Publications

bacteriology of acute rhinosinusitis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors: a result of maxillary sinus punctures.	rhinosinusitis is a common complication in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) who receive radiotherapy. an impaired mucociliary clearance due to this treatment may be the major cause of rhinosinusitis in these irradiated patients. the relative frequency with which various pathogens cause rhinosinusitis in these patients is unknown. this study investigates the bacteriology of acute rhinosinusitis in irradiated npc patients by maxillary sinus puncture. from october 2001 through july 2006 ...	2007	17516077
multiple consecutive lavage samplings reveal greater burden of disease and provide direct access to the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae biofilm in experimental otitis media.	the typically recovered quantity of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) bacteria in an ex vivo middle ear (me) aspirate from the chinchilla model of experimental otitis media is insufficient for direct analysis of gene expression by microarray or of lipopolysaccharide glycoforms by mass spectrometry. this prompted us to investigate a strategy of multiple consecutive lavage samplings to increase ex vivo bacterial recovery. as multiple consecutive lavage samples significantly increased the t ...	2007	17517860
opa proteins of pathogenic neisseriae initiate src kinase-dependent or lipid raft-mediated uptake via distinct human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule isoforms.	several pathogenic bacteria exploit human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) for adhesion to and invasion into their host cells. ceacam isoforms have characteristic expression patterns on epithelial, endothelial, or hematopoietic cells, providing bacteria with distinct sets of receptors on particular tissues. for example, while ceacam1 and ceacam6 have a wide tissue distribution, ceacam3, ceacam4, and ceacam8 are uniquely expressed on primary human granulocytes, w ...	2007	17517873
moraxella catarrhalis induces erk- and nf-kappab-dependent cox-2 and prostaglandin e2 in lung epithelium.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. cyclooxygenase (cox)-derived prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)), are considered to be important regulators of lung function. the present authors tested the hypothesis that m. catarrhalis induces cox-2-dependent pge(2) production in pulmonary epithelial cells. in the present study, the authors demonstrate that m. catarrhalis specifically induces cox-2 expression and subsequent ...	2007	17537778
10-minute consultation: sinusitis.		2007	17540947
managing community-acquired pneumonia: a european perspective.	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common disease and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. it puts an enormous burden on medical and economic resources, particularly if hospitalization is required. initial antibacterial therapy for cap is usually empirical, as culture and antibacterial sensitivity test results are rarely available at initial diagnosis. any agent selected for empirical therapy should have good activity against the pathogens commonly associated with cap, a f ...	2007	17548187
in vitro activity of ceftaroline (ppi-0903m, t-91825) against bacteria with defined resistance mechanisms and phenotypes.	ceftaroline (ppi-0903m, t-91825) is a novel cephalosporin, administered as an n-phosphono prodrug. we investigated its in vitro activity and resistance selection potential.	2007	17548456
acute rhinosinusitis in adults: an update on current management.	acute rhinosinusitis is a common disease with worldwide prevalence. it is a significant burden on the health services. it is most commonly caused by viruses and is self-limiting in nature. the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis is clinical and sinus radiography is not indicated routinely. most cases of acute rhinosinusitis are treated symptomatically. however, symptoms may persist beyond 10 days when secondary bacterial infection prevails. antibiotics are reserved for moderate or severe cases or ...	2007	17551072
streptococcus viridans has a leading role in rhinosinusitis complications.	we sought to determine whether the bacteria in complicated rhinosinusitis were the typical acute rhinosinusitis triad of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. we also compared the difference in yield between infection sites and blood cultures.	2007	17561768
identification of gene products involved in biofilm production by moraxella catarrhalis etsu-9 in vitro.	moraxella catarrhalis etsu-9 was subjected to random transposon insertion mutagenesis to identify genes encoding products involved in the ability of the organism to form biofilms in vitro. screening of approximately 3,000 transposon insertion mutants in the crystal violet-based biofilm assay system yielded six mutants that exhibited greatly reduced abilities to form biofilms. three of these mutants had transposon insertions in the uspa2h gene, which encodes a surface protein previously shown to ...	2007	17562762
recognition, clinical diagnosis and management of patients with primary antibody deficiencies: a systematic review.	the primary purpose of this systematic review was to produce an evidence-based review of the literature as a means of informing current clinical practice in the recognition, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected primary antibody deficiency. randomized controlled trials (rcts) were identified from a search of medline, embase, the cochrane library, dare (crd website) and cinahl by combining the search strategies with the cochrane collaboration's validated rct filter. in addition, oth ...	2007	17565605
