Publications

comparative genome analysis of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti with drosophila melanogaster and the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae.	an in silico comparative genomics approach was used to identify putative orthologs to genetically mapped genes from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, in the drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae genome databases. comparative chromosome positions of 73 d. melanogaster orthologs indicated significant deviations from a random distribution across each of the five a. aegypti chromosomal regions, suggesting that some ancestral chromosome elements have been conserved. however, the two genomes also r ...	2004	15073225
dengue vector prevalence and virus infection in a rural area in south india.	we conducted a 2-year (1997-1999) longitudinal, entomological and virological study in three dengue endemic villages in vellore district, tamil nadu, to understand the dynamics of dengue transmission. aedes aegypti (linn.), ae. albopictus (skuse) and ae. vittatus (bigot) were the prevalent vector species. aedes aegypti was breeding throughout the year with a breteau index ranging from 9.05 to 45.49. aedes albopictus and ae. vittatus were prevalent mainly in the rainy season. small water holding ...	2004	15078269
identification of chimpanzee fab fragments by repertoire cloning and production of a full-length humanized immunoglobulin g1 antibody that is highly efficient for neutralization of dengue type 4 virus.	a safe and effective dengue vaccine is still not available. passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative for the prevention of dengue virus infection. fab monoclonal antibodies to dengue type 4 virus (denv-4) were recovered by repertoire cloning of bone marrow mrnas from an immune chimpanzee and analyzed for antigen binding specificity, v(h) and v(l) sequences, and neutralizing activity against denv-4 in vitro. fabs 5a7, 3c ...	2004	15078949
safety and efficacy of chimeric yellow fever-dengue virus tetravalent vaccine formulations in nonhuman primates.	to construct chimeric yf/den viruses (chimerivax-den), the premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) genes of yellow fever (yf) 17d virus were replaced with those of each wild-type (wt) dengue (den) virus representing serotypes 1 to 4. chimerivax-den1-4 vaccine viruses were prepared by electroporation of vero cells with rna transcripts prepared from viral cdna (f. guirakhoo, j. arroyo, k. v. pugachev, c. miller, z.-x. zhang, r. weltzin, k. georgakopoulos, j. catalan, s. ocran, k. soike, m. ratteree, an ...	2004	15078958
metabolic fate of [14c]-labeled meal protein amino acids in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.	we developed a method to follow the metabolic fate of [(14)c]-labeled euglena gracilis protein amino acids in aedes aegypti mosquitoes under three different adult nutritional regimes. quantitative analysis of blood meal protein amino acid metabolism showed that most of the carbon of the amino acids was either oxidized to co(2) or excreted as waste. under the three different adult nutritional regimes, no significant differences in the metabolism of amino acids were found, which indicated that the ...	2004	15081827
evaluation of surveillance devices for monitoring aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern peru.	in this study, we assessed the efficacy of the american biophysics corporation standard professional (abc-pro) light trap, the omni-directional fay-prince trap (with and without co2), and the centers for disease control and prevention wilton trap as a means of evaluating populations of adult aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern peru. efficacies of collections from each of the trap types were compared to backpack-aspirator collections and human-landing collections. collections were cond ...	2004	15088699
procedures for the evaluation of field efficacy of slow-release formulations of larvicides against aedes aegypti in water-storage containers.	in thailand, water-storage jars, barrels, drums, pails, and tanks constitute vast developmental sites for aedes aegypti in urban, semiurban, and rural areas. earthen water jars, cement jars, and concrete tanks constitute the greatest proportion of artificial containers where ae. aegypti breed. this species is a major vector of the causal agents of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, and vector control by larviciding is one of the main approaches to disease control. at present, temephos sand gra ...	2004	15088706
studies on dengue in rural areas of kurnool district, andhra pradesh, india.	a dengue case was reported for the 1st time in a rural area of kurnool district, andhra pradesh, india. entomological and serological investigations were carried out to determine the prevalence of dengue vectors and dengue virus. aedes aegypti was recorded for the 1st time in rural areas of andhra pradesh. breeding of ae. aegypti was observed only in containers with nonpotable water. cement cisterns and tanks, stone tubs, and clay pots were the major breeding habitats of ae. aegypti. larval indi ...	2004	15088710
[evaluation of the inhibiting activity of the diflubenzuron on the ecdysis of larvae of aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) (diptera, culicidae)].	the inhibiting activity of diflubenzuron on the ecdysis of aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, with a view to using this product in mosquito control. this study also aimed to determine the interaction between this product, the type of artificial containers and the susceptibility of the mosquito. bioassays were carried out in the backyard of a residence, using seven kinds of artificial habitats: tires, glass, concrete roofing, cans, plastic containers, cement and pottery. in each kind of artifici ...	2013	15094897
effect of temperature stress on immature stages and susceptibility of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to chikungunya virus.	a high temperature stress of 44.5 degrees c for 10 minutes on the larval stages was found to affect the susceptibility of adult aedes aegypti mosquitoes to chikungunya virus. at this temperature, the mortality of the mosquito larvae was found to be approximately 95%, whereas a temperature greater than 45 degrees c for 10 minutes was found to be lethal. a temperature tolerant (tt) strain was developed by exposing the larvae to a temperature of 44.5 degrees c for 10 minutes at every generation for ...	2004	15100445
signature of the oligomeric behaviour of nuclear receptors at the sequence and structural level.	nuclear receptors (nrs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that control a large number of physiological events through the regulation of gene transcription. nrs function either as homodimers or as heterodimers with retinoid x receptor/ultraspiracle protein (rxr/usp). a structure-based sequence analysis aimed at discovering the molecular mechanism that controls the dimeric association of the ligand-binding domain reveals two sets of differentially conserved residues, which partition the e ...	0	15105832
[a simulation model for the control of the aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue and yellow fever, by the crustacean mesocyclops spp].	a simulation model is presented to show the predation dynamics of mesocyclops spp. over aedes aegypti.	2006	15106875
