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naturally acquired antibody response to plasmodium falciparum describes heterogeneity in transmission on islands in lake victoria.as markers of exposure anti-malaria antibody responses can help characterise heterogeneity in malaria transmission. in the present study antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum ama-1, msp-119 and csp were measured with the aim to describe transmission patterns in meso-endemic settings in lake victoria. two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in lake victoria in january and august 2012. the study area comprised of three settings: mainland (ungoye), large island (mfangano) and small islands ...201728831122
red blood cells release microparticles containing human argonaute 2 and mirnas to target genes of plasmodium falciparum.red blood cells (rbcs) are known to function as a refuge for providing food resources and as a shelter against the host's immune system after malaria parasite (plasmodium) infection. recent studies have reported significant production of extracellular vesicles (microparticles, mps) in the circulation of malaria patients. however, it is unclear how these extracellular vesicles are generated and what their biological functions are. in this study, we isolated the mps from a culture medium of normal ...201728831191
an ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor based on redox cycling amplification using methylene blue.we report a new enzyme-free electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive measurements of protein biomarkers in plasma and whole blood samples based on a unique electrochemical-chemical-chemical (ecc) redox cycling signal amplification scheme. this scheme uses methylene blue (mb) as a redox indicator which undergoes an endergonic reaction with ru(nh3)6(3+) and a highly exergonic reaction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (tcep). this approach offers improved detection sensitivity and sensor stabili ...201728831485
patterns of protective associations differ for antibodies to p.falciparum-infected erythrocytes and merozoites in immunity against malaria in children.acquired antibodies play an important role in immunity to p. falciparum malaria and are typically directed towards surface antigens expressed by merozoites and infected erythrocytes (ies). the importance of specific ie surface antigens as immune targets remains unclear. we evaluated antibodies and protective associations in two cohorts of children in papua new guinea. we used genetically-modified p. falciparum to evaluate the importance of pfemp1 and a p. falciparum isolate with a virulent pheno ...201728833064
malaria, metabolism and mathematical models.understanding the dynamic behaviour of the plasmodium falciparum metabolism during infection can help identify targets for drug development. in this commentary, we highlight recently published studies in the febs journal that cover mathematical modelling of glycolysis in p. falciparum and the identification and in vivo validation of metabolic drug targets.201728834340
plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite var gene expression is modified by host antibodies: longitudinal evidence from controlled infections of kenyan adults with varying natural exposure.the pfemp1 family of plasmodium falciparum antigens play a key role in pathogenesis of severe malaria through their insertion into the surface of parasite infected erythrocytes, and adhesion to host cells. previous studies have suggested that parasites expressing pfemp1 subclasses group a and dc8, associated with severe malaria, may have a growth advantage in immunologically naïve individuals. however, this idea has not been tested in longitudinal studies.201728835215
plasmodium falciparum hrp2 elisa for analysis of dried blood spot samples in rural zambia.dried blood spots are commonly used for sample collection in clinical and non-clinical settings. this method is simple, and biomolecules in the samples remain stable for months at room temperature. in the field, blood samples for the study and diagnosis of malaria are often collected on dried blood spot cards, so development of a biomarker extraction and analysis method is needed.201728835253
natural antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum msp3 and glurp(r0) antigens are associated with low parasite densities in malaria patients living in the central region of ghana.plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (moi) are parasite features that have been suggested to influence the acquisition of protective immunity against malaria. this study sought to assess the relationship between moi and parasite density (pd) in malaria patients living in the central region of ghana and to determine whether naturally occurring antibody levels against p. falciparum glurp (pf3d7_1035300) and msp3 (pf3d7_1035400) antigens are associated with decrease ...201728835262
mother-newborn pairs in malawi have similar antibody repertoire to diverse malaria antigens.maternal antibodies may play a role in protecting newborns against malaria disease. plasmodium falciparum parasite surface antigens are diverse and protection from infection requires allele-specific immunity. although malaria-specific antibodies have been shown to cross the placenta, the extent to which antibodies that respond to the full repertoire of diverse antigens are transferred from the mother to the infant has not been explored. understanding the breadth of maternal antibody responses an ...201728835359
