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high proportion of gamma-delta t cell receptor positive t cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood of hiv-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonias.to investigate the local immunological situation in the lung of hiv-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonias (hiv-pcp), we analyzed the proportion and the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and their state of activation in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and peripheral blood of 21 hiv-pcp patients (cdc classification group iv) compared to 24 hiv-negative patients with interstitial lung diseases (ild). peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) and bal cells were stained with monoclonal ...19937692576
detection of cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis carinii, and aspergillus species in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. a comparison of techniques.cytomegalovirus (cmv), pneumocystis carinii, and aspergillus species are common causes of fatal pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts. therefore, rapid and reliable methods of establishing the diagnosis of these types of pneumonia are essential. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) has proved to be a rapid and safe procedure for procuring large numbers of bronchial and alveolar cells from the lung. to assess various methods of detecting cmv, p. carinii, and aspergillosis in lavage specimens, 4 ...19937692721
neutrophil-rich, ki-1-positive anaplastic large-cell malignant lymphoma.the presence of neutrophils, in the absence of necrosis, is uncommon in malignant lymphoma (ml). we identified a subgroup of ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell ml (ki-1 alcl) in which neutrophils were a prominent component. six of 20 cases of ki-1 alcl had a significant neutrophil infiltrate that varied from 5 to 10% to > 50% of cells per high power field. neutrophils were not seen in 100 cases of other types of ml reviewed. patients were first seen with skin lesions (four), localized lymphaden ...19957694942
characterization of the pnt1 pentamidine resistance gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae.the saccharomyces cerevisiae pnt1 gene was isolated and characterized. when present in high copy number in s. cerevisiae, pnt1 confers resistance to the anti-pneumocystis carinii drug pentamidine. the pnt1 gene encodes a previously uncharacterized polypeptide of 409 amino acids. the predicted gene product is a very basic (pi 9.9) polypeptide with one potential membrane-associated region. pnt1 is located on chromosome xvr of s. cerevisiae. it is transcribed at a very low level. overexpression of ...19947695273
pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill aids patients.current dosage regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used to treat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients have been based on data from healthy subjects or patients without aids. the clearance and absorption characteristics of the drugs may potentially be different between patients with and without aids. this study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill aids patients treated for p. carinii pneumonia. pati ...19957695325
structure-activity and structure-selectivity studies on diaminoquinazolines and other inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase.twenty-eight 2,4-diaminopteridines with alkyl and aralkyl groups at the 6- and 7-positions, five 1,3-diamino-7,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrimido [4,5-c]isoquinolines with an alkyl, alkylthio, or aryl group at the 6-position, and nine 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-s-triazines with one or two alkyl groups at the 2-position and a substituted phenyl or naphthyl group at the 1-position were evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase enzymes from pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasma gondii, and rat liver. halog ...19957695334
prognostic value of interleukin-8 in aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.interleukin-8 (il-8) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activator. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is associated with an accumulation of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid. thus, we hypothesized that il-8 is involved in the pathogenesis of p. carinii pneumonia. bal fluid and serum were prospectively collected in 76 consecutive hiv-infected patients with a primary episode of p. carinii pneumonia, as well as in 10 healthy control subjects. patients were found to have elevated ...19957697231
pentamidine aerosol versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis carinii in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains one of the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). treatment with either intravenous pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) is frequently complicated by serious adverse reactions. this study was a prospective, blinded comparison of 600 mg/d of pentamidine as an aerosol versus 15 mg/kg/d of trimethoprim plus 75 mg/kg/d of sulfamethoxazole for patients with mild or moderately severe p. ...19957697233
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice.we hypothesized that therapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) would decrease intensity of murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by upregulating alveolar macrophage function. mice were depleted of cd4+ t lymphocytes and then inoculated intratracheally with p. carinii. four weeks later, they received recombinant murine gm-csf (rmgm-csf) 5 micrograms/d subcutaneously for 7 and 14 d. at the end of therapy lung tissue was scored for intensity of p. carinii infection by s ...19957697258
hiv infection in women: an observational study of clinical characteristics, disease progression, and survival for a cohort of women in chicago.to further characterize the natural history of hiv infection in women in the antiretroviral era, we performed a longitudinal, descriptive analysis of demographic features, clinical characteristics, patterns of antiretroviral and prophylactic therapy, disease progression, and survival in a cohort of women followed at a university medical center from 1986 to 1992. eighty-two women (39 white [non-hispanic], 33 african-american, 10 hispanic) were followed for a median of 13 months (range 3-61 months ...19957697446