the transepithelial voltage of the isolated anterior stomach of mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti): pharmacological characterization of the serotonin-stimulated cells.	the lumen-negative transepithelial voltage (v(te)) of the isolated and perfused anterior stomach of mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti) was studied with a 'semi-open' preparation in which one end of the gut was ligated onto a perfusion pipette and the other end remained open to the bath. all experiments were performed with serotonin-stimulated preparations. v(te) was abolished after addition of 2.5 mmol l(-1) dinitrophenol and depended on the presence of cl(-). na(+) substitution experiments showed ...	2004	15107433
is new zealand prepared to deal with arboviral diseases?	to now, new zealand has been spared arboviral diseases, except for the odd imported infection. however, two exotic vector mosquitoes (ochlerotatus camptorhynchus and ochlerotatus notoscriptus) have become established in new zealand and the routine arrival of infected people from overseas may soon lead to local arboviral transmission. large populations of wild wallabies and brushtail possums could serve as reservoirs of ross river virus and other arboviruses. several other exotic mosquito species ...	2004	15108743
acute spotted fever rickettsiosis among febrile patients, cameroon.	although potential arthropod vectors are abundant in cameroon, acute febrile illnesses are rarely evaluated for arboviral or rickettsial infections. serum samples from 234 acutely febrile patients at clinics in tiko and buea, cameroon, were examined for antibodies to rickettsia africae and african alphaviruses and flaviviruses. these serum samples did not contain antibodies against typhoid, and blood malarial parasites were not detected. serum samples of 32% contained immunoglobulin m antibodies ...	2004	15109409
the antibacterial innate immune response by the mosquito aedes aegypti is mediated by hemocytes and independent of gram type and pathogenicity.	previous mosquito studies showed that the hemocyte-mediated innate immune response against gram- escherichia coli is phagocytosis, but against gram+ micrococcus sp., is melanization. we examined the immune responses mounted by aedes aegypti towards gram- enterobacter cloacae, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and salmonella typhimurium, and gram+ bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, and staphylococcus epidermidis. using light microscopy, electron microscopy ...	2004	15109959
the plant virus tomato spotted wilt tospovirus activates the immune system of its main insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis.	tospoviruses have the ability to infect plants and their insect vectors. tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), the type species in the tospovirus genus, infects its most important insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips (wft). however, no detrimental effects on the life cycle or cytopathological changes have been reported in the wft after tswv infection, and relatively few viral particles can be observed even several days after infection. we hypothesized that tswv infect ...	2004	15113877
temephos resistance in two forms of aedes aegypti and its significance for the resistance mechanism.	aedes aegypti, at the larval stage, has been subjected to the temephos selection in laboratory. the level of temephos resistance was detected in a microplate by biochemical assay using who bioassay technique. the major enzyme-based resistance mechanisms involved in temephos resistance include elevated nonspecific esterase, oxidase and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. after 19 generations of temephos selection, the selected group showed resistance ratios of 4.64 and 16.92, when compared with a n ...	2003	15115088
larval habitats and distribution patterns of aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and aedes albopictus (skuse), in thailand.	this study was conducted to survey larval breeding habitats and to obtain larval abundance during the dry period covering all 5 geographical zones of thailand. our results indicated aedes aegypri is prevalent all over the country, whereas aedes albopictus is more restricted to the remote area of the south. water storage containers, especially water jars, served as a main larval breeding habitats of ae. aegypti, whereas broken cans and plastic containers are considered primary breeding sites for ...	2003	15115122
genetic heterogeneity of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in martinique.	in martinique, aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue viruses has been the target of insecticide control for more than 35 years. despite significant control efforts, dengue has become a major disease of public health concern. we conducted a population genetic analysis based on isoenzyme variations combined with an estimation of infection rate to a dengue virus among 26 ae. aegypti samples. aedes aegypti samples could be differentiated for their susceptibility to dengue infection (infection rates ra ...	2004	15117302
biolarvicides in vector control: challenges and prospects.	biolarvicides, based on mosquitocidal toxins of certain strains of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis h-14 (bti) are highly effective against mosquito larvae at very low doses and safe to other non-target organisms. during past two decades various biolarvicide formulations produced in india and abroad have been tested at malaria research centre and some formulations have undergone large-scale operational trials. biolarvicide formulations of b. sphaericus are useful in ...	2003	15119068
[productivity of aedes albopictus' breeding containers in paraíba valley, brazil].	to estimate the potential productivity of artificial, permanent, and natural breeding containers of aedes albopictus, potential vector species of dengue.	2004	15122376
the early gene e74b isoform is a transcriptional activator of the ecdysteroid regulatory hierarchy in mosquito vitellogenesis.	in the mosquito aedes aegypti, blood feeding activates vitellogenesis that involves yolk protein precursor (ypp) genes in an insect metabolic tissue, the fat body. vitellogenesis is regulated by the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) regulatory hierarchy, in which the ets-domain protein e74 is a key transcriptional regulator. the mosquito aae74 gene encodes two isoforms-aae74a and aae74b. both aae74 isoforms are 20e-inducible early gene products. aae74b reaches its maximal expression at 10(-7)m of 20e, wh ...	2004	15130514
variation over space and time of aedes aegypti in phnom penh (cambodia): genetic structure and oral susceptibility to a dengue virus.	we studied spatial and temporal variation in 20-23 aedes aegypti samples collected in phnom penh and its suburbs to estimate the population genetic structure using allozymes and the susceptibility to a dengue-2 virus. based on seven allozyme systems, we detected low levels of genetic exchanges (i.e. high, significant f(st) values) between populations collected in the city centre, and different patterns of genetic structure for samples collected in the suburbs, depending on the type of environmen ...	2003	15134196
