Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| interim adjusted estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - united states, february 2013. | early influenza activity during the 2012-13 season enabled estimation of the unadjusted effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccine. this report presents updated adjusted estimates based on 2,697 children and adults enrolled in the u.s. influenza vaccine effectiveness (flu ve) network during december 3, 2012-january 19, 2013. during this period, overall vaccine effectiveness (ve) (adjusted for age, site, race/ethnicity, self-rated health, and days from illness onset to enrollment) against in ... | 2013 | 23425960 |
| live attenuated seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine in school-age children: a randomized controlled trial. | the novel influenza a(h1n1pdm09) virus emerged in north america in early 2009 and rapidly spread worldwide. in this study we report the efficacy of the live attenuated monovalent h1n1pdm09 vaccine and 2009-10 seasonal influenza vaccine in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | 2013 | 23434387 |
| antigenic variation of h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza viruses in japan and vietnam. | the antigenicity of the influenza a virus hemagglutinin is responsible for vaccine efficacy in protecting pigs against swine influenza virus (siv) infection. however, the antigenicity of siv strains currently circulating in japan and vietnam has not been well characterized. we examined the antigenicity of classical h1 sivs, pandemic a(h1n1)2009 (a(h1n1)pdm09) viruses, and seasonal human-lineage sivs isolated in japan and vietnam. a hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay was used to determine ant ... | 2013 | 23435952 |
| [molecular diagnosis of influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus and other respiratory viruses during the first pandemic wave in cuba]. | the first pandemic virus of the 21st century - the influenza a (h1n1)/2009 virus-appeared in mexico in april 2009 after triple reassortment of influenza strains of avian, human and pig origin and from there, it was spread worldwide. with the purpose of facing up to this event, cuba adopted antipandemic measures including the virology surveillance using all necessary actions. | 2011 | 23437523 |
| [severe acute respiratory infection in cuban patients during the influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in cuba, 2009]. | on april 2009, the mexican health authorities reported increased hospitalization indexes caused by pneumonia with high mortality rates to the pan-american health organization (paho). the national epidemiological surveillance system of mexico noticed that this increase mainly occurred in the 20-40 year old population. a new type of swine influenza a (h1n1) virus was identified by laboratory studies as the etiological agent of the first pandemic of the 21st century. on april 26 2009, the national ... | 2011 | 23437534 |
| a polyphenol-rich extract from chaenomeles sinensis (chinese quince) inhibits influenza a virus infection by preventing primary transcription in vitro. | the fruits of chaenomeles sinensis koehne (chinese quince) are distributed throughout china and japan. it has traditionally been known to have a therapeutic effect against respiratory symptoms caused by infectious diseases. | 2013 | 23439031 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus strains provoke heterogeneous ifn-α/β responses that distinctively affect viral propagation in human cells. | the fatal transmissions of highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses (iav) of the h5n1 subtype to humans and high titer replication in the respiratory tract indicate that these pathogens can overcome the bird-to-human species barrier. while type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are well described to contribute to the species barrier of many zoonotic viruses, current data to the role of these antiviral cytokines during human h5n1 iav infections is limited and contradictory. we hypothesized an important ... | 2013 | 23451066 |
| simultaneous detection of oseltamivir- and amantadine-resistant influenza by oligonucleotide microarray visualization. | presently, the resistance of influenza a virus isolates causes great difficulty for the prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infection. it is important to establish a drug-resistance detection method for epidemiological study and personalized medicine in the clinical setting. consequently, a cost-effective oligonucleotide microarray visualization method, which was based on quantum dot-catalyzed silver deposition, was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous detection of neuraminidas ... | 2013 | 23451169 |
| antiviral resistance among highly pathogenic influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated worldwide in 2002-2012 shows need for continued monitoring. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 influenza viruses are evolving pathogens with the potential to cause sustained human-to-human transmission and pandemic virus spread. specific antiviral drugs can play an important role in the early stages of a pandemic, but the emergence of drug-resistant variants can limit control options. the available data on the susceptibility of hp h5n1 influenza viruses to neuraminidase (na) inhibitors and adamantanes is scarce, and there is no extensive analysis. here, we syst ... | 2013 | 23458714 |
| impact of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus on circulation dynamics of seasonal influenza strains in kenya. | we describe virus variations from patients with influenza-like illness before and after the appearance of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in kenya during january 2008-july 2011. a total of 11,592 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from consenting patients. seasonal influenza b, a/h1n1, a/h3n2, a/h5n1, and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. of patients enrolled, 2073 (17.9%) had influenza. a total of 1,524 (73.4%) of 2,073 samples we ... | 2013 | 23458953 |
| structure-based discovery of the novel antiviral properties of naproxen against the nucleoprotein of influenza a virus. | the nucleoprotein (np) binds the viral rna genome and associates with the polymerase in a ribonucleoprotein complex (rnp) required for transcription and replication of influenza a virus. np has no cellular counterpart, and the np sequence is highly conserved, which led to considering np a hot target in the search for antivirals. we report here that monomeric nucleoprotein can be inhibited by a small molecule binding in its rna binding groove, resulting in a novel antiviral against influenza a vi ... | 2013 | 23459490 |
| genetic characterization of avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza viruses isolated from guangdong during 2006-2012. | canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe and acute respiratory disease in dogs. in 2006, the h3n2 canine influenza virus was first identified in dogs from guangdong province in china. up to now, nine civs have been isolated from different populations in guangdong. the nine isolates were grouped together with the canine h3n2 viruses isolated from dogs and felines in korea, when the eight phylogenetic trees constructed were compared. these findings emphasize the impo ... | 2013 | 23463173 |
