Publications

influence of location, host cultivar, and inoculation on the composition of naturalized populations of rhizobium meliloti in medicago sativa nodules.	a phage typing system was used to evaluate the composition of indigenous populations of rhizobium meliloti inhabiting nodules of medicago sativa cultivars grown with and without inoculation at two field sites during 1983 and 1984. soil at both locations contained established populations of r. meliloti at planting. analysis of 1,920 nodule isolates revealed 55 unique phage types of indigenous r. meliloti at one site and 65 indigenous types at the other location. the distributions of phage types d ...	1986	16347054
analysis of rhizobium meliloti sym mutants obtained by heat treatment.	deletions in the psym megaplasmid of rhizobium meliloti were produced at a high frequency, and their lengths varied according to incubation temperature. morphological differentiation into large and small colonies occurred after heat treatment. small colonies elicited pseudonodules on alfalfa roots.	1986	16347063
quantitation of adsorption of rhizobia in low numbers to small legume roots.	bacteria adsorbed in low numbers to alfalfa or clover root surfaces were counted after incubation of seedlings in mineral solution with very dilute inocula (less than 10 bacteria per ml) of an antibiotic-resistant strain under defined conditions. after specified washing, bacteria which remained adsorbed to roots were selectively quantitated by culturing the roots embedded in yeast extract-mannitol-antibiotic agar and counting the microcolonies along the root surface; the range was from about 1 b ...	1986	16347137
host-symbiont specificity expressed during early adsorption of rhizobium meliloti to the root surface of alfalfa.	early (4 h) adsorption of rhizobium meliloti l5-30 in low numbers to alfalfa roots in mineral solution was examined for competition with other bacterial strains. all tested competitor strains decreased the adsorption of l5-30 by extents which depended on the strain and its concentration. the decrease of adsorption by r. meliloti competitors (all of them infective in alfalfa) was nearly complete at saturation (97 to 99% decrease). all other heterologous rhizobia and agrobacterium tumefaciens at s ...	1986	16347138
bacterial growth rates and competition affect nodulation and root colonization by rhizobium meliloti.	the addition of streptomycin to nonsterile soil suppressed the numbers of bacterial cells in the rhizosphere of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) for several days, resulted in the enhanced growth of a streptomycin-resistant strain of rhizobium meliloti, and increased the numbers of nodules on the alfalfa roots. a bacterial mixture inoculated into sterile soil inhibited the colonization of alfalfa roots by r. meliloti, caused a diminution in the number of nodules, and reduced plant growth. enterobacte ...	1986	16347173
distribution of hydrogen-metabolizing bacteria in alfalfa field soil.	h(2) evolved by alfalfa root nodules during the process of n(2) fixation may be an important factor influencing the distribution of soil bacteria. to test this hypothesis under field conditions, over 700 bacterial isolates were obtained from fallow soil or from the 3-mm layer of soil surrounding alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) root nodules, alfalfa roots, or bindweed (convolvulus arvensis l.) roots. bacteria were isolated under either aerobic or microaerophilic conditions and were tested for their ...	1986	16347207
symbiotic expression of cosmid-borne bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase genes.	the expression of cosmid-borne bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase genes in alfalfa, clover, and soybean nodules harboring rhizobium transconjugants was studied. cosmid phu52 conferred hydrogen uptake (hup) activity in both free-living bacteria and in nodules on the different plant hosts, although in nodules the instability of the cosmid resulted in low levels of hup activity. in contrast, cosmid phu1, which does not confer hup activity on free-living bacteria, gave a hup phenotype in nodules o ...	1987	16347291
a study of 33 bacteriophages of rhizobium meliloti.	a total of 33 rhizobium meliloti bacteriophages were studied. of those, 21 were isolated in northern france from field soil in which medicago sativa l. was grown. the other 12 phages were obtained by uv light and mitomycin c induction from 46 r. meliloti strains. rhizobiophages were characterized by their morphology, host range, serological properties, restriction endonuclease patterns, dna-dna homologies, and dna molecular weights. five morphotypes were observed showing tailed phages with icosa ...	1988	16347525
ecological indicators of native rhizobia in tropical soils.	the relationship between environment and abundance of rhizobia was described by determining the populations of root nodule bacteria at 14 diverse sites on the island of maui. mean annual rainfall at the sites ranged from 320 to 1,875 mm, elevation from 37 to 1,650 m, and soil ph from 4.6 to 7.9. four different soil orders were represented in this study: inceptisols, mollisols, ultisols, and an oxisol. the rhizobial populations were determined by plant infection counts of five legumes (trifolium ...	1988	16347624
reliability of the most-probable-number technique for enumerating rhizobia in tropical soils.	we used six rhizobium-legume systems to test the reliability of the most-probable-number (mpn) technique for enumerating rhizobia introduced into 14 sites representing four soil orders. the range-of-transition values (the number of dilution steps between the first not-entirely-positive and the last not-entirely-negative growth units) were compared for each species and for each soil. the probability that the observed data were significantly different from theoretical values varied with the specie ...	1988	16347661
rhizobium strain identification and quantification in commercial inoculants by immunoblot analysis.	an immunoblot procedure for the strain-specific quantitative analysis of commercial rhizobium inoculants was developed. the technique greatly reduced the time required for inoculant analysis. correlation between immunoblot analysis and traditional plant nodule grow-out most-probable-number techniques was r = 0.90 for 16 commercial alfalfa inoculants tested.	1989	16347860
growth and nodulation responses of rhizobium meliloti to water stress induced by permeating and nonpermeating solutes.	isolates of rhizobium meliloti, representing antigenically distinct indigenous serogroups 31 and 17, were grown in yeast extract-mannitol broth (yem) containing nacl or polyethylene glycol (peg) to provide external water potentials ranging from -0.15 to -1.5 mpa. several differences were found between representatives of the two groups in their abilities to adapt to water stress induced by the nonpermeating solute peg. at potentials below -0.5 mpa, strain 31 had a lower specific growth rate than ...	1989	16348021
biological control of damping-off of alfalfa seedlings with bacillus cereus uw85.	we explored the potential of biological control of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) seedling damping-off caused by phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis by screening root-associated bacteria for disease suppression activity in a laboratory bioassay. a total of 700 bacterial strains were isolated from the roots of field-grown alfalfa plants by using trypticase soy agar. a simple, rapid assay was developed to screen the bacteria for the ability to reduce the mortality of iroquois alfalfa seedling ...	1990	16348145
