Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| interaction network linking the human h3n2 influenza a virus genomic rna segments. | the genome of influenza a viruses is comprised of eight negative-sense viral rnas (vrnas) that form viral ribonucleoproteins (vrnps). in order to be infectious, an influenza a viral particle must encapsidate at least one copy of each of the vrnas. thus, even though genome segmentation is evolutionary advantageous, it undeniably complicates viral assembly, which is believed to occur through a selective mechanism that still remains to be understood. using electron tomography 3d-reconstructions, we ... | 2012 | 23063835 |
| distribution of surface glycoproteins on influenza a virus determined by electron cryotomography. | we use electron cryotomography to reconstruct virions of two influenza a h3n2 virus strains. the maps reveal the structure of the viral envelope containing hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) glycoproteins and the virus interior containing a matrix layer and an assembly of ribonucleoprotein particles (rnps) that package the genome. we build a structural model for the viral surface by locating copies of the x-ray structure of the ha ectodomain into density peaks on the virus surface. we cal ... | 2012 | 23063838 |
| [development of duplex real-time pcr assay for identification of influenza viruses of subtype a(h1)pdm09 and a(h3)]. | among different laboratory techniques used in influenza surveillance, methods based on molecular biology, such as real-time pcr, play increasingly important role. they allow detection and identification of viruses currently circulating in human population and responsible for infections and diseases. the aim of the study was to develop duplex real-time pcr assay for detection and differentiation of influenza virus subtype a(h1n1) pdm09 and a(h3n2). | 2012 | 23072058 |
| ten-year (1999-2009) epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza in south italy (apulia). | clinical and epidemiological surveillance of influenza and other acute respiratory infections (ari) are currently a major objective of public health. the aim was to describe the epidemiology of influenza using the italian surveillance system. vaccination coverage (vc) rates were calculated during 1999-2009 influenza seasons. molecular studies of influenza virus isolated, from patients with ili, living in apulia, are described. 1269 nasal-pharyngeal swabs were taken from patients with ili and ari ... | 2010 | 23074649 |
| clinical accuracy of a plex-id flu device for simultaneous detection and identification of influenza viruses a and b. | respiratory tract infections caused by influenza a and b viruses often present nonspecifically, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique that can identify influenza viruses is clinically and epidemiologically desirable. the plex-id flu assay (abbott molecular inc., des plaines, il) incorporates multilocus pcr and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to detect and differentiate influenza a 2009 h1n1 (h1n1-p), seasonal h1n1 (h1n1-s), influenza a h3n2, and influenza b viruses in nasop ... | 2013 | 23077123 |
| neutralizing dna aptamers against swine influenza h3n2 viruses. | triple reassortant influenza a viruses (iavs) of swine, particularly the north american h3n2 subtype, circulate in swine herds and may reassort and result in the emergence of novel zoonotic strains. current diagnostic tools rely on isolation of the viruses, followed by serotyping by hemagglutination or genome sequencing, both of which can be expensive and time-consuming. thus, novel subtype-specific ligands and methods are needed for rapid testing and subtyping of iavs in the field. to address t ... | 2013 | 23077124 |
| epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and diagnosis at point-of-care during the first wave of the h1n1 influenza pandemic in cambodia. | we conducted clinic-based surveillance for influenza virus among cases with acute febrile illness at 9 medical clinics in south-central cambodia during 2006-2009. patients greater than or equal to 24 months old presenting with acute fever (> 38 degrees c) were enrolled. in late july 2009, the study identified its first case of pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) influenza virus infection. the prevalence of ph1n1 infections increased rapidly during august and september and by october, ph1n1 infections had peak ... | 2012 | 23082556 |
| [influenza viruses--a challenge for vaccinations]. | the clinical picture of influenza may vary from mild respiratory infection to pneumonia requiring intensive care. annual epidemics are most commonly caused by h3n2 or h1n1 type influenza a or influenza b viruses. the population's immune protection against a new virus type is low, whereupon morbidity and mortality may be high. vaccinations are the most important means to decrease influenza morbidity. annual variation and quick intercontinental migration of influenza viruses, combined with the pos ... | 2012 | 23088004 |
| high-performance method for specific effect on nucleic acids in cells using tio2~dna nanocomposites. | nanoparticles are used to solve the current drug delivery problem. we present a high-performance method for efficient and selective action on nucleic acid target in cells using unique tio(2)·pl-dna nanocomposites (polylysine-containing dna fragments noncovalently immobilized onto tio(2) nanoparticles capable of transferring dna). these nanocomposites were used for inhibition of human influenza a (h3n2) virus replication in infected mdck cells. they showed a low toxicity (tc(50) ≈ 1800 μg/ml) and ... | 2012 | 23091696 |
| inhibitory effects of an m2-specific monoclonal antibody on different strains of influenza a virus. | new approaches to the treatment of influenza have been designed based on the highly conserved antigenicity of the m2 envelope protein among influenza a virus strains. the present study examined the anti-viral activities of an anti-m2 ectodomain (m2e) monoclonal antibody (clone rm2ss23), which binds to the m2 proteins of the influenza a virus strains a/ aichi/2/68 (h3n2) (aichi) and a/pjr/8/34 (h1n1) (pr8). the results showed that rm2ss23 bound to both aichi and pr8 m2 proteins expressed on the c ... | 2012 | 23094582 |
| influenza a viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model. | influenza a viruses commonly cause pancreatitis in naturally and experimentally infected animals. in this study, we report the results of in vivo investigations carried out to establish whether influenza virus infection could cause metabolic disorders linked to pancreatic infection. in addition, in vitro tests in human pancreatic islets and in human pancreatic cell lines were performed to evaluate viral growth and cell damage. infection of an avian model with two low-pathogenicity avian influenz ... | 2013 | 23097451 |
| randomized comparative study of the serum antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibody responses to six licensed trivalent influenza vaccines. | serum antibody to the hemagglutinin (ha) surface protein of influenza virus induced by influenza vaccination is a correlate of protection against influenza. the neuraminidase (na) protein is also on the surface of the virus; antibody to it has been shown to impair virus release from infected cells and to reduce the intensity of influenza infections in animal models and in humans challenged with infectious virus. recently we have shown that na inhibiting antibody can independently contribute to i ... | 2012 | 23107591 |