| the source of the pb1 gene in influenza vaccine reassortants selectively alters the hemagglutinin content of the resulting seed virus. | the yields of egg-grown influenza vaccines are maximized by the production of a seed strain using a reassortment of the seasonal influenza virus isolate with a highly egg-adapted strain. the seed virus is selected based on high yields of viral hemagglutinin (ha) and expression of the surface antigens from the seasonal isolate. the remaining proteins are usually derived from the high-growth parent. however, a retrospective analysis of vaccine seeds revealed that the seasonal pb1 gene was selected ... | 2013 | 23468502 |
| evidence of cross-reactive immunity to 2009 pandemic influenza a virus in workers seropositive to swine h1n1 influenza viruses circulating in italy. | pigs play a key epidemiologic role in the ecology of influenza a viruses (iavs) emerging from animal hosts and transmitted to humans. between 2008 and 2010, we investigated the health risk of occupational exposure to swine influenza viruses (sivs) in italy, during the emergence and spread of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic (h1n1pdm) virus. | 2013 | 23469029 |
| the influence of influenza virus infections on the development of tuberculosis. | recently, it was shown that interferon-γ mediated immune responses, which play a major role in the control of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), can be inhibited by type i interferons. since type i interferons are abundantly induced during viral infections, we hypothesized that infections with influenza viruses might play a role in the development of active tb disease either directly after exposure to mtb or through reactivation of latent mtb infection. to explore this hypothesis w ... | 2013 | 23474302 |
| [characterization of cold-adapted influenza strain a/hongkong/1/68/162/35 as a potential donor of attenuation and high reproduction]. | live and inactivated vaccines are currently produced using virus reassortants originating from various gene donors of internal proteins. based on the pandemic virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), a cold-adapted thermo-sensitive strain a/hong kong/1/68/162/35 was generated. it is distinguished for its high reproductive capacity (9-9.5 lg eid50), and hemagglutinating activity (1:1024-1:2048). the strain has ts and ca phenotype: reproductive capacity at t = 39 degrees c is 1.0 lg eid50; at t = 26 degrees ... | 2012 | 23477248 |
| [development of influenza surveillance in russia in the system of the who national influenza center]. | analysis of development influenza activity season 2010-2011 is presented. significant participation of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus and influenza b of victoria lineage virus in the epidemic morbidity structure with minor participation ofa(h3n2) virus was revealed. the influenza viruses isolated in russia according to antigenic properties were similar to the strains included in the vaccine composition. drift variants of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses isolated in astrakhan and st.-petersburg were ... | 2012 | 23477249 |
| [genetic diversity and molecular evolution of the influenza a viruses in russia during 2006-2012]. | the results of molecular genetic analysis of more than 280 strains of influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 circulating in russia in 2006-2012 are presented. the genetic changes underlying the evolution of the virus strains and sensitivity to antiviral drugs were analyzed. significant changes in the genetic structure of influenza a viruses circulating in the russian federation and their phylogenetic affiliation are shown to occur within the studied period. the studies identifying codons under ... | 2012 | 23477253 |
| [characterization of influenza virus reassortants based on new donor strain a/hk/1/68/162/35(h3n2)]. | influenza reassortant viruses a/spb/hk/09(h1n1), a/astana/hk/2009 (h5n1), a/otar/hk/2010(h3n8), and a/perth/ hk/2011(h3n2), carrying surface antigens of different subtypes, were constructed on the basis of new potential unified donor strain a/hk/1/68/162/35(h3n2). the virulence and reproduction activity of the obtained reassortants were tested. the safety of the candidate live and inactivated influenza vaccines produced from the reassortant viruses was demonstrated. the study demonstrates that a ... | 2012 | 23477254 |
| influenza virus-like particle containing two different subtypes of hemagglutinin confers protection in mice against lethal challenge with a/pr8 (h1n1) and a/hk (h3n2) viruses. | preventing the seasonal or pandemic outbreak of influenza can be powerful and cost-effective. | 2013 | 23487492 |
| anti-influenza active and low toxic n-phenyl-substituted β-amidoamidines structurally related to natural antibiotic amidinomycin. | a set of racemic n-phenyl-substituted β-amidoamidines hydrochlorides 4, which are structurally related to natural antiviral agent amidinomycin (1), was synthesized in four steps starting from methacryloyl anilide (5). in the final step of the synthetic route, an uncommon monoacylation of β-aminoamidine 8 at the less reactive β-phenylamino-group took place. to rationalize this result, a mechanism which involves initial acylation at the more active amidine-function followed by intramolecular acyl- ... | 2013 | 23489622 |
| potency under pressure: the impact of hydrostatic pressure on antigenic properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin. | influenza vaccines are effective in protecting against illness and death caused by this seasonal pathogen. the potency of influenza vaccines is measured by single radial immunodiffusion (srid) assay that quantifies antigenic forms of hemagglutinin (ha). hydrostatic pressure results in loss of binding of influenza virus to red blood cells, but it is not known whether this infers loss of potency. | 2013 | 23496824 |
| high resolution melting analysis as a tool to detect molecular markers of antiviral resistance in influenza a viruses. | a real-time pcr followed by high resolution melting analysis (hrma) was developed, for rapid detection of antiviral resistance markers in influenza a viruses, of both h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes. the targets of these assays were the nucleotide substitution g806a (s31n mutation) in the m gene as marker of resistance to adamatanes in influenza viruses a(h3n2), the substitution a356t (e119v mutation) in the n2 gene of influenza viruses a(h3n2) and the substitution c823t (h274y mutation) in the n1 gene o ... | 2013 | 23499313 |
| a polyvalent influenza a dna vaccine induces heterologous immunity and protects pigs against pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection. | the composition of current influenza protein vaccines has to be reconsidered every season to match the circulating influenza viruses, continuously changing antigenicity. thus, influenza vaccines inducing a broad cross-reactive immune response would be a great advantage for protection against both seasonal and emerging influenza viruses. we have developed an alternative influenza vaccine based on dna expressing selected influenza proteins of pandemic and seasonal origin. in the current study, we ... | 2013 | 23499598 |