optimised expression in escherichia coli and purification of the functional form of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa delta-endotoxin.	achieving high-level expression of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa mosquito-larvicidal protein was demonstrated. the 130-kda cry4aa protoxin was overexpressed as an inclusion body in escherichia coli under the control of the tac promoter together with the cry4ba promoter. the solubility of the toxin inclusions in carbonate buffer, ph 10.0, was markedly enhanced at a cultivation temperature of 30 degrees c. elimination of the tryptic cleavage site at arg-235 in the loop between helices 5 and 6 ...	2004	15135419
yellow fever in the americas.	dutch slave traders brought yellow fever to the americas from africa during the mid-seventeenth century. for the next two and a half centuries, the disease terrorized seaports throughout the americas. proof of the mosquito hypothesis was delayed because of two aspects of the disease: patients are viremic only during the first several days of clinical illness, and most mosquitoes require about 2 weeks of viral incubation before becoming infectious. control of aedes aegypti in urban centers failed ...	2004	15145381
subcellular localization of the mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 and sterol carrier protein-x.	subcellular distribution of aedes aegypti sterol carrier protein-2 (aescp-2) and aescp-x was studied using electron microscopy. in both cultured a. aegypti cells and in the larval midgut, aescp-2 was detected mostly in the cytosol, with some labeling mitochondria and nucleus, but not in membranous vesicles. the widespread distribution of aescp-2 in the midgut epithelium is consistent with its potential lipid transfer function in all phases of cholesterol absorption. in contrast, aescp-x was foun ...	2004	15145982
characterization of a sterol carrier protein 2/3-oxoacyl-coa thiolase from the cotton leafworm (spodoptera littoralis): a lepidopteran mechanism closer to that in mammals than that in dipterans.	numerous invertebrate species belonging to several phyla cannot synthesize sterols de novo and rely on a dietary source of the compound. scpx (sterol carrier protein 2/3-oxoacyl-coa thiolase) is a protein involved in the trafficking of sterols and oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. we have isolated scpx protein from spodoptera littoralis (cotton leafworm) and have subjected it to limited amino acid sequencing. a reverse-transcriptase pcr-based approach has been used to clone the cdna (1.9 ...	2004	15149283
mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts.	arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences.	2004	15151700
stage-specific expression of two actin genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	abstract the expression patterns of two muscle-specific actin genes were studied in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the coding sequence of aeact-2 exhibits between 82 and 85% similarity with coding sequences of the drosophila melanogaster and predicted anopheles gambiae actin genes. the transcription of the aeact-2 gene was differentially regulated during developmental stages with higher levels of expression in larvae and lower levels in pupae and adults. the aeact-2 gene is mainly exp ...	2004	15157225
differences in the effects of salinity on larval growth and developmental programs of a freshwater and a euryhaline mosquito species (insecta: diptera, culicidae).	the effects of salinity on growth and development of the euryhaline ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and the freshwater aedes aegypti are compared. o. taeniorhynchus grow larger, and have greater intrinsic growth rates, than a. aegypti. females of each species attain greater mass, take longer to develop, and have greater growth rates than do males. in o. taeniorhynchus, pupal mass, larval stage duration and growth rates (dry mass) increase with salinity, whereas growth rates (wet mass) remain constan ...	2004	15159433
ph tolerances and regulatory abilities of freshwater and euryhaline aedine mosquito larvae.	the ph regulatory abilities of two members of the mosquito tribe aedini, known to have dramatically different saline tolerances, are investigated. the freshwater mosquito aedes aegypti and the euryhaline ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus tolerate very similar ph ranges. both species complete larval development in waters ranging from ph 4 to ph 11, but naïve larvae always die in water of ph 3 or 12. across the ph range 4-11, the hemolymph ph of o. taeniorhynchus is maintained constant while that of a. ...	2004	15159434
[effect of temperature on longevity and infection with the nematode strelkovimermis spiculatus (nemata: mermithidae), a parasite of mosquitoes].	strelkovimermis spiculatus is a common parasite of culicid species in argentina. effect of temperature on longevity and infectivity of juvenile preparasites of s. spiculatus was determined at 4, 10, 20 and 27 degrees c. three containers with 100 ml of dechlorinate water and 300 preparasites (12 hour-old), were placed for each day and temperature, during 40 days (total = 480 containers). survived preparasites were counted on 12 containers per day (three for each temperature). when number of survi ...	2006	15162782
nodamura virus nonstructural protein b2 can enhance viral rna accumulation in both mammalian and insect cells.	during infection of both vertebrate and invertebrate cell lines, the alphanodavirus nodamura virus (nov) expresses two nonstructural proteins of different lengths from the b2 open reading frame. the functions of these proteins have yet to be determined, but b2 of the related flock house virus suppresses rna interference both in drosophila cells and in transgenic plants. to examine whether the nov b2 proteins had similar functions, we compared the replication of wild-type nov rna with that of mut ...	2004	15163762
variation of genetic expression during development, revealed by esterase patterns in aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae).	polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze esterase patterns during development of aedes aegypti from the cities of marília and são josé do rio preto (sjrp), brazil. the zymograms showed a total of 23 esterase bands, 22 of which were in the specimens from marília and 19 in those from sjrp. these esterase bands were considered to be the product of 23 alleles distributed tentatively in eight genetic loci. most of the alleles were developmentally regulated. the larval stage expressed th ...	2004	15168721
alkalization of larval mosquito midgut and the role of carbonic anhydrase in different species of mosquitoes.	we have previously demonstrated the involvement of carbonic anhydrase (ca) in the alkalization mechanism of the aedes aegypti larval midgut. in this study, we used hansson's histochemistry to examine the distribution of the enzyme in the midgut of six different species of mosquito larvae (aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, culex quinquefasciatus, culex nigripalpus, ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, anopheles quadrimaculatus). additionally, we quantitated ca content in the gastric caeca, anterior and po ...	2004	15171946
enhancement of cry19aa mosquitocidal activity against aedes aegypti by mutations in the putative loop regions of domain ii.	improvements in the mosquitocidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry19aa were achieved by protein engineering of putative surface loop residues in domain ii through rational design. the improvement of aedes toxicity in cry19aa was 42,000-fold and did not affect its toxicity against anopheles or culex.	2004	15184189