virulence phenotypes of low-passage clinical isolates of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae assessed using the chinchilla laniger model of otitis media.	the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are associated with a spectrum of respiratory mucosal infections including: acute otitis media (aom); chronic otitis media with effusion (come); otorrhea; locally invasive diseases such as mastoiditis; as well as a range of systemic disease states, suggesting a wide range of virulence phenotypes. genomic studies have demonstrated that each clinical strain contains a unique genic distribution from a population-based supragenome, the distributed genome ...	2007	17570853
mixing of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples to identify potential respiratory pathogens in adults.	a mixed culture of oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs and nasopharyngeal washings, taken from 400 patients, was compared to separate cultures of the same samples. the mixed culture identified streptococcus pneumoniae in 37 of 40 (93%) patients with positive samples, hemophilus influenzae in 28 of 29 (97%), and moraxella catarrhalis in 94 of 94 (100%). these sensitivity rates clearly justify the use of mixed cultures instead of separate cultures for clinical and epidemiological purposes. t ...	2007	17578609
bronchopulmonary infection due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis at qatif central hospital.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is now recognized as an important cause of respiratory tract infections. over a two year period, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis was isolated in pure culture from 3.4% of the sputums collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections. it was the third most important pathogen isolated after haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae; 77% of the patients had an underlying chronic pulmonary condition. prevalence, antibiotic s ...	1992	17587050
bronchopulmonary infection due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis at qatif central hospital.		1993	17589100
reply: bronchopulmonary infection due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis at qatif central hospital.		1993	17589103
in vivo efficacy of ceftaroline (ppi-0903), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, compared with linezolid and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit endocarditis model.	using the rabbit endocarditis model, we compared the activity of a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftaroline, with those of linezolid and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. after a 4-day treatment, ceftaroline exhibited superior bactericidal in vivo activity against resistant s. aureus strains and appeared to be the most effective drug against a heterogeneous glycopeptide-intermediate s. aureus strain.	2007	17591849
in vivo efficacy of a novel oxazolidinone compound in two mouse models of infection.	a novel oxazolidinone, am 7359, was evaluated in two mouse models of staphylococcus aureus infection. am 7359 and linezolid were equally efficacious in a methicillin-susceptible s. aureus organ burden model and a methicillin-resistant s. aureus localized infection model. however, am 7359 was eightfold more efficacious than linezolid against a linezolid- and methicillin-resistant s. aureus strain in this localized (thigh) infection model.	2007	17606686
innate immune control of pulmonary dendritic cell trafficking.	dendritic cells (dc) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. residing within the airway mucosa, pulmonary dc continually sample the antigenic content of inhaled air and migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they present these antigens to naive t cells. the migratory patterns of pulmonary dc are highly dependent upon inflammatory conditions in the lung. under steady-state, or non-inflammatory, conditions, pulmonary dc undergo slow but cons ...	2007	17607005
evaluation of susceptibility patterns and bro beta-lactamase types among clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis.	the aims of this study were to detect bro beta-lactamase types and to evaluate any correlation with the susceptibility patterns of 90 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis. the overall prevalences of the bro-1 and bro-2 genes were 78% and 12%, respectively. penicillin g mics for bro-1+ isolates were significantly higher than those for bro-2+ isolates. all the isolates were susceptible to amoxycillin-clavulanate, levofloxacin and cefixime. resistance to clarithromycin, tetracycline and trime ...	2007	17608812
regions important for the adhesin activity of moraxella catarrhalis hag.	the moraxella catarrhalis hag protein, an oca autotransporter adhesin, has previously been shown to be important for adherence of this respiratory tract pathogen to human middle ear and a549 lung cells.	2007	17608944