| intradermally-administered influenza virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults 18-64 years of age. | to increase vaccine acceptance, intradermal (id) influenza vaccine (fluzone(®) intradermal, sanofi pasteur inc.) may be an attractive alternative to intramuscular (im) vaccination due to smaller needle and volume injected. | 2013 | 23499604 |
| serologic reports of h3n2 canine influenza virus infection in dogs in northeast china. | reports of dogs with h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) have been documented frequently. to better understand the seroprevalence of h3n2 civ among dogs in northeast china, here we report for the first time a relatively high seroprevalence of h3n2 civ infection in dogs in northeast china. forty-five of the 223 canine sera (20.2%) and 166 of the 500 canine sera (33.2%) tested feral dogs and pet dogs were seropositive by np-elisa, which is higher than that in southern china. the relative data provid ... | 2013 | 23503165 |
| experimental infection of dogs with h3n2 canine influenza virus from china. | canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. the aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of a/canine/jiangsu/06/2010 (h3n2) virus isolated in china. nine dogs were inoculated intranasally with 107.95 of 50% egg infectious dose (eid50) of the virus. the onset of clinical signs and virus shedding was observed on day 1 post-infection (p.i.). the peak clinical score occurred between days 4 and 6 p.i. the experimentally infected do ... | 2013 | 23510585 |
| application of three duplex real-time pcr assays for simultaneous detection of human seasonal and avian influenza viruses. | this study was performed to develop real-time pcr (qpcr) for detection of human seasonal and avian influenza viruses in duplex format. first duplex qpcr detects haemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza virus a(h1n1)pdm09 and ha gene of influenza virus a(h3n2), the second reaction detects neuraminidase (na) gene of influenza virus a(h3n2) and na gene of influenza virus a(h1n1)pdm09 and a(h5n1), and the third reaction detects ha gene of influenza a(h5n1) and nonstructural protein gene of influenza b ... | 2013 | 23515874 |
| complete genome sequence of a canine-origin h3n2 feline influenza virus isolated from domestic cats in south korea. | a canine-origin korean h3n2 feline influenza virus (fiv), a/feline/korea/01/2010 (h3n2), was isolated in 2010 from a dead cat with severe respiratory disease. here, we report the first complete genome sequence of this virus, containing 3' and 5' noncoding regions, which will help elucidate the molecular basis of the pathogenesis, transmission, and evolution of fiv. | 2013 | 23516235 |
| crystallization and x-ray crystallographic analysis of the cap-binding domain of influenza a virus h1n1 polymerase subunit pb2. | pb2 is one of the subunits of the influenza virus heterotrimeric polymerase. by its cap-binding domain (pb2cap), pb2 captures the 5' cap of the host pre-mrna to generate a capped 5' oligonucleotide primer for virus transcription. the crystal structure of influenza a virus h3n2 pb2cap with bound cap analogue m7gtp has been reported previously. to show the substrate-free structural details of pb2cap and clarify whether obvious conformational changes exist between the substrate-free and substrate-b ... | 2013 | 23519804 |
| inflammatory response of mast cells during influenza a virus infection is mediated by active infection and rig-i signaling. | influenza a virus (iav) is a major respiratory pathogen of both humans and animals. the lung is protected from pathogens by alveolar epithelial cells, tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. the role of alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and alveolar macrophages during iav infection has been studied previously. in this study, we address the role of mast cells during iav infection. respiratory infection with a/wsn/33 causes significant disease and immunop ... | 2013 | 23526820 |
| m2e-displaying virus-like particles with associated rna promote t helper 1 type adaptive immunity against influenza a. | the ectodomain of influenza a matrix protein 2 (m2e) is a candidate for a universal influenza a vaccine. we used recombinant hepatitis b core antigen to produce virus-like particles presenting m2e (m2e-vlps). we produced the vlps with and without entrapped nucleic acids and compared their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. immunization of balb/c mice with m2e-vlps containing nucleic acids induced a stronger, th1-biased antibody response compared to particles lacking nucleic acids. the forme ... | 2013 | 23527091 |
| reassortment between avian h5n1 and human influenza viruses is mainly restricted to the matrix and neuraminidase gene segments. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses have devastated the poultry industry in many countries of the eastern hemisphere. occasionally h5n1 viruses cross the species barrier and infect humans, sometimes with a severe clinical outcome. when this happens, there is a chance of reassortment between h5n1 and human influenza viruses. to assess the potential of h5n1 viruses to reassort with contemporary human influenza viruses (h1n1, h3n2 and pandemic h1n1), we used an in vitro selection method ... | 2013 | 23527283 |
| synthesis and anti-influenza virus activities of a novel class of gastrodin derivatives. | a series of substituted aryl glycoside analogues of gastrodin have been identified as potential anti-influenza agents. the most potent inhibitor 1a exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against the a/hanfang/359/95(h3n2) and a/fm/1/47(h1n1) strains of the influenza a virus (ic(50) values of 44.40 and 34.45 μm, respectively) and the oseltamivir-null b/jifang/13/97 strain of influenza b (ic(50) value of 33.01 μm). in this article, multiple doses of compound 1a (80 mg/kg/day, oral administration) ... | 2013 | 23531598 |
| combined administration of mf59-adjuvanted a/h5n1 prepandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines: long-term antibody persistence and robust booster responses 1 year after a one-dose priming schedule. | having previously demonstrated the feasibility of administering a/h5n1 and seasonal influenza vaccine antigens in an mf59-adjuvanted tetravalent formulation, we now report on long-term antibody persistence and responses to a booster dose of a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent influenza vaccine in adults. the primary objective was the evaluation of responses to a booster dose of tetravalent influenza vaccine containing seasonal (a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b) and avian (a/h5n1, clade 2) influenza v ... | 2013 | 23536690 |
| antivirally active ribavirin analogues--4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole nucleosides: biological evaluation against certain respiratory viruses and computational modelling. | ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that derives some of its activity from inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh), resulting in lower guanosine triphosphate (gtp) levels. here we report the biological activities of three ribavirin analogues. | 2014 | 23538746 |
