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Insights into the antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions of the antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin-1, against Vibrio vulnificus infection in zebrafish.In the present study, we used Vibrio vulnificus and a zebrafish model system to investigate the inhibitory effect of epinecidin-1 on acute bacterial infection and studied the impacts of pretreatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment with epinecidin-1 on its protective efficacy. In vivo experiments showed that co-treatment with epinecidin-1 and V. vulnificus achieved 78%-97% survival rates after 30 days. When epinecidin-1 and V. vulnificus were co-injected into zebrafish and zebrafish were re-cha ...201121925271
cooperative regulation of the vibrio vulnificus nan gene cluster by nanr protein, camp receptor protein, and n-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphate.the nan cluster of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen, consists of two divergently transcribed operons, nant(psl)ar and nanek naga, required for transport and catabolism of n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac). a mutation of nanr abolished the extensive lag phase observed for the bacteria growing on neu5ac and increased transcription of nant(p) and nane, suggesting that nanr is a transcriptional repressor of both nan operons. intracellular accumulation of neu5ac was dependent on the carbon sou ...201121956110
Use of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of bacterial pathogens associated with fishery products.We established a microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of diverse putative pathogens often associated with fishery products by targeting specific genes of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Yersinia enterocolitica and the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. The microarray contained 26 sp ...201121965411
[septic shock by vibrio vulnificus at the coast gulf of mexico].vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium which is found in marine environments and where there is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. the infection by these bacteria can cause primary septicemia by two mechanisms: upon consuming crustaceans, mollusks and some fish (filtering shellfish) raw or barely cooked or by an open injury in contact with seawater. the patients with infections of the pr ...201121982195
Vaccination of sex reversed hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) with an inactivated Vibrio vulnificus vaccine.Vibrio vulnificus causes disease in economically important aquaculture raised fish and is an opportunistic human pathogen. This study reports on the isolation of V. vulnificus from diseased hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) cultured in a North American water reuse facility. Our objectives were to characterize the isolate using biochemical and molecular methods, develop a disease challenge model, and determine the ability of a formalin inactivated whole-cell vaccine to protect ag ...201121982852
Identification and characterization of a novel outer membrane protein receptor required for hemin utilization in Vibrio vulnificus.Vibrio vulnificus, the cause of septicemia and serious wound infection in humans and fishes, require iron for its pathogenesis. Hemin uptake through the outer membrane receptor, HupA, is one of its many mechanisms by which it acquires iron. We report here the identification of an additional TonB-dependent hemin receptor HvtA, that is needed in conjunction with the HupA protein for optimal hemin utilization. The HvtA protein is significantly homologous to other outer membrane hemin receptors and ...201122015545
Homodimerization and binding of specific domains to the target DNA are essential requirements for HlyU to regulate expression of the virulence gene rtxA1, encoding the repeat-in-toxin protein in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus.The virulence gene rtxA1, encoding the repeat-in-toxin protein, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Expression of this gene is controlled by the HlyU regulator by direct contact of the DNA upstream of the rtxA1 toxin operon acting as a derepressor of the H-NS protein. The crystal structure suggests that HlyU forms a homodimer in vitro. However, knowledge of the biological implications of these findings in vivo is limited. In this work, we endeavored to di ...201122020641
aeromonas hydrophila sepsis mimicking vibrio vulnificus infection.aeromonas hydrophila is a facultatively anaerobic, asporogenous gram-negative rod that has often been regarded as an opportunistic pathogen in hosts with impairment of a local or general defense mechanism. a 68-year-old alcoholic woman presented with shock and gangrene on the right arm. at first, her clinical presentations were severe painful erythematous swelling that worsened within a few hours with development of gangrene, edema, and blisters. bullous fluid and blood cultures yielded a. hydro ...201122028565
relationship between localization on cellular membranes and cytotoxicity of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin.vibrio vulnificus secretes a hemolysin/cytolysin (vvh) that induces cytolysis in target cells. a detergent resistant membrane domain (drm) fraction of the cells after sucrose gradient centrifugation includes cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains which have been called "lipid rafts". it was reported that some pore-forming toxins require association with drm and/or lipid rafts to exert their cytotoxicity. it has also been thought that cellular cholesterol is involved in vvh cytotoxicity because v ...201122028805
the effect of metals on condition and pathologies of european eel (anguilla anguilla): in situ and laboratory experiments.forty-nine wild eels (anguilla anguilla) caught in the albufera lake (spain), measuring 24.0-75.0cm in length and 25.0-637.7g in weight, were examined for metals (cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, mn, pb, se and zn), condition (ci and hsi indices), as well as for diseases (anguillicola infestation; bacterial infections). total metal load significantly increased in eel liver tissue parallel to total length and body weight (log), while silvering females (w(b)>200g; l≥500mm) exhibited the highest amounts of ...201122030412
Intranasal administration of a flagellin-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses to protect mice against lethal infection.The influenza virus, a mucosal pathogen that infects the respiratory tract, is a major global health issue. There have been attempts to mucosally administer inactivated influenza vaccines to induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. However, mucosally administered inactivated influenza vaccine has low immunogenicity, which is partially due to the lack of an effective mucosal adjuvant. The development of a safe and effective mucosal adjuvant is a prerequisite to the practical use of a mu ...201222051136