comparative resistance of anopheles albimanus and aedes aegypti to n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (ai3-37220) in laboratory human-volunteer repellent assays.	the insect repellents n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and the racemate and 1s,2's stereoisomer of 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide (ai3-37220) were tested against anopheles albimanus wiedemann and aedes aegypti (l.) in laboratory human-volunteer assays. estimated skin doses of deet or racemic ai3-37220 required to reduce biting by 95% in ae. aegypti were 2.3 and 3.5 x 10(-2) micromol/cm2 skin, respectively, whereas estimated doses for 95% bite reduction of an. albimanus in an ...	2004	15185944
laboratory and simulated field evaluation of a new recombinant of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus against culex mosquito larvae (diptera: culicidae).	in the laboratory, three microbial mosquito larvicidal products consisting of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis de barjac (bti), bacillus sphaericus (neide) (bsph) (strain 2362), and the university of california riverside (ucr) recombinant (producing toxins of both bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis) were bioassayed against larvae of culex quinequefasciatus say (susceptible and resistant to bsph 2362), and aedes aegypti (l.). bti proved highly effective against ...	2004	15185945
in vitro repellency of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide analogs against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).	seventeen analogs of the repellent compounds n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) were evaluated in vitro for repellency against laboratory-reared aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston mosquitoes by using a modified membrane blood feeding test system. the system was a valuable tool for comparing the effective concentrations of the repellent analogs. additionally, this method used easily controlled test conditions, allowing completion of the many ...	2004	15185946
ectopic expression of a cecropin transgene in the human malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): effects on susceptibility to plasmodium.	genetically altering the disease vector status of insects using recombinant dna technologies is being considered as an alternative to eradication efforts. manipulating the endogenous immune response of mosquitoes such as the temporal and special expression of antimicrobial peptides like cecropin may result in a refractory phenotype. using transgenic technology a unique pattern of expression of cecropin a (ceca) in anopheles gambiae was created such that ceca was expressed beginning 24 h after a ...	2004	15185949
evaluation of a sampling methodology for rapid assessment of aedes aegypti infestation levels in iquitos, peru.	an epidemic of dengue during 2001 in northwestern peru reemphasized the need for efficient, accurate, and economical vector surveillance. between november 1998 and january 1999, we carried out extensive entomological surveys in two neighborhoods of approximately 600 contiguous houses located in the amazonian city of iquitos, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate the aedes aegypti (l.) rapid assessment survey strategy. based on pan american health organization recommendations, this strategy ...	2004	15185957
differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus.	mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are major vectors of numerous infectious agents. compounds in mosquito saliva not only facilitate blood-feeding, but may also have an impact upon the immune system of vertebrate hosts. consequently, the exposure to mosquito saliva may influence pathogen transmission, establishment and disease development. using two medically important vector mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l.) and culex quinquefasciatus say, we examined the effects of mosquito saliva on immune cells of ...	2004	15189245
molecular characterization of the singed wings locus of drosophila melanogaster.	hormones frequently guide animal development via the induction of cascades of gene activities, whose products further amplify an initial hormonal stimulus. in drosophila the transformation of the larva into the pupa and the subsequent metamorphosis to the adult stage is triggered by changes in the titer of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. singed wings (swi) is the only gene known in drosophila melanogaster for which mutations specifically interrupt the transmission of the regulatory signa ...	2004	15189568
key premises, a guide to aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) surveillance and control.	the population densities of aedes aegypti linneaus in four towns in trinidad were studied using standard house-to-house inspections of all water-holding containers to determine whether persistently positive containers and premises existed over a three-month period in the wet season, from may to july 2002. from a total of 1503 houses inspected, 223 were positive with 41 persistently positive over the three month period and classified as 'key premises'. the definition of the term key premises is d ...	2004	15191621
sequence analysis of the genome of the neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus.	the genome of the neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus (nesenpv), which infects the european pine sawfly, n. sertifer (hymenoptera: diprionidae), was sequenced and analyzed. the genome was 86,462 bp in size. the c+g content of 34% was lower than that of the majority of baculoviruses. a total of 90 methionine-initiated open reading frames (orfs) with more than 50 amino acids and minimal overlapping were found. from those, 43 orfs were homologous to other baculovirus orfs, and 29 of these were ...	0	15194780
dengue spatial and temporal patterns, french guiana, 2001.	to study a 2001 dengue fever outbreak in iracoubo, french guiana, we recorded the location of all patients' homes and the date when symptoms were first observed. a geographic information system (gis) was used to integrate the patient-related information. the knox test, a classic space-time analysis technique, was used to detect spatiotemporal clustering. analysis of the relative-risk (rr) variations when space and time distances vary, highlighted the maximum space and time extent of a dengue tra ...	0	15200850
dengue fever outbreak in a recreation club, dhaka, bangladesh.	an outbreak of dengue fever occurred among employees of a recreation club in bangladesh. occupational transmission was characterized by a 12% attack rate, no dengue among family contacts, and aedes vectors in club areas. early recognition of the outbreak likely limited its impact.	0	15200876
identification of a chemosensory receptor from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, that is highly conserved and expressed in olfactory and gustatory organs.	aedes aegypti is a highly anthropophilic mosquito responsible for the transmission of dengue and yellow fever around the world. like other mosquitoes, the biting and host preference behaviors of this disease vector are largely influenced by its sense of smell, which is presumably facilitated by g protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. here, we report the identification and characterization of aaor7, the first candidate odorant receptor from ae. aegypti. this receptor displays extremely hig ...	2004	15201207