| prior infection of pigs with a recent human h3n2 influenza virus confers minimal cross-protection against a european swine h3n2 virus. | h3n2 influenza viruses circulating in humans and european pigs originate from the pandemic a/hong kong/68 virus. because of slower antigenic drift in swine, the antigenic divergence between swine and human viruses has been increasing. it remains unknown to what extent this results in a reduced cross-protection between recent human and swine h3n2 influenza viruses. | 2013 | 23551882 |
| prokaryote-expressed m2e protein improves h9n2 influenza vaccine efficacy and protection against lethal influenza a virus in mice. | influenza vaccines are prepared annually based on global epidemiological surveillance data. however, since there is no method by which to predict the influenza strain that will cause the next pandemic, the demand to develop new vaccination strategies with broad cross-reactivity against influenza viruses are clearly important. the ectodomain of the influenza m2 protein (m2e) is an attractive target for developing a vaccine with broad cross-reactivity. for these reasons, we investigated the effica ... | 2013 | 23551908 |
| progressive emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant a(h3n2) virus over two courses of oseltamivir treatment in an immunocompromised paediatric patient. | a minor viral population of oseltamivir-resistant a(h3n2) viruses (e119v neuraminidase mutation) was selected and maintained in a continually infected immunocompromised child following initial oseltamivir treatment. a subsequent course of oseltamivir given 7 weeks later rapidly selected for the e119v variant resulting in a near-pure population of the resistant virus. the study highlights the challenges of oseltamivir treatment of immunocompromised patients that are continually shedding virus and ... | 2013 | 23551973 |
| role of human toll-like receptors in naturally occurring influenza a infections. | we investigated the roles of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in naturally occurring influenza. | 2013 | 23552014 |
| the effect of age and recent influenza vaccination history on the immunogenicity and efficacy of 2009-10 seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination in children. | there is some evidence that annual vaccination of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) may lead to reduced vaccine immunogenicity but evidence is lacking on whether vaccine efficacy is affected by prior vaccination history. the efficacy of one dose of tiv in children 6-8 y of age against influenza b is uncertain. we examined whether immunogenicity and efficacy of influenza vaccination in school-age children varied by age and past vaccination history. | 2013 | 23554974 |
| 2011-12 seasonal influenza vaccines effectiveness against confirmed a(h3n2) influenza hospitalisation: pooled analysis from a european network of hospitals. a pilot study. | influenza vaccination strategies aim at protecting high-risk population from severe outcomes. estimating the effectiveness of seasonal vaccines against influenza related hospitalisation is important to guide these strategies. large sample size is needed to have precise estimate of influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) against severe outcomes. we assessed the feasibility of measuring seasonal ive against hospitalisation with laboratory confirmed influenza through a network of 21 hospitals in the ... | 2013 | 23565159 |
| iridoid and bis-iridoid glucosides from the fruit of gardenia jasminoides. | three new iridoid glucosides, 6″-o-trans-feruloylgenipin gentiobioside (1), 2'-o-trans-caffeoylgardoside (2), jasmigeniposide a (3), and one new bis-iridoid glucoside, jasmigeniposide b (4), along with six known analogues (5-10), were isolated from the fruit of gardenia jasminoides. their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. anti-virus activity of isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro and only compound 9 showed moderate inhibitory activity ... | 2013 | 23567862 |
| experimental infection of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) with pandemic 2009 h1n1 and swine h1n1 and h3n2 triple reassortant influenza viruses. | european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (passer domesticus) are common peridomestic passerine birds that are often associated with domestic animal production facilities. this association provides a potential means for pathogen transmission between facilities. we inoculated european starlings and house sparrows with three non-avian influenza virus strains: two swine isolates (h1n1 and h3n2) and one human isolate representing the h1n1 pandemic strain that originated from swine. no ... | 2013 | 23568924 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility surveillance of influenza viruses circulating worldwide during the 2011 southern hemisphere season. | neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) are currently the only antivirals effective against influenza infections due to widespread resistance to m2 inhibitors. | 2013 | 23575174 |
| nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. | influenza a virus infection is an ongoing clinical problem and thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that regulate the lung inflammation in order to unravel novel generic pharmacological strategies. evidence indicates that the nox2-containing nadph oxidase enzyme promotes influenza a virus-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction via ros generation. in addition, lung epithelial and endothelial cells express the nox1 isoform of nadph oxidase, placing this e ... | 2013 | 23577160 |
| genome sequence of a novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus from domestic mallard ducks in eastern china. | the h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) can provide genes for human influenza virus through gene reassortment, which raises great concerns in terms of its potential threat to human health. here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel h3n2 aiv isolated from domestic ducks in the jiangsu province of eastern china in 2004, which is a natural recombinant virus whose genes are derived from h3n8, h5n1, h5n2, h11n2, h4n6, and h1n1 aivs. this genome will help to understand the epidemiology ... | 2013 | 23580713 |
| comparison of influenza virus replication fidelity in vitro using selection pressure with monoclonal antibodies. | the replication fidelity of reassortant a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-like influenza viruses was assessed by in vitro detection of escape mutants developing under selective pressure from monoclonal antibodies. the results showed a/wyoming/3/03(h3n2) possessed lower fidelity relative to the a/california/7/04(h3n2) and a/wisconsin/57/05(h3n2) viruses through the emergence of mutant viruses carrying h156q hemagglutinin mutation which allows antibody escape. using the neutralization assay to compare the fid ... | 2013 | 23588737 |
| genetic characterization of h1n2 swine influenza virus isolated in china and its pathogenesis and inflammatory responses in mice. | in 2009, two h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from trachea swabs of pigs in hubei in china. we compared these sequences with the other 18 complete genome sequences of swine h1n2 isolates from china during 2004 to 2010 and undertook extensive analysis of their evolutionary patterns. six different genotypes - two reassortants between triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 and classical swine (cs) h1n1 virus, three reassortants between tr h1n2, eurasian avian-like h1n1 swine virus and h9n2 swine virus, a ... | 2013 | 23591972 |