[antibacterial activity of tosufloxacin against major organisms detected from patients with respiratory infections].	we determined the susceptibility of bacteria which were isolated from the patients with respiratory infections between january and october 2005, to tosufloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. a total of 900 isolate including 300 streptococcus pneumoniae, 100 streptococcus pyogenes, 100 moraxella catarrhalis, 200 haemophilus influenzae, 100 klebsiella pneumoniae and 100 pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. tosufloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and prulifloxacin were us ...	2007	17612257
metabolic analysis of moraxella catarrhalis and the effect of selected in vitro growth conditions on global gene expression.	the nucleotide sequence from the genome of moraxella catarrhalis atcc 43617 was annotated and used both to assess the metabolic capabilities and limitations of this bacterium and to design probes for a dna microarray. an absence of gene products for utilization of exogenous carbohydrates was noteworthy and could be correlated with published phenotypic data. gene products necessary for aerobic energy generation were present, as were a few gene products generally ascribed to anaerobic systems. enz ...	2007	17620351
concentrations in plasma, epithelial lining fluid, alveolar macrophages and bronchial mucosa after a single intravenous dose of 1.6 mg/kg of iclaprim (ar-100) in healthy men.	a validated microbiological assay was used to measure concentrations of iclaprim (ar-100) in plasma, bronchial mucosa (bm), alveolar macrophages (am) and epithelial lining fluid (elf) after a single 1.6 mg/kg intravenous 60 min iv infusion of iclaprim.	2007	17623694
molecular architecture of desi: a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of desosamine.	desosamine is a 3-(dimethylamino)-3,4,6-trideoxyhexose found, for example, in such macrolide antibiotics as erthyromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. the efficacies of these macrolide antibiotics are markedly reduced in the absence of desosamine. in the bacterium streptomyces venezuelae, six enzymes are required for the production of dtdp-desosamine. the focus of this x-ray crystallographic analysis is the third enzyme in the pathway, a plp-dependent aminotransferase referred to as desi. t ...	2007	17630700
the autotransporter esterase esta of pseudomonas aeruginosa is required for rhamnolipid production, cell motility, and biofilm formation.	pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 produces the biodetergent rhamnolipid and secretes it into the extracellular environment. the role of rhamnolipids in the life cycle and pathogenicity of p. aeruginosa has not been completely understood, but they are known to affect outer membrane composition, cell motility, and biofilm formation. this report is focused on the influence of the outer membrane-bound esterase esta of p. aeruginosa pao1 on rhamnolipid production. esta is an autotransporter protein which e ...	2007	17631636
the binax now test as a tool for diagnosis of severe acute otitis media and associated complications.	the diagnosis of acute otitis media (aom) is often difficult, depending heavily on the experience and skills of the examiner. however, it is important to identify episodes of aom that involve the risk of complications and to treat these episodes appropriately. the present study was performed in order to evaluate the use of a rapid antigen assay for streptococcus pneumoniae, the binax now test, as a diagnostic tool in patients with severe aom and associated complications. the study included 70 pa ...	2007	17634299
overcoming penicillin failures in the treatment of group a streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis.	the causes of penicillin failure in eradicating group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis (gabhs pt) are described. these include the presence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria that "protect" group a beta-hemolytic streptococci (gabhs) from penicillins; the absence of bacteria that interfere with the growth of gabhs; co-aggregation between gabhs and moraxella catarrhalis; and the poor penetration of penicillin into the tonsillar tissues and the tonsillo-pharyngeal cells. the u ...	2007	17644191
comparison of hand-held test kits, immunofluorescence microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometric analysis for rapid presumptive identification of yersinia pestis.	an in-house immunochromatographic test, plague biothreat alert test strips, abicap columns, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy were compared for the detection of the fraction 1 capsular antigen of yersinia pestis, using spiked buffer and clinical specimens. hand-held test kits proved to be excellent benchtop tools.	2007	17652472
effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study.	to assess the effect of community prescribing of an antibiotic for acute respiratory infection on the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in an individual child.	2007	17656505
passively released heme from hemoglobin and myoglobin is a potential source of nutrient iron for bordetella bronchiseptica.	colonization by bordetella bronchiseptica results in a variety of inflammatory respiratory infections, including canine kennel cough, porcine atrophic rhinitis, and a whooping cough-like disease in humans. for successful colonization, b. bronchiseptica must acquire iron (fe) from the infected host. a vast amount of fe within the host is sequestered within heme, a metalloporphyrin which is coordinately bound in hemoglobin and myoglobin. utilization of hemoglobin and myoglobin as sources of nutrie ...	2007	17664260