| characterization of an h3n2 canine influenza virus isolated from tibetan mastiffs in china. | ten 3-month-old tibetan mastiffs became ill 2 days after they were bought from a tibetan mastiff exhibition, and 4 of them died 2 weeks later. a canine influenza virus (zj0110) was isolated from the lung of a deceased tibetan mastiff and was characterized in detail. sequence analysis indicated that the 8 genes of the canine isolate were most similar to those of avian-origin canine influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated in south korea in 2007, with which they shared >98% sequence identity. zj0110 coul ... | 2013 | 23107656 |
| seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine does not protect against newly emerging variants of influenza a (h3n2v) virus in ferrets. | the recent increase in human cases of influenza a h3n2 variant virus [a(h3n2)v] highlights the need to assess whether seasonal influenza vaccination provides cross-protection against a(h3n2)v virus. our data demonstrate that the 2011-2012 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) protected ferrets against homologous h3n2 virus challenge but provided minimal to no protection against a(h3n2)v virus. the complete absence of specific hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to a(h3n2)v is c ... | 2013 | 23115290 |
| mutations to a/puerto rico/8/34 pb1 gene improves seasonal reassortant influenza a virus growth kinetics. | it is desirable for influenza vaccine virus strains to have phenotypes that include good growth and hemagglutinin (ha) protein yield. the quality of these characteristics varies among the vaccine viruses and is usually due to multigenic effects. many influenza a virus vaccine viruses are made as reassortants of the high yield virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr/8) and a circulating seasonal virus. co-infection of eggs with the two viruses, and selection of reassortants with the ha and neuraminidase (na ... | 2012 | 23116694 |
| microwave assisted synthesis and anti-influenza virus activity of 1-adamantyl substituted n-(1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carboxamide derivatives. | a microwave-assisted three-component one-pot cyclocondensation method was applied for the synthesis of novel n-(1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)carboxamide compounds carrying an adamantyl moiety. the structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis. all compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and influenza b virus in mdck cell cultures. the compounds displayed a confined structure-activity relationship. the n-(2,8-dimethyl ... | 2012 | 23117173 |
| enhanced replication of swine influenza viruses in dexamethasone-treated juvenile and layer turkeys. | frequent transmission of swine influenza viruses (sivs) to turkeys has been reported since 1980s. experimental studies also showed that sivs can infect turkeys with varying replication and transmission efficiency depending on the strain. however, host factors involved in infection/replication efficiency remain unclear. to investigate whether the immune status of turkeys might play a role in the susceptibility of turkeys to sivs, we studied the replication efficiency of two recent sivs (human-lik ... | 2013 | 23123174 |
| enantiomers of an indole alkaloid containing unusual dihydrothiopyran and 1,2,4-thiadiazole rings from the root of isatis indigotica. | a pair of enantiomers (1a and 1b) of an indole alkaloid containing dihydrothiopyran and 1,2,4-thiadiazole rings was isolated from an aqueous extract of the root of isatis indigotica. the structures and absolute configurations of the enantiomers were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, especially 2d nmr, modified mosher's method, and electronic cd (ecd). the proposed biosynthetic pathway and preliminary investigations of the biological activity of compounds 1a and 1b against influenza ... | 2012 | 23131196 |
| protection of guinea pigs by vaccination with a recombinant swinepox virus co-expressing ha1 genes of swine h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses. | swine influenza (si) is an acute respiratory infectious disease of swine caused by swine influenza virus (siv). siv is not only an important respiratory pathogen in pigs but also a potent threat to human health. here, we report the construction of a recombinant swinepox virus (rspv/h3-2a-h1) co-expressing hemagglutinin (ha1) of siv subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. immune responses and protection efficacy of the rspv/h3-2a-h1 were evaluated in guinea pigs. inoculation of rspv/h3-2a-h1 yielded neutralizing ... | 2013 | 23135159 |
| the genetic match between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza a viruses in vietnam, 2001-2009. | vietnam is currently developing domestic capability to manufacture influenza vaccines but information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of locally circulating seasonal influenza viruses is limited. to assess the relevance of who recommended vaccine strains to the situation in vietnam, we analyzed the genetic relatedness of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seasonal influenza a viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2009 to who recommended vaccine strains over the same period. | 2013 | 23137010 |
| incidence and epidemiology of hospitalized influenza cases in rural thailand during the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 pandemic, 2009-2010. | data on the burden of the 2009 influenza pandemic in asia are limited. influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 was first reported in thailand in may 2009. we assessed incidence and epidemiology of influenza-associated hospitalizations during 2009-2010. | 2012 | 23139802 |
| influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of são paulo, brazil. | in 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. the objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of são paulo, brazil. dog serum samples were examined for antibodies t ... | 2012 | 23152313 |
| human t-cells directed to seasonal influenza a virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses. | virus-specific cd8(+) t-cells contribute to protective immunity against influenza a virus (iav) infections. as the majority of these cells are directed to conserved viral proteins, they may afford protection against iavs of various subtypes. the present study assessed the cross-reactivity of human cd8(+) t-lymphocytes, induced by infection with seasonal a (h1n1) or a (h3n2) influenza virus, with 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) virus [a(h1n1)pdm09] and swine-origin triple-reassortant a (h3n2) [a ... | 2013 | 23152369 |
| differential interactions of virulent and non-virulent h. parasuis strains with naïve or swine influenza virus pre-infected dendritic cells. | pigs possess a microbiota in the upper respiratory tract that includes haemophilus parasuis. pigs are also considered the reservoir of influenza viruses and infection with this virus commonly results in increased impact of bacterial infections, including those by h. parasuis. however, the mechanisms involved in host innate responses towards h. parasuis and their implications in a co-infection with influenza virus are unknown. therefore, the ability of a non-virulent h. parasuis serovar 3 (sw114) ... | 2012 | 23157617 |