| interleukin-22 reduces lung inflammation during influenza a virus infection and protects against secondary bacterial infection. | interleukin-22 (il-22) has redundant, protective, or pathogenic functions during autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. here, we addressed the potential role of il-22 in host defense and pathogenesis during lethal and sublethal respiratory h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) infection. we show that il-22, as well as factors associated with its production, are expressed in the lung tissue during the early phases of iav infection. our data indicate that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan r ... | 2013 | 23596287 |
| prolonged shedding of the canine influenza h3n2 virus in nasal swabs of experimentally immunocompromised dogs. | the avian origin canine influenza virus h3n2 has been recently isolated and found to be currently in dog population in south korea and china. the purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between immunosuppressive glucocorticoids used in veterinary clinical practice and viral shedding pattern of influenza in dogs. | 2013 | 23596593 |
| molecular assays for quantitative and qualitative detection of influenza virus and oseltamivir resistance mutations. | sensitive and reproducible molecular assays are essential for influenza virus diagnostics. this manuscript describes the design, validation, and evaluation of a set of real-time rt-pcr assays for quantification and subtyping of human influenza viruses from patient respiratory material. four assays are included for detection of oseltamivir resistance mutations h275y in prepandemic and pandemic influenza a/h1n1 and e119v and r292k in influenza a/h3n2 neuraminidase. the lower limits of detection of ... | 2013 | 23597879 |
| [analysis of evolution features of whole genome of influenza virus h3n2 in qingdao between year 2007 and 2011]. | to investigate the evolution features of whole-genome of influenza virus h3n2 prevalent in qingdao from year 2007 to 2011. | 2013 | 23601520 |
| antibody responses to trivalent influenza vaccine in iranian adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | the serious influenza-associated complications among immunodeficient individuals such as those who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), highlights the importance of influenza vaccination in these people. therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the antibody responses to influenza vaccine in this group. two hundred subjects were recruited, during autumn 2010 and 2011, to receive, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine consisting of a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b strains. hem ... | 2013 | 23605597 |
| exploring the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of influenza a virus in taiwan. | the evolution and population dynamics of human influenza in taiwan is a microcosm of the viruses circulating worldwide, which has not yet been studied in detail. we collected 343 representative full genome sequences of human influenza a viruses isolated in taiwan between 1979 and 2009. phylogenetic and antigenic data analysis revealed that h1n1 and h3n2 viruses consistently co-circulated in taiwan, although they were characterized by different temporal dynamics and degrees of genetic diversity. ... | 2013 | 23613982 |
| a novel canine influenza h3n2 virus isolated from cats in an animal shelter. | the interspecies transmission of avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) to dogs was first reported in 2007. the present study characterized a novel civ h3n2 isolated from cats in an animal shelter. a comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the a/canine/korea/cy009/2010(h3n2) (cy009) and a/feline/korea/fy028/2010 (h3n2) (fy028) strains isolated from dogs and cats, respectively, in the animal shelter identified point mutations in 18 amino acid positions within eight vir ... | 2013 | 23618838 |
| swine influenza in sri lanka. | to study influenza viruses in pigs in sri lanka, we examined samples from pigs at slaughterhouses. influenza (h3n2) and a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses were prevalent during 2004-2005 and 2009-2012, respectively. genetic and epidemiologic analyses of human and swine influenza viruses indicated 2 events of a(h1n1)pdm09 virus spillover from humans to pigs. | 2013 | 23621918 |
| [etiological analysis of influenza surveillance data in xuzhou from 2005 to 2011]. | to investigate the prevalence and subtypes of influenza viruses in xuzhou city from 2005 to 2011 and to provide the scientific supports for influenza prevention and control in this religion. | 2012 | 23627016 |
| [analysis on pathogen detection for 53 influenza outbreaks]. | in order to provide a scientific basis for influenza prevention and control, analyzing the epidemic characteristics and laws of influenza outbreaks in xuzhou area during 2005-2011. | 2012 | 23627018 |
| predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment. | the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics, each of which killed ≈1 million persons, arose through reassortment events. influenza virus in humans and domestic animals could reassort and cause another pandemic. to identify geographic areas where agricultural production systems are conducive to reassortment, we fitted multivariate regression models to surveillance data on influenza a virus subtype h5n1 among poultry in china and egypt and subtype h3n2 among humans. we then applied the models across asi ... | 2013 | 23628436 |
| the serial intervals of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses in households in bangkok, thailand. | the serial interval (si) of human influenza virus infections is often described by a single distribution. understanding sources of variation in the si could provide valuable information for understanding influenza transmission dynamics. using data from a randomized household study of nonpharmaceutical interventions to prevent influenza transmission in bangkok, thailand, over 34 months between 2008 and 2011, we estimated the influence of influenza virus type/subtype and other characteristics of 2 ... | 2013 | 23629874 |
| detection of influenza virus induced ultrastructural changes and dna damage. | the influenza virus generally causes damage to epithelial cells of respiratory tract and infection of cells with this virus often results in cell death with apoptotic characteristics. reports are available implicating influenza virus as a causative agent of chromosomal aberrations in cells and culture. the objective of this study was to analyze the process of cell death caused by influenza virus (a/udorn/317/72, h3n2) infection in cultured hela cells by electron microscopy and comet assay. the a ... | 2010 | 23637478 |