conjugal transfer of megaplasmid 2 between rhizobium meliloti strains in alfalfa nodules.	a dna fragment containing the rp4 mob function, as well as the gentamicin and spectinomycin resistance genes, was inserted by gene replacement onto the megaplasmid 2 (pm2) of rhizobium meliloti 0540 (inf eps), resulting in pg101 (inf eps). the self-transfer of pm2 and the mobilization of pm2 by plasmid rp4-4 were investigated during conjugation between pg101 and r. meliloti 2526 (nod). in filter conjugations, pm2 was readily mobilized by rp4-4. in addition to this, the self-transfer of one megap ...	1990	16348248
carbon metabolism enzymes of rhizobium meliloti cultures and bacteroids and their distribution within alfalfa nodules.	several carbon metabolism enzymes were measured in cultured cells and bacteroids of rhizobium meliloti 102f51 and in alfalfa root nodule cytosol. the enzyme activity levels of the pentose phosphate pathway were much higher than those of the embden-meyerhof-parnas or entner-doudoroff pathways in extracts of cultured cells. the pattern of enzyme activities in the bacteroids was different from that of cultured cells.	1990	16348268
influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field-grown legumes.	indigenous rhizobia in soil present a competition barrier to the establishment of inoculant strains, possibly leading to inoculation failure. in this study, we used the natural diversity of rhizobial species and numbers in our fields to define, in quantitative terms, the relationship between indigenous rhizobial populations and inoculation response. eight standardized inoculation trials were conducted at five well-characterized field sites on the island of maui, hawaii. soil rhizobial population ...	1991	16348393
chemotaxis of rhizobium meliloti towards nodulation gene-inducing compounds from alfalfa roots.	luteolin, a flavone present in seed exudates of alfalfa, induces nodulation genes (nod) in rhizobium meliloti and also serves as a biochemically specific chemoattractant for the bacterium. the present work shows that r. meliloti rcr2011 is capable of very similar chemotactic responses towards 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone, and 4,4'-dihydroxy-2-methoxychalcone, the three principal nod gene inducers secreted by alfalfa roots. chemotactic responses to the root-secreted nod inducers ...	1992	16348685
isolation of rhizobium meliloti nod gene inducers from alfalfa rhizosphere soil.	methanolic extracts of alfalfa rhizosphere soil induce more nod gene transcription in rhizobium meliloti than extracts of nonrhizosphere soil. six peaks of nod-inducing activity were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography from rhizosphere soil extract, and one compound was identified by h nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and uv-visible spectra as a formononetin-7-o-glycoside that activates both nodd1 and nodd2 proteins. the unanticipated presence of a glycoside in rhiz ...	1993	16348881
foliar chlorosis in symbiotic host and nonhost plants induced by rhizobium tropici type b strains.	rhizobium tropici ciat899 induced chlorosis in the leaves of its symbiotic hosts, common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum urb.), and leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit. chlorosis induction by strains ciat899 and ct9005, an exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of ciat899, required carbon substrate. when the bacteria were added at planting in a solution of mannitol (50 g/liter), as few as 10 cells of ciat899 were sufficient to induce chlorosis in bean plants. all ca ...	1993	16348994
variation of clonal, mesquite-associated rhizobial and bradyrhizobial populations from surface and deep soils by symbiotic gene region restriction fragment length polymorphism and plasmid profile analysis.	genetic characteristics of 14 rhizobium and 9 bradyrhizobium mesquite (prosopis glandulosa)-nodulating strains isolated from surface (0- to 0.5-m) and deep (4- to 6-m) rooting zones were determined in order to examine the hypothesis that surface- and deep-soil symbiont populations were related but had become genetically distinct during adaptation to contrasting soil conditions. to examine genetic diversity, southern blots of psti-digested genomic dna were sequentially hybridized with the noddabc ...	1994	16349226
isolation of insertion sequence isrldtal1145-1 from a rhizobium sp. (leucaena diversifolia) and distribution of homologous sequences identifying cross-inoculation group relationships.	insertion sequence (is) element isrldtal1145-1 from rhizobium sp. (leucaena diversifolia) strain tal 1145 was entrapped in the sacb gene of the positive selection vector pucd800 by insertional inactivation. a hybridization probe prepared from the whole 2.5-kb element was used to determine the distribution of homologous sequences in a diverse collection of 135 rhizobium and bradyrhizobium strains. the is probe hybridized strongly to southern blots of genomic dnas from 10 rhizobial strains that no ...	1994	16349459
culture and metabolism of the rumen ciliate epidinium ecaudatum crawley.	the rumen ciliate epidinium ecaudatum was cultured for 6 months in the presence of two strains of bacteria, starch, alfalfa, linseed oil meal, and buffered saline. the cultures required daily transfer and addition of fresh substrate. the protozoan degraded starch, soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, and cottonseed oil meal, and the fermentation end products from the breakdown of starch were acetic and butyric acids with traces of formic, propionic, and lactic acids, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. ...	1962	16349619
characterization of the binding of diarrheagenic strains of e. coli to plant surfaces and the role of curli in the interaction of the bacteria with alfalfa sprouts.	diarrheagenic escherichia coli were able to bind to plant surfaces, including alfalfa sprouts and open seed coats, and tomato and arabidopsis thaliana seedlings incubated in water. the characteristics of the binding differed with the bacterial strain examined. laboratory k12 strains of e. coli failed to show significant binding to any of the plant surfaces examined, suggesting that some of the genes present and expressed in pathogenic strains and absent or unexpressed in k12 strains may be requi ...	2005	16353558
dietary forage and nonfiber carbohydrate contents influence b-vitamin intake, duodenal flow, and apparent ruminal synthesis in lactating dairy cows.	the objective of this experiment was to quantify intakes, duodenal flows, and ruminal apparent synthesis (as) of b-vitamins in lactating dairy cows fed diets varying in forage and nonfiber carbohydrate (nfc) contents. eight (4 primiparous and 4 multiparous) ruminally and duodenally cannulated holstein cows were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 21-d period, 4 x 4 latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement. diets, fed as tmr, contained (dm basis) 2 levels of f ...	2006	16357281
milk from forage as affected by carbohydrate source and degradability with alfalfa silage-based diets.	milk from forage (mf) is an estimation of the milk produced solely from forage intake. it is calculated by subtracting milk production theoretically allowed by concentrates from total milk production, assuming that maintenance requirements are covered by the forage portion of the diet. eight multiparous holstein cows in early lactation were used in a replicated 4 x 4 latin square design to evaluate the impact on mf of different sources of carbohydrate with forage that was high in rdp. diets were ...	2006	16357292
f4 (k88) fimbrial adhesin faeg expressed in alfalfa reduces f4+ enterotoxigenic escherichia coli excretion in weaned piglets.	transgenic plants are attractive bioreactors to large-scale production of recombinant proteins because of their relatively low cost. this study reports for the first time the use of transgenic plants to reduce enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) excretion in its natural host species. the dna sequence encoding the major subunit and adhesin faeg of f4+ etec was transformed into edible alfalfa plants. targeting of faeg production to chloroplasts led to faeg levels of up to 1% of the total solub ...	2006	16378664