reduced juvenile hormone synthesis in mosquitoes with low teneral reserves reduces ovarian previtellogenic development in aedes aegypti.	we investigated the relationship among nutritional reserves, previtellogenic ovary development and juvenile hormone (jh) synthesis in aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. by raising larvae under different nutritional regimes, two adult phenotypes (large and small females) were generated, which differed significantly in size at eclosion (measured by wing length). we measured the total amount of protein, lipids and glycogen in newly emerged (teneral) large and small females. teneral reserves were sign ...	2004	15201301
virulence reaction norms across a food gradient.	host-parasite interactions involve competition for nutritional resources between hosts and the parasites growing within them. consuming part of a host's resources is one cause of a parasite's virulence, i.e. part of the fitness cost imposed on the host by the parasite. the influence of a host's nutritional conditions on the virulence of a parasite was experimentally tested using the mosquito aedes aegypti and the microsporidian parasite vavraia culicis. a condition-dependent expression of virule ...	2004	15209108
yellow fever: readily prevented but difficult to treat.		0	15210636
description of the transcriptomes of immune response-activated hemocytes from the mosquito vectors aedes aegypti and armigeres subalbatus.	mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, malaria, and lymphatic filariasis, exact a devastating toll on global health and economics, killing or debilitating millions every year (54). mosquito innate immune responses are at the forefront of concerted research efforts aimed at defining potential target genes that could be manipulated to engineer pathogen resistance in vector populations. we aimed to describe the pivotal role that circulating blood cells (called hemocytes) play in immunity by gen ...	0	15213157
sequences of flavivirus-related rna viruses persist in dna form integrated in the genome of aedes spp. mosquitoes.	flavivirus-related sequences have been discovered in the dsdna genome of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti mosquitoes, demonstrating for the first time an integration into a eukaryotic genome of a multigenic sequence from an rna virus that replicates without a recognized dna intermediate. in the aedes albopictus c6/36 cell line, an open reading frame (orf) of 1557 aa with protease/helicase and polyprotein processing domains characteristic of flaviviruses was identified. it is closely related to ...	2004	15218182
longitudinal studies of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in thailand and puerto rico: population dynamics.	aspiration collections of adult aedes aegypti (l.) were made weekly from inside and outside of houses for 3 yr in a rural thai village (n = 9,637 females and n = 11,988 males) and for 2 yr in a residential section of san juan, puerto rico (n = 5,941 females and n = 6,739 males). in thailand, temperature and rainfall fell into distinct seasonal categories, but only temperature was correlated with fluctuations in female abundance. average weekly temperature 6 wk before mosquitoes were collected an ...	2000	15218910
longitudinal studies of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in thailand and puerto rico: blood feeding frequency.	we used a histologic technique to study multiple blood feeding in a single gonotrophic cycle by engorged aedes aegypti (l.) that were collected weekly for 2 yr from houses in a rural village in thailand (n = 1,891) and a residential section of san juan, puerto rico (n = 1,675). overall, mosquitoes from thailand contained significantly more multiple meals (n = 1,300, 42% double meals, 5% triple meals) than mosquitoes collected in puerto rico (n = 1,156, 32% double meals, 2% triple meals). the por ...	2000	15218911
analyses of cis -acting elements that affect the transposition of mos1 mariner transposons in vivo.	the left (5') inverted terminal repeat (itr) of the mos1 mariner transposable element was altered by site-directed mutagenesis so that it exactly matched the nucleotide sequence of the right (3') itr. the effects on the transposition frequency resulting from the use of two 3' itrs, as well as those caused by the deletion of internal portions of the mos1 element, were evaluated using plasmid-based transposition assays in escherichia coli and aedes aegypti. donor constructs that utilized two 3' it ...	2004	15221453
evaluation of olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in tanzania.	insecticide-treated nets represent currently a key malaria control strategy, but low insecticide re-treatment rates remain problematic. olyset nets are currently one of two long-lasting insecticidal nets recommended by who. an assessment was carried out of the effect of olyset nets after seven years of use in rural tanzania.	2004	15225349
the changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: full circle?	yellow fever and dengue are old diseases, having caused major epidemics in centuries past. both were effectively controlled in the mid 1900s, yellow fever in francophone africa by vaccination and yellow fever and dengue in the americas by effective control of the principal urban vector of both viruses, aedes aegypti. in the last 25 years of the 20th century, however, there was a resurgence of yellow fever in africa, and of dengue worldwide. the factors responsible for this resurgence are discuss ...	2004	15225982
mosquito repellency of the seeds of celery (apium graveolens l.).	when the mosquito repellencies of four fractions of apium graveolens seeds (one hexane, two dichloromethane and one methanolic) were investigated in the laboratory, all four were found to offer human volunteers some protection against female, adult aedes aegypti. the hexane fraction, however, was found to exhibit the highest repellency in the laboratory, with median effective doses (ed50) and ed95 of 0.41 and 2.93 mg/cm2 skin, respectively. only this fraction, which was also found to provide pro ...	2004	15228722
target of rapamycin-mediated amino acid signaling in mosquito anautogeny.	mosquitoes generate an enormous burden on human health worldwide. disease-transmitting species use a reproductive strategy, termed anautogeny, that requires a blood meal to initiate egg maturation. whereas this strategy is important for driving disease transmission, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still poorly understood. the production of yolk protein precursors (ypps), a central event in egg maturation, is called vitellogenesis. ypps are synthesized in the fat body, the ...	2004	15229322
critical period for pupal commitment in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti.	changes in ecdysteroid levels that lead to commitment of pupal and adult development were studied in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. application of juvenile hormone at the time of pupal commitment usually results in delay or blockage of pupal and adult development. with methoprene, a juvenile hormone mimic, the jh sensitive period was found to be within 19 h after ecdysis to the fourth instar, at which time methoprene treatment caused a delay in pupation. consistent with this observati ...	2004	15234627