| reassortment ability of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus with circulating human and avian influenza viruses: public health risk implications. | exploring the reassortment ability of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (a/h1n1pdm09) influenza virus with other circulating human or avian influenza viruses is the main concern related to the generation of more virulent or new variants having implications for public health. after different coinfection experiments in human a549 cells, by using the a/h1n1pdm09 virus plus one of human seasonal influenza viruses of h1n1 and h3n2 subtype or one of h11, h10, h9, h7 and h1 avian influenza viruses, several reasso ... | 2013 | 23639426 |
| epidemiological analysis of respiratory viral etiology for influenza-like illness during 2010 in zhuhai, china. | influenza-like illnesses (ili), a subset of acute respiratory infections (ari), are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. ili can be caused by numerous pathogens, however; there is limited information on the etiology and epidemiology of ili in china. | 2013 | 23651577 |
| antigenically intact hemagglutinin in circulating avian and swine influenza viruses and potential for h3n2 pandemic. | the 2009 swine-origin h1n1 influenza, though antigenically novel to the population at the time, was antigenically similar to the 1918 h1n1 pandemic influenza, and consequently was considered to be "archived" in the swine species before reemerging in humans. given that the h3n2 is another subtype that currently circulates in the human population and is high on who pandemic preparedness list, we assessed the likelihood of reemergence of h3n2 from a non-human host. using ha sequence features releva ... | 2013 | 23661027 |
| a comparison of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a or b during the 2011-2012 influenza season in korea: a multi-center study. | during the 2011/2012 winter influenza season in the republic of korea, influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant virus in the first peak period of influenza activity during the second half of january 2012. on the other hand, influenza b was the predominant virus in the second peak period of influenza activity during the second half of march 2012. the objectives of this study were to compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a or influen ... | 2013 | 23671624 |
| isolation of influenza a(h3n2)v virus from pigs and characterization of its biological properties in pigs and mice. | recently, a novel reassortant virus, influenza a(h3n2)v [a(h3n2)v], was identified as the causative pathogen in 307 human cases of influenza in the united states. a(h3n2)v contains the matrix gene from the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus, while its other genes originate from h3n2 viruses with triple-reassorted internal genes. in this study, we isolated three a(h3n2)v viruses from commercial pigs in korea that showed similarities with published human a(h3n2)v viruses in eight segment sequence al ... | 2013 | 23674250 |
| b cell responses to the 2011/12-influenza vaccine in the aged. | antibody and b cell responses to influenza a viruses were measured over a period of 2 months in 30 aged and 15 middle-aged individuals following vaccination with the 2011/12 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine by micro-neutralization assays, elisas, elispot assays and cell surface staining with lineage-defining antibodies followed by multicolor flow cytometry. both cohorts developed comparable antibody responses to the h3n2 virus of the vaccine while responses to the h1n1 virus were compromi ... | 2013 | 23674565 |
| swine, human or avian influenza viruses differentially activates porcine dendritic cells cytokine profile. | swine influenza virus (swiv) is considered a zoonosis and the fact that swine may act as an intermediate reservoir for avian influenza virus, potentially infectious for humans, highlights its relevance and the need to understand the interaction of different influenza viruses with the porcine immune system. thus, in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (pobmdcs) were infected with a circulating swiv a/swine/spain/sf32071/2007(h3n2), 2009 human pandemic influenza virus a/catalonia/63/2 ... | 2013 | 23689011 |
| deliberate reduction of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase expression of influenza virus leads to an ultraprotective live vaccine in mice. | a long-held dogma posits that strong presentation to the immune system of the dominant influenza virus glycoprotein antigens neuraminidase (na) and hemagglutinin (ha) is paramount for inducing protective immunity against influenza virus infection. we have deliberately violated this dogma by constructing a recombinant influenza virus strain of a/pr8/34 (h1n1) in which expression of na and ha genes was suppressed. we down-regulated na and ha expression by recoding the respective genes with subopti ... | 2013 | 23690603 |
| genotype patterns of contemporary reassorted h3n2 virus in us swine. | to understand the evolution of swine-origin h3n2v influenza viruses that have infected 320 humans in the usa since august 2011, we performed a phylogenetic analysis at a whole genome scale of north american swine influenza viruses (n = 200). all viral isolates evolved from the prototypical north american h3 cluster 4 (c4), with evidence for further diversification into subclusters. at least ten distinct reassorted h3n2/pandemic h1n1 (rh3n2p) genotypes were identified in swine. genotype 1 (g1) wa ... | 2013 | 23695819 |
| vitamin c is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune responses through the production of interferon-α/β at the initial stage of influenza a virus (h3n2) infection. | l-ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is one of the well-known anti-viral agents, especially to influenza virus. since the in vivo anti-viral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin c could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin c like humans. first, we found that vitamin c-insufficient gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (h3n2/hongkong). viral titers in the lung of vitami ... | 2013 | 23700397 |
| [design of deoxyribozymes for inhibition of influenza a virus]. | influenza a viruses take a significant place in human and animal pathology causing epidemics and epizootics. therefore, the development of new antiflu drugs has become more and more urgent. deoxyribozymes can be considered as promising antiviral agents due to their ability to efficiently and highly specifically cleave rna molecules. in this study, a number ofgenomic sequences of the most relevant influenza a virus subtypes, h5n1, h3n2, and h1n1, were analyzed. conservative regions were revealed ... | 2013 | 23705497 |
| virus-like particle vaccine protects against h3n2 canine influenza virus in dog. | in the present study, virus-like particles (vlps) were evaluated as a candidate veterinary vaccine against canine influenza virus (civ) subtype h3n2. specific pathogen-free (spf) beagle dogs received a single injection of a vlp vaccine containing hemagglutinin (ha) and m1 protein of civ h3n2 (h3 ha vlp). the vaccine was tested at 3 different doses with an adjuvant and 1 dose without an adjuvant. to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the h3 ha vlp vaccine, we performed hemaggl ... | 2013 | 23707159 |
