our antler research in combine with other published papers. Antler development consists of two distinct phenomena: generation and regeneration. Generation starts wit ...	2012	22202000
campylobacter spp. distribution in biofilms on different surfaces in an agricultural watershed (elk creek, british columbia): using biofilms to monitor for campylobacter.	despite its relevance to public health, presence and concentrations of campylobacter spp. in biofilms in natural aquatic environments has not been investigated. this study examined the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in biofilms on a variety of surfaces (river rock, slate rock, wood, lexan™, sandpaper, and sediment) and in water from december 2005 to december 2006 to find a substratum that facilitated campylobacters detection in natural aquatic environments. samples were collected at four sites ...	2011	22204983
blocking egfr activation suppresses ovarian tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.	genetic alterations including overexpression of egfr (in approximately 70% of ovarian tumors) play a crucial role in the signal transduction pathways that regulate key cellular functions such as cell survival and proliferation and are responsible for compromising traditional chemotherapy. 3,3'-diindolylmethane (dim) is an indole compound present in brassica vegetables. in our previous studies, we demonstrated that br-dim, a formulated version of dim, suppressed the growth of ovarian cancer cells ...	2011	22205686
foci report on indigenous dermacentor reticulatus populations in belgium and a preliminary study of associated babesiosis pathogens.	the occurrence of autochthonous clinical cases of canine and equine babesiosis in belgium during the last two decades suggests that the vector of the pathogens responsible for these diseases, dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: ixodidae), may be present in this country. consequently, evidence for the presence of this tick species in different locations within belgium was investigated. four different locations were monitored by flagging in 2010; these included the locations at which d. reticulatus ...	2012	22211927
rapid detection of cwd prp: comparison of tests designed for the detection of bse or scrapie.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) mainly affecting cervids in north america. the accumulation of an abnormal form of host-encoded prion protein (prp(cwd) ) in the cns and lymphoid tissues is characteristic of the disease and known to be caused by pathogenic prion proteins (prp(res) ), which are thought to be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, such like saliva. species known to be naturally infected by cwd include rocky mountain elk (cer ...	2011	22212828
toward an identification of resources influencing habitat use in a multi-specific context.	interactions between animal behaviour and the environment are both shaping observed habitat use. despite the importance of inter-specific interactions on the habitat use performed by individuals, most previous analyses have focused on case studies of single species. by focusing on two sympatric populations of large herbivores with contrasting body size, we went one step beyond by studying variation in home range size and identifying the factors involved in such variation, to define how habitat f ...	2011	22216164
do wild ungulates allow improved monitoring of flavivirus circulation in spain?	as a response to the need for improved and cost-efficient west nile virus (wnv) and other flavivirus surveillance tools, we tested 887 juvenile free-living red deer, 742 free-living juvenile wild boar, and 327 farmed deer, to detect temporal variability in exposure to these viruses. thirty of 742 wild boar samples (4%; 95% ci 2.8,5.7) yielded a positive elisa result. antibody-positive individuals had been sampled between 2003 and 2011 in localities from central and southern spain. no wild boar f ...	2012	22217171
antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (cervus elaphus) as influenced by molecular weight and enzymes.	the crude protein hydrolysates from aqueous extract of velvet antler (aeva) were prepared by simulated gastrointestinal digestion (sgi, pepsin-pancreatin) using pancreatin-pepsin, alcalase and neutrase. the resulting hydrolysates were separated by sequential ultrafiltration into four fractions. the antioxidant activities of peptide fractions were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 ...	2011	22224289
structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a kcnh channel.	the kcnh family of ion channels, comprising ether-à-go-go (eag), eag-related gene (erg), and eag-like (elk) k(+)-channel subfamilies, is crucial for repolarization of the cardiac action potential, regulation of neuronal excitability and proliferation of tumour cells. the carboxy-terminal region of kcnh channels contains a cyclic-nucleotide-binding homology domain (cnbhd) and c-linker that couples the cnbhd to the pore. the c-linker/cnbhd is essential for proper function and trafficking of ion ch ...	2012	22230959
"expression of protein kinase cαand the mzf-1 and elk-1 transcription factors in human breast cancer cells".	"recently, our research into hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) has shown that the transcription factors myeloid zinc finger-1 (mzf-1) and ets-like-protein 1 are related to protein kinase c alpha (pkcα) expression. the purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of the expression of pkcαwith the expressions of elk-1 and mzf-1 in various differentiated breast cancer cell lines: mda- mb-231, hs57bt, skbr3, mda-mb-468 and mcf-7. the malignant potential in the five lines of breast cancer cell ...	2012	22242952