pentamidine-induced derangements of glucose homeostasis. determinant roles of renal failure and drug accumulation. a study of 128 patients.to assess the prevalence, presentation, and risk factors of pentamidine-induced dysglycemia.19957698047
phylogeny and pcr identification of the human pathogenic fungus penicillium marneffei.the phylogenetic position of the human pathogenic fungus penicillium marneffei was assessed from the nucleotide sequences of the nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal dna regions. phylogenetic analysis determined that p. marneffei is closely related to species of penicillium subgenus biverticillium and sexual talaromyces species with asexual biverticillate penicillium states. knowledge of the phylogenetic position of p. marneffei facilitated the design of unique oligonucleotide primers, from the n ...19957699073
dicationic diarylfurans as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.seven dicationic 2,5-diarylfurans have been synthesized, and their interactions with poly(da-dt) and the duplex oligomer d(cgccaattcgcg)2 were evaluated by tm measurements. the inhibition of topoisomerase ii isolated from giardia lamblia, the inhibition of growth of g. lamblia in cell culture by these furans, and the effectiveness of these compounds against pneumocystis carinii in the immunosuppressed rat model have been assessed. strong binding affinities to poly(da-dt) and to the oligomer were ...19957699707
quantitative structure-activity relationships of the inhibition of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase by 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(x-phenyl)-s-triazines.the inhibitory activities of 60 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1- (x-phenyl)-s-triazines versus purified, recombinant pneumocystis carinii (pc) dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) have been determined at ph 7.0. utilization of these kiapp values has led to the formulation of appropriate quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar's) for both meta- and parasubstituted derivatives. the qsar's from pc are compared with other triazine qsar's derived versus chicken, murine tumor, escherichia ...19957699713
aids and the lung: update 1995. 1. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957701463
changing patterns of kaposi's sarcoma in danish acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with complete follow-up. the danish study group for hiv infection (dashi).the objective was to study changes in the occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related kaposi's sarcoma and the association with degree of immunodeficiency over time. danish patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) diagnosed between 1979 and 1990 (n = 687) were followed clinically and with consecutive cd4 cell count measurement from time of aids-defining illness to date of death or censoring date, whichever came first. the proportion of homo-/bisexual men (n = 520) wi ...19957702040
[monthly question. should prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia be done in patients with inflammatory skin diseases treated by corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents?]. 19947702290
small volume bronchoalveolar lavage used in diagnosing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients.to determine the volume of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid necessary to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in immunocompromised patients, specimens from 25 patients were evaluated. twenty-one patients were hiv infected. bal was performed using three to four 60-ml aliquots of room temperature, sterile, saline solution. each syringe of bal effluent was numbered and its volume was measured. immunofluorescent stains were performed on about 8-ml aliquots of the initial, final, and aggre ...19957705107
the impact of prophylaxis on outcome and resource utilization in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a major late complication of hiv infection associated with morbidity and mortality. because chemoprophylaxis is highly effective, cases of pcp can be viewed as failures in the management of hiv disease.19957705108
the effects of long term zidovudine therapy and pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis on hiv disease. a review of the literature.two lines of attack have been used against hiv-1 disease: (1) antiretroviral therapy (notably zidovudine) directed against the hiv-1 virus; and (2) chemoprophylaxis against end-stage diseases of hiv-1 infection, most notably against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. many studies and clinical trials have found that zidovudine and p. carinii prophylaxis each significantly reduce short term morbidity and mortality from hiv-1 disease. however, these drugs have costs, adverse effects and (particularly ...19957705214
activity of terbinafine against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and its efficacy in the treatment of experimental pneumonia.the antiprotozoan and antifungal agent, the terbinafine, was investigated for its potential activity against pneumocystis carinii infection of the a549 cell line culture and on immunosuppressed sprague dawley rats in comparison with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and pentamidine isethionate. terbinafine suppressed p. carinii growth at doses up to 3 g/l within 24 h and it was able to inhibit cyst forms at 60 h post inoculation. with respect to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and pentamidine isethi ...19947706168
routine diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957706532