High salinity relay as a postharvest processing strategy to reduce vibrio vulnificus levels in Chesapeake Bay oysters (Crassostrea virginica).In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to implement postharvest processing (PHP) methods to eliminate Vibrio vulnificus from oysters intended for the raw, half-shell market that are harvested from the Gulf of Mexico during warmer months. FDA-approved PHP methods can be expensive and may be associated with unfavorable responses from some consumers. A relatively unexplored PHP method that uses relaying to high salinity waters could be an alternative strategy, ...201122054191
ß-1,3-Glucan recognition protein (ßGRP) is essential for resistance against fungal pathogen and opportunistic pathogenic gut bacteria in Locusta migratoria manilensis.Pattern recognition proteins, which form part of the innate immune system, initiate host defense reactions in response to pathogen surface molecules. The pattern recognition protein ß-1,3-glucan recognition protein (ßGRP) binds to ß-1,3-glucan on fungal surfaces to mediate melanization via the prophenoloxidase (PPO)-activating cascade. In this study, cDNA encoding a 53-kDa ßGRP (LmßGRP) was cloned from Locusta migratoria manilensis. LmßGRP mRNA shown to be constitutively expressed specifically i ...201122062247
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis from the Straits of Messina against pathogens relevant in aquaculture.Ethanol extracts of Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Straits of Messina (Italy) were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic shellfish and fish bacteria previously isolated from local marine and brackish environments. Genetic labelling by DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the algal population as a biogeographical strain conspecific to A. taxiformis. The extract obtained in May showed the broadest antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria, especiall ...201222078751
protective mechanism of curcumin against vibrio vulnificus infection.curcumin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid extracted from the rhizome of curcuma longa l., has many beneficial biological activities. however, there are relatively few reports of the effects of curcumin on pathogen infections. this study examined the effect of curcumin on a vibrio vulnificus infection. the cytotoxicity of v. vulnificus to hela cells was significantly inhibited by curcumin (at 10 or 30 μm). to further examine the inhibitory mechanism of curcumin against v. vulnificus-mediated cyt ...201122092562
high numbers of vibrio vulnificus in tar balls collected from oiled areas of the north-central gulf of mexico following the 2010 bp deepwater horizon oil spill.the deepwater horizon oil spill was the largest oil spill in usa history releasing approximately 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the gulf of mexico. soon after the spill started, tar balls and other forms of weathered oil appeared in large numbers on beaches in mississippi and alabama. in this study, we analyzed tar balls for total aerobic bacterial (tab) counts and also for the presence of vibrio vulnificus, a human pathogen known to be abundant in the gulf coast environment and capable o ...201122109669
purification and characterization of enterocin mc13 produced by a potential aquaculture probiont enterococcus faecium mc13 isolated from the gut of mugil cephalus.a bacteriocin producer strain mc13 was isolated from the gut of mugil cephalus (grey mullet) and identified as enterococcus faecium. the bacteriocin of e. faecium mc13 was purified to homogeneity, as confirmed by tricine sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis showed a single active fraction eluted at 26 min, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectro ...201122112158
mechanistic insight into the catalytic activity of ββα-metallonucleases from computer simulations: vibrio vulnificus periplasmic nuclease as a test case.using information from wild-type and mutant vibrio vulnificus nuclease (vvn) and i-ppoi homing endonuclease co-crystallized with different oligodeoxynucleotides, we have built the complex of vvn with a dna octamer and carried out a series of simulations to dissect the catalytic mechanism of this metallonuclease in a stepwise fashion. the distinct roles played in the reaction by individual active site residues, the metal cation and water molecules have been clarified by using a combination of cla ...201122114054
Antibiotic therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: retrospective analysis of an 8 year period.OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of a third-generation cephalosporin alone, a third-generation cephalosporin plus minocycline, and a fluoroquinolone in patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) caused by Vibrio vulnificus. METHODS: A retrospective review of case notes was performed for 89 patients who presented with NF caused by V. vulnificus and underwent surgical intervention within 24 h of admission between 2003 and 2010. Data on comorbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory studi ...201122117030
Seagrass as a potential source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.Context: Halophila spp. is a strong medicine against malaria and skin diseases and is found to be very effective in early stages of leprosy. Seagrasses are nutraceutical in nature and therefore of importance as food supplements. Objective: The antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Halophila ovalis R. Br. Hooke (Hydrocharitaceae) methanol extract were investigated and the chemical constituents of purified fractions were analyzed. Materials and methods: Plant material ...201122129224
characterization of a new quorum sensing regulator luxt and its roles in the extracellular protease production, motility, and virulence in fish pathogen vibrio alginolyticus.vibrio alginolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen that causes vibriosis in miscellaneous fish species, has brought about serious economic damage to the mariculture industry in south china. the mechanism of virulence regulation in v. alginolyticus is yet not known except a vibrio harveyi-like quorum sensing (qs) system that is established to manipulate the expression of diverse genes including those encoding virulence determinants. in this study, a new tetr family qs regulator, luxt, was identified ...201122130678
Apoptotic effect of Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells.Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) has a very strong cytotoxic effect on various types of mammalian cells. However, the inhibitory effect of VVC on the proliferation of human lung cancer cells has scarcely been reported. This study aimed to analyze the effects of recombinant VVC (rVVC) on the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these effects. This study showed that rVV ...201122134407
[The effects of NF-E2-related factor-2 prompter polymorphism on alcoholic liver disease with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis].To investigate the influence of genetic polymorphism in NF-E2-related factor-2 (nrf2) gene promoter locus at 336 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) with Vibrio vulnificus (VV) sepsis.201122169690