the de novo designed nutritive protein mb-1trp does not resist proteolytic degradation in alfalfa leaves.	we previously reported on a de novo designed protein "milk bundle-1trp" (mb-1trp) as a source of selected essential amino acids (eaa) for ruminant feeding. here, we attempt to express this de novo designed protein in alfalfa. the microbial version of the gene encoding the protein was modified in order to achieve two expression strategies in transgenic alfalfa plants. chimeric mb-1trp genes alone or fused to a signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence were introduced into alf ...	2005	16386425
[identification of sinorhizobium meliloti genes influencing synthesis of surface polysaccharides and competitiveness].	a new approach to isolating mutants with altered composition of capsular polysaccharides (cps) and lipopolysaccharides (lps) in nodule bacteria of alfalfa sinorhizobium meliloti based on analysis of their respiratory activity was proposed. random tn5-mob mutants of symbiotically effective strain skhm1-105 were tested for slime-production ability and coloration on diagnostic media containing the indicator of reducing equivalents, triphenyltetrasolium chloride (ttc), the inhibitor of respiratory a ...	2005	16396447
cdc42 is required for proper growth and development in the fungal pathogen colletotrichum trifolii.	cdc42 is a highly conserved small gtp-binding protein that is involved in regulating morphogenesis in eukaryotes. in this study, we isolated and characterized a highly conserved cdc42 gene from colletotrichum trifolii (ctcdc42), a fungal pathogen of alfalfa. ctcdc42 is, at least in part, functionally equivalent to saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc42p, since it restores the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a yeast cdc42p mutant. inhibition of ctcdc42 by expression of an antisense ctcdc42 or a domina ...	2006	16400178
sinorhizobium fredii hh103 mutants affected in capsular polysaccharide (kps) are impaired for nodulation with soybean and cajanus cajan.	the sinorhizobium fredii hh103 rkp-1 region, which is involved in capsular polysaccharides (kps) production, was isolated and sequenced. the organization of the s. fredii genes identified, rkpuaghij and kpsf3, was identical to that described for s. meliloti 1021 but different from that of s. meliloti ak631. the long rkpa gene (7.5 kb) of s. fredii hh103 and s. meliloti 1021 appears as a fusion of six clustered ak631 genes, rkpabcdef. s. fredii hh103-rif(r) mutants affected in rkph or rkpg were c ...	2006	16404952
mitosis-specific promoter of the alfalfa cyclin-dependent kinase gene (medsa;cdkb2;1) is activated by wounding and ethylene in a non-cell division-dependent manner.	cyclin-dependent serine/threonine kinases (cdks) have pivotal roles in regulating the eukaryotic cell cycle. plants possess a unique class of cdks (b-type cdks) with preferential protein accumulation at g2/m-phases; however, their exact functions are still enigmatic. here we describe the functional characterization of a 360-bp promoter region of the alfalfa (medicago sativa) cdkb2;1 gene in transgenic plants and cell lines. it is shown that the activity of the analyzed promoter was characteristi ...	2006	16407448
regulation and properties of pstscab, a high-affinity, high-velocity phosphate transport system of sinorhizobium meliloti.	the properties and regulation of the pstscab-encoded pi uptake system from the alfalfa symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti are reported. we present evidence that the pstscab genes and the regulatory phoub genes are transcribed from a single promoter that contains two phob binding sites and that transcription requires phob. s. meliloti strain 1021 (rm1021) and its derivatives were found to carry a c deletion frameshift mutation in the pstc gene (designated pstc1021) that severely impairs activity of ...	2006	16428413
effect of safflower oil, flaxseed oil, monensin, and vitamin e on concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat.	conjugated linoleic acid (cla) refers to a mixture of conjugated octadecadienoic acids of predominantly ruminant origin. the main isomer in bovine milk fat is the cis-9, trans-11 cla. interest in cla increased after the discovery of its health-promoting properties, including potent anticarcinogenic activity. two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary strategies aimed at increasing the concentration of cla in bovine milk fat. both experiments were organized as a randomized complete block ...	2006	16428641
the sinorhizobium meliloti chromosomal origin of replication.	the predicted chromosomal origin of replication (oric) from the alfalfa symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti is shown to allow autonomous replication of a normally non-replicating plasmid within s. meliloti cells. this is the first chromosomal replication origin to be experimentally localized in the rhizobiaceae and its location, adjacent to heme, is the same as for oric in caulobacter crescentus, the only experimentally characterized alphaproteobacterial oric. using an electrophoretic mobility shift ...	2006	16436432
host-specific regulation of nodulation genes in rhizobium is mediated by a plant-signal, interacting with the nodd gene product.	we have identified a nodd gene from the wide host-range rhizobium strain mpik3030 (termed nodd1) which is essential for nodulation on macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro). experiments with noda-lacz gene fusions demonstrate that the mpik3030 nodd1 regulates expression of the nodabc genes. additionally, we used nodc-lacz fusions of rhizobium meliloti to show that the mpik3030 nodd1 gene induces expression of these fusions by interacting with plant factors from siratro and from the non-host medica ...	1987	16453758
expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein gene confers cross-protection in transgenic tobacco and tomato plants.	a chimeric gene encoding the alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein was constructed and introduced into tobacco and tomato plants using ti plasmid-derived plant transformation vectors. the progeny of the self-fertilized transgenic plants were significantly delayed in symptom development and in some cases completely escaped infection after inoculated with almv. the inoculated leaves of the transgenic plants had significantly reduced numbers of lesions and accumulated substantially lower amounts ...	1987	16453764
expression of alfalfa mosaic virus rna 4 in transgenic plants confers virus resistance.	agrobacterium-mediated transfer from a binary vector was used to produce transgenic nicotiana tabacum plants that expressed coat protein of the plant virus, alfalfa mosaic virus (amv). expression levels of the chimeric gene, which was under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 19s promoter, were determined in primary transformed plants, in the progeny from self-fertilization and in the progeny from crosses to normal tobacco. rna transcripts that were of the expected size as well as a prot ...	1987	16453779
analysis of the mechanism of protection in transgenic plants expressing the potato virus x coat protein or its antisense rna.	transgenic tobacco plants engineered to express either the potato virus x (pvx) coat protein (cp+) or the antisense coat protein transcript (cp-antisense) were protected from infection by pvx, as indicated by reduced lesion numbers on inoculated leaves, delay or absence of systemic symptom development and reduction in virus accumulation in both inoculated and systemic leaves. the extent of protection observed in cp+ plants primarily depended upon the level of expression of the coat protein. plan ...	1988	16453840