haemophilus influenzae phasevarions have evolved from type iii dna restriction systems into epigenetic regulators of gene expression.	phase variably expressed (randomly switching) methyltransferases associated with type iii restriction-modification (r-m) systems have been identified in a variety of pathogenic bacteria. we have previously shown that a phase variable methyltransferase (mod) associated with a type iii r-m system in haemophilus influenzae strain rd coordinates the random switching of expression of multiple genes, and constitutes a phase variable regulon--'phasevarion'. we have now identified the recognition site f ...	2007	17675301
phase 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections.	ceftaroline, the bioactive metabolite of ceftaroline fosamil (previously ppi-0903, tak-599), is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with potent in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive aerobic pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. a randomized, observer-blinded study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treating complicated skin and skin structure infections (csssi) was performed. adults with csssi, including at l ...	2007	17682094
moraxella catarrhalis associated with acute urethritis imitating gonorrhoea acquired by oral-genital contact.	a case of heterosexual transmission of moraxella catarrhalis by fellatio, which resulted in acute purulent urethritis mimicking gonorrhoea in the male partner, is described. in male patients with urethritis due to m. catarrhalis, orogenital contact with a sexual partner carrying the organism in his/her oropharynx is the probable route of transmission.	2007	17686227
trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in portugal.	antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91.7% and 63.6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. the use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001-2004 (p=0.04 and p<0.0 ...	2008	17697443
trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in portugal.	antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91.7% and 63.6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. the use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001-2004 (p=0.04 and p<0.0 ...	2008	17697443
prediction of upper respiratory tract bacteria in acute otitis media.	thorough otomicroscopical examination of the tympanic membrane in acute otitis media (aom) might distinguish aom episodes caused by different bacteria. it thus might be a way to select appropriate treatment for each patient without raising the number of dangerous complications.	2007	17712670
study of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. variations in nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in schoolchildren and adults when administered antimicrobial agents.	changes in nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection on administration of antimicrobial agents were investigated, and how these changes contrasted with those in children. many patients with acute sinusitis due to allergies, and patients with malignancy and diabetes mellitus were included in the investigation. the detection rates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis, the major bacteria of acute otitis media (aom ...	2007	17721687
single-dose azithromycin microsphere formulation: a novel delivery system for antibiotics.	azithromycin extended release (zmax, pfizer inc) is a novel single-dose administration formulation of azithromycin which won fda approval in june 2005 and is currently approved for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial sinusitis. azitromycin is incorporated into sustained-release microspheres which release the drug slowly through 200 microm pores. because of this sustained release mechanism, most of the drug is released into the lower gastrointestinal tract, reducing ...	2007	17722506
aetiology and prediction of pneumonia in lower respiratory tract infection in primary care.	knowledge of predominant pathogens and their association with outcome are of importance for the management of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). as antibiotic therapy is indicated in pneumonia and not in acute bronchitis, a predictor of pneumonia is needed.	2007	17727747
performance of a pneumolysin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of pneumococcal infections.	a pneumolysin-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ply-elisa) for the detection of pneumolysin in urine was developed and evaluated in comparison with the commercially available binax now streptococcus pneumoniae test (binax, portland, me) for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infections. assay sensitivity was evaluated using urine from 108 patients with culture-confirmed pneumococcal infections. in adults, the sensitivity and specificity of the ply-elisa were 56.6% and 92.2%, respectively. i ...	2007	17728474
[acute otitis media: diagnosis and treatment].	acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common causes of medical visit and antimicrobial use in children. a rationale management approach requires a thorough clinical exam and updated knowledge on local patterns of microorganisms involved and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. clinical diagnosis should be performed with pneumatic otoscopy. the most common microorganism causing aom in santiago, chile according to local studies are streptococcus pneumoniae (40%o), non-capsulated haemophilu ...	2007	17728917