a novel lipoate attachment enzyme is shared by plasmodium and chlamydia species.lipoate is an essential cofactor for enzymes that are important for central metabolism and other processes. in malaria parasites, scavenged lipoate from the human host is required for survival. the plasmodium falciparum mitochondrion contains two enzymes (pflipl1 and pflipl2) that are responsible for activating mitochondrial proteins through the covalent attachment of lipoate (lipoylation). lipoylation occurs via a novel redox-gated mechanism that remains poorly understood. we show that pflipl1 ...201728836704
genome-wide identification of novel intergenic enhancer-like elements: implications in the regulation of transcription in plasmodium falciparum.the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation are poorly understood in plasmodium falciparum. in addition, most of the genes in plasmodium falciparum are transcriptionally poised and only a handful of cis-regulatory elements are known to operate in transcriptional regulation. here, we employed an epigenetic signature based approach to identify significance of previously uncharacterised intergenic regions enriched with histone modification marks leading to discovery of enhancer-like elem ...201728836940
odours of plasmodium falciparum-infected participants influence mosquito-host interactions.malaria parasites are thought to influence mosquito attraction to human hosts, a phenomenon that may enhance parasite transmission. this is likely mediated by alterations in host odour because of its importance in mosquito host-searching behaviour. here, we report that the human skin odour profile is affected by malaria infection. we compared the chemical composition and attractiveness to anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes of skin odours from participants that were infected by controlled human malari ...201728839251
the genus psiadia: review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.the genus psiadia jacq. ex. willd. belongs to the asteraceae family and includes more than 60 species. this genus grows in tropical and subtropical regions, being especially well represented in madagascar and the mascarene islands (la réunion, mauritius and rodrigues). several psiadia species have been used traditionally for their medicinal properties in africa and the mascarene islands. based on traditional knowledge, various phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been conducted. howeve ...201728842341
no evidence for manipulation of anopheles gambiae, an. coluzzii and an. arabiensis host preference by plasmodium falciparum.whether malaria parasites can manipulate mosquito host choice in ways that enhance parasite transmission toward suitable hosts and/or reduce mosquito attraction to unsuitable hosts (i.e. specific manipulation) is unknown. to address this question, we experimentally infected three species of mosquito vectors with wild isolates of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, and examined the effects of immature and mature infections on mosquito behavioural responses to combinations of calf od ...201728842622
plasmodium falciparum gpcr-like receptor sr25 mediates extracellular k(+) sensing coupled to ca(2+) signaling and stress survival.the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum is exposed, during its development, to major changes of ionic composition in its surrounding medium. we demonstrate that the p. falciparum serpentine-like receptor pfsr25 is a monovalent cation sensor capable of modulating ca(2+) signaling in the parasites. changing from high (140 mm) to low (5.4 mm) kcl concentration triggers [ca(2+)]cyt increase in isolated parasites and this ca(2+) rise is blocked either by phospholipase c (plc) inhibition or by depl ...201728842684
perillyl alcohol exhibits in vitro inhibitory activity against plasmodium falciparum and protects against experimental cerebral malaria.the development of new drugs is one of the strategies to control malaria. isoprenoid biosynthesis in plasmodium falciparum is an essential pathway for parasite survival, and therefore a potential target for new antimalarial drugs. indeed, plant-derived secondary metabolites such as terpenes exhibit antimalarial activity in vitro by inhibiting isoprenoid biosynthesis in p. falciparum. in this study, the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of perillyl alcohol (poh) was evaluated, along with its in vi ...201728843818
[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with plasmodium falciparum]. 201728844807
public antibodies to malaria antigens generated by two lair1 insertion modalities.in two previously described donors, the extracellular domain of lair1, a collagen-binding inhibitory receptor encoded on chromosome 19 (ref. 1), was inserted between the v and dj segments of an antibody. this insertion generated, through somatic mutations, broadly reactive antibodies against rifins, a type of variant antigen expressed on the surface of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. to investigate how frequently such antibodies are produced in response to malaria infection, we scre ...201728847005