Detection and characterization of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish by a Ligation Detection Reaction-Universal Array approach.Vibrios are a group of major foodborne pathogens widely distributed in marine environment. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are the pathogenic species of Vibrio that pose the greatest threat to human health. However, other vibrios, e.g. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Grimontia hollisae, apparently less relevant in the group of foodborne pathogens, have been sporadically found in outbreaks. For seafood safety and economic purposes, a rapid and powerful met ...201122177227
identification of virulence factors in vibrio vulnificus by comparative transcriptomic analyses between clinical and environmental isolates using cdna microarray.we compared the gene expression among four clinical and five environmental v. vulnificus isolates, using a cdna microarray containing 131 genes possibly associated with pathogenicity, transport, signal transduction, and gene regulations in the pathogen. cdnas from total rnas of these isolates were hybridized into the cdna microarray using the cdna of the wild-type strain mo6/24-o as a reference. we focused on selecting differentially expressed (de) genes between clinical and environmental isolat ...201122210607
year round patchiness of vibrio vulnificus within a temperate texas bay.aims:  to investigate with high geographical resolution the small-scale spatial and temporal distribution of the pathogen vibrio vulnificus throughout the water column in a temperate texas bay where numerous v. vulnificus infections had been reported by the regional media the previous summer. methods and results:  surface and bottom water samples were collected from 19 sites between april 2005 and october 2006 from matagorda bay, tx. physicochemical parameters were measured and v. vulnificus wer ...201122212214
genetic diversity of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus: a new phylogroup.the biotype 3 group of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus emerged in israel probably as a result of genome hybridization of two bacterial populations. we performed a genomic and phylogenetic study of v. vulnificus strains isolated from the environmental niche from which this group emerged - fish aquaculture in israel. the genetic relationships and evolutionary aspects of 188 environmental and clinical isolates of the bacterium were studied by genomic typing. genetic relations were determined b ...201122227412
vibrio vulnificus aphb is involved in interleukin-8 production via an nf-κb-dependent pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells.we previously reported that the aphb gene mutant of vibrio vulnificus had significantly impaired motility and adherence to host cells. in this study, we investigated the role of v. vulnificus aphb on the production of interleukin-8 (il-8), a proinflammatory cytokine, as well as its underlying mechanism in human intestinal epithelial int-407 cells. the aphb gene mutation significantly reduced the ability of v. vulnificus to stimulate il-8 production and il-8 gene promoter activation in int-407 ce ...201222234306
development and validation of a predictive model for the growth of vibrio vulnificus in postharvest shellstock oysters.postharvest growth of vibrio vulnificus in oysters can increase risk of human infection. unfortunately, limited information is available regarding v. vulnificus growth and survival patterns over a wide range of storage temperatures in oysters harvested from different estuaries and in different oyster species. in this study, we developed a predictive model for v. vulnificus growth in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) harvested from chesapeake bay, md, over a temperature range of 5 to 30°c a ...201222247136
pilf polymorphism-based real-time pcr to distinguish vibrio vulnificus strains of human health relevance.the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a common inhabitant of estuarine environments. globally, v. vulnificus is a significant foodborne pathogen capable of causing necrotizing wound infections and primary septicemia, and is a leading cause of seafood-related mortality. unfortunately, molecular methods for the detection and enumeration of pathogenic v. vulnificus are hampered by the genetically diverse nature of this pathogen, the range of different biotypes capable of infecting humans ...201222265278
comparison of molecular detection methods for vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.pathogenic vibrios are a global concern for seafood safety and many molecular methods have been developed for their detection. this study compares several molecular methods for detection of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, in mpn enrichments from oysters and fish intestine samples. this study employed the dupont qualicon bax(®) system real-time pcr assay for detection of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus. multiplex real-time pcr detection of total (tlh+), t ...201222265290
identification of the fur-binding site in regulatory region of the vulnibactin-receptor gene in vibrio vulnificus.the vibrio vulnificus vuua gene, of which expression is repressed by a complex of iron and ferric uptake regulator (fur), was characterized to localize the fur-binding site in its upstream regulatory region. in silico analysis suggested the presence of two possible fur-binding sites; one is a classical fur-box and the other is a previously reported distinct fur-binding site. site-directed mutagenesis and dnase i protection assays revealed the binding site for the iron-fur complex, which includes ...201222297218
temporal and spatial variability in the distribution of vibrio vulnificus in the chesapeake bay: a hindcast study.vibrio vulnificus, an estuarine bacterium, is the causative agent of seafood-related gastroenteritis, primary septicemia, and wound infections worldwide. it occurs as part of the normal microflora of coastal marine environments and can be isolated from water, sediment, and oysters. hindcast prediction was undertaken to determine spatial and temporal variability in the likelihood of occurrence of v. vulnificus in surface waters of the chesapeake bay. hindcast predictions were achieved by forcing ...201122302219
the tonb3 system in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is under the control of the global regulators lrp and cyclic amp receptor protein.tonb systems transduce the proton motive force of the cytoplasmic membrane to energize substrate transport through a specific tonb-dependent transporter across the outer membrane. vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine pathogen that can cause a fatal septicemic disease in humans and eels, possesses three tonb systems. while the tonb1 and tonb2 systems are iron regulated, the tonb3 system is induced when the bacterium grows in human serum. in this work we have determined the essential roles o ...201222307757
dna array with the groesl intergenic sequence to detect vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.the untranscribed dna sequences of the intergenic spacer regions (isrs) in the groesl gene of 23 vibrio species were determined and compared. isr sequence length (41-85 bp) was variable. vibrio species could be divided into three groups according to the length and homology of their isr sequences. dna array hybridization using isr-specific probes accurately distinguished vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from other species.201222342881