| [the efficiency of influenza vaccines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive therapy]. | inactivated influenza vaccination is recommended yearly for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive therapy. | 2012 | 23160078 |
| evaluation of rapid influenza virus tests in patients with influenza-like illness in thailand. | the influenza virus is responsible for causing major respiratory tract symptoms. a fast, accurate diagnosis is essential for efficient treatment, especially in patients with complications. the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) for influenza detection have been developed to subtype the influenza virus. the re-evaluation of the rapid test is needed in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. | 2012 | 23163105 |
| resolution of immune response by recombinant transforming growth factor-beta (rtgf-β) during influenza a virus infection. | replication of influenza a virus in the respiratory tract leads to cell damage and liberation of cytokines and chemokines. the in vivo cytokine induction and modulation by recombinant transforming growth factor- β1 (rtgf-β1) has not been studied. therefore, in the present study the effect of rtgf-β1, a potent immunomodulatory cytokine which has anti-inflammatory properties and downregulates the release of inflammatory molecules, against influenza-virus infection in the airway of mice was investi ... | 2012 | 23168705 |
| influenza viruses in nigeria, 2009-2010: results from the first 17 months of a national influenza sentinel surveillance system. | influenza surveillance data from tropical, sub-saharan african countries are limited. to better understand the epidemiology of influenza, nigeria initiated influenza surveillance in 2008. | 2012 | 23169957 |
| sentinel surveillance for influenza in senegal, 1996-2009. | data on influenza in tropical and resource-limited countries are scarce. in this study we present results from 14 years of influenza surveillance in senegal, one of the few tropical countries in africa from which longitudinal data are available. | 2012 | 23169958 |
| characteristics of patients with influenza-like illness, severe acture respiratory illness, and laboratory-confirmed influenza at a major children's hospital in angola, 2009-2011. | there are no published data on influenza trends in angola, where pneumonia is a leading cause of death among young children. this study aims to describe the seasonal trends, types, and subtypes of influenza virus recovered from patients with respiratory illness who were admitted to the major children's hospital in angola from may 2009 through april 2011. nasal and oral swabs were collected from patients seen in the outpatient clinic with influenza-like illness (ili) or hospitalized with severe a ... | 2012 | 23169959 |
| evolutionary dynamics of 2009 pandemic influenza a virus subtype h1n1 in south africa during 2009-2010. | the 2009 pandemic influenza a virus subtype h1n1 (a[h1n1]pdm09) was first detected in june 2009 in south africa and later resulted in extensive transmission throughout africa. established routine surveillance programs and collaboration between private and public sector laboratories allowed for comprehensive molecular epidemiological and antigenic investigation of the first and second waves of 2009-2010 pandemic influenza in south africa. | 2012 | 23169965 |
| influenza surveillance in zambia, 2008-2009. | limited information exists about influenza viruses in africa. we used data from a new sentinel surveillance system to investigate the seasonality and characteristics of influenza, including pandemic (pdm) influenza a h1n1, in zambia. | 2012 | 23169966 |
| spatiotemporal circulation of influenza viruses in 5 african countries during 2008-2009: a collaborative study of the institut pasteur international network. | although recent work has described the spatiotemporal diffusion of influenza viruses worldwide, comprehensive data on spatiotemporal patterns of influenza from the african continent and madagascar are still lacking. | 2012 | 23169972 |
| influenza surveillance among children with pneumonia admitted to a district hospital in coastal kenya, 2007-2010. | influenza data gaps in sub-saharan africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. | 2012 | 23169974 |
| outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, pennsylvania, usa, 2011. | during august 2011, influenza a (h3n2) variant [a(h3n2)v] virus infection developed in a child who attended an agricultural fair in pennsylvania, usa; the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09. we interviewed fair attendees and conducted a retrospective cohort study among members of an agricultural club who attended the fair. probable and confirmed cases of a(h3n2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respecti ... | 2012 | 23171635 |
| genetic drift influenza a(h3n2) virus hemagglutinin (ha) variants originated during the last pandemic turn out to be predominant in the 2011-2012 season in northern italy. | influenza a(h3n2) virus is once again the predominant strain after the 2009 pandemic. its molecular epidemiology and phylogeny were investigated during the 2011-2012 season in northern italy. the epidemiological and virological influenza surveillance was carried out within the framework of the italian influenza surveillance network. the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of the a(h3n2) viruses detected was analyzed by means of a time-scaled phylogenetic approach. in northern italy, the 2011-2012 epidemic w ... | 2013 | 23174527 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. | we examined the influence of ginkgo biloba leaf extract (egb) on the infectivity of influenza viruses in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. plaque assays demonstrated that multiplication of influenza viruses after adsorption to host cells was not affected in the agarose overlay containing egb. however, when the viruses were treated with egb before exposure to cells, their infectivity was markedly reduced. in contrast, the inhibitory effect was not observed when mdck cells were treated with ... | 2013 | 23179317 |
| monitoring of influenza viruses in the aftermath of the great east japan earthquake. | influenza has a significant impact on public health when a natural disaster occurs during the influenza season. however, the epidemiological characteristics of influenza following natural disasters have not been well documented due to the difficulty of implementing laboratory-based influenza surveillance in such situations. the great east japan earthquake occurred on march 11, 2011, when influenza was already circulating. since routine influenza surveillance was not performed in miyagi prefectur ... | 2012 | 23183209 |
| influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus suppresses rig-i initiated innate antiviral responses in the human lung. | influenza infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) is believed to play an important role in the recognition of, and response to, influenza virus and other rna viruses. our study focuses on the hypothesis that pandemic h1n1/09 influenza virus alters the influenza-induced proinflammatory response and suppresses host antiviral activity. we first compared the innate response to a clinical isolate of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus, ok/09, a clinical ... | 2012 | 23185463 |