mandibular osteomyelitis in red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama): occurrence and associated factors in free-living populations in southern spain.	the prevalence of mandibular osteomyelitis, which results in a condition called lumpy jaw, and factors associated with its occurrence were investigated in syntopic free-living populations of red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in spain. the study material consisted of 3,586 mandibles from 2,548 red deer and 1,038 fallow deer shot during sport hunting, herd management culls, and programs for population control between 1988 and 1997 (period 1) and 2002 and 2009 (period ...	2012	22247376
vocal anatomy, tongue protrusion behaviour and the acoustics of rutting roars in free-ranging iberian red deer stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	roaring in rutting iberian red deer stags cervus elaphus hispanicus is unusual compared to other subspecies of red deer, which radiated from the iberian refugium after the last glacial maximum. in all red deer stags, the larynx occupies a permanent low mid-neck resting position and is momentarily retracted almost down to the rostral end of the sternum during the production of rutting calls. simultaneous with the retraction of the larynx, male iberian red deer pronouncedly protrude the tongue dur ...	2012	22257361
seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multi-prey system of yellowstone national park.	1. for large predators living in seasonal environments, patterns of predation are likely to vary among seasons because of related changes in prey vulnerability. variation in prey vulnerability underlies the influence of predators on prey populations and the response of predators to seasonal variation in rates of biomass acquisition. despite its importance, seasonal variation in predation is poorly understood. 2. we assessed seasonal variation in prey composition and kill rate for wolves canis lu ...	2012	22260633
deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract suppresses adhesion and migration of endometriotic cells and regulates mmp-2 and mmp-9 expression.	deer antler has been used for centuries as medicine for a wide range of health problems, including various women's diseases. however, there is a safety concern related to its use in hormone-sensitive conditions, such as breast cancer and endometriosis. in the present study, we investigated the effect of deer (cervus elaphus) antler extract (dae) on adhesion and migration of human endometriotic cells.	2012	22313625
taking advantage of the use of supervised learning methods for characterization of sperm population structure related with freezability in the iberian red deer.	using iberian red deer as a model, this study presents a supervised learning method, the support vector machines (svm), to characterize sperm population structure related with freezability. male freezability was assessed by evaluating motility, membrane status and mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm after a freezing-thawing procedure. the svm model was generated using sperm motility information captured by computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) from thawed semen, belonging to six stags wi ...	2012	22341709
pathology of brucella ovis infection in red deer stags (cervus elaphus).	to describe the pathology of the reproductive tract of red deer stags with active brucella ovis infection and in stags in which b. ovis infection had resolved.	2012	22352933
benefits for dominant red deer hinds under a competitive feeding system: food access behavior, diet and nutrient selection.	social dominance is widely known to facilitate access to food resources in many animal species such as deer. however, research has paid little attention to dominance in ad libitum access to food because it was thought not to result in any benefit for dominant individuals. in this study we assessed if, even under ad libitum conditions, social rank may allow dominant hinds to consume the preferred components of food. forty-four red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) were allowed to consume ad libitum mea ...	2012	22403707
detection of antibodies in wild ruminants to evaluate exposure to liver trematodes.	wild ruminants sharing pastures with domestic livestock are at risk of infection by liver trematodes. detection of antibodies provides a very useful tool to gain more knowledge about the distribution of these parasites. non-lethal methods are strongly encouraged for the analysis of the risk of infection among wild ruminants. a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to analyze exposure to hepatic trematodes ( fasciola hepatica and dicrocoelium dendriticum ) in wild ruminants from southern spain ...	2012	22414166
development and application of a delayed-release anthelmintic intra-ruminal bolus system for experimental manipulation of nematode worm burdens.	in order to quantify the impact of parasites on host population dynamics, experimental manipulations that perturb the parasite-host relationship are needed but, logistically, this is difficult for wild hosts. here, we describe the use of a delayed-release anthelmintic delivery system that can be administered when the hosts can be captured and its activity delayed until a more appropriate period in the host-parasite cycle. our model system is svalbard reindeer infected with a nematode parasite, m ...	2012	22417532
ontogenesis of the reticulum with special reference to neuroendocrine and glial cells: a comparative analysis of the merino sheep and iberian red deer.	the present study was designed to compare the differences in the ontogenesis of the reticulum in sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). a total of 50 embryos and foetuses merino sheep and 50 iberian deer were used, from the first pre-natal life until birth. the appearance of the reticulum from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% gestation, 33 days) than in the deer (25% gestation, 66 days). in both cases, it displayed a primitive epithelium of a stratified, cyli ...	2012	22432940
genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population.	trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. in quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to re ...	2012	22437186
using n-alkanes to estimate diet composition of herbivores: a novel mathematical approach.	n-alkanes are long-chain saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles that can be used as chemical markers for estimating the diet composition of herbivores. an important constraint of using n-alkanes to estimate diet composition with currently employed mathematical procedures is that the number of markers must be equal or larger than the number of diet components. this is a considerable limitation when dealing with free-ranging herbivores feeding on complex plant communities. we present a ...	2007	22444217
diet of wolves canis lupus returning to hungary.	at the end of the nineteenth century, the wolf canis lupus was extinct in hungary and in recent decades has returned to the northern highland area of the country. the diet of wolves living in groups in aggteleki national park was investigated using scat analysis (n = 81 scats) and prey remains (n = 31 carcasses). throughout the year wolves (average, minimum two wolves per year) consumed mostly wild-living ungulates (mean percent of biomass consumed, b% 97.2%; relative frequency of occurrence, %o ...	2011	22448046
borrelia burgdorferi serosurvey in wild deer in england and wales.	lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the united kingdom and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. however, limited information is available on its epidemiology and dynamics in the u.k. a survey in wild deer to investigate the presence of antibodies reactive to borrellia burgdorferi was conducted to obtain initial information on the distribution pattern of the spirochete in england and wales. samples from roe deer (n=604) and red deer (n=80) were collected in eight ...	2012	22448654
coprolites as a source of information on the genome and diet of the cave hyena.	we performed high-throughput sequencing of dna from fossilized faeces to evaluate this material as a source of information on the genome and diet of pleistocene carnivores. we analysed coprolites derived from the extinct cave hyena (crocuta crocuta spelaea), and sequenced 90 million dna fragments from two specimens. the dna reads enabled a reconstruction of the cave hyena mitochondrial genome with up to a 158-fold coverage. this genome, and those sequenced from extant spotted (crocuta crocuta) a ...	2012	22456883
deer as a potential wildlife reservoir for parachlamydia species.	wildlife populations represent an important reservoir for emerging pathogens and trans-boundary livestock diseases. however, detailed information relating to the occurrence of endemic pathogens such as those of the order chlamydiales in such populations is lacking. during the hunting season of 2008, 863 samples (including blood, conjunctival swabs, internal organs and faeces) were collected in the eastern swiss alps from 99 free-living red deer (cervus elaphus) and 64 free-living roe deer (capre ...	2012	22460045
modelling transmission dynamics of paratuberculosis of red deer under pastoral farming conditions.	this study aimed to develop a mathematical model describing the dynamics of paratuberculosis (ptb) in red deer (cervus elaphus) under pastoral farming conditions in new zealand. the model examined infectivity differences between ovine and bovine strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) and seasonality of map survival. we also evaluate variable use of pasture and the effect of management interventions on the infection prevalence and annual clinical incidence of ptb. a stat ...	2012	22480407
sex-based differences in density-dependent sociality: an experiment with a gregarious ungulate.	for animals living in natural or semi-natural settings, empirical data on how sociality changes in response to increasing population density are few, especially with respect to true conspecific density and not group size. however, insight into this line of research may be far-reaching--from understanding density dependence in sexual selection to improving models of disease transmission. using elk (cervus elaphus linnaeus) held in enclosures, we conducted sex-stratified experiments to test how th ...	2012	22486100
severe ocular dysplasia in british red deer (cervus elaphus).		2012	22492801
detection of prpcwd in feces from naturally exposed rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using protein misfolding cyclic amplification.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids. currently, tests for cwd in live animals involve relatively invasive procedures to collect lymphoid tissue biopsies and examine them for cwd-associated, protease-resistant cervid prion protein (prp(cwd)) detected by immunohistochemistry (ihc). we adapted an ultrasensitive prion detection system, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (pmca), to detect prp(cwd) in rocky mountain ...	2012	22493117
chlamydiosis: seroepidemiologic survey in a red deer (cervus elaphus) population in italy.	chlamydiae are obligate, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for important diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. studies have shown that chlamydiae could be present in wild ruminants, but the serodiagnostic method most commonly used did not allow identification of chlamydial species. we determined the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pecorum, chlamydia suis, chlamydia abortus, and chlamydia psittaci in 271 red deer (cervus elaphus) of a central italian populat ...	2012	22493128