pneumocystis carinii alters surfactant protein a concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.to understand better the interaction between surfactant protein a (sp-a), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), we measured sp-a from bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid in immunosuppressed patients (hiv-positive [hiv+] and hiv noninfected [hiv-]) who were examined for possible pneumonia. forty-five hiv+ patients, 16 with pcp and no other pathogen (hiv+/pc) and 29 with no evidence of pulmonary pathogen (hiv+ controls), were compared with 6 hiv- patients with ...19957706901
laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957707328
predictors for failure of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. multicenter aids cohort study.to identify clinical and epidemiological factors associated with failure of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in those receiving primary and secondary prophylaxis.19957707627
[pneumocystis carinii infection disclosing untreated systemic lupus erythematosus].pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a well known opportunistic infection in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) patients with lymphopenia and treated with corticosteroid or cytotoxics agents. we report a new case of pcp in an untreated sle with severe lymphopenia. we discuss the origin of lymphopenia in sle, lymphopenia as a risk factor of pneumocystis carinii infection, and safety precautions to take.19957709106
[aids in denmark. 1. opportunistic infections and malignant diseases. danish study group for hiv infection].to examine the distribution of aids-defining illnesses among danish aids patients, data on 687 aids patients diagnosed in the period from 1980 to 1990 (93% of all reported cases in the period) were collected. the most frequent aids-defining illness was pneumocystis carinii pneumonia followed by candida oesophagitis and kaposis sarcoma. the proportion of homo/bisexual men presenting with kaposis sarcoma as the initial aids-defining illness declined over time. patients with extrapulmonary tubercul ...19957709482
aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957709963
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following pentamidine therapy in a patient with aids.pentamidine is known to cause severe dysglycaemia by damaging beta-cell function of the pancreas. the exact mechanism still remains unclear. we report the case of a 53-year-old man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who developed insulin-dependent permanent diabetes mellitus 3 days after starting intravenous treatment with pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. discharged from hospital the daily need of insulin increased continuously over one year now requiring an average do ...19947711409
pneumococcal parotitis and cervical lymph node abscesses in an hiv-infected patient.the case of a 33-year-old patient with rapid onset of bilateral parotid gland and lymph node abscesses is described. the patient was positive for human immunodeficiency virus 1 and presented with a history of interstitial lymphocytic pneumonia and pneumococcal meningitis prior to admission. the patient received cotrimoxazole as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. fine needle aspiration from the abscesses yielded streptococcus pneumoniae. penicillin g treatment in combinat ...19947711411
recent trends in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as aids-defining disease in nine european countries. coordinators for aids surveillance.we analyzed the proportion of aids cases with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at diagnosis among the 43,198 adult aids cases diagnosed since january 1988 and reported by june 1992 in austria, belgium, france, germany, italy, portugal, switzerland, united kingdom, and the city of amsterdam. in multivariate analysis, the risk of having pcp at aids diagnosis decreased slightly with increasing age and was strongly associated with country of diagnosis, transmission category, and year of diagnosi ...19957712237
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957717211
intermittent trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with dapsone-pyrimethamine for the simultaneous primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients infected with hiv.to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two oral, intermittent drug regimens for the simultaneous primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients with hiv infection.19957717598
changes in survival over time after a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for european patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. multicentre study group on aids in europe.factors associated with improved survival over time for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) who have pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at diagnosis are not clearly defined.19957717790
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during immunosuppressive therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-positive vasculitis.we describe two human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) during immunosuppressive therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-positive vasculitis and review the literature regarding the pathogenesis and frequency of pcp. the recent application of dna amplification techniques suggests that pcp developing in immunocompromised individuals does not necessarily result from reactivation of a dormant focus, but may arise as de novo infect ...19957717797
long-term survival without clinical aids after cd4+ cell counts fall below 200 x 10(6)/l.quantify and study cofactors of long-term survival without aids in hiv-1-infected individuals with cd4+ cell counts < 200 x 10(6)/l.19957718184
t lymphocytes with gamma/delta t-cell receptors in patients with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19957718193
terms used by nurses to describe patient problems: can snomed iii represent nursing concepts in the patient record?to analyze the terms used by nurses in a variety of data sources and to test the feasibility of using snomed iii to represent nursing terms.19947719788