middle ear pressure in preschool age children: influence of respiratory illness, season, and picornavirus or bacteria in the nasopharynx.	middle ear pressure was affected by respiratory illness and season; picornavirus (without illness) or pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx had no or minor effect.	2007	17729179
a reservoir of moraxella catarrhalis in human pharyngeal lymphoid tissue.	early exposure of infants and long-term immunity suggest that colonization with moraxella catarrhalis is more frequent than is determined by routine culture. we characterized a reservoir of m. catarrhalis in pharyngeal lymphoid tissue.	2007	17763332
ifn-gamma amplifies nfkappab-dependent neisseria meningitidis invasion of epithelial cells via specific upregulation of cea-related cell adhesion molecule 1.	temporal relationship between viral and bacterial infections has been observed, and may arise via the action of virus-induced inflammatory cytokines. these, by upregulating epithelial receptors targeted by bacteria, may encourage greater bacterial infiltration. in this study, human epithelial cells exposed to interferon-gamma but not tumour necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin 1-beta supported increased meningococcal adhesion and invasion. the increase was related to opa but not opc or pili adhe ...	2007	17764466
paranasal sinuses and middle ear infections: what do they have in common?	otitis media and sinusitis are among the most common pediatric diseases and they share common features. although the anatomy, physiology and disease processes are not identical, knowledge of the pathophysiology of middle ear disorders often provides to the pediatrician a useful understanding of sinus diseases. the same risk factors identified for otitis media may play a pivotal role in the development of sinusitis. moreover, as both paranasal sinuses and middle ear acquire respiratory pathogens ...	2007	17767605
activity of moxifloxacin on biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	the aim of this study was to assess whether moxifloxacin is able to inhibit the synthesis of and to disrupt biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. three strains each of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli recently isolated from clinical respiratory specimens and capable of slime production were used. biofilm formation on polystyrene plates wa ...	2007	17768034
a comparison of molecular typing methods for moraxella catarrhalis.	three molecular typing techniques were examined to determine which method was the most discriminatory in order to perform epidemiological typing of moraxella catarrhalis.	2007	17850316
antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates indicating possible nosocomial transmission routes in a community hospital in japan.	a clinical study was designed to study streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from a community hospital in japan from april 2001 to november 2002. a total of 73 isolates were defined as derived from inpatient, outpatient, and hospital staff groups. the mic results showed that 20 strains (27.4%) were susceptible to penicillin g, 39 strains (53.4%) had intermediate resistance, and 14 strains (19.2%) had full resistance. low susceptibility to macrolides was also detected: 32.9%, 32.9%, and 34. ...	2007	17855576
enterococcal colonization of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit: associated predictors, risk factors and seasonal patterns.	during and shortly after birth, newborn infants are colonized with enterococci. this study analyzes predictors for early enterococcal colonization of infants in a neonatal intensive care unit and describes risk factors associated with multidrugresistant enterococci colonization and its seasonal patterns.	2007	17868474
microbiological aspects of bacterial lower respiratory tract illness in children: typical pathogens.	whilst childhood immunization programmes have had an impact on the spectrum of pneumonic diseases seen in children, bacteria remain an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), particularly in younger and debilitated children. because of the difficulty in obtaining lower respiratory tract specimens in children, specific diagnosis has often been difficult, although advances in diagnostic techniques have provided a much greater range of tools for the clinician. the challenge is ...	2007	17868918
acanthamoeba-campylobacter coculture as a novel method for enrichment of campylobacter species.	in this study, we present a novel method to isolate and enrich low concentrations of campylobacter pathogens. this method, acanthamoeba-campylobacter coculture (acc), is based on the intracellular survival and multiplication of campylobacter species in the free-living protozoan acanthamoeba polyphaga. four of the campylobacter species relevant to humans and livestock, campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. lari, and c. hyointestinalis, were effectively enriched by the coculture method, with growth ra ...	2007	17873069
[bacterial flora in children with recurrent acute otitis media].	the aim of the study was to identify microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities of pathogens from middle ear in children with recurrent acute otitis media and acute otitis media. the study comprised 83 children--42 with recurrent acute otitis media and 41 with acute otitis emdia classified for paracentesis. agar, chocolate, blood and chapman plates were inoculated for isolation of bacteria. the plates were incubated at 37 degrees c and examined at 24 hours. the susceptibility of bacteria ...	2005	17877118