sialic acid catabolism and transport gene clusters are lineage specific in vibrio vulnificus.sialic or nonulosonic acids are nine-carbon alpha ketosugars that are present in all vertebrate mucous membranes. among bacteria, the ability to catabolize sialic acid as a carbon source is present mainly in pathogenic and commensal species of animals. previously, it was shown that several vibrio species carry homologues of the genes required for sialic acid transport and catabolism, which are genetically linked. in vibrio cholerae on chromosome i, these genes are carried on the vibrio pathogeni ...201222344665
does vibrio vulnificus present a health threat to canadians?to review recent data on vibrio vulnificus and its properties, characteristics of disease and epidemiology, sources of infection, population at risk, infectious dose, documented cases of infection and health risk from v vulnificus infection in canada.199722346524
autopsy cases of fulminant bacterial infection in adults: clinical onset depends on the virulence of bacteria and patient immune status.to assist physicians in recognizing the potentially fatal onset of symptoms in cases of fulminant bacterial infection, we analyzed 11 autopsy cases of such infection (four caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, four by s. pyogenes, one by s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, one by staphylococcus aureus, and one by vibrio vulnificus). clinicohistopathologic features were evaluated. all patients experienced sudden onset of hypotension and multiple organ failure, leading to unexpected death. blood cul ...201222350403
expression of vibrio vulnificus insulin-degrading enzyme is regulated by the camp-crp complex.components of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) : carbohydrate phosphortransferase system (pts) have multiple regulatory roles in addition to pep-dependent transport/phosphorylation of numerous carbohydrates. we have recently shown that, in an opportunistic human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus, enzyme iia(glc) (eiia(glc)) interacts with a peptidase that has high sequence similarity to mammalian insulin-degrading enzymes, called vibrio insulin-degrading enzyme (vide). although the vide-eiia(gl ...201222361942
fatal vibrio vulnificus sepsis in vertically acquired hepatitis c. 201322367339
sequence analyses of type iv pili from vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.bacterial surface structures called pili have been studied extensively for their role as possible colonization factors. most sequenced vibrio genomes predict a variety of pili genes in these organisms, including several types of type iv pili. in particular, the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) and the pila pili, also known as the chitin-regulated pilus (chirp), are type iva pili commonly found in vibrio genomes and have been shown to play a role in the colonization of vibrio species in the ...201222383120
[preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against vibrio vulnificus].to prepare high-performance and specific monoclonal antibody (mab) against vibrio vulnificus and carry out characterization.201222394637
quantitative pcr and in vivo efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of vibrio vulnificus infection in a mouse model.the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommend oral or intravenous doxycycline plus a third-generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone alone for the treatment of vibrio vulnificus infections. until now, no study has compared oral with parenteral administered doxycycline with respect to their in vivo efficacy. in the present work, icr mice infected with a high dose of v. vulnificus were administered ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline. the bacterial dna copy number in sur ...201222434454
apparent loss of vibrio vulnificus from north carolina oysters coincides with a drought-induced increase in salinity.despite years of successful isolation of vibrio vulnificus from estuarine waters, beginning in 2007, it was extremely difficult to culture v. vulnificus from either north carolina estuarine water or oyster samples. after employing culture-based methods as well as pcr and quantitative pcr for the detection of v. vulnificus, always with negative results, we concluded that this pathogen had become nearly undetectable in the north carolina estuarine ecosystem. we ensured that the techniques were sou ...201222447591
additive function of vibrio vulnificus martx(vv) and vvha cytolysins promotes rapid growth and epithelial tissue necrosis during intestinal infection.vibrio vulnificus is a pathogen that causes both severe necrotizing wound infections and life-threatening food-borne infections. food-borne infection is particularly lethal as the infection can progress rapidly to primary septicemia resulting in death from septic shock and multiorgan failure. in this study, we use both bioluminescence whole animal imaging and v. vulnificus bacterial colonization of orally infected mice to demonstrate that the secreted multifunctional-autoprocessing rtx toxin (ma ...201222457618
predatory bacteriovorax communities ordered by various prey species.the role of predation in altering microbial communities has been studied for decades but few examples are known for bacterial predators. bacteriovorax are halophilic prokaryotes that prey on susceptible gram-negative bacteria. we recently reported novel observations on the differential selection of bacteriovorax phylotypes by two different prey, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. however, the conclusion is restricted by the limited number of prey tested. in this study, we have conduc ...201222461907
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a novel wild-type blue fluorescent protein from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1.the use of green fluorescent protein (gfp) for non-invasive in vivo imaging is limited to aerobic systems, as chromophore formation requires oxygen. however, a novel nadph-dependent blue fluorescent protein from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1 (bfpvv) that emits blue fluorescence in both aerobic and anaerobic systems has recently been discovered. wild-type bfpvv was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. the resulting bfpvv crystals d ...201222505417
the ttpc gene is contained in two of three tonb systems in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, but only one is active in iron transport and virulence.the tonb system of proteins is required for the energy-dependent active transport of iron-bound substrates across the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. we have identified three tonb systems within the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. the tonb1 system contains the tonb1, exbd1, and exbb1 proteins, whereas both the ttpc2-tonb2 and ttpc3-tonb3 systems contain an additional fourth protein, ttpc. here we report that ttpc3, although highly related to ttpc2, is inactive in iron transport, wher ...201222505675
distribution and survival of vibrio vulnificus genotypes in postharvest gulf coast (usa) oysters under refrigeration.the effect of refrigeration on the seafood-borne pathogen vibrio vulnificus was investigated in terms of genotype selection and persistence in refrigerated oysters.201222507030