pulmonary infiltrates in patients with haematologic malignancies: clinical usefulness of non-invasive bronchoscopic procedures.in a prospective study 90 patients with haematologic malignancies (57 acute leukaemias, 6 hodgkin's diseases, 15 non-hodgkin lymphomas, 12 other diseases), with fever exceeding 38.4 degrees c and newly developed pulmonary infiltrates underwent bronchoscopy obtaining bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washings and protected brush specimen (n = 71). pneumonias due to gram-negative bacteria (n = 38) and fungi (n = 34) were most frequent. bronchoscopic specimens yielded 226 isolates (2 different orga ...19957720835
recent advances in the biology of pneumocystis carinii. 19947722788
severe cystic pulmonary disease associated with chronic pneumocystis carinii infection in a child with aids.a 3-year-old hiv-positive boy developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) resulting in chronic interstitial pulmonary disease, which persisted for the following 3 years; he was essentially asymptomatic and the lung findings had therefore been attributed to lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (lip). he subsequently developed extensive cystic pulmonary disease, documented by ct, leading to recurrent pneumothorax and severe pulmonary insufficiency. lung biopsy revealed chronic pcp infection assoc ...19947724292
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting with pneumomediastinum in an hiv-positive patient.a 19-year-old man presented with community-acquired pneumonia, complicated by pneumomediastinum. subsequently he was found to be hiv-positive, and to have pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.19957724443
[prevalence of pneumocystosis in hiv infected patients in a pneumology unit. autopsy study performed in abidjan (côte d'ivoire)].autopsies were performed in the pathology department of the treichville university hospital, abidjan, ivory coast in 70 hiv infected subjects who had died in the department of pneumophtisiology. the prevalence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was determined. none of the patients had received prophylaxis against p. carinii and none had bee treated for pneumocystosis. autopsies were performed within 6 to 48 hours after death and the diagnosis of pneumocystosis was confirmed with the gomori-grocot ...19947724970
ten-year survey of incidence of infection as a cause of death in hematologic malignancies: study of 90 autopsied cases.we investigated 90 autopsied cases with hematologic malignancy, including malignant lymphoma (ml), acute leukemia (al), and adult t-cell leukemia (atl) peculiar to our district, during the 10-year period 1982-1991 to determine the change in incidence of infection as a cause of death. we divided the cases into two groups representing the first half decade (1982-1986) and the second half decade (1987-1991) and compared the findings made in the two groups. although infection was the major cause of ...19957725846
effects of atovaquone and other inhibitors on pneumocystis carinii dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dhod) is a pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme which is usually directly linked to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. antimalarial naphthoquinones such as atovaquone (566c80) inhibit malarial dhod by inhibiting electron transport. since atovaquone also has therapeutic activity against pneumocystis carinii, the p. carinii dhod may also be an important drug target. organisms were obtained from immunosuppressed rats, incubated for 24 h in a short-term in vitro culture sys ...19957726490
severe hyponatremia and hyperkalemia induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.an antimicrobial agent trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) does not usually cause electrolyte disturbances at regular doses, and few cases of tmp-smx-induced electrolyte imbalance have been reported in the english-language literature to date. recently, however, we treated two patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia who developed severe hyponatremia and hyperkalemia on administration of high-dose tmp-smx. these electrolyte disturbances were attributable to the direct effect of tmp-smx on ...19957727887
the lung as a critical organ in marrow transplantation.respiratory failure is the main cause of death in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (bmt). in this paper, clinical and research aspects as well as diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies concerning the various forms of pulmonary and bronchial complications, which may evolve after bmt, are discussed. both cytomegalovirus (cmv)-induced interstitial pneumonia (pm) and the idiopathic pneumonia syndrome rarely occur in the cytopenic phase post-bmt. haematological reconstitut ...19947728120
transcription factor genes from rat pneumocystis carinii.genes encoding the tfiid tata-box binding protein (tbp) from two probable species of rat pneumocystis carinii (prototype and variant) were sequenced. the two p. carinii tbp gene sequences were 91% identical to each other, and 65-77% identical to tbp genes from other species. a cdna from one of the two p. carinii tbp genes was sequenced, which showed that four small introns resided in identical positions within the tbp genes from the prototype and variant rat p. carinii. conservation of the 180 a ...19957728137
polymorphism of the thymidylate synthase gene of pneumocystis carinii from different host species.pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic agent found in the lung of various mammals which often causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised humans, especially in aids patients. in the past several years significant additions have been made to the collection of knowledge we have concerning the genetic diversity of p. carinii. these additions provide new understanding of pneumocystis transmission and the effect of possible reservoirs of pneumocystis in the various species. in this study, a 400-bp ...19957728138