the mechanism of action of the antidiuretic peptide tenmo adfa in malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti.	the mechanism of action of tenebrio molitor antidiuretic factor 'a' (tenmo adfa) was explored in isolated malpighian tubules of aedes aegypti. in the ramsay assay of fluid secretion, tenmo adfa (10(-9) mol l(-1)) significantly inhibited the rate of fluid secretion from 0.94 nl min(-1) to 0.44 nl min(-1) without significant effects on the concentrations of na+, k+ and cl- in secreted fluid. in isolated perfused tubules, tenmo adfa had no effect on the transepithelial voltage (vt) and resistance ( ...	2004	15235016
chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oils from leaves of different cinnamomum osmophloeum provenances.	chemical compositions of leaf essential oils from eight provenances of indigenous cinnamon (cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh.) were compared. according to gc-ms and cluster analyses, the leaf essential oils of the eight provenances and their relative contents were classified into five chemotypes-cinnamaldehyde type, linalool type, camphor type, cinnamaldehyde/cinnamyl acetate type, and mixed type. the larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils and their constituents from the five chemotypes of ind ...	2004	15237942
influence of breeding sites features on genetic differentiation of aedes aegypti populations analyzed on a local scale in phnom penh municipality of cambodia.	this study analyzed genetic differentiation of 20 aedes aegypti populations collected along a street in phnom penh municipality of cambodia. using allozyme and microsatellite variations, we demonstrated that populations were differentiated and the pattern of differentiation was dependent on the type of breeding sites. moreover, insecticide treatments with temephos mostly affect the population functioning of discarded containers. low gene flow detected could limit the natural diffusion of resista ...	2004	15238693
[spatio-temporal variability in the transmission of dengue in buenos aires city].	cases of dengue detected in buenos aires city between 1999 and 2000 confirmed the possibility of epidemic outbreaks. the activity of its vector aedes aegypi was monitored to study the spatial and temporal risk of dengue transmission. adult oviposition activity of aedes aegypti showed an heterogeneous spatio-temporal distribution pattern. it was detected between october and may. the vector was detected from spring to fall in the northern, western and southern areas of the city (periphery) and onl ...	2004	15239537
using rna interference to develop dengue virus resistance in genetically modified aedes aegypti.	diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses are significant public health problems, and novel methods are needed to control pathogen transmission. we hypothesize that genetic manipulation of aedes aegypti mosquitoes can profoundly and permanently reduce vector competence and subsequent transmission of dengue viruses (denv) to human hosts. we have identified rna interference (rnai) as a potential anti-viral, intracellular pathway in the vector that can be triggered by expression of virus-specific, ...	2004	15242701
mosquito transposable elements.	the completion of the genome assembly for the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and continuing genomic efforts for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, have allowed the use of bioinformatics tools to identify and characterize a diverse array of transposable elements (tes) in these and other mosquito genomes. an overview of the types and number of both rna-mediated and dna-mediated tes that are found in mosquito genomes is presented. a number of novel and interesting tes from thes ...	2004	15242704
olfactory regulation of mosquito-host interactions.	mosquitoes that act as disease vectors rely upon olfactory cues to direct several important behaviors that are fundamentally involved in establishing their overall vectorial capacity. of these, the propensity to select humans for blood feeding is arguably the most important of these olfactory driven behaviors in so far as it significantly contributes to the ability of these mosquitoes to transmit pathogens that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever and most significantly human malaria. her ...	2004	15242705
nutritional regulation of jh synthesis: a mechanism to control reproductive maturation in mosquitoes?	juvenile hormone (jh) titers must be modulated to permit the normal progress of development and reproduction in mosquitoes. in adult female aedes aegypti, jh levels are low at adult eclosion, elevated in sugar-fed females and low again after a blood meal. although degradation plays a role, jh titer is fundamentally determined by the rate of biosynthesis in the corpora allata gland (ca). ca from newly eclosed females (0-1 h after emergence) exhibit a very low basal jh biosynthetic activity, aedes ...	2004	15242710
tn5 as an insect gene vector.	the purpose of this study was to explore alternatives to insect-derived transposable elements as insect gene vectors with the intention of improving existing insect transgenesis methods. the mobility properties of the bacterial transposon, tn5, were tested in mosquitoes using a transient transposable element mobility assay and by attempting to create transgenic insects. tn5 synaptic complexes were assembled in vitro in the absence of mg(2+) and co-injected with a target plasmid into developing y ...	2004	15242711
impact of population age structure on wolbachia transgene driver efficacy: ecologically complex factors and release of genetically modified mosquitoes.	wolbachia symbionts hold theoretical promise as a way to drive transgenes into insect vector populations for disease prevention. for simplicity, current models of wolbachia dynamics and spread ignore ecologically complex factors such as the age structure of vector populations and overlapping vector generations. we developed a model including these factors to assess their impact on the process of wolbachia spread into populations of three mosquito species (anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti and cul ...	2004	15242712
aedes aegypti genomics.	the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is the primary, worldwide arthropod vector for the yellow fever and dengue viruses. as it is also one of the most tractable mosquito species for laboratory studies, it has been and remains one of the most intensively studied arthropod species. this has resulted in the development of detailed genetic and physical maps for ae. aegypti and considerable insight into its genome organization. the research community is well-advanced in developing important molecular tools t ...	2004	15242713
current advances in dengue diagnosis.		2004	15242935
[social representations of the relationships between plant vases and the dengue vector].	to investigate how houseplant 'caretakers' represent the relationship between plant vases and breeding sites for the dengue vector, in order to reformulate educational policies.	2004	15243671