sharing of prey: coinfection of a bacterium by a virus and a prokaryotic predator.rarely, if ever, has a single bacterial cell been confirmed to simultaneously host two fundamentally different predators. two such predators are viruses and the predatory prokaryotes known as bdellovibrio and like organisms. viruses or bacteriophage are particles requiring prey cells in an active metabolic state to complete their life cycle. the bdellovibrio and like organisms, unlike viruses, are bacteria that can efficiently infect and grow in prey which are in stationary phase. in this study, ...201222511350
cyclic amp-receptor protein activates aerobactin receptor iuta expression in vibrio vulnificus.the ferrophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus can utilize the siderophore aerobactin of escherichia coli for iron acquisition via its specific receptor iuta. this siderophore piracy by v. vulnificus may contribute to its survival and proliferation, especially in mixed bacterial environments. in this study, we examined the effects of glucose, cyclic amp (camp), and camp-receptor protein (crp) on iuta expression in v. vulnificus. glucose dose-dependently repressed iuta expression. a mutation in cya ...201222538662
oral administration of recombinant epinecidin-1 protected grouper (epinephelus coioides) and zebrafish (danio rerio) from vibrio vulnificus infection and enhanced immune-related gene expressions.immunostimulatory effects of the oral administration of the recombinant epinecidin-1 protein from bl21 escherichia coli (containing the pet28a-epinecidin-1-dsred plasmid) were studied in grouper (epinephelus coioides) and zebrafish (danio rerio). for this purpose, fish were fed diets for 30 days containing the recombinant epinecidin-1 protein from bl21 e. coli (containing the pet28a-epinecidin-1-dsred plasmid) at different bacterial numbers (10(4), 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) colony-forming units ( ...201222554570
development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect five common gram-negative bacteria of aquatic animals.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) technique was developed as a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for identifying five major gram-negative bacilli -vibrio vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, aeromonas hydrophila, chryseobacterium meningosepticum and edwardsiella tarda- that cause major diseases in cultured aquatic animals in taiwan. the expected amplicons for v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, a. hydrophila, c. meningosepticum and e. tarda were 410, 368, 685, 180 and 230bp, respectivel ...201222571515
light-scattering sensor for real-time identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae colonies on solid agar plate.the three most common pathogenic species of vibrio, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, are of major concerns due to increased incidence of water- and seafood-related outbreaks and illness worldwide. current methods are lengthy and require biochemical and molecular confirmation. a novel label-free forward light-scattering sensor was developed to detect and identify colonies of these three pathogens in real time in the presence of other vibrios in food or water samples ...201222613192
antimicrobial activity of rice bran extracts for diarrheal disease.rice bran showed antioxidative, antimutagenic, carcinogenic and antibacterial activities in previous reports. the rice bran has been recently used as a natural source of health food for several diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. severe diarrheal disease due to food-borne contamination of bacteria resulted from the bacteria have become resistant to many antibiotics. hence, early treatment of diarrhea using natural food containing antibacterial activity to prevent progression o ...201122619917
vibrio vulnificus sepsis misdiagnosed as simple deep vein thrombosis.a 46-year-old man was transferred to the emergency department and suspected of having a deep vein thrombosis. the patient reported swelling and pain in both lower legs for 16 hours. his medical history included liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol. a detailed history revealed raw fish consumption 1 day before admission. within 2 hours of arrival, several hemorrhagic bullae developed in the color-changed lesions of both lower legs. the patient's level of consciousness deteriorated to a stupor. he ...201222633714
real-time pcr optimization to identify environmental vibrio spp. strains.to identify vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio alginolyticus using standardized dna extraction method and real-time pcr assays, among a large number of bacterial strains isolated from marine environment.201222639795
pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of vibrio vulnificus environmental isolates.between 1996 and 2006, the us centers for disease control reported that the only category of food-borne infections increasing in frequency were those caused by members of the genus vibrio. the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous inhabitant of estuarine waters, and is the number one cause of seafood-related deaths in the us. many v. vulnificus isolates have been studied, and it has been shown that two genetically distinct subtypes, distinguished by 16s rdna and other gene po ...201222662170
[vibrio spp. infections of clinical significance and implication for public health].vibrio spp. infections still are a public health concern. vibrio spp. can be found in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments, and can be able to cause diseases in fish, shellfish, mammals, as well as in humans. since '80 to date, the number of species within the genus increased from 21 to more than 100. the most important is vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the cholera, responsible of seven pandemics; serotypes o1 and o139 can produce cholera toxin, while serotypes non-o1/non-o1 ...201422670341
evidence that the vibrio vulnificus flagellar regulator flhf is regulated by a quorum sensing master regulator smcr.a single polar flagellum and motility are potential virulence factors of vibrio vulnificus, a foodborne pathogen. in the present study, the functions of flhf and regulatory characteristics of the flhf expression of v. vulnificus were investigated. a deletion mutation in flhf abolished motility, flagella formation and flagellin synthesis, and introduction of flhf in trans complemented the defects. the flhf mutant revealed decreased expression of the class iii and iv flagella genes, indicating tha ...201222679105
iron and quorum sensing coordinately regulate the expression of vulnibactin biosynthesis in vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine pathogen associated with human diseases such as septicemia and serious wound infections. genes vvsa and vvsb, which are co-transcribed and encode a member of the nonribosomal peptide synthase family, are required for vulnibactin biosynthesis in v. vulnificus. in this study, we found that quorum sensing represses the transcription of a vvsab-lux reporter fusion. gel shift assay and dnasei footprinting experiments show that the main regulator of quorum sens ...201222696215