| [a study on the ha amount of ha influenza vaccination on efficacy and safety in infants]. | we examined the efficacy and safety of inactivated influenza vaccine when the amount of ha influenza vaccination in children was increased to the dose recommended by the who. the purpose of this study was to obtain basic evidence to review the vaccination dose in japanese children. ha influenza vaccine produced by the research foundation for microbial diseases of osaka university (biken) licenced in japan was administered through vaccination at the international dose, and split ha influenza vacc ... | 2013 | 23713330 |
| visual detection of human infection with influenza a (h7n9) virus by subtype-specific reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with hydroxynaphthol blue dye. | a rapid and sensitive h7 and n9 subtype-specific reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed respectively for visual detection of human-infected influenza a (h7n9) virus. the reaction was performed in one step in a single tube at 63°c for 60 min with the addition of hydroxynaphthol blue dye before amplification. the detection limits of both subtype-specific assays were comparable to those of validated h7 and n9 real-time pcr assays respectively and no cross-d ... | 2013 | 23718218 |
| glycosylations in the globular head of the hemagglutinin protein modulate the virulence and antigenic properties of the h1n1 influenza viruses. | with the global spread of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) influenza virus, there are increasing worries about evolution through antigenic drift. one way previous seasonal h1n1 and h3n2 influenza strains have evolved over time is by acquiring additional glycosylations in the globular head of their hemagglutinin (ha) proteins; these glycosylations have been believed to shield antigenically relevant regions from antibody immune responses. we added additional ha glycosylation sites to influenza a/net ... | 2013 | 23720581 |
| effect of double dose oseltamivir on clinical and virological outcomes in children and adults admitted to hospital with severe influenza: double blind randomised controlled trial. | to investigate the validity of recommendations in treatment guidelines to use higher than approved doses of oseltamivir in patients with severe influenza. | 2013 | 23723457 |
| cross-protective effect of antisense oligonucleotide developed against the common 3' ncr of influenza a virus genome. | the influenza a virus (iav) has eight segmented single-stranded rna genome containing a common and evolutionarily conserved non-coding region (ncrs) at 5' and 3' ends that are important for the virus replication. in this study, we designed an antisense oligonucleotide against the 3' ncr of vital segments of the iav genome to inhibit its replication. the results demonstrated that the co-transfection of madine darby canine kidney (mdck) cells with the antisense oligonucleotide and the plasmids enc ... | 2013 | 23729285 |
| active surveillance for influenza a virus among swine, midwestern united states, 2009-2011. | veterinary diagnostic laboratories identify and characterize influenza a viruses primarily through passive surveillance. however, additional surveillance programs are needed. to meet this need, an active surveillance program was conducted at pig farms throughout the midwestern united states. from june 2009 through december 2011, nasal swab samples were collected monthly from among 540 groups of growing pigs and tested for influenza a virus by real-time reverse transcription pcr. of 16,170 sample ... | 2013 | 23735740 |
| genetic characterization of thai swine influenza viruses after the introduction of pandemic h1n1 2009. | pandemic h1n1 2009 (ph1n1), influenza virus containing triple reassortant internal genes (trig) from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses emerged in 2009 as a highly infectious virus that was able to be transmitted from humans to pigs. during june 2010-may 2012, influenza virus surveillance was conducted in thai pig population. twenty-three samples (1.75%) were successfully isolated from total of 1,335 samples. interestingly, ph1n1 (7 isolates, 30.34%), reassortant ph1n1 (rh1n1) (1 isolate, ... | 2013 | 23740270 |
| simplified large-scale sanger genome sequencing for influenza a/h3n2 virus. | the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and the resultant lower costs of sequencing have enabled production of massive amounts of data, including the generation of full genome sequences of pathogens. however, the small genome size of the influenza virus arguably justifies the use of the more conventional sanger sequencing technology which is still currently more readily available in most diagnostic laboratories. | 2013 | 23741393 |
| distribution of influenza and other acute respiratory viruses during the first year after the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in the english- and dutch-speaking caribbean countries. | limited specimen collection and testing for influenza occurred in the english and dutch-speaking caribbean countries prior to the 2009/2010 influenza pandemic. caribbean epidemiology centre (carec) member countries rapidly mobilized to collect specimens during the pandemic and a vast majority of confirmed cases during the pandemic period were influenza a(h1n1)pdm09. | 2013 | 23745666 |
| influenza virus utilizes n-linked sialoglycans as receptors in a549 cells. | influenza viruses (ifvs) recognize sialoglycans expressed on the host cell surface. to understand the mechanisms underlying tissue and host tropisms of ifv, it is essential to elucidate the molecular interaction of the virus with the host sialoglycan receptor. we established and applied a new monoclonal antibody, clone hyb4, which specifically recognizes the neu5acα2-3 determinant at the non-reducing terminal gal residue of both glycoproteins and gangliosides to investigate the biochemical prope ... | 2013 | 23747419 |
| mutations of two transmembrane cysteines of hemagglutinin (ha) from influenza a h3n2 virus affect ha thermal stability and fusion activity. | influenza a h3n2 virus caused 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic, and has since been one of the most prevalent seasonal influenza viruses in global populations, representing a credible pandemic candidate in future. previous studies have established that the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is the predominant antigen and executes receptor binding and membrane fusion. homologous sequence analysis of all ha subtypes of influenza viruses revealed that two cysteine residues (540 and 544) are uniquely presen ... | 2013 | 23749101 |
| mortality attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza, australia, 2003 to 2009, using a novel time series smoothing approach. | official statistics under-estimate influenza deaths. time series methods allow the estimation of influenza-attributable mortality. the methods often model background, non-influenza mortality using a cyclic, harmonic regression model based on the serfling approach. this approach assumes that the seasonal pattern of non-influenza mortality is the same each year, which may not always be accurate. | 2014 | 23755139 |