shedding of foodborne pathogens and microbial carcass contamination of hunted wild ruminants.	to assess the shedding of selected bacterial foodborne pathogens, fecal samples from 239 hunted wild red deer, roe deer, chamois, and ibex were examined. all samples tested negative for salmonella spp. and l. monocytogenes, but other listeria species were occasionally found. of the 239 fecal samples, 32.6% tested positive for stx (shiga toxins), 6.7% for eae (intimin) and 13.8% for both stx and eae genes. among the 56 isolated shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains, 44.6% harbored ...	2012	22503394
prevalence of neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from north-west europe.	neoehrlichia mikurensis s an emerging and vector-borne zoonosis: the first human disease cases were reported in 2010. limited information is available about the prevalence and distribution of neoehrlichia mikurensis in europe, its natural life cycle and reservoir hosts. an ehrlichia-like schotti variant has been described in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, which could be identical to neoehrlichia mikurensis.	2012	22515314
seroprevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterium bovis in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain, 2006-2010.	the control of bovine tuberculosis (btb) is at a critical point in the last stage of eradication in livestock. wildlife species recently have emerged infected with tb in europe, particularly ungulates in the iberian peninsula. epidemiological information regarding tb in wild ungulates including affected species, prevalence, associated risk factors and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be obtained in these countries. a cross-sectional study was carried out on wild artiodactyl species, includ ...	2012	22523563
evidence for btv-4 circulation in free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in cabañeros national park, spain.	bluetongue (bt) is an infectious disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (btv). btv-4 spread through southern spain from 2004 to 2006, whereas a btv-1 outbreak that started in southern spain in 2007 is still ongoing. vaccination and movement restriction regulations are applied to domestic ruminants to control bt, but the potential reservoir role of wild european ungulates has not been clarified so far. the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of btv in the ...	2012	22525011
passive transfer of maternal gnrh antibodies does not affect reproductive development in elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves.	gonadotropin-releasing hormone is intermittently released from the hypothalamus in consistent patterns from before birth to final maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty. disruption of this signaling via gnrh vaccination during the neonatal period can alter reproduction at maturity. the objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of gnrh-antibody exposure on reproductive maturation and function in elk calves passively exposed to high concentrations o ...	2012	22541328
pre-orbital gland opening: part of sucking behavior in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves.	opening of the pre-orbital gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) was previously found to be associated with feeding and negatively associated with achieving satiety in bottle-reared red deer calves. we speculated that this acted as a signal from a calf to the mother that it was hungry. thus, we focused on a possible association between the pre-orbital gland opening and the sucking behavior in red deer calves. we recorded 63 sucking attempts and 150 sucking bouts within a stable social group of 24 f ...	2012	22585792
pre-orbital gland opening in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) during stressful handling.	stressful manipulation by humans has been previously shown to result in opening the pre-orbital gland of the newborn red deer. we hypothesized that exposure of red deer to stressful handling would result in opening the pre-orbital gland. further, we tested the potential factors associated with pre-orbital opening, including season, sex, age and struggling behavior. pre-orbital gland status was observed in 76 red deer (48 males, 28 females) during 281 handling events with the animal isolated and ...	2012	22585799
comparative landscape genetic analyses show a belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (sus scrofa).	while motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boars (sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the walloon part of belgium. altogether, 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. in the case ...	2012	22607276
amino acid sequence of myoglobin from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	our objective was to determine the primary structure of white-tailed deer myoglobin (mb). white-tailed deer mb was isolated from cardiac muscles employing ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. the amino acid sequence was determined by edman degradation. sequence analyses of intact mb as well as tryptic- and cyanogen bromide-peptides yielded the complete primary structure of white-tailed deer mb, which shared 100% similarity with red deer mb. white-tailed deer mb consi ...	2012	22608832
nutritional evaluation of the lipid fraction of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) tenderloin.	the meat lipid fraction of psoas major muscle from 20 adult (10 males and 10 females) feral iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) was characterized by quantification of total fat, total cholesterol, vitamin e and fatty acid (fa) composition, including detailed trans octadecenoate isomers and conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomeric profile. the total lipid content revealed a very lean meat (0.99 g/100g of meat), with total cholesterol content averaging 55.6 mg/100g of muscle. the fa profil ...	2012	22695295