the 3' untranslated region of a soybean cytosolic glutamine synthetase (gs1) affects transcript stability and protein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa.	higher plants assimilate nitrogen in the form of ammonia through the concerted activity of glutamine synthetase (gs) and glutamate synthase (gogat). the gs enzyme is either located in the cytoplasm (gs1) or in the chloroplast (gs2). glutamine synthetase 1 is regulated in different plants at the transcriptional level and there are some reports of regulation at the level of protein stability. here we present data that clearly establish that gs1 in plants is also regulated at the level of transcrip ...	2006	16460515
alfalfa mob1-like proteins are involved in cell proliferation and are localized in the cell division plane during cytokinesis.	mps-one-binder (mob) proteins play a crucial role in yeast cytokinesis. after cloning two mob1-like genes, msmob1-a and msmob1-b from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) we show that, although they are constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and pods, their transcripts and proteins are mostly produced in actively proliferating tissues. a polyclonal antibody specifically raised against msmob1 proteins was used for immunolocalization studies in synchronized root tip cells. the subcellul ...	2006	16460730
estimation of undegradable intake protein in forages using neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen at a single in situ incubation time point.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (ndin) at a single in situ incubation time point to estimate the undegradable intake protein (uip) in forages as well as to compare rates of ndin degradation. forage samples in exp. 1 comprised diet samples collected from range and meadow pastures monthly from may through september. in exp. 2, clipped samples of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, kura clover, and smooth bromegrass, and diet samples of the mixed l ...	2006	16478957
ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of nitrogen and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen from common crabgrass forages sampled on seven dates in northern arkansas.	southern crabgrass (digitaria ciliaris [retz.] koel.) is often an undesirable species in field and forage crops, but visual observations suggest that livestock prefer it to many other summer forages. the objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between july 11 and august 22, 2001 and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of n and neutral detergent insoluble n (ndin) for these forages. a secondary objective was to compare these kin ...	2006	16478959
rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions.	specific complex interactions between soil bacteria belonging to rhizobium, sinorhizobium, mesorhizobium, phylorhizobium, bradyrhizobium and azorhizobium commonly known as rhizobia, and their host leguminous plants result in development of root nodules. nodules are new organs that consist mainly of plant cells infected with bacteroids that provide the host plant with fixed nitrogen. proper nodule development requires the synthesis and perception of signal molecules such as lipochitooligosacchari ...	2006	16483356
expression of avian reovirus sigmac protein in transgenic plants.	avian reovirus (arv) structural protein, sigmac encoded by s1 genome segment, is the prime candidate to become a vaccine against arv infection. two plant nuclear expression vectors with expression of sigmac-encoding gene driven by camv 35s promoter and rice actin promoter were constructed, respectively. agrobacterium containing the s1 expression constructs were used to transform alfalfa, and transformants were selected using hygromysin. the integration of s1 transgene in alfalfa chromosome was c ...	2006	16488486
effects of codon modification on human bmp2 gene expression in tobacco plants.	bone morphogenetic protein 2 (bmp2) has great potential in therapeutic applications. we are working on generating transgenic plants as a bioreactor to produce bmp2. we have studied the effects of codon optimization on the expression of human bmp2 (hbmp2) in tobacco plants. three modified hbmp2 genes were transformed into tobacco under the control of either cauliflower mosaic virus 35s (camv35s) promoter or double-camv35s promoter plus alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) enhancer. the fused beta-glucuroni ...	2006	16491379
effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharide on molting parameters and bone qualities using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and conventional bone assays.	the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharides (fos) on molting performance and bone parameters compared with the conventional feed withdrawal molting procedure. a total of 36 single comb white leghorn hens (84 wk of age) were used for this experiment. the hens were divided into 6 treatment groups with 6 birds per treatment: pre-trial control (pc), full fed (ff), feed withdrawal (fw), 100% alfalfa (a100), a100 + 0.375% fos (a100l), and a100 + 0.75% fos (a100h ...	2006	16493940
[degradation process and plant diversity of alfalfa grassland in north loess plateau of china].	vegetation recovery and reconstruction is the key of ecosystem restoration in the north loess plateau. with the liudaogou catchment of shenmu county, shaanxi province as test area, this paper studied the dynamics of the plant diversity of artificial alfalfa (medicago sativa) grassland during its degradation process. the results showed that the degradation process of the grassland could be divided into three stages, i.e., artificial alfalfa grassland stage (1-6 yrs), transitional stage from artif ...	2005	16515180
[responses of medicago sativa and astragalus adsurgens seedlings growth and water use to soil moisture regime].	in the semi-arid area of loess plateau, seasonal drought often occurs during the vegetative stage of grass plants, leading to the subsequent serious reduction of their yield. aimed to study the responses of the seedlings growth and water use of two perennial leguminous grasses medicago sativa and astragalus adsurgens to different soil moisture regimes, a pot experiment was installed with five treatments, i.e., adequate water supply (hw), moderate water stress (lw), soil drying gradually from hw ...	2005	16515181
caterpillar herbivory and salivary enzymes decrease transcript levels of medicago truncatula genes encoding early enzymes in terpenoid biosynthesis.	in response to caterpillar herbivory, alfalfa and related plant species defend themselves through the induction of saponin and volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. both these types of defensive compounds are derived from the metabolic intermediate, isopentenyl diphosphate (ipp). in plants, two distinct biosynthetic pathways can generate ipp; the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the plastid-associated 2c-methyl erythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway. in medicago truncatula, transcript levels of key reg ...	2006	16525889
in vivo anthelmintic activity of dorycnium rectum and grape seed extract against ostertagia (teladorsagia) circumcincta and trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep.	to assess the in vivo anthelmintic activity of condensed tannins (ct) in the forage species dorycnium rectum and medicago sativa, and in an extract from grape (vitus vinifera) seeds (gse), against two species of parasite, teladorsagia (ostertagia) circumcincta and trichostrongylus colubriformis, at different stages of their life cycle, in sheep that were parasite-naïve or previously exposed to nematodes.	2006	16528390