complete genome sequence of vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage ssp002.vibrio vulnificus phages are abundant in coastal marine environments, shellfish, clams, and oysters. ssp002, a v. vulnificus-specific bacteriophage, was isolated from oysters from the west coast of south korea. in this study, the complete genome of ssp002 was sequenced and analyzed for the first time among the v. vulnificus-specific bacteriophages.201222733877
necrotising fasciitis with vibrio vulnificus: a limb threatening dermatologic complication following exposure to marine life.vibrio vulnificus is a rare cause of necrotising fasciitis. the organism can be found in warm, shallow coastal waters, as well as on shellfish, such as crab, and also filter-feeding molluscs, such as oysters, clams, and scallops. in the usa, it is the leading cause of shellfish related deaths. in individuals with major underlying illnesses, such as liver disease, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, alcoholism, haemochromatosis or chronic renal disease, the organism can lead to a fulminant course with ...201022736735
crystallization of an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase from vibrio vulnificus lacking the conserved catalytic tetrad.short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (sdrs) are a rapidly expanding superfamily of enzymes that are found in all kingdoms of life. hallmarked by a highly conserved asn-ser-tyr-lys catalytic tetrad, sdrs have a broad substrate spectrum and play diverse roles in key metabolic processes. locus tag vva1599 in vibrio vulnificus encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase (hereafter referred to as sdrvv) which lacks the signature catalytic tetrad of sdr members. structure-based protein sequence alignments ha ...201222750861
effect of hyperbaric oxygen on vibrio vulnificus and murine infection caused by it.vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium known to cause fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection in humans. here, a remarkable therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (hbo) on v. vulnificus infection provoked by its injection into mouse footpads is described. hbo was shown to be bactericidal to this bacterium in vitro as well as in the infected tissue. the bactericidal activity of hbo was shown to be due to reactive oxygen species (ros), the efficacy of hbo against v. vulnificus infection being accounted ...201222775062
an extracellular serine protease produced by vibrio vulnificus ncimb 2137, a metalloprotease-gene negative strain isolated from a diseased eel.vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous estuarine microorganism but causes fatal systemic infections in immunocompromised humans, cultured eels or shrimps. an extracellular metalloprotease vvp/vvpe has been reported to be a potential virulence factor of the bacterium; however, a few strains isolated from a diseased eel or shrimp were recently found to produce a serine protease termed vvsa, but not vvp/vvpe. in the present study, we found that these strains had lost the 80 kb genomic region including t ...201122805945
random amplified polymorphic dna analysis to differentiate strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles and shrimps.a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting method has been developed to differentiate vibrio vulnificus strains isolated. twenty-nine strains isolated from cockles and twenty-one strains isolated from shrimps were analyzed. a total of 10 primers were screened with vibrio vulnificus strains to identify those capable of generating dna polymorphisms and two primers were selected. primer gen 1-50-01 and gen 1-50-08 produced polymorphisms in most strains tested, with the band sizes rang ...200022844214
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters by high-hydrostatic pressure and mild heat.several recent outbreaks associated with oysters have heightened safety concerns of raw shellfish consumptions, with the majority being attributed to vibrio spp. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-hydrostatic pressure (hhp) followed by mild heating on the inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in live oysters. inoculated oysters were randomly subjected to: a) pressurization at 200-300 mpa for 2 min at 21 °c, b) mild heat treatment at 40, 45 or ...201222850390
depuration of oysters (crassostrea gigas) contaminated with vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus with uv light and chlorinated seawater.the efficacy of depuration using uv light and chlorinated seawater for decontaminating vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from oysters was investigated. oysters were contaminated with a five-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to levels of 10(4) to 10(5) cfu ml(-1) for bioaccumulation. the depuration was conducted in a closed system in which 350 liters of seawater was recirculated at a rate of 7 liters/min for 48 h at room temperature. counts of v. parahaemolyticus ...201222856577
ecology of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal and estuarine waters of louisiana, maryland, mississippi, and washington (united states).vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, which are native to estuaries globally, are agents of seafood-borne or wound infections, both potentially fatal. like all vibrios autochthonous to coastal regions, their abundance varies with changes in environmental parameters. sea surface temperature (sst), sea surface height (ssh), and chlorophyll have been shown to be predictors of zooplankton and thus factors linked to vibrio populations. the contribution of salinity, conductivity, turbidity, a ...201222865080
predatory bacteria as natural modulators of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in seawater and oysters.this study shows that naturally occurring vibrio predatory bacteria (vpb) exert a major role in controlling pathogenic vibrios in seawater and shellfish. the growth and persistence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus were assessed in natural seawater and in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. the pathogens examined were v. vulnificus strain vv1003, v. parahaemolyticus o1:kut (kut stands for k untypeable), and v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 and corresponding o3:k6 mutants deficient ...201222904049
identification of the vibrio vulnificus htpg gene and its influence on cold shock recovery.an htpg gene encoding the heat shock protein htpg was identified and cloned from vibrio vulnificus. the deduced amino acid sequence of htpg from v. vulnificus exhibited 71 and 85% identity to those reported from escherichia coli and v. cholera, respectively. functions of htpg were assessed by the construction of an isogenic mutant whose htpg gene was deleted and by evaluating its phenotype changes during and after cold shock. the results demonstrated that recovery of the wild type from cold shoc ...201222923124