| receptor characterization and susceptibility of cotton rats to avian and 2009 pandemic influenza virus strains. | animal influenza viruses (aivs) are a major threat to human health and the source of pandemic influenza. a reliable small-mammal model to study the pathogenesis of infection and for testing vaccines and therapeutics against multiple strains of influenza virus is highly desirable. we show that cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) are susceptible to avian and swine influenza viruses. cotton rats express α2,3-linked sialic acid (sa) and α2,6-linked sa residues in the trachea and α2,6-linked sa residues ... | 2013 | 23192875 |
| neutrophils infected with highly virulent influenza h3n2 virus exhibit augmented early cell death and rapid induction of type i interferon signaling pathways. | we developed a model of influenza virus infection of neutrophils by inducing differentiation of the mpro promyelocytic cell line. after 5 days of differentiation, about 20-30% of mature neutrophils could be detected. only a fraction of neutrophils were infected by highly virulent influenza (hvi) virus, but were unable to support active viral replication compared with mdck cells. hvi infection of neutrophils augmented early and late apoptosis as indicated by annexin v and tunel assays. comparison ... | 2013 | 23195410 |
| influenza a virus infection dynamics in swine farms in belgium, france, italy and spain, 2006-2008. | avian-like h1n1 and reassortant h3n2 and h1n2 influenza a viruses with a human-like haemagglutinin have been co-circulating in swine in europe for more than a decade. we aimed to examine the infection dynamics of the three swine influenza virus (siv) lineages at the farm level, and to identify possible regional and seasonal variations in their circulation. sera were collected from six successive generations of fattening pigs (2006-2008) in a total 80 farrow-to-finish herds in belgium, italy, fra ... | 2013 | 23201246 |
| a "pre-seasonal" hospital outbreak of influenza pneumonia caused by the drift variant a/victoria/361/2011-like h3n2 viruses, hong kong, 2011. | beginning from late 2011 and early 2012, increasing circulation of antigenically drifted influenza a/victoria/361/2011-like h3n2 viruses within genotype 3 of the a/victoria/208/2009 clade have been reported in multiple european countries and elsewhere. whether these emerging viruses are associated with increased disease severity is unclear. | 2013 | 23201458 |
| evaluation of influenza virus antiviral susceptibility testing in europe: results from the first external quality assessment exercise. | the first antiviral susceptibility testing external quality assessment (eqa) was held for european influenza reference laboratories during winter 2010/11. | 2013 | 23201459 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1/2009) from other seasonal influenza a viruses. | we previously developed a rapid and simple gold nanoparticle(np)-based genomic microarray assay for identification of the avian h5n1 virus and its discrimination from other influenza a virus strains (h1n1, h3n2). in this study, we expanded the platform to detect the 2009 swine-origin influenza a virus (h1n1/2009). multiple specific capture and intermediate oligonucleotides were designed for the matrix (m), hemagglutinin (ha), and neuraminidase (na) genes of the h1n1/2009 virus. the h1n1/2009 mic ... | 2012 | 23202513 |
| influenza b-cells protective epitope characterization: a passkey for the rational design of new broad-range anti-influenza vaccines. | the emergence of new influenza strains causing pandemics represents a serious threat to human health. from 1918, four influenza pandemics occurred, caused by h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2 subtypes. moreover, in 1997 a novel influenza avian strain belonging to the h5n1 subtype infected humans. nowadays, even if its transmission is still circumscribed to avian species, the capability of the virus to infect humans directly from avian reservoirs can result in fatalities. moreover, the risk that this or novel ... | 2012 | 23202517 |
| molecular characterization of the predominant influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus in mexico, december 2011-february 2012. | when the a(h1n1)pdm09 pandemic influenza virus moved into the post-pandemic period, there was a worldwide predominance of the seasonal influenza a(h3n2) and b viruses. however, a(h1n1)pdm09 became the prevailing subtype in the 2011-2012 influenza season in mexico and most of central america. during this season, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs of individuals presenting with influenza-like illness at our institution in mexico city. samples were tested for seasonal a(h3n2) and b influenza viruses ... | 2012 | 23209653 |
| impaired dendritic cell maturation in response to pandemic h1n109 influenza virus. | infection with pandemic a/h1n1/2009 influenza virus led to hospitalisation of patients not expected to be at risk of severe disease from seasonal influenza infection. | 2013 | 23218952 |
| unique gangliosides synthesized in vitro by sialyltransferases from marine bacteria and their characterization: ganglioside synthesis by bacterial sialyltransferases. | on the basis of the results outlined in our previous report, bacterial sialyltransferases (st) from marine sources were further characterized using glycosphingolipids (gsl), especially ganglio-series gsls, based on the enzymatic characteristics and kinetic parameters obtained by line weaver-burk plots. among them, ga1 and ga2 were found to be good substrates for these unique sts. thus, new gangliosides synthesized by α2-3 and α2-6sts were structurally characterized by several analytical procedur ... | 2013 | 23220479 |
| an in vitro network of intermolecular interactions between viral rna segments of an avian h5n2 influenza a virus: comparison with a human h3n2 virus. | the genome of influenza a viruses (iav) is split into eight viral rnas (vrnas) that are encapsidated as viral ribonucleoproteins. the existence of a segment-specific packaging mechanism is well established, but the molecular basis of this mechanism remains to be deciphered. selective packaging could be mediated by direct interaction between the vrna packaging regions, but such interactions have never been demonstrated in virions. recently, we showed that the eight vrnas of a human h3n2 iav form ... | 2013 | 23221636 |
| generation and characterization of a new panel of broadly reactive anti-ns1 mabs for detection of influenza a virus. | influenza a virus (iav) non-structural protein 1 (ns1) has multiple functions, is essential for virus replication and may be a good target for iav diagnosis. to generate broadly cross-reactive ns1-specific mabs, mice were immunized with a/hong kong/1/1968 (h3n2) 6×his-tagged ns1 and hybridomas were screened with glutathione s-transferase-conjugated ns1 of a/puerto rico/8/1934 (h1n1). mabs were isotyped and numerous igg-type clones were characterized further. most clones specifically recognized n ... | 2013 | 23223621 |