| development and evaluation of a paramagnetic nanoparticle based immunochromatographic strip for specific detection of 2009 h1n1 influenza virus. | influenza a/h1n1 virus spreads worldwide and has been a threat to human health and the poultry industry. although h1n1 lateral-flow immunoassay strips are available for the detection of 2009/a/h1n1 antigens, the specificity and sensitivity of these strips are limited. because of the monodispersity, the strong magnetic signal and the stable brown color of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, which were employed in this study as label instead of commonly used colloidal gold particles. two different mo ... | 2013 | 23755574 |
| [avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replicates in human lung tissues]. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 has been circulating in multiple terrestrial birds and repeatedly infecting mammals, including swines and humans to pose a significant threat to public health. the cross-species infection of human, replication activity and tissue tropism of avian influenza virus h9n2 was evaluated in this study. the results showed that surgically removed human lung tissue samples were infected ex vivo by avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (ck/gx/1875/04, ck/gx/187/05) and seaso ... | 2013 | 23757854 |
| virological self-sampling to monitor influenza antiviral susceptibility in a community cohort. | to perform antiviral susceptibility monitoring of treated individuals in the community during the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in england. | 2013 | 23759670 |
| evaluation of the pan influenza detection kit utilizing the plex-id and influenza samples from the 2011 respiratory season. | a comparison study was performed between the plex-id and the cdc rt-pcr method for the detection and identification of influenza a viruses using nasopharyngeal samples (n=75) collected between january and may 2011. overall agreement was 89.3% (67/75 kappa=0.57 95% ci 0.3-0.89). positive percent agreement was 92.3% (60/65); negative percent agreement was 70% (7/10). h1n1 pdm09 identified: 42.6% (32/75) and 54.7% (41/75) by plex-id and cdc rt-pcr, respectively. h3n2 identified: 29.3% (22/75) and 3 ... | 2013 | 23764420 |
| [phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from patients hospitalised with influenza-like illness symptoms in the na bulovce hospital in the season 2011/2012]. | influenza a virus is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ari). clinical manifestations of ari vary from mild or moderate to life-threatening conditions requiring intensive care. given the segmented genome, a large natural reservoir of other influenza virus subtypes, and antibody selection pressure in the population, the virus is variable and genetically unstable. the phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from patients hospitalised with influenz ... | 2013 | 23768089 |
| molecular signature of high yield (growth) influenza a virus reassortants prepared as candidate vaccine seeds. | human influenza virus isolates generally grow poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. hence, gene reassortment of influenza a wild type (wt) viruses is performed with a highly egg adapted donor virus, a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8), to provide the high yield reassortant (hyr) viral 'seeds' for vaccine production. hyr must contain the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of wt virus and one to six 'internal' genes from pr8. most studies of influenza wt and hyrs have focused on the ha gene. the ... | 2013 | 23776579 |
| analytical sensitivity of seven point-of-care influenza virus detection tests and two molecular tests for detection of avian origin h7n9 and swine origin h3n2 variant influenza a viruses. | 2013 | 23784125 | |
| [humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in humans to the a/california/07/ 2009 (h1n1) virus, a(h1n1)pdm2009]. | during the twentieth century the world faced four influenza a pandemics: a (h1n1) in 1918, a (h2n2) in 1957, a (h3n2) in 1957 and a (h1n1) recirculation in 1977. in the beginning of 2009 the global spread of a(h1n1)pdm2009 virus was detected. in consideration of clinical evidences and genetic data analysis who declared as the novel pandemic of 21th century. however, the fact of exceedingly prolonged previous worldwide circulation of a (h1n1) influenza viruses was not taken into account. further ... | 2016 | 23785769 |
| myopericarditis and exertional rhabdomyolysis following an influenza a (h3n2) infection. | acute myopericarditis and exertional rhabdomyolysis, two uncommon but well-described diseases with potentially life-threatening effects, are generally considered as independent clinical entities. however, they may in fact be pathophysiologically related under certain circumstances. this is the first ever report of influenza myopericarditis provoked by exertional rhabdomyolysis to the best of our knowledge. | 2013 | 23786640 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility profile of pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons in japan. | two new influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), peramivir and laninamivir, were approved in 2010 which resulted to four nais that were used during the 2010-2011 influenza season in japan. this study aims to monitor the susceptibility of influenza virus isolates in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons in japan to the four nais using the fluorescence-based 50% inhibitory concentration (ic₅₀) method. outliers were identified using box-and-whisker plot analysis and full na gene sequenc ... | 2013 | 23791870 |
| the use of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and viral findings in the nasopharynx of children attending day care. | limited data are available on the effects of probiotics on the nasopharyngeal presence of respiratory viruses in children attending day care. in this substudy of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 28-week intervention study, nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected, on visits to a physician due to symptoms of infection, from children receiving control milk (n = 97) and children receiving the same milk supplemented with probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (n = 97). the presence o ... | 2013 | 23794458 |
| the emergence of influenza a (h3n2)v virus: what we learned from the first wave. | 2013 | 23794725 | |
| estimates of the number of human infections with influenza a(h3n2) variant virus, united states, august 2011-april 2012. | thirteen human infections with an influenza a(h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus containing a combination of gene segments not previously associated with human illness were identified in the united states from august 2011 to april 2012. because laboratory confirmation of influenza virus infection is only performed for a minority of ill persons and routine clinical tests may not identify h3n2v virus, the count of laboratory-confirmed h3n2v virus infections underestimates the true burden of illness. | 2013 | 23794726 |
| transmissibility of variant influenza from swine to humans: a modeling approach. | respiratory illness was reported among humans and swine at an agricultural fair in 2011; 3 human infections with an influenza a(h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus were confirmed. using epidemiologic investigation data, we sought to estimate h3n2v transmissibility from swine to humans. | 2013 | 23794727 |