prevalence and population structure of vibrio vulnificus on fishes from the northern gulf of mexico.the prevalence of vibrio vulnificus on the external surfaces of fish from the northern gulf of mexico was determined in this study. a collection of 242 fish comprising 28 species was analyzed during the course of 12 sampling trips over a 16-month period. the prevalence of v. vulnificus was 37% but increased up to 69% in summer. a positive correlation was found between the percentages of v. vulnificus-positive fish and water temperatures, while salinity and v. vulnificus-positive fish prevalence ...201222923394
martx of vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a virulence and survival factor.vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a polyphyletic group whose virulence for fish relies on a plasmid. this plasmid contains an rtxa gene duplicated in the small chromosome that encodes a martx (multifunctional, autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) unique within the species in domain structure (martx type iii). to discover the role of this toxin in the fitness of this biotype in the fish-farming environment, single- and double-knockout mutants were isolated from a zoonotic strain and analysed in a series ...201322943291
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the putative nadp(h)-dependent oxidoreductase yncb from vibrio vulnificus.the yncb gene product from vibrio vulnificus, which belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (mdr) superfamily, was crystallized using the microbatch crystallization method at 295 k. diffraction data sets were collected using synchrotron radiation. crystals of selenomethionine-substituted yncb protein belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 90.52, b = 91.56, c = 104.79 å. assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the solvent content wa ...201222949204
a case series of vibrio vulnificus infections in new orleans, louisiana.the objective of this study is to describe cases of v. vulnificus infection and to review the literature, emphasizing salient aspects of infection for practicing physicians.201322953457
cyclic amp and cyclic amp-receptor protein modulate the autoinducer-2-mediated quorum sensing system in vibrio vulnificus.this study was undertaken to determine whether cyclic amp (camp) or camp-receptor protein (crp) modulates the activity of the autoinducer (ai)-2-mediated quorum sensing (qs) system in response to glucose availability in vibrio vulnificus. a mutation in crp impaired v. vulnificus growth, decreased ai-2 production, and repressed the expression of smcr encoding the master regulator smcr (a vibrio harveyi luxr homolog) of the ai-2-qs system, and these changes were prevented by in trans complementati ...201222961036
characterization of genes involved in ceramide metabolism in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).the lipid signaling molecule, ceramide, is a key component of the vertebrate stress response, however, there is limited information concerning its role in invertebrate species. in order to identify genes involved in ceramide metabolism in bivalve molluscs, pacific oyster genomic resources were examined for genes associated with ceramide metabolism and signaling.201222974230
regulatory characteristics of the vibrio vulnificus rtxhca operon encoding a martx toxin.vibrio vulnificus martx encoded by rtxa, an open reading frame of the rtxhca operon, is essential for virulence in vitro and in mice. in this study, a primer extension analysis revealed that transcription of the rtxhca operon begins at a single site, and is under the direction of a single promoter, p( rtxhca ). p( rtxhca ) activity appeared at the beginning of growth and reached a maximum in mid-exponential phase. p( rtxhca ) activity was induced by exposure to int-407 cells, and the membrane fr ...201222996810
immunological evaluation of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio harveyi, vibrio vulnificus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv) combined-vaccine efficacy in epinephelus coioides.combined vaccines are immunological products intended for immunization against multifactorial infectious diseases caused by different types or variants of pathogens. in this study, the effectiveness of vibrio alginolyticus (va), vibrio harveyi (vh), vibrio vulnificus (vv) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv), an iridovirus, combined-vaccine (vibrio and isknv combined vaccines, vicv), va+vh+vv inactive vaccine (viv) and isknv whole cell inactive vaccine (iwciv) in epinephelus c ...201223010220
[effects of three antigens extracted from vibrio vulnificus on the immunological protection of nibea albiflora].nibea albiflora was immunized by intraperitoneal injection with either lipopolysaccharide (lps) or outer membrane protein (omp) extracted from vibrio vulnificus or formalin killed vibrio vulnificus (fkc). the influence of the three antigens on the immunological function of nibea albiflora was determined at different time points following the injection by testing the agglutinating antibody titers of the serum, lysozyme activity of the serum, phagocytic activity of the blood and the relative survi ...201223019033
an assay to screen bacterial adhesion to mucus biomolecules.to develop an assay for rapid screening of bacterial adhesion to various groups of biomolecules present in fish mucus.201323020180
the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of hen igy against vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.the inhibitory effect of igy against vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus responsible for seafood-borne diseases was investigated in this study. water-soluble fractions (wsf) of protein containing igys were isolated from the egg yolk of hens initially immunized with formalin inactivated v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus. protein, total and specific igy contents of the wsf were determined. the inhibitory and protective effects of igys on the growth of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnif ...201223075795
characterization of complement 1q binding protein of tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon, and its c1q binding activity.the receptor for the globular heads of c1q, c1qbp/gc1qr/p33, is a multicompartmental, multifunctional cellular protein with an important role in infection and in inflammation. in the present study, we identified and characterized the complement component 1q subcomponent binding protein (c1qbp) from the tiger shrimp penaeus monodon (designated as pmc1qbp). the open reading frame of pmc1qbp encodes 262 amino acid residues with a conserved mam33 domain, an arginine-glycine-aspartate cell adhesion m ...201323085472
structural characterization of a modification subunit of a putative type i restriction enzyme from vibrio vulnificus yj016.in multifunctional type i restriction enzymes, active methyltransferases (mtases) are constituted of methylation (hsdm) and specificity (hsds) subunits. in this study, the crystal structure of a putative hsdm subunit from vibrio vulnificus yj016 (vvhsdm) was elucidated at a resolution of 1.80 å. a cofactor-binding site for s-adenosyl-l-methionine (sam, a methyl-group donor) is formed within the c-terminal domain of an α/β-fold, in which a number of residues are conserved, including the gxgg and ...201223090406