piptigrine, a new insecticidal amide from piper nigrum linn.	a new insecticidal amide piptigrine (1) possessing highly extended conjugation was isolated from the dried ground seeds of piper nigrum linn. along with the known amides piperine and wisanine (hitherto unreported from this plant). the structure of 1 has been elucidated as 1-[9-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-4e,6e,8e-nonatrienoyl]piperidine through extensive 1d- and 2d-nmr (cosy-45, noesy, j-resolved, hmqc, hmbc and noesy studies. the known compounds have been identified through comparison of their ...	2004	15248617
aedes aegypti resistance to temephos during 2001 in several municipalities in the states of rio de janeiro, sergipe, and alagoas, brazil.	for more than 30 years temephos, an organophosphate insecticide, has been the sole larvicide used in brazil in the control of aedes aegypti. organophosphates were also used for adult control, being replaced by pyrethroids since 1999. in this same year the brazilian health foundation started the coordination of the ae. aegypti insecticide resistance monitoring program. in the context of this program, our group was responsible for the detection of temephos resistance in a total of 12 municipalitie ...	2004	15250476
high-level gene expression in aedes albopictus cells using a baculovirus hr3 enhancer and ie1 transactivator.	aedes aegypti is the key vector of both the yellow fever and dengue fever viruses throughout many parts of the world. low and variable transgene expression levels due to position effect and position effect variegation are problematic to efforts to create transgenic laboratory strains refractory to these viruses. transformation efficiencies are also less than optimal, likely due to failure to detect expression from all integrated transgenes and potentially due to limited expression of the transpo ...	2004	15251037
tents pre-treated with insecticide for malaria control in refugee camps: an entomological evaluation.	a refugee shelter that is treated with insecticide during manufacture would be useful for malaria control at the acute stage of an emergency, when logistic problems, poor co-ordination and insecurity limit the options for malaria control.	2004	15253773
repellency of aromatic medicinal plant extracts and a steam distillate to aedes aegypti.	the repellent activity of methanol extracts from 23 aromatic medicinal plant species and a steam distillate against female blood-starved aedes aegypti was examined in the laboratory by skin test and compared with that of n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). responses varied according to plant species. at a dose of 0.1 mg/cm2, the repellency of extracts of cinnamomum cassia bark (91%), nardostachys chinensis rhizome (81%), paeonia suffruticosa root bark (80%), and cinnamomum camphora steam distillate ...	2004	15264623
evaluation of an in vitro bloodfeeding system for testing mosquito repellents.	median effective doses and 95% effective doses of 9 commercial mosquito repellents were determined for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, in an in vitro bloodfeeding test system and on the human forearm. results obtained in the 2 test systems did not differ significantly but, because of the inherent variability of repellent test data, did not always agree closely. potential modifications of in vitro bloodfeeding test systems for increased accuracy, precision, and reliability are discussed ...	2004	15264624
efficacy and longevity of a new formulation of temephos larvicide tested in village-scale trials against larval aedes aegypti in water-storage containers.	field trials on the initial and long-term efficacy of a new formulation of temephos granules (1% on zeolite) applied at 1 ppm active ingredient (ai) were conducted in water-storage containers against aedes aegypti in 3 villages in the kanchanaburi province in thailand. a total of 316 water-storage containers of various types and sizes were included in the study. in the initial survey, we found that some containers were positive for larval ae. aegypti, whereas others were devoid of larvae before ...	2004	15264628
food as a limiting factor for aedes aegypti in water-storage containers.	an understanding of the ecological factors that regulate natural populations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes can improve control and reduce the incidence of dengue (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) in tropical areas. we investigated whether immature ae. aegypti in water-storage containers from an urban area were under food limitation. we used starvation resistance (number of days alive without food) as an indicator of the feeding history in third-instar ae. aegypti larvae. resistance to starva ...	2004	15266737
antagonistic effects of energy status on meal size and egg-batch size of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the effect of sugar feeding on egg-batch size in aedes aegypti was examined in a way that would distinguish between the roles of a recent sugar meal (full vs. empty crop) and of repeated sugar feeding and digestion (high vs. low energy reserves). egg numbers of females representing the four combinations of these characteristics (full crop/high reserves, full crop/low reserves, empty crop/high reserves, empty crop/low reserves) were counted during their first gonotrophic cycle. in addition, the s ...	2004	15266745
the invasion of urban forest by dengue vectors in rio de janeiro.	the invasion of a secondary forest within the city of rio de janeiro by aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus was evaluated from july 1997 to june 1998 through collections of immature stages in ovitraps set at 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, 500 m, and 1,000 m into the forest from houses on the periphery. both mosquito species were much more abundant close to houses (1-10 m). aedes aegypti was not collected beyond 100 m, while ae. albopictus was the most abundant species overall and in ovitraps at all distances fr ...	2004	15266746
oviposition by aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in relation to conspecific larvae infected with internal symbiotes.	female mosquitoes use abiotic and biotic factors, such as the presence of heavy metals or parasites, to determine the acceptability of oviposition sites. some biotic factors can originate from mosquito larvae. when mosquito larvae are starved or infected with trematode metacercaria, they render associated water unacceptable to ovipositioning females. internal symbiotes are common in wild mosquito populations, and i tested whether or not larvae of aedes aegypti infected with a gregarine (ascogreg ...	2004	15266753
enhanced esterase activity in salivary gland and midgut of aedes aegypti mosquito infected with dengue-2 virus.	mosquitoes were infected by intrathoracic inoculation. about 95% head squashes were positive for dengue virus antigen on the 15th post infection day (pid). esterase activity was determined in the homogenates prepared from the salivary glands and midguts on different pids of dengue virus inoculated and control mosquitoes showed that it was consistently higher in the virus-infected batches.	2003	15267144
ovicidal and larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes of essential oils extracted from three spontaneous plants of burkina faso.	essential oils extracted from dried leaves of three spontaneous plants naturally growing in burkina faso, i.e. cymbopogon proximus, lippia multiflora and ocimum canum, exhibited larvicidal activity by the who standard protocol against 3rd and 4th instar f1-larvae of field-collected mosquitoes vectors of human disease, namely aedes aegypti and members of the anopheles gambiae complex, an. arabiensis and an. gambiae. the median lethal concentration (lc50) for ae. aegypti and an. gambiae s.l. larva ...	2003	15270540