effects of chronic exposure to soy meal containing diet or soy derived isoflavones supplement on semen production and reproductive system of male rabbits.	soy and derivative diets deliver large doses of isoflavones to human and animals throughout their lifespan, including gestation. epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that the consumption of soybean containing foods may protect against cardiovascular disease and decrease breast, prostate and endometrial cancer risk. based on animal and in vitro studies, however, concerns have been raised that consumption of isoflavones may cause potential adverse effects on the reproductive tract and behav ...	2007	16530993
strategies to obtain stable transgenic plants from non-embryogenic lines: complementation of the nn1 mutation of the nork gene in medicago sativa mn1008.	strategies to introduce genes into non-embryogenic plants for complementation of a mutation are described and tested on tetraploid alfalfa (medicago sativa). genes conditioning embryogenic potential, a mutant phenotype, and a gene to complement the mutation can be combined using several different crossing and selection steps. in the successful strategy used here, the m. sativa genotype mnnc-1008(nn) carrying the recessive non-nodulating mutant allele nn ( 1 ) was crossed with the highly embryoge ...	2006	16534599
early interactions of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and bean roots: specificity in the process of adsorption and its requirement of ca(sup2+) and mg(sup2+) ions.	roots of phaseolus vulgaris l. were incubated with dilute suspensions (1 x 10(sup3) to 3 x 10(sup3) bacteria ml(sup-1)) of an antibiotic-resistant indicator strain of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli in mineral medium and washed four times by a standardized procedure prior to quantitation of adsorption (g. caetano-anolles and g. favelukes, appl. environ. microbiol. 52:371-376, 1986). the population of rhizobia remaining adsorbed on roots after washing was homogeneous, as indicated by the fir ...	1995	16535005
attenuation of symbiotic effectiveness by rhizobium meliloti saf22 related to the presence of a cryptic plasmid.	several wild-type strains of rhizobium meliloti isolated from alfalfa nodules exhibited different plasmid profiles, yet did not differ in growth rate in yeast-mannitol medium, utilization of 43 different carbon sources, intrinsic resistance to 14 antibiotics, or detection of 16 enzyme activities. in contrast, three measures of effectiveness in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with alfalfa (shoot length, dry weight, and nitrogen content) indicated that r. meliloti saf22, whose plasmid profile differs ...	1995	16535033
greenhouse and field evaluations of an autoselective system based on an essential thymidylate synthase gene for improved maintenance of plasmid vectors in modified rhizobium meliloti.	the stability of the thy autoselective system, based on an essential thymidylate synthase gene, for enhanced maintenance of plasmid vectors in rhizobium meliloti was evaluated in the greenhouse and with field-grown alfalfa. the thy autoselective system consists of a free-replicating, broad-host-range plasmid vector containing a copy of the thya gene from lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and a spontaneous mutant of r. meliloti deficient in thymidylate synthase (thy(sup-)). under greenhouse condit ...	1995	16535168
effects of a bacterial hay preservative (pediococcus pentosaceus) on hay under experimental storage conditions.	the abundant growth of molds and thermophilic actinomycetes in stored hay decreases its quality and can be hazardous for the producer who inhales these contaminants when the moldy hay is fed in closed barns. these microbes are responsible for a respiratory disease called farmer's lung. products, including bacterial cultures that can be inoculated in hay, are available to prevent hay deterioration by molds and bacteria. the aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of pediococcus pentosac ...	1995	16535180
inoculation with sinorhizobium meliloti rmbpc-2 increases alfalfa yield compared with inoculation with a nonengineered wild-type strain.	inoculation of alfalfa seeds with any of three recombinant strains of sinorhizobium meliloti significantly increased overall plant biomass compared with inoculation with the wild-type strains over a 3-year period at three locations. a high proportion of nodules were occupied by the inoculum strains throughout the 3-year period.	1996	16535451
occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils.	an ecologically relevant soil extraction procedure separated two types of molecules important for bacteria: flavonoids and small hydrophilic organic compounds. two flavonoids, identified previously as inducers of nodulation genes in rhizobium meliloti, were detected in rhizosphere soil from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). in addition, biologically significant quantities (micromoles per kilogram) of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides were found in all soils tested. long-term wheat (triticum a ...	1997	16535739
regulation of the phosphate stress response in rhizobium meliloti by phob.	alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphate transport rates in rhizobium meliloti increased significantly when medium phosphate levels decreased to approximately 10 (mu)m. both responses were abolished in a tn5:: phob mutant, but the mutant could be complemented by a plasmid that contained cloned r. meliloti phob. the phob(sup-) mutant had a normal symbiosis phenotype under growth conditions that supplied either limiting or nonlimiting levels of phosphate to the host plant medicago sativa, sugge ...	1997	16535758
sinorhizobium meliloti blub is necessary for production of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, the lower ligand of b12.	an insight into a previously unknown step in b(12) biosynthesis was unexpectedly obtained through our analysis of a mutant of the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti. this mutant was identified based on its unusually bright fluorescence on plates containing the succinoglycan binding dye calcofluor. the mutant contains a tn5 insertion in a gene that has not been characterized previously in s. meliloti. the closest known homolog is the blub gene of rhodobacter capsulatus, wh ...	2006	16537439
emergence success and sex ratio of commercial alfalfa leafcutting bees from the united states and canada.	samples of overwintering alfalfa leafcutting bee, megachile rotundata (f.) (hymenoptera: megachilidae), cells were sent to the laboratory as loose cells or in nesting boards from bee managers in the united states and in canada. x-radiographs of cells were used for determining cell contents. cells containing live prepupae were incubated, and the sex of emerging adults was recorded daily. cells from which no adult emerged were dissected to determine the developmental stage of dead bees and sex of ...	2005	16539094
strain distribution of alfalfa weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae) in an intergrade zone.	strain distribution for the alfalfa weevil, hypera postica (gyllenhal), was determined for the five major alfalfa-growing regions of new mexico. mitochondrial dna from field-collected weevils at each location was digested and sequenced to differentiate among strains. eastern, egyptian, and western strains were recovered, along with a population not matching any known strain. the majority of sites examined had populations of two strains intermingled within a field. this is the first confirmation ...	2005	16539129