comparison of coding and spacer region sequences of chromosomal rrna-coding genes of two sequevars of pneumocystis carinii.two distinct sequevars, denoted pc1 and pc2, of the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii have been previously identified based on the sequence of their 26s rrna genes, the location of group i self-splicing introns and pulsed field electrophoretic patterns of chromosomal dna. this study shows that the sequences of 16s and 5.8s rrna genes also vary between these sequevars, and that greater variation was seen in the internal transcribed spacer regions. polymerase chain reaction and restricti ...19957728139
a histological basis for the 'sonographic snowstorm' in opportunistic infection of the liver and spleen.we report 3 cases of opportunistic infection of the liver and spleen due to pneumocystis carinii, candida albicans and aspergillus with an unusual but similar sonographic appearance. in the patient with pneumocystis we report for the first time this same appearance in the bowel and pleura. histology showed either extensive fibrosis or focal fibrinous exudates as the underlying cause. calcification, though present, was scanty and was not thought to be the likely explanation for the appearances.19957729117
access to therapy in the multicenter aids cohort study, 1989-1992.the study aims were (i) to describe secular trends in the utilization of antiretrovirals, antivirals, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis, and antifungal prophylaxis and (ii) to determine whether factors such as clinical status, health services utilization, insurance status, income, education and race were associated with access to therapy. data on utilization of therapy, health services utilization, income and insurance status were collected semiannually from october 1990 through m ...19947730902
receipt of recommended medical care in hiv-infected and at-risk persons.the authors evaluated receipt of recommended medical care for 133 hiv-infected and 101 at-risk san francisco public health clinic patients. fewer than half the patients received syphilis and tuberculosis screening, hepatitis b immunity testing or vaccination, and tetanus boosters. the hiv-infected persons were significantly (p < or = 0.01) more likely than the at-risk persons to receive preventive care, except for interventions specific to women. more than 80% of the hiv-infected persons receive ...19957730946
[airway continuous positive pressure in acute respiratory failure caused by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].to evaluate the efficiency of continuous positive airway pressure through a face mask in acute respiratory insufficiency (ari) secondary to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.19957732189
pneumonia due to staphylococcus aureus in a patient with aids: review of incidence and report of an atypical roentgenographic presentation.multiple defects in host defense mechanisms produce an increased incidence of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. clinical studies suggest that staphylococcus aureus is an uncommon cause of such infections, though its incidence is increased in the setting of intravenous drug use, indwelling vascular catheter, and coexistent pulmonary kaposi's sarcoma or pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii. the significantly higher incidence of s ...19957732454
[serum activity of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection].many patients with infection by the hiv show an increase in the levels of the lactodehydrogenase (lch) enzyme. in most of these cases, such increase has been associated to the presence of pneumonia by pneumocystis carinii. in order to analyze other possible causes of this increase, we conducted a study in which the clinical, analytical and immunological condition of a group of hiv+ patients with increased levels of ldh was compared to another group whose values were within normal limits.19947734663
dapsone/pyrimethamine may prevent mycobacterial disease in immunosuppressed patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.dapsone exhibits activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in vitro. we retrospectively examined the incidence of mycobacterial diseases within a randomized prospective trial of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis. of 501 participants who had not previously had a mycobacterial disease, 274 received dapsone/pyrimethamine (200/75 mg once weekly) and 227 received aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg once every 4 weeks). the median cd4 ...19957742423
the practice of infectious diseases in the 1990s: the canadian experience.a survey of the members of the canadian infectious disease society was carried out to determine the content of an infectious diseases consultative practice in the 1990s. respondents were asked to identify all new inpatient, outpatient, and telephone consultations during a 1-week period in 1990. consultations were categorized by the infectious disease syndrome of the patient and by the microorganism that was identified. bacterial infections were the most common cause of inpatient consultations, w ...19957742432
subcutaneous nocardia asteroides abscess in a bone marrow transplant recipient.we describe a case of cutaneous nocardia asteroides infection in a 13-year-old venezuelan boy with aplastic anemia, following allogeneic bmt. he was receiving immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids for gvhd and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). he was not neutropenic and gave no history of cutaneous inoculation or trauma. he developed an abscess on the plantar surface of his right big toe from which nocardia asteroides w ...19957742746
inhibitory effects of pentamidine on n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor/channels in the rat brain.effects of pentamidine, a therapeutic drug for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), on specific bindings of [3h](+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5h- dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,11-imine maleate (mk-801) and [3h]nitrendipine were investigated in crude synaptic membranes (csm) of rat brain. pentamidine inhibited [3h]mk-801 binding but did not change [3h]nitrendipine binding, although neither binding was inhibited by 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine or 2',3'-did ...19957742790
incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections in hiv seropositive patients and the use of cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.to determine the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections in hiv seropositive patients and to assess whether this varies with stage of disease, risk group or the use of co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.19957744401
pulmonary fungal infections in immunocompromised patients: incidence and risk factors.in a prospective study, 178 patients with fever > 38.4 degrees c and newly diagnosed pulmonary infiltrates underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), aspiration of bronchial secretions (bs) and, in 71 cases, protected specimen brushing (psb). in 42/143 immunocompromised patients (haematological malignancies, n = 92; aids, n = 22; immunosuppressant therapy, n = 29) and in 4/35 patients with no defined underlying disease fungal pneumonia was present (candidosis, n = 35; aspergillosi ...19947746291
natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic pneumocystis carinii infection in hiv infected patients.the natural appearance of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum samples was studied in 60 hiv-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency and without a history of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). the patients were prospectively evaluated for occurrence of p. carinii in induced sputum samples, pcp diagnosis and cd4+ cell counts during observation periods of 2 to 31 months. p. carinii was detected in 16 patients all of whom developed clinical pcp. in 5 patients p. carinii was detected 3 weeks to 8 ...19947747086
cryptococcal pneumonia in aids: is cryptococcal meningitis preceded by clinically recognizable pneumonia?identification of cryptococcal infection while it is still in its pulmonary phase might improve the prognosis for patients with aids who contract cryptococcosis. since cryptococcal pneumonia is infrequently diagnosed in the aids patient, especially compared with the frequency of diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis, this retrospective study was designed to investigate the frequency of pulmonary complaints in the months before diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. the medical records of 18 patien ...19957749794
profile of opportunistic infections among hiv-1 infected people in hong kong.to determine the spectrum of opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection in hong kong.19957750052
111-indium-dtpa-igg lung imaging in patients with pulmonary and hiv infection.111-indium-dtpa-igg (111in-igg) is a new radiopharmaceutical that has been evaluated for the detection of infection without the need for in vitro cell labeling. we prospectively studied this agent in 33 patients suspected of having lung infections, most of whom also had hiv infection, and three patients with hiv infection and diarrhea without lung disease. anterior and posterior lung images in the upright position were obtained within 24 h after intravenous administration of 2 mci of 111in-igg a ...19957750328
pathological lesions in hiv positive patients.pathomorphological features of 10 hiv positive individuals studied at autopsy and biopsy are described. nine patients had evidence of neuro-aids and eight of them succumbed to various opportunistic infections. one surviving patient underwent a diagnostic lymph node biopsy which revealed tuberculous lymphadenopathy. cryptococcal meningitis was the commonest cns opportunistic infection, seen in five cases, with disseminated systemic cryptococcosis in two. the other opportunistic infections include ...19957751041
use of semiquantitative pcr to assess onset and treatment of pneumocystis carinii infection in rat model.the use of semiquantitative pcr (sqpcr) to assess pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) infection and its response to treatment was studied with rats. groups of eight rats were immunosuppressed with steroids for 3 to 12 weeks. untreated controls were maintained for the same periods. three groups of rats were treated with pentamidine, three groups were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and three groups of rats were tapered from steroids. at various times during suppression, rats from the ...19957751383
mortality and survival trends in patients with aids in north east england from 1984-1992.to study trends in mortality and survival in patients with aids attending an id unit.19957751661
adverse events associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and atovaquone during the treatment of aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.atovaquone was compared to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) for the relationship of time receiving therapy, plasma drug concentrations, and incidence of adverse reactions in patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. treatment-limiting adverse events occurred in 9% of atovaquone-treated patients and 24% of tmp-smz-treated patients. adverse events usually did not occur before day 7 for either treatment. only the incidence of rash increased with increasing plasma concentr ...19957751706
[clinico-pathological aspect of hiv-sero positive inpatients].to describe the clinico-pathological aspect of hiv/aids inpatients, we reviewed hiv/aids inpatients in our hospital since 1988. we evaluated risk factors, cd4 counts, cd4/8 ratio, cause of death and the survival time after diagnosis of aids. a total of 13 hiv sero-positive subjects were admitted to our hospital, including 11 cases (85%) with aids. one patient was a foreigner. all cases were male; age range 18-70 years. hemophiliacs and sexually transmitted patients account for 62% and 38% of cas ...19957751747
encephalopathy in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. pediatric spectrum of disease clinical consortium.to define the incidence, characteristics, and survival of children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and encephalopathy.19957751993