| [development of sybr green i real-time rt-pcr for the detection of ebola virus]. | in order to establish a rapid and accurate method for the detection of ebola virus (ebov), the primers used in sybr green i real-time rt-pcr were designed based on the ebov np gene sequences published in genbank. the sybr green i real-time rt-pcr was established and optimized for the detection of ebov. the ebov rna that was transcribed in vitro was used as a template. the sensitivity of this method was found to reach 1.0 x 10(2) copies/microl and the detection range was 10(2) - 10(10). no cross ... | 2012 | 23233935 |
| the age distribution of mortality due to influenza: pandemic and peri-pandemic. | pandemic influenza is said to 'shift mortality' to younger age groups; but also to spare a subpopulation of the elderly population. does one of these effects dominate? might this have important ramifications? | 2012 | 23234604 |
| evolution of the receptor binding properties of the influenza a(h3n2) hemagglutinin. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a(h3n2) virus responsible for the 1968 influenza pandemic derived from an avian virus. on introduction into humans, its receptor binding properties had changed from a preference for avian receptors (α2,3-linked sialic acid) to a preference for human receptors (α2,6-linked sialic acid). by 2001, the avidity of human h3 viruses for avian receptors had declined, and since then the affinity for human receptors has also decreased significantly. these changes in rec ... | 2012 | 23236176 |
| comparison of shedding characteristics of seasonal influenza virus (sub)types and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09; germany, 2007-2011. | influenza viral shedding studies provide fundamental information for preventive strategies and modelling exercises. we conducted a prospective household study to investigate viral shedding in seasonal and pandemic influenza between 2007 and 2011 in berlin and munich, germany. | 2012 | 23240050 |
| comparative effectiveness of isolation techniques for contemporary influenza a virus strains circulating in exhibition swine. | the current study sought to compare the effectiveness of 2 virus isolation methods for the recovery of contemporary influenza a virus (fluav) strains circulating in swine at agricultural exhibitions. following the emergence of the influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 virus, increased surveillance of fluav strains among swine was recommended for early detection of emerging strains that threaten animal and human health. the increase in genetic drift and genomic reassortment among fluav strains infecting swine ... | 2013 | 23242667 |
| effects of two commonly found strains of influenza a virus on developing dopaminergic neurons, in relation to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. | influenza virus (infv) infection during pregnancy is a known risk factor for neurodevelopment abnormalities in the offspring, including the risk of schizophrenia, and has been shown to result in an abnormal behavioral phenotype in mice. however, previous reports have concentrated on neuroadapted influenza strains, whereas increased schizophrenia risk is associated with common respiratory infv. in addition, no specific mechanism has been proposed for the actions of maternal infection on the devel ... | 2012 | 23251423 |
| vaccine development for protecting swine against influenza virus. | influenza virus infects a wide variety of species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds. weight loss caused by influenza infection and/or co-infection with other infectious agents results in significant financial loss in swine herds. the emergence of pandemic h1n1 (a/ca/04/2009/h1n1) and h3n2 variant (h3n2v) viruses, which cause disease in both humans and livestock constitutes a concerning public health threat. influenza virus contains eight single-stranded, negative-sense rna ge ... | 2012 | 23253165 |
| retraction. triple reassortant swine influenza a (h3n2) virus in waterfowl. | 2013 | 23260489 | |
| avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus circulating in farmed dogs in guangdong, china. | since 2006, more and more cases of the infectious h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) in pet dogs have been reported in southern china. however, little is known about the prevalence situation of h3n2 civ infections in farmed dogs in china. this is the first systematic epidemiological surveillance of civ in different dog populations in southern china. two virus strains a/canine/guangdong/1/2011(h3n2) and a/canine/guangdong/5/2011(h3n2) were isolated from canine nasal swabs collected at one dog farm ... | 2013 | 23261544 |
| induction of anti-influenza immunity by modified green fluorescent protein (gfp) carrying hemagglutinin-derived epitope structure. | the development of vaccination methods that can overcome the emergence of new types of influenza strains caused by escape mutations is desirable to avoid future pandemics. here, a novel type of immunogen was designed that targeted the conformation of a highly conserved region of influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) composed of two separate sequences that associate to form an anti-parallel β-sheet structure. our previous study identified this β-sheet region as the structural core in the epitope o ... | 2012 | 23264630 |
| immune responses and protective efficacy of a recombinant swinepox virus co-expressing ha1 genes of h3n2 and h1n1 swine influenza virus in mice and pigs. | the recombinant swine poxvirus rspv/h3-2a-h1 co-expressing ha1 genes of h3n2 and h1n1 subtype siv has been constructed and identified. inoculations of rspv/h3-2a-h1 yielded elisa and neutralization antibodies against siv h1n1 and h3n2, and elicited potent h1n1 and h3n2 siv-specific inf-γ response from t-lymphocytes in mice and pigs in this study. complete protection against siv h1n1 or h3n2 challenge in pigs was observed. | 2012 | 23265244 |
| comparative study of pandemic (h1n1) 2009, swine h1n1, and avian h3n2 influenza viral infections in quails. | quail has been proposed to be an intermediate host of influenza a viruses. however, information on the susceptibility and pathogenicity of pandemic h1n1 2009 (ph1n1) and swine influenza viruses in quails is limited. in this study, the pathogenicity, virus shedding, and transmission characteristics of ph1n1, swine h1n1 (swh1n1), and avian h3n2 (dkh3n2) influenza viruses in quails was examined. three groups of 15 quails were inoculated with each virus and evaluated for clinical signs, virus sheddi ... | 2012 | 23271181 |
| influenza a virus nucleoprotein derived from escherichia coli or recombinant vaccinia (tiantan) virus elicits robust cross-protection in mice. | immunity to conserved viral antigens is an attractive approach to develop a universal vaccine against epidemic and pandemic influenza. a nucleoprotein (np)-based vaccine has been explored and preliminary studies have shown promise. however, no study has explored the immunity and cross-protective efficacy of recombinant np derived from escherichia coli compared with recombinant vaccinia virus (tiantan). | 2012 | 23272943 |
| susceptibility of human h3n2 influenza virus to oseltamivir in south korea, 2009-2011. | during the 2009-2011 influenza seasons, 10.26% of the specimens isolated from patients in south korea were subtyped as h3n2 viruses. some oseltamivir-sensitive h3n2 samples exhibited different plaque morphologies, and were found to have novel mutations in the neuraminidase gene. in a subsequent analysis using na mutant viruses, viral compensation against oseltamivir treatment was observed only in the n2 mutant virus. all things considered, these novel mutations may account for the exclusive char ... | 2012 | 23274998 |
| influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance. | there are two major classes of antivirals available for the treatment and prevention of influenza, the m2 inhibitors and the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais). the m2 inhibitors are cheap, but they are only effective against influenza a viruses, and resistance arises rapidly. the current influenza a h3n2 and pandemic a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses are already resistant to the m2 inhibitors as are many h5n1 viruses. there are four nais licensed in some parts of the world, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, a ... | 2013 | 23279894 |
| assays for monitoring susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. | close monitoring of drug susceptibility among human influenza viruses was necessitated by widespread resistance to m2 inhibitors in influenza h1n1 (pre-pandemic and 2009 pandemic) and h3n2 viruses, and of oseltamivir resistance in pre-pandemic h1n1 viruses. the fda-approved neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), oseltamivir and zanamivir, as well as investigational nais, peramivir and laninamivir, are currently the principal treatment options for managing influenza infection. however, there are c ... | 2013 | 23279896 |
| consequences of resistance: in vitro fitness, in vivo infectivity, and transmissibility of oseltamivir-resistant influenza a viruses. | the development of drug resistance is a major drawback to any antiviral therapy, and the specific anti-influenza drugs, the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), are not excluded from this rule. the impact of drug resistance depends on the degree of reduction in fitness of the particular drug-resistant virus. if the resistance mutations lead to only a modest biological fitness cost and the virus remains highly transmissible, the effectiveness of antiviral use is likely to be reduced. this review ... | 2013 | 23279897 |
| robust immunity and heterologous protection against influenza in mice elicited by a novel recombinant np-m2e fusion protein expressed in e. coli. | the 23-amino acid extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein (m2e) and the internal nucleoprotein (np) of influenza are highly conserved among viruses and thus are promising candidate antigens for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. various m2e- or np-based dna or viral vector vaccines have been shown to have high immunogenicity; however, high cost, complicated immunization procedures, and vector-specific antibody responses have restricted their applications. immunization with an np- ... | 2012 | 23285063 |
| efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with cirrhosis and inactive carriers of hepatitis b virus infection. | influenza can causes morbidity and mortality that are greatly enhanced in patients with underlying chronic diseases such as cirrhotic patients. this study was performed to assess the immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in patients with cirrhosis and inactive carriers of hepatitis b virus infection. | 2012 | 23285414 |
| h3n2 homeopathic influenza virus solution modifies cellular and biochemical aspects of mdck and j774g8 cell lines. | influenza viruses cause highly contagious acute respiratory illnesses with significant mortality, especially among young children, elderly people, and individuals with serious medical conditions. this encourages the development of new treatments for human flu. biotherapies are diluted solutions prepared from biological products compounded following homeopathic procedures. | 2013 | 23290877 |
| double dose vs. standard dose influenza vaccination in patients with heart failure: a pilot study. | influenza infection leads to increased morbidity and mortality in those with heart failure, and individuals with heart failure exhibit reduced antibody responses to influenza vaccine. we hypothesized that patients with heart failure randomized to double dose (dd) influenza vaccine will mount more vigorous humoral immune responses compared with those given standard dose (sd) vaccine. | 2013 | 23291729 |
| influenza epidemiology in italy two years after the 2009-2010 pandemic: need to improve vaccination coverage. | since 2000, a sentinel surveillance of influenza, influnet, exists in italy. it is coordinated by the ministry of health and is divided into two parts; one of these is coordinated by the national institute of health (nih), the other by the inter-university centre for research on influenza and other transmissible infections (ciri-it). the influenza surveillance system performs its activity from the 42nd week of each year (mid-october) to the 17th week of the following year (late april). only duri ... | 2013 | 23292210 |
| phylodynamic inference and model assessment with approximate bayesian computation: influenza as a case study. | a key priority in infectious disease research is to understand the ecological and evolutionary drivers of viral diseases from data on disease incidence as well as viral genetic and antigenic variation. we propose using a simulation-based, bayesian method known as approximate bayesian computation (abc) to fit and assess phylodynamic models that simulate pathogen evolution and ecology against summaries of these data. we illustrate the versatility of the method by analyzing two spatial models descr ... | 2012 | 23300420 |
| components of selection in the evolution of the influenza virus: linkage effects beat inherent selection. | the influenza virus is an important human pathogen, with a rapid rate of evolution in the human population. the rate of homologous recombination within genes of influenza is essentially zero. as such, where two alleles within the same gene are in linkage disequilibrium, interference between alleles will occur, whereby selection acting upon one allele has an influence upon the frequency of the other. we here measured the relative importance of selection and interference effects upon the evolution ... | 2012 | 23300444 |
| the roles of competition and mutation in shaping antigenic and genetic diversity in influenza. | influenza a (h3n2) offers a well-studied, yet not fully understood, disease in terms of the interactions between pathogen population dynamics, epidemiology and genetics. a major open question is why the virus population is globally dominated by a single and very recently diverged (2-8 years) lineage. classically, this has been modeled by limiting the generation of new successful antigenic variants, such that only a small subset of progeny acquire the necessary mutations to evade host immunity. a ... | 2013 | 23300455 |
| surveillance of influenza viruses in the post-pandemic era (2010-2012) in northern italy. | the activity and circulation of influenza viruses in lombardy - northern italy - (a region with nearly 10 out of the 60 million inhabitants of italy) were investigated during two consecutive seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012), as part of the italian influenza surveillance network. the molecular characteristics of the hemagglutinin (ha) sequence of circulating viruses were analyzed to investigate the emergence of influenza viral variants. in the surveyed area, the influenza activity of these two p ... | 2013 | 23302775 |