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium dt104, and listeria monocytogenes on inoculated alfalfa seeds with a fatty acid-based sanitizer.	alfalfa seeds were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium dt104, or listeria monocytogenes by immersion to contain approximately 6 to 8 log cfu/g and then treated with a fatty acid-based sanitizer containing 250 ppm of peroxyacid, 1,000 ppm of caprylic and capric acids (emery 658), 1,000 ppm of lactic acid, and 500 ppm of glycerol monolaurate at a reference concentration of 1x. inoculated seeds were immersed at ...	2006	16541689
determination of undegradable intake protein digestibility of forages using the mobile nylon bag technique.	two experiments were conducted using 2 ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers to determine the digestibility of undegradable intake protein (uip) of smooth bromegrass (bromis inermis), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus coniculatus l.), and heat-treated alfalfa (medicago sativa) using the mobile nylon bag technique. undegradable intake protein was determined using neutral detergent insoluble cp at a single in situ incubation time point based on 75% of the total mean retention time estimated from ivdmd ...	2006	16543566
grain source and processing in diets containing varying concentrations of wet corn gluten feed for finishing cattle.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate combinations of wet corn gluten feed (wcgf) and barley, as well as the particle size of dry-rolled barley and corn, in finishing steer diets containing wcgf. in exp. 1, 144 crossbred steers (initial bw = 298.9 +/- 1.4 kg) were used to evaluate barley (0.566 kg/l and 23.5% ndf for whole barley) and wcgf combinations in finishing diets containing 0, 17, 35, 52, or 69% wcgf (dm basis), replacing barley and concentrated separator byproduct. a sixth treatmen ...	2006	16543577
activation of an alfalfa cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor by calmodulin-like domain protein kinase.	kip-related proteins (krps) play a central role in the regulation of the cell cycle and differentiation through modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) functions. we have identified a cdk inhibitor gene from medicago truncatula (mt) by a yeast two-hybrid screen. the krpmt gene was expressed in all plant organs and cultured cells, and its transcripts accumulated after abscisic acid and nacl treatment. the krpmt protein exhibits seven conserved sequence domains and a pest motif that is also de ...	2006	16553899
dietary modulation of p-nonylphenol-induced polycystic kidneys in male sprague-dawley rats.	we had previously found that p-nonylphenol (np) at 1000-2000 ppm in a soy- and alfalfa-free diet induced severe polycystic kidney disease (pkd) in both male and female pups exposed from gestation day 7 through postnatal day (pnd) 50 and hypothesized that differences in dietary components contributed to the severity of lesions relative to those reported in other studies using similar doses of np. the present study investigated the dietary modulation of np-induced pkd using the same exposure regim ...	2006	16554316
endogenous nitrogen excretion by red kangaroos (macropus rufus): effects of animal age and forage quality.	red kangaroos (macropus rufus) are large (>20 kg) herbivorous marsupials common to arid and semiarid australia. the population dynamics of red kangaroos are linked with environmental factors, operating largely through juvenile survival. a crucial period is the young-at-foot (yaf) stage, when juveniles have permanently left the mother's pouch but still take milk from a teat in the pouch. forage quantity and quality have been implicated in drought-related mortalities of juvenile kangaroos. here we ...	2013	16555200
forage fibre digestion, rates of feed passage and gut fill in juvenile and adult red kangaroos macropus rufus desmarest: why body size matters.	using red kangaroos macropus rufus desmarest, a large (>20 kg) marsupial herbivore, we compared the digestive capabilities of juveniles with those of mature, non-lactating females on high-quality forage (chopped lucerne medicago sativa hay) of 43+/-1% neutral-detergent fibre (ndf) and poorer quality, high-fibre forage (chopped oaten avena sativa hay) of 64+/-1% ndf. on chopped lucerne apparent dry matter (dm) digestibilities by young-at-foot (yaf) red kangaroos (an age that would normally be tak ...	2006	16574810
[symbiosis between the nodule bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti and alfalfa (medicago sativa) under salinization conditions].	two hundred forty-three isolates of alfalfa nodule bacteria (sinorhizobium meliloti) were obtained from legume nodules and soils sampled in the northern aral region, experiencing secondary salinization. isolates obtained from nodules (n isolates) were significantly more salt-tolerant than those from soils (s isolates) when grown in a liquid medium with 3.5% nacl. it was found that wild species of alfalfa, melilot, and trigonella preferably formed symbioses with salt-tolerant nodule bacteria in b ...	2006	16579450
conservation of nodulation genes between rhizobium meliloti and a slow-growing rhizobium strain that nodulates a nonlegume host.	parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a rhizobium species. the bacterial strain rp501 is a slow-growing strain of rhizobium isolated from parasponia nodules. strain rp501 also nodulates the legumes siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata). using a cosmid clone bank of rp501 dna, we isolated a 13.4-kilobase (kb) ecori fragment that complemented insertion and p ...	1985	16593600
isolation and characterization of nodulation genes from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78.	an 11.76-kilobase-pair (kb) segment of dna from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78 that hybridizes to nodulation genes of rhizobium meliloti strain 41 was isolated. hybridization of the 11.76-kb dna fragment to dna from other bradyrhizobium species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation in this region. transfer of the 11.76-kb segment to nodulation-defective (nod(-)) mutants of r. meliloti restored their ability to induce nodules on medicago sativa (alfalfa). mutants of strain irc ...	1985	16593624
rhizobium meliloti genes required for nodule development are related to chromosomal virulence genes in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	symbiotically essential genes have been identified in rhizobium meliloti that are structurally and functionally related to chromosomal virulence (chv) genes of agrobacterium tumefaciens. homologous sequences also exist in the genomes of other fast-growing rhizobia including rhizobium trifolii, rhizobium leguminosarum, and rhizobium phaseoli. in agrobacterium, the chva and chvb loci are known to be essential for oncogenic transformation of dicotyledonous plants and for attachment to plant cells [ ...	1986	16593714
expression of the nodulation gene noda in rhizobium meliloti and localization of the gene product in the cytosol.	the noda gene of rhizobium meliloti encodes a 21.8-kda protein, which is conserved in several rhizobium species. we overproduced the noda protein as a fusion product with a portion of the lambda ci repressor in escherichia coli. this fusion protein was purified from inclusion bodies by gel and hydroxyapatite chromatography in the presence of nadodso(4). monospecific polyclonal antibodies against the hybrid protein were used to detect the noda protein in the cytosol of e. coli and r. meliloti by ...	1986	16593791
genes for the catabolism and synthesis of an opine-like compound in rhizobium meliloti are closely linked and on the sym plasmid.	in alfalfa nodules induced by rhizobium meliloti strain l5-30 the compound l-3-o-methyl-scyllo-inosamine (3-o-msi) is synthesized. this compound is also catabolized specifically by this strain. its biological properties are therefore similar to the agrobacterium opines. to answer the question whether opine-like compounds ("rhizopines") play a role in a plant symbiotic interaction, we isolated the genes for the catabolism of 3-o-msi (moc genes) and for the induction of its synthesis in the nodule ...	1987	16593802