dna methyltransferase homologue trdmt1 in plasmodium falciparum specifically methylates endogenous aspartic acid trna.in eukaryotes, cytosine methylation regulates diverse biological processes such as gene expression, development and maintenance of genomic integrity. however, cytosine methylation and its functions in pathogenic apicomplexan protozoans remain enigmatic. to address this, here we investigated the presence of cytosine methylation in the nucleic acids of the protozoan plasmodium falciparum. interestingly, p. falciparum has trdmt1, a conserved homologue of dna methyltransferase dnmt2. however, we fou ...201728847733
cnn based malaria diagnosis from focus-stack of blood smear images acquired using custom-built slide scanner.this paper introduces a focus stacking based approach for automated quantitative detection of plasmodium falciparum malaria from blood smear. for the detection, a custom designed convolutional neural network (cnn) operating on focus stack of images is used. the cell counting problem is addressed as the segmentation problem and we propose a two level segmentation strategy. use of cnn operating on focus stack for the detection of malaria is first of its kind, and it not only improved the detection ...201728851134
decreased microvascular function in tanzanian children with severe and uncomplicated falciparum malaria.microvascular function and oxygen consumption affect oxygen homeostasis but have not been assessed in african children with malaria. microvascular function in tanzanian children with severe malaria (sm) or uncomplicated malaria were 39% and 72%, respectively, of controls (p < .001). uncomplicated malaria (p = .04), not sm (p = .06), children had increased oxygen consumption compared with controls.201728852670
metal affinity-enabled capture and release antibody reagents generate a multiplex biomarker enrichment system that improves detection limits of rapid diagnostic tests.multi-antigen rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are highly informative, simple, mobile, and inexpensive, making them valuable point-of-care (poc) diagnostic tools. however, these rdts suffer from several technical limitations-the most significant being the failure to detect low levels of infection. to overcome this, we have developed a magnetic bead-based multiplex biomarker enrichment strategy that combines metal affinity and immunospecific capture to purify and enrich multiple target biomarkers. m ...201728853859
partner-drug resistance and population substructuring of artemisinin-resistant plasmodium falciparum in cambodia.plasmodium falciparum in western cambodia has developed resistance to artemisinin and its partner drugs, causing frequent treatment failure. understanding this evolution can inform the deployment of new therapies. we investigated the genetic architecture of 78 falciparum isolates using whole-genome sequencing, correlating results to in vivo and ex vivo drug resistance and exploring the relationship between population structure, demographic history, and partner drug resistance. principle componen ...201728854635
bibliometric analysis of worldwide publications on antimalarial drug resistance (2006-2015).in response to international efforts to control and eradicate malaria, we designed this study to give a bibliometric overview of research productivity in antimalarial drug resistance (amdr).201728856028
an immunoinformatics approach to promiscuous peptide design for the plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1.plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (pfemp-1), a variant adhesion molecule, can act as a key component of immunity against malaria. in the current selection of malaria vaccines, no efficient vaccines are available that can be employed for its proper treatment. unfortunately, resistance to post-infection treatments is increasing and therefore there is a pressing need to develop an efficient vaccine. peptide-based vaccines can be effective tools against malaria but hla restriction ...201728856362
implementation of g6pd testing and primaquine for p. vivax radical cure: operational perspectives from thailand and cambodia.following progressive success in reducing the burden of malaria over the past two decades, countries of the asia pacific are now aiming for elimination of malaria by 2030. plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the two main malaria species that are endemic in the region. p. vivax is generally perceived to be less severe but will be harder to eliminate, owing partly to its dormant liver stage (known as a hypnozoite) that can cause multiple relapses following an initial clinical episode ca ...201728857064
alkaloid constituents of the amaryllidaceae plant amaryllis belladonna l.the plant family amaryllidaceae is well-known for its unique alkaloid constituents, which exhibit a wide range of biological activities. its representative, amaryllis belladonna, has a geographical distribution covering mainly southern africa, where it has significant usage in the traditional medicine of the native people. in this study, a. belladonna samples collected in brazil were examined for alkaloid content. alkaloid profiles of a. belladonna bulbs were generated by a combination of chroma ...201728858260
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