| in vivo selection of h1n2 influenza virus reassortants in the ferret model. | although the ferret model has been extensively used to study pathogenesis and transmission of influenza viruses, little has been done to determine whether ferrets are a good surrogate animal model to study influenza virus reassortment. it has been previously shown that the pandemic 2009 h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was able to transmit efficiently in ferrets. in coinfection studies with either seasonal h1n1 or h3n2 strains (h1n1s or h3n2s, respectively), the h1n1pdm virus was able to outcompete these st ... | 2013 | 23302886 |
| replication of swine and human influenza viruses in juvenile and layer turkey hens. | since the first reported isolation of swine influenza viruses (sivs) in turkeys in the 1980s, transmission of sivs to turkeys was frequently documented. recently, the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus, that was thought to be of swine origin, was detected in turkeys with a severe drop in egg production. in this study, we assessed the infectivity of different mammalian influenza viruses including swine, pandemic h1n1 and seasonal human influenza viruses in both juvenile and layer turkeys. in addition, we i ... | 2012 | 23305617 |
| inhibitory influence of enterococcus faecium on the propagation of swine influenza a virus in vitro. | the control of infectious diseases such as swine influenza viruses (swiv) plays an important role in food production both from the animal health and from the public health point of view. probiotic microorganisms and other health improving food supplements have been given increasing attention in recent years, but, no information on the effects of probiotics on swine influenza virus is available. here we address this question by assessing the inhibitory potential of the probiotic enterococcus faec ... | 2013 | 23308134 |
| cross-reactive influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibodies in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. | a better understanding of immunity to influenza virus is needed to generate cross-protective vaccines. engagement of ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) abs by nk cells leads to killing of virus-infected cells and secretion of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. adcc abs may target more conserved influenza virus ags compared with neutralizing abs. there has been minimal interest in influenza-specific adcc in recent decades. in this study, we developed novel assays to assess the specificity ... | 2013 | 23319732 |
| genetic analysis of avian influenza viruses: cocirculation of avian influenza viruses with allele a and b nonstructural gene in northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan. | the pandemic influenza virus strains of 1918 (h1n1), 1957 (h2n2), 1968 (h3n2), and 2009 (h1n1) have genes related to avian influenza viruses (aivs). the nonstructural (ns) gene of aivs plays a significant role in host-viral interaction. however, little is known about the degree of diversity of this gene in northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan. this study describes characteristics of pintail-originated h1n1, h1n2, h1n3, h5n2, h5n3, h5n9, and h7n7 viruses. most of the viruses wer ... | 2012 | 23320157 |
| experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferrets with canine influenza virus (h3n2). | epidemics of h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) among dogs in south korea and southern china have raised concern over the potential for zoonotic transmission of these viruses. here, we analysed the pathogenesis and transmissibility of h3n2 civ in ferret. h3n2 civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of inoculated ferrets and caused acute necrotizing bronchioalveolitis and non-suppurative encephalitis. transmission of h3n2 civ was detected in three of six ferrets co-housed with inocula ... | 2013 | 23329681 |
| host microrna molecular signatures associated with human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses reveal an unanticipated antiviral activity for mir-146a. | while post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by micrornas (mirnas) has been shown to be involved in influenza virus replication cycle, only a few studies have further investigated this aspect in a human cellular model infected with human influenza viruses. in this study, we performed mirna global profiling in human lung epithelial cells (a549) infected by two different subtypes of human influenza a viruses (h1n1 and h3n2). we identified a common mirna signature in response to infecti ... | 2013 | 23343627 |
| comparison of a multiplex real-time pcr assay with a multiplex luminex assay for influenza virus detection. | we describe the development of a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) with luminex microarray hybridization for detection of influenza virus subtypes (flulum). performance of flulum was evaluated by comparing it to our real-time rt-pcr influenza virus assay on samples collected during two influenza seasons. both assays targeted the matrix genes of influenza virus a (flua m) and influenza virus b (flub m) and the hemagglutinin genes of seasonal h3n2 (h3) and h1n1 (h1) and 2009 pandemic h1 ... | 2013 | 23345299 |
| short communication: isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus in dog shelter, china. | a h3n2 canine influenza virus, a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2), was isolated from roaming dogs in rural china. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2) was most similar to a recent h3n2 canine influenza virus isolated in cats from south korea, which originated from an avian strain. to our knowledge, this is the first report of an avian-origin h3n2 civ which was isolated from roaming dogs in china. the epidemiologic information ... | 2013 | 23355070 |
| phylogenetic comparison of influenza virus isolates from three medical centers in tehran with the vaccine strains during 2008-2009. | background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulating influenza isolates during 2008-2009 outbreaks in tehran, compare them with the vaccine strains that ... | 2011 | 23359291 |
| infection of the upper respiratory tract with seasonal influenza a(h3n2) virus induces protective immunity in ferrets against infection with a(h1n1)pdm09 virus after intranasal, but not intratracheal, inoculation. | the clinical symptoms caused by infection with influenza a virus vary widely and depend on the strain causing the infection, the dose and route of inoculation, and the presence of preexisting immunity. in most cases, seasonal influenza a viruses cause relatively mild upper respiratory tract disease, while sometimes patients develop an acute severe pneumonia. heterosubtypic immunity induced by previous infections with influenza a viruses may dampen the development of clinical symptoms caused by i ... | 2013 | 23365444 |
| inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: strong effects of extracts from persimmon (diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses. | tannins, plant-derived polyphenols and other related compounds, have been utilized for a long time in many fields such as the food industry and manufacturing. in this study, we investigated the anti-viral effects of tannins on 12 different viruses including both enveloped viruses (influenza virus h3n2, h5n3, herpes simplex virus-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus and newcastle disease virus) and non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus, coxsachievirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, feline calicivirus ... | 2013 | 23372851 |