distinct characteristics of two 2-cys peroxiredoxins of vibrio vulnificus suggesting differential roles in detoxifying oxidative stress.peroxiredoxins (prxs) are ubiquitous antioxidant enzymes reducing toxic peroxides. two distinct 2-cys prxs, prx1 and prx2, were identified in vibrio vulnificus, a facultative aerobic pathogen. both prxs have two conserved catalytic cysteines, c(p) and c(r), but prx2 is more homologous in amino acid sequences to eukaryotic prx than to prx1. prx2 utilized thioredoxin a as a reductant, whereas prx1 required ahpf. prx2 contained ggig and fl motifs similar to the motifs conserved in sensitive prxs an ...201223095744
infections in alcoholic liver disease.alcoholic individuals are at increased risk of infection in general, in part because of immune defects. in addition, associated situations, such as depressed mental status, increase risk to specific syndromes such as lung abscess related to depressed consciousness and aspiration. social factors related to hygiene and living situations are also linked to specific microorganisms, such as mycobacteria tuberculosis, bartonella quintana, vibrio vulnificus, and capnocytophaga canimorus..201223101982
iron-mediated regulation of metalloprotease vvpe production in vibrio vulnificus.in vibrio vulnificus, the production of metalloprotease vvpe is controlled by crp (camp-receptor protein) and smcr (a quorum sensing regulator) at the transcription level, and by pild-mediated type ii general secretion system (ttgss) at the extracellular secretion level. iron is known to stimulate vvpe production but the related mechanisms remain unidentified. iron stimulated vvpe transcription and extracellular vvpe production even in the background with a crp and/or smcr mutation. iron stimula ...201223109016
antibiofilm activity of dendrophthoe falcata against different bacterial pathogens.dendrophthoe falcata is a hemiparasitic plant commonly used for ailments such as ulcers, asthma, impotence, paralysis, skin diseases, menstrual troubles, pulmonary tuberculosis, and wounds. in this context, the validations of the traditional claim that the leaf extract of d. falcata possesses antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activity against different bacterial pathogens were assessed. the bacterial biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining. among the 17 bacterial pathogens screened ...201223115018
development of a groel gene-based species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.to develop an effective multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the simultaneous detection of three important vibrio species, vibrio cholerae (vc), v. parahaemolyticus (vp) and v. vulnificus (vv) using the groel gene, a potential phylogenetic marker.201323121500
necrotizing soft tissue infection with gas formation caused by vibrio vulnificus and misdiagnosed as pseudomonas aeruginosa. 201323158593
molecular cloning, characterization of one key molecule of teleost innate immunity from orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides): serum amyloid a.the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides), a favorite marine food fish, is widely cultured in china and southeast asian countries. however, little is known about its acute phase response (apr) caused by viral diseases. serum amyloid a (saa) is a major acute phase protein (app). in this study, a new saa homologous (ecsaa) gene was cloned from grouper, e. coioides, by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) pcr. the full-length cdna sequence of saa was 508 bp and contained a 363 bp open re ...201323178260
bullous skin lesions in vibrio vulnificus infection. 201323178913
the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis score for discernment of necrotizing fasciitis originated from vibrio vulnificus infections.the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (lrinec) score has been verified as a useful diagnostic tool for detecting necrotizing fasciitis (nf). its application, however, is mainly for nf types i and ii. the practical relevance of the lrinec score for vibro vulnificus-related skin and soft tissue infection (ssti) was hardly ever investigated. the aim of this study was to assess the applicability of the lrinec scoring system and to identify nf-predicting factors in patients with v. ...201223188248
quorum-sensing regulates biofilm formation in vibrio scophthalmi.in a previous study, we demonstrated that vibrio scophthalmi, the most abundant vibrio species among the marine aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tract of healthy cultured turbot (scophthalmus maximus), contains at least two quorum-sensing circuits involving two types of signal molecules (a 3-hydroxy-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone and the universal autoinducer 2 encoded by luxs). the purpose of this study was to investigate the functions regulated by these quor ...201223198796
isolation and characterization of homologous trbp cdna for rna interference in penaeus monodon.the transactivation response rna-binding protein (trbp) interacts with dicer and binds to double-stranded rna as a critical component of the rna-induced silencing complex, which is a key complex in the rna interference pathway. the full-length cdna of trbp from the tiger prawn, penaeus monodon, (pmtrbp; 1548 bp long with a 1029 bp coding region) was isolated. the encoded polypeptide of 343 amino acids had a predicted molecular mass of 36.8 kda. sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis indicat ...201323207479
genome sequence of the human-pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus type strain atcc 27562.vibrio vulnificus, which is, like vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogen of humankind, is a gram-negative, curved, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium [corrected] here, we present the draft genome sequence of the type strain, atcc 27562, which was the first isolated vibrio vulnificus strain.201223209214
genome sequence of the human-pathogenetic bacterium vibrio vulnificus b2.vibrio vulnificus, which can lead to rapidly expanding cellulitis or septicemia, is present in the marine environment. here, we present the draft genome sequence of strain b2, which was isolated from a septicemia patient in 2010.201223209257
localization of vibrio vulnificus infection in dendritic cells and its effects on the cytoskeleton.vibrio vulnificus (vv) is an estuarine bacterium that can cause primary septicemia as well as serious wound infections. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which vv infects dendritic cells (dcs) and its effects on cytoskeleton. in this study, we aimed to investigate the invasion, internalization, and the organelles damage of the cultured dendritic cells (a dc 2.4 strain) during vv infection.201223217398
a bacterial rtx toxin causes programmed necrotic cell death through calcium-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic estuarine bacterium causing fatal septicemia and necrotic wound infection, is highly cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. we have reported that rtxa1 toxin kills host cells only after they come into contact with bacteria and plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of v. vulnificus. this study was performed to elucidate the mechanism by which the rtxa1 toxin mediates the death of hela cells. by using confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis, we show that the 501-k ...201323225896
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