induction of bradyrhizobium japonicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from glycine max.	the early events in legume nodulation by rhizobium spp. involve a conserved gene cluster known as the common nod region. a broad-host-range plasmid (pea2-21) containing a bradyrhizobium japonicum noddabc-lacz translational fusion was constructed and used to monitor nod gene expression in response to soybean root extract. two inducing compounds were isolated and identified. analysis using ultraviolet absorption spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry showed that the two ...	1987	16593884
elimination of the adverse effects of urea fertilizer on seed germination, seedling growth, and early plant growth in soil.	the rapidly increasing importance of urea fertilizer in world agriculture has stimulated research to find methods of reducing the problems associated with the use of this fertilizer. one of these problems is that urea has adverse effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and early plant growth in soil. because there is evidence that these adverse effects are caused largely, if not entirely, by ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea fertilizer by soil urease, we explored the possibility ...	1988	16593951
characterization of a gene from a tomato pathogen determining hypersensitive resistance in non-host species and genetic analysis of this resistance in bean.	xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of leaf spot disease on pepper and tomato. on non-host plants, such as bean, soybean, cowpea, alfalfa, and cotton, x. campestris pv. vesicatoria is unable to cause disease, inducing instead a hypersensitive resistance response (hr). since avirulence genes from x. campestris pv. vesicatoria specifically induce hr in several pepper cultivars, we investigated whether there were avirulence genes governing induction of resistance in non-host ...	1988	16593982
early nodulin genes are induced in alfalfa root outgrowths elicited by auxin transport inhibitors.	rhizobium nod genes are essential for root hair deformation and cortical cell division, early stages in the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. nod(-) mutants are unable to initiate nodules on legume roots. we observed that n-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, compounds known to function as auxin transport inhibitors, induced nodule-like structures on alfalfa roots. the nodule-like structures (pseudonodules) were white, devoid of bacteria, and resembled nodules e ...	1989	16594017
identification of sinorhizobium meliloti early symbiotic genes by use of a positive functional screen.	the soil bacterium sinorhizobium meliloti establishes nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with its leguminous host plant, alfalfa, following a series of continuous signal exchanges. the complexity of the changes of alfalfa root structures during symbiosis and the amount of s. meliloti genes with unknown functions raised the possibility that more s. meliloti genes may be required for early stages of the symbiosis. a positive functional screen of the entire s. meliloti genome for symbiotic genes was carried ...	2006	16597978
ecological specialization correlates with genotypic differentiation in sympatric host-populations of the pea aphid.	the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, encompasses distinct host races specialized on various fabaceae species, but the extent of genetic divergence associated with ecological specialization varies greatly depending on plant and geographic origins of aphid populations. here, we studied the genetic structure of french sympatric pea aphid populations collected on perennial (pea and faba bean) and annual (alfalfa and red clover) hosts using 14 microsatellite loci. classical and bayesian population gen ...	2006	16599915
characterization of three rop gtpase genes of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.).	three cdna clones coding for medicago sativa rop gtpases have been isolated. the represented genes could be assigned to various linkage groups by genetic mapping. they were expressed in all investigated plant organs, although at different level. relative gene expression patterns in response to sinorhizobium infection of roots as well as during somatic embryogenesis indicated their differential participation in these processes. dna sequences coding for altogether six different medicago sp. rop gt ...	2006	16603258
effect of amount and ruminal degradability of soybean meal protein on performance of lactating dairy cows.	twenty-eight holstein cows (4 with ruminal cannulas) were blocked by days in milk into 7 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 7 balanced 4 x 4 latin square diet sequences. the diets contained [dry matter (dm) basis] 20% alfalfa silage, 35% corn silage, and 45% concentrate mainly from high-moisture corn and soybean meal. diets differed in crude protein (cp) content and source of protein supplement: diet a) 15.6% cp, 3.7% solvent-extracted soybean meal (ssbm), 4.5% expeller soybean meal (esbm ...	2006	16606733
modeling small-scale dairy farms in central mexico using multi-criteria programming.	milk supply from mexican dairy farms does not meet demand and small-scale farms can contribute toward closing the gap. two multi-criteria programming techniques, goal programming and compromise programming, were used in a study of small-scale dairy farms in central mexico. to build the goal and compromise programming models, 4 ordinary linear programming models were also developed, which had objective functions to maximize metabolizable energy for milk production, to maximize margin of income ov ...	2006	16606736
effect of dietary crude protein concentration on ruminal nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows.	ten lactating holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas that were part of a larger feeding trial were blocked by days in milk into 2 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 incomplete 5 x 5 latin squares. diets contained [dry matter (dm) basis] 25% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. rolled high-moisture shelled corn was replaced with solvent-extracted soybean meal to increase crude protein (cp) from 13.5% to 15.0, 16.5, 17.9, and 19.4% of dm. each of the 4 experimental pe ...	2006	16606740
effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows.	forty lactating holstein cows, including 10 with ruminal cannulas, were blocked by days in milk into 8 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 8 incomplete 5 x 5 latin squares to assess the effects of 5 levels of dietary crude protein (cp) on milk production and n use. diets contained 25% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate, on a dry matter (dm) basis. rolled high-moisture shelled corn was replaced with solvent-extracted soybean meal to increase cp from 13.5 to 15.0, 16.5, 17. ...	2006	16606741
sinorhizobium meliloti differentiation during symbiosis with alfalfa: a transcriptomic dissection.	sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium able to induce the formation of nodules on the root of specific legumes, including alfalfa (medicago sativa). bacteria colonize nodules through infection threads, invade the plant intracellularly, and ultimately differentiate into bacteroids capable of reducing atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which is directly assimilated by the plant. as a first step to describe global changes in gene expression of s. meliloti during the symbiotic process, we used who ...	2006	16610739
wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay levels in dry-rolled corn finishing diets: effects on finishing performance and feedlot nitrogen mass balance.	one-hundred ninety-two crossbred steers (initial bw = 351 +/- 11 kg) were used to determine the effects of removing alfalfa hay (ah) from dry-rolled corn-based diets containing wet corn gluten feed (wcgf) on animal performance and nutrient (n and om) mass balance in open feedlot pens. steers were stratified by weight and assigned randomly to 24 pens (2 x 3 factorial) and fed for 132 d from june to october 2002. experimental diets contained either 0 or 35% wcgf and 0, 3.75, or 7.5% ah, and were f ...	2006	16612023
ghrelin enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in scheduled meal-fed sheep.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physiologic levels of ghrelin on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal) in scheduled fed-sheep, using the hyperglycemic clamp and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp respectively. twelve castrated suffolk rams (69.8 +/- 0.6 kg) were conditioned to be fed alfalfa hay cubes (2% of body weight) once a day. three hours after the feeding, synthetic ovine ghrelin was intravenously administered to the animals at a rate of 0 ...	2006	16614382
antimicrobial activity of saponins from medicago sp.: structure-activity relationship.	the antimicrobial activity of saponins from medicago sativa, m. arborea and m. arabica against a selection of medically important yeasts, gram-positive and -negative bacteria was investigated. structure-activity growth inhibitory effects of related prosapogenins and sapogenins are also described. increasing antibiotic activity was observed going from the saponin extracts to the sapogenin samples, suggesting that the sugar moiety is not important for the antimicrobial efficacy. activity was espec ...	2006	16619355
the effect of predators and hymenopterous parasites on population fluctuations of alfalfa aphids.	among alfalfa pests in iran three aphid species, green alfalfa aphid acyrthosiphon pisum harris spotted alfalfa aphid therioaphis trifolii forma maculata buckton and blue alfalfa aphid, acyrthosiphon kondoi shinji are important pests. the green alfalfa aphid can be observed all along the growing season particularly from late may to mid june at karaj climate conditions. during this period, the mean monthly maximum temperature and relative humidity were about 28 degrees c and 60-65% respectively. ...	2005	16628912
inhibition of salmonella enterica by plant-associated pseudomonads in vitro and on sprouting alfalfa seed.	foodborne illness due to the consumption of contaminated raw or lightly cooked sprouts is a continuing food safety concern. in this study, we tested several plant-associated pseudomonads for their ability to inhibit the growth of salmonella enterica both in vitro and in situ. an agar spot bioassay method was used with three different media. only pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 produced clear zones of inhibition when tested against five serovars of s. enterica, and activity was dependent on media ty ...	2006	16629011
investigations of rhizobium biofilm formation.	the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis, especially the early stages of root hair deformation and curling, infection thread formation, and nodule initiation, has been well studied from a genetic standpoint. in contrast, the factors important for the colonization of surfaces by rhizobia, including roots-an important prerequisite for nodule formation-have not been as thoroughly investigated. we developed conditions for analyzing the ability of two fast-growing ...	2006	16629750
crop protection by seed coating.	providence of sufficient and healthy food for increasing human population clears the importance of notice to increasing crop production in company with environmental loss reduction. growth and yield of every plant with sexual reproduction, depends on germination & emergence of sown seeds. seed is a small alive plant that its biological function is protection and nutrition of embryo. biological, chemical and physiological characteristics of seed, affect on plant performance & its resistance to un ...	2005	16637182
detection of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) in pea field in iran.	during the spring and summer, in 2003-2004, pea viruses were identified in twenty pea fields of tehran. some leaf samples were collected randomly from pea fields of tehran. samples were tested by double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) technique using polyclonal antiserum of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv), as-0001, dsmz, braunschweig, germany). the samples were extracted in 0.1 m phosphate buffer ph 7 to 7.5 and inoculated on chenopodium amaranticolor, chenopodium quin ...	2005	16637206
effects of phytoestrogens on testosterone secretion by leydig cells from biłgoraj ganders (anser anser).	the aim of this study was to examine ganders at different stages of the reproductive season and the effect of: (1) diets with high phytoestrogen content and (2) in vitro phytoestrogen treatment on testosterone secretion by isolated leydig cells. thirty-six male biłgoraj geese were fed control diets with low phytoestrogen content (containing grass meal) and diets with high phytoestrogens (containing alfalfa meal and soy). testes were obtained from both groups of ganders at three different times o ...	2006	16641036
measurements of the engagement of cyanide-resistant respiration in the crassulacean acid metabolism plant kalanchoë daigremontiana with the use of on-line oxygen isotope discrimination.	discrimination against (18)o during dark respiration in tissues of kalanchoë daigremontiana, medicago sativa, and glycine max was measured using an on-line system that enabled direct measurements of the oxygen fractionation of samples in a gas-phase leaf disk electrode unit. discrimination factors for cytochrome pathway respiration were 18.6 to 19.8%(o) for all tissues. however, discrimination in cyanide-resistant respiration was significantly higher in green tissues (30.4-31.2%(o)) compared wit ...	1992	16653089
enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in rhizobia and nodules of legumes.	the relatively high level of fatty acids in soybean nodules and rhizobia from soybean nodules suggested that the glyoxylate cycle might have a role in nodule metabolism. several species of rhizobia in pure culture were found to have malate synthetase activity when grown on a number of different carbon sources. significant isocitrate lyase activity was induced when oleate, which presumably may act as an acetyl coa precursor, was utilized as the principle carbon source. malate synthetase was activ ...	1966	16656404
assay of substances stimulatory to legume nodule formation.	two methods were developed for the assay of substances stimulatory to the nodulation of bean (phaseolus vulgaris) roots growing from segments of hypocotyl tissue. coconut water was the chief source of active material, but extracts of cotyledons, hypocotyls and leaves of beans and of horse chestnut fruits were also stimulatory. high concentrations of nitrate improved nodulation both in the presence and absence of coconut water. the ash of coconut water was inactive. whole alfalfa seedlings formed ...	1967	16656537
activation of polyphenol oxidase of chloroplasts.	polyphenol oxidase of leaves is located mainly in chloroplasts isolated by differential or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. this activity is part of the lamellar structure that is not lost on repeated washing of the plastids. the oxidase activity was stable during prolonged storage of the particles at 4 c or -18 c. the km (dihydroxyphenylalanine) for spinach leaf polyphenol oxidase was 7 mm by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 mm by the manometric assay. polyphenol oxidase activity in the ...	1973	16658308