the cost of immunity in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti depends on immune activation.	although host immunity offers the obvious benefit of reducing parasite infection, it is often traded-off with other fitness components. we investigated whether the cost of an immune response in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, is modulated by the antigen that activates the melanization immune response. thus, one of three different novel antigens were injected into the mosquito's thorax--either a glass bead, a negatively charged (c-25) sephadex bead, or a neutral (g-25) sephadex bead--an ...	2004	15271083
effect of ten chlorophytes on larval survival, development and adult body size of the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the effect of ten microalgal chlorophytes isolated from mosquito breeding containers on the survival, larval development and adult body size of the mosquito aedes aegypti was investigated. all larvae fed with six of the microalgal isolates died after 7 days. these isolates were found to be resistant to digestion by mosquito larvae. delayed pupation and body size reduction of the mosquitos fed with chlorococcum umacc 218 and scenedesmus umacc 220 were observed. in contrast, larvae fed with ankist ...	2004	15272748
fish digital imaging microscopy in mosquito genomics.	the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, transmits pathogens that affect both humans and livestock, and has been the focus of extensive research to identify genetic loci that may be useful in control strategies. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and digital imaging microscopy have provided a rapid mechanism to populate the physical map with probes derived from genetic markers, cdnas and recombinant genomic libraries. when the physical and genetic linkage maps are aligned, map-based clon ...	1996	15275237
venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein.	in 1993 and 1996, subtype ie venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus caused epizootics in the mexican states of chiapas and oaxaca. previously, only subtype iab and ic vee virus strains had been associated with major outbreaks of equine and human disease. the iab and ic epizootics are believed to emerge via adaptation of enzootic (sylvatic, equine-avirulent) strains for high titer equine viremia that results in efficient infection of mosquito vectors. however, experimental equine infections w ...	2004	15277679
modulation of dengue virus infection of dendritic cells by aedes aegypti saliva.	dengue virus (dv) is a flavivirus carried by the aedes aegypti mosquito that causes a spectrum of illnesses in the tropics, including dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells recently shown to be permissive for dv, and implicated as the primary targets of initial dv infection. dv is transmitted to human host by infected mosquitoes during a blood meal, but it is currently unknown whether transmission is modi ...	2004	15279703
a simulation model of african anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission.	malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. however, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to insecticides and drugs.	2004	15285781
cloning and characterization of a mosquito larvicidal toxin produced during vegetative stage of bacillus sphaericus 2297.	the mosquitocidal toxin 1 (mtx1) gene from genomic dna of b. sphaericus strain 2297 was cloned and expressed in e. coli. dna sequencing analysis of the cloned gene revealed a single open reading frame encoding an 870-amino acid polypeptide. expression level of the full-length gene in e. coli was very low even though strong promoter was used or the gene was expressed as a fusion protein. expression level was highly improved after the putative leader sequence was deleted, and the truncated gene wa ...	2004	15297911
attenuation of dengue virus infection by adeno-associated virus-mediated sirna delivery.	background: the need for safe and effective treatment of dengue virus (den), a class a agent that causes dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, has been a critical global priority. an effective vaccine for den is not yet available. in this study the possibility of attenuating den infection using adeno-associated virus (aav)-encoded short interfering rnas (sirna) was examined in vero cells and human dendritic cells (dcs). methods: a cassette encoding sirna targeted to a 3' untranslated s ...	2004	15301687
direct and indirect immunosuppression by a malaria parasite in its mosquito vector.	malaria parasites develop as oocysts within the haemocoel of their mosquito vector during a period that is longer than the average lifespan of many of their vectors. how can they escape from the mosquito's immune responses during their long development? whereas older oocysts might camouflage themselves by incorporating mosquito-derived proteins into their surface capsule, younger stages are susceptible to the mosquito's immune response and must rely on other methods of immune evasion. we show th ...	2004	15306308
adult size and distribution of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) associated with larval habitats in iquitos, peru.	adult mosquito size may be related to longevity, feeding frequency, and other factors that impact vectorial capacity. various investigations have shown that characteristics of larval mosquito habitats influence adult size. we studied breeding container characteristics in relation to size and abundance of aedes aegypti larvae and pupae in iquitos, peru, and compared these with the size of resulting adult females. during 22 may to 20 july 2000, immature mosquitoes were collected from 12,722 contai ...	2004	15311454
comparisons of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), microsatellite, and isoenzyme markers: population genetics of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from phnom penh (cambodia).	aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue viruses responsible for dengue hemorrhagic fever, which has become a major public health concern in tropical countries. because vaccines are still under development, dengue prevention depends entirely on vector control. knowledge of gene dispersal patterns is required to develop efficient vector control strategies. here we report the use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) to infer the genetic structure of ae. aegypti populations at a local ...	2004	15311458
evaluation of the colchicine-like activity of gloriosa superba-extracted fractions for mosquito (diptera: culicidae) cytogenetic study.	four fractions of gloriosa superba l., i.e., hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction 1, dichloromethane fraction 2, and methanol fraction, were investigated for colchicine-like activity using a mosquito cytogenetic assay. the results revealed that the latter three fractions yielded promisingly high colchicine-like activity, whereas the hexane fraction yielded very low activity compared with 1% colchicine in a 0.85% sodium chloride solution. the metaphase rates and average number of metaphase c ...	2004	15311459