effect of corticosteroids on survival of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumocystis carinii-related respiratory failure.the medical records of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were reviewed to evaluate the effect of our adoption to the pediatric population of the national institutes of health recommendation for adjunctive corticosteroid therapy in adults with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in 21 episodes of p. carinii-related respiratory failure, only adjunctive corticosteroids were associated with a significant improvement in survival to successful removal of the tracheal tube, from a historical ...19957752016
6-substituted 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii and as antitumor agents.the synthesis and biological activity of 15 6-substituted 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]-pyrimidines are reported. these compounds were synthesized in improved yields by modifications of procedures previously reported by us. specifically, dimethoxyphenyl-substituted compounds with h and ch3 at the n-10 position and trimethoxyphenyl-substituted compounds with n-10 ethyl, isopropyl, and propargyl moieties were synthesized. these compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases ...19957752201
complete remission of intractable sle after trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole therapy for pneumocystis carinii infection. 19957753465
bidirectional effectors of a group i intron ribozyme.the group i self-splicing introns found in many organisms are competitively inhibited by l-arginine. we have found that l-arginine acts stereoselectively on the pc1. lsu nuclear group i intron of pneumocystis carinii, competitively inhibiting the first (cleavage) step of the splicing reaction and stimulating the second (ligation) step. stimulation of the second step is most clearly demonstrated in reactions whose first step is blocked after 15 min by addition of pentamidine. the guanidine moiety ...19957753618
[hyperpotassemia during the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]. 19957754158
[a case from practice (324). hiv infection, stage c3 cdc-classification. visceral leishmaniasis and pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia. recurrent candidiasis stomatitis]. 19957754274
does the choice of pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis influence the prevalence of enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in aids patients? 19957755923
infectious complications following pancreatic transplantation: incidence, microbiological and clinical characteristics, and outcome.the infectious complications following pancreatic transplantation in 34 consecutive recipients were analyzed during a mean follow-up of 39 months. twenty-seven recipients (79%) developed a mean of 2.1 serious infectious complications. three of the six deaths (overall mortality, 18%) were infection related. thirty-three percent of severe infectious episodes were caused by bacteria (72% by gram-positive cocci) and 26% by fungi (87% by candida species); severe cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection accoun ...19957756469
once-weekly administration of dapsone/pyrimethamine vs. aerosolized pentamidine as combined prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.to evaluate combined prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmic encephalitis, 533 patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection and/or cd4 lymphocyte counts of < 200/microl were randomized to receive dapsone/pyrimethamine (200/75 mg once weekly) or aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg every 4 weeks). the median cd4 lymphocyte count was 110/microl; 47.5% were seropositive for toxoplasma antibodies. the median duration of follow-up was 483 days. in the inten ...19957756472
administration of pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids. 19957756514
cloning and identification of arp1, an actin-related protein from pneumocystis carinii.the complete pneumocystis carinii arp1 gene has been sequenced from two cdna clones. the gene encodes a protein 385 bp in length with an estimated size of 45,000 kd. the a + t% for the arp1 gene and a 900-bp sequence upstream of the gene were 63.7% and 70.3%, respectively. these values are consistent with a + t codon preference displayed by p. carinii and are similar to values reported for other p. carinii genes. the predicted amino acid sequence of the p. carinii arp1 protein had a similarity o ...19957757056
[pneumocystis-carinii thyroiditis]. 19937757599
[preliminary study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed by induced expectoration in hiv positive patients in dakar].rapid noninvasive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputum is a very easy and not costly method. it was using for a first time at the infectious diseases department at dakar in 27 hiv seropositive patients from july to november 1992. six cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed, with a prevalence of 22.2%. in this study pcp was found in both hiv-1 and hiv-2 patients. clinical and radiological aspects are not specific. pcp was also found in patients with ...19937758366
outbreak of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a renal transplant unit.the charts for seven renal transplant recipients who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were reviewed. they included six men and one woman transplanted a mean of 150 days before the diagnosis of this infection. six presented at least one episode of acute graft rejection. cytomegalovirus pneumonia was diagnosed in six of the patients. all patients were treated with cotrimoxazole. global mortality was 43%. in additional to the classic hypothesis of latent pneumocystis carinii reactivation in ...19957758477
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. more patients, same risk. 19957763117
suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a negative induced sputum examination. is early bronchoscopy useful?in u.s. patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most frequent aids-defining opportunistic infection. sputum induction and bronchoscopy are effective techniques for obtaining specimens used to identify p. carinii although debate continues over their optimal use, specifically whether to perform bronchoscopy after a negative induced sputum examination for p. carinii. to evaluate the usefulness of bronchoscopy in this situation, we reviewed ...19957767533