| guidance for clinical and public health laboratories testing for influenza virus antiviral drug susceptibility in europe. | two classes of antiviral drugs are licensed in europe for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza; the m2 ion-channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine acting against type a influenza viruses only and the neuraminidase enzyme inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir acting against type a and type b influenza viruses. this guidance document was developed for but not limited to the european union (eu) and other european economic area (eea) countries on how and when to test for influenza virus antivir ... | 2013 | 23375738 |
| validation of the modified hemagglutination inhibition assay (mhai), a robust and sensitive serological test for analysis of influenza virus-specific immune response. | the hemagglutination inhibition assay (hai) is universally regarded as the gold standard in influenza virus serology. nevertheless, difficulties in titre readouts are common and interlaboratory variations are frequently reported. | 2013 | 23375739 |
| cross-protective immunity against multiple influenza virus subtypes by a novel modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vectored vaccine in mice. | development of an influenza vaccine that provides cross-protective immunity remains a challenge. candidate vaccines based on a recombinant modified vaccinia ankara (mva) viral vector expressing antigens from influenza (mva/flu) viruses were constructed. a vaccine candidate, designated mva/ha1/c13l/np, that expresses the hemagglutinin from pandemic h1n1 (a/california/04/09) and the nucleoprotein (np) from highly pathogenic h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/04) fused to a secretory signal sequence from vaccini ... | 2013 | 23376279 |
| interim estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2012/13 from canada's sentinel surveillance network, january 2013. | the 2012/13 influenza season in canada has been characterised to date by early and moderately severe activity, dominated (90%) by the a(h3n2) subtype. vaccine effectiveness (ve) was assessed in january 2013 by canada's sentinel surveillance network using a test-negative case-control design. interim adjusted-ve against medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza a(h3n2) infection was 45% (95% ci: 13-66). influenza a(h3n2) viruses in canada are similar to the vaccine, based on haemagglutinat ... | 2013 | 23399422 |
| detection of positive selection eliminating effects of structural constraints in hemagglutinin of h3n2 human influenza a virus. | in the evolutionary studies of proteins, the average effect of natural selection operating on amino acid mutations may be examined by comparing the numbers of synonymous (ds) and nonsynonymous (dn) substitutions that have accumulated during the same time period. in this method, destabilizing mutations occurring across protein molecules may interfere with detection of natural selection, particularly positive selection, operating on other mutations. here an attempt to detect positive selection eli ... | 2013 | 23403095 |
| antiviral activity of isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin b against human and avian influenza a and b viruses in vitro. | clemastanin b, 7s,8r,8'r-(-)-lariciresinol-4,4'-bis-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, is one of the major lignans extracted from isatis indigotica root (iir). in this study, the anti-influenza activities of clemastanin b were evaluated in vitro. clemastanin b was found to inhibit different subtypes of human (h1n1, including swine-origin h1n1; h3n2 and influenza b) and avian influenza viruses (h6n2, h7n3, h9n2) at different magnitudes of activity (ic50 0.087-0.72 mg/ml) while this compound was inactive agai ... | 2013 | 23403777 |
| h3n2 influenza virus infection induces broadly reactive hemagglutinin stalk antibodies in humans and mice. | broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin have attracted increasing attention in recent years. however, only a limited number of stalk antibodies directed against group 2 influenza hemagglutinins have been isolated so far. also, little is known about the general level of induction of these antibodies by influenza virus vaccination or infection. to characterize the anti-stalk humoral response in the mouse model as well as in humans, chi ... | 2013 | 23408625 |
| low vaccine effectiveness against influenza a(h3n2) virus among elderly people in denmark in 2012/13--a rapid epidemiological and virological assessment. | in denmark, the 2012/13 influenza season has been dominated by influenza a(h3n2). we estimated the vaccine effectiveness (ve) of the trivalent influenza vaccine by linking national registers in a test-negative case-control study of patients tested for influenza aged ≥65 years. the adjusted ve against laboratory-confirmed influenza a and b was -11% (95% ci: -41 to 14) and 69% (95% ci: 26 to 87), respectively. genetic characterisation of the influenza a(h3n2) viruses indicated genetic drift, with ... | 2013 | 23410258 |
| kinetics of viral replication and induction of host responses in ferrets differs between ocular and intranasal routes of inoculation. | while influenza viruses are typically considered respiratory pathogens, the ocular system represents a secondary entry point for virus to establish a productive respiratory infection and the location for rare instances of virus-induced conjunctivitis. we used the ferret model to conduct a side-by-side comparison of virus infectivity, kinetics of viral replication, and induction of host responses following inoculation by either the intranasal or ocular routes with two viruses, a/netherlands/230/0 ... | 2013 | 23415392 |
| efficient synthesis of 3h,3'h-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-3,3'-dione as novel skeletons specifically for influenza virus type b inhibition. | an efficient and novel two step synthetic procedure to prepare various substituted 3h,3'h-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-3,3'-diones a, was established from very simple and easily available starting materials. the developed method is a robust and general approach for the synthesis of these structures. the prepared compounds were tested against influenza virus type a viz., a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) and type b viz., b/panama/45/90, b/taiwan/2/62, b/lee/40, b/brisbane/60/2 ... | 2013 | 23419738 |
| effect of statin treatments on highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1, seasonal and h1n1pdm09 virus infections in balb/c mice. | statins are used to control elevated cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia, but have previously been reported to have antiviral properties. aims: to show efficacy of statins in various influenza virus mouse models. materials & methods: balb/c mice were treated intraperitoneally or orally with several types of statins (simvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin) at various concentrations before or after infection with either influenza a/duck/ mn/1525/81 h5n1 vir ... | 2012 | 23420457 |