adoptive transfer of lymphocytes sensitized to the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii confers protection in the rat.pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of morbidity in patients with aids. cd4+ cells have been shown to be important in host defenses against p. carinii, but the antigen(s) involved with this response have not been identified. we undertook the present study to determine whether the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of p. carinii contains epitopes that can elicit a protective cellular immune response. spleen cells and purified cd4+ cells isolated from lewis rat ...19957769101
surfactant protein d interacts with pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism adherence to alveolar macrophages.pneumocystis carinii interacts with glycoproteins present in the lower respiratory tract through its mannose-rich surface antigen complex termed gpa. surfactant protein d (sp-d) is a recently described component of the airspace lining material that possesses a calcium-dependent lectin domain capable of interacting with glycoconjugates present on microorganisms and leukocytes. accordingly, we evaluated the extent and localization of sp-d in the lower respiratory tract during pneumocystis pneumoni ...19957769109
antigenic variation by positional control of major surface glycoprotein gene expression in pneumocystis carinii.major cell surface glycoproteins (msgs) of pneumocystis carinii play a crucial role in host-parasite interactions during p. carinii pneumocystosis in aids patients. genes encoding msgs are repeated and dispersed throughout the genome and are highly polymorphic. msg gene expression was found to be mediated by a dna element that was termed the upstream conserved sequence (ucs). the ucs element maps to a single chromosome, is attached to expressed msg genes, and encodes the sequence found at the 5' ...19957769293
efficacy and toxicity of two doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. dutch aids treatment group.the efficacy and toxicity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was assessed by comparing the effects of two dosages (480 or 960 mg once a day) of the drug. the multicenter trial involved 260 hiv-infected patients with cd4 cell counts < 0.2 x 10(9)/l and no history of pcp. patients were randomly assigned to the treatment groups. after a median follow-up of 376 d ...19957769306
opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies: a role for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.the high incidence of opportunistic pulmonary infections in fludarabine-treated patients at walter reed army medical center (wramc) and in the literature are described. a cancerlit search of fludarabine from june 1983-april 1994 with subsequent cross referencing and a retrospective review of all patients receiving fludarabine at wramc was performed. a total of 2,269 patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies who received 7,547 + cycles of fludarabine were identified from the literature. seven ...19957771465
the role of two-segment bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections.to determine if performing bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) from more than one lung segment augments the diagnostic yield in patients with pulmonary infection.19947774312
mechanical ventilation for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 19947774364
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infection in hiv-seropositive patients by identification of p carinii in pleural fluid. 19947774365
pneumocystis carinii: a review.pneumocystis carinii has been increasingly recognized as an important cause of opportunistic infection in immune-deficient hosts. the prevalence of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) in africa used to be neglected and underestimated due to difficult methods of isolating the infection. in this review, the authors discuss the nature of the parasite, and methods of diagnosis.19957781561
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and of cerebral toxoplasmosis by roxithromycin in hiv-infected patients.the prevention of cerebral toxoplasmosis and of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an essential objective in the management of patients infected with hiv. given that roxithromycin is active in vitro against toxoplasma gondii and that in 1989 dolermann reported the effective treatment of p. carinii respiratory infections with erythromycin, a randomized pilot study was undertaken in 52 patients infected with hiv. patients were treated with either: a monthly dose of pentamidine aerosol (300 mg); rox ...19957782114
novel 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as classical and nonclassical antifolate inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.eight novel, nonclassical, antifolate 2,4-diamino-5-(anilinomethyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 1-8, with 3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl, 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, 2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl, 4'-methoxyphenyl, 2',5'-diethoxyphenyl, 3',4'-dichlorophenyl, 1'naphthyl, and phenyl substituents were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases (dhfrs). the classical analogue n-[4-[n-[(2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin- 5-yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-l-glutamic acid (9) was also synthesized as an inhi ...19957783147
[changes in the natural history of aids in patients from mallorca and ibiza: 1986-1992].longitudinal follow-up studies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and aids, which are fundamental for the knowledge of variations the natural history of this disease, have generally been carried out by public health departments and in populations in which homosexual males predominate. the aim of the present study was to analyze the changes in the natural history of the patients diagnosed with aids in the islands of mallorca and ibiza.19957783469
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