canadian thoracic society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2007 update.	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major respiratory illness in canada that is both preventable and treatable. our understanding of the pathophysiology of this complex condition continues to grow and our ability to offer effective treatment to those who suffer from it has improved considerably. the purpose of the present educational initiative of the canadian thoracic society (cts) is to provide up to date information on new developments in the field so that patients with this con ...	2007	17885691
a case-control study on risk factors for early-onset respiratory tract infection in patients admitted in icu.	respiratory tract infections are common in intensive care units (icu), with incidences reported from 10 to 65%, and case fatality rates over 20% in pneumonia. this study was designed to identify risk factors for the development of an early onset respiratory tract infection (eri) and to review the microbiological profile and the effectiveness of first intention antibiotic therapy.	2007	17888157
role of different moieties from the lipooligosaccharide molecule in biological activities of the moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane.	lipooligosaccharide (los), a major component of the outer membrane of moraxella catarrhalis, consists of two major moieties: a lipid a and a core oligosaccharide (os). the core os can be dissected into a linker and three os chains. to gain an insight into the biological activities of the los molecules of m. catarrhalis, we used a random transposon mutagenesis approach with an los specific monoclonal antibody to construct a serotype a o35elgt3 los mutant. maldi-tof-ms of de-o-acylated los from th ...	2007	17892485
the rise and spread of a new pathogen: seroresistant moraxella catarrhalis.	the nosocomial human pathogen moraxella catarrhalis is one the most important agents of human respiratory tract infections. this species is composed of two distinct lineages, one of only moderate virulence, the so-called serosensitive subpopulation, and a second, the seroresistant one, which is enriched among strains that harbor two major virulence traits: complement resistance and adherence to epithelial cells. using a suite of population genetics tools, we show that the seroresistant lineage i ...	2007	17895425
identification of upper respiratory tract pathogens using electrochemical detection on an oligonucleotide microarray.	bacterial and viral upper respiratory infections (uri) produce highly variable clinical symptoms that cannot be used to identify the etiologic agent. proper treatment, however, depends on correct identification of the pathogen involved as antibiotics provide little or no benefit with viral infections. here we describe a rapid and sensitive genotyping assay and microarray for uri identification using standard amplification and hybridization techniques, with electrochemical detection (ecd) on a se ...	2007	17895966
the dynamics of bacteria in the middle ear during the course of acute otitis media with tympanostomy tube otorrhea.	dynamics of bacteria during acute otitis media (aom) has not been thoroughly studied because it requires repeated tympanocentesis. aom with tympanostomy tube otorrhea provides a unique opportunity to study the appearance and disappearance of pathogens during the course of the disease without stressing the child.	2007	17901793
biomimetic total synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of anachelin h.	the first biomimetic total synthesis of the iron chelator anachelin h isolated from the cyanobacterium anabaena cylindrica is reported. a first generation approach delivered one enantiomeric series of the polyketide fragment. comparison of the 1h nmr data suggested the relative configuration of this anachelin fragment. the relative and absolute configuration of anachelin h was then established by total synthesis. a second generation approach involved the enzymatic conversion of n,n-dimethyltyram ...	2007	17902695
contribution of moraxella catarrhalis type iv pili to nasopharyngeal colonization and biofilm formation.	moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative mucosal pathogen of the human respiratory tract. although little information is available regarding the initial steps of m. catarrhalis pathogenesis, this organism must be able to colonize the human mucosal surface in order to initiate an infection. type iv pili (tfp), filamentous surface appendages primarily comprised of a single protein subunit termed pilin, play a crucial role in the initiation of disease by a wide range of bacteria. we previously iden ...	2007	17908808
national and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 u.s. faropenem surveillance study.	surveillance studies conducted in the united states over the last decade have revealed increasing resistance among community-acquired respiratory pathogens, especially streptococcus pneumoniae, that may limit future options for empirical therapy. the objective of this study was to assess the scope and magnitude of the problem at the national and regional levels during the 2005-2006 respiratory season (the season when community-acquired respiratory pathogens are prevalent) in the united states. a ...	2007	17908940
oral garenoxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis: a phase ii, multicenter, noncomparative, open-label study in adult patients undergoing sinus aspiration.	garenoxacin is a des-f(6)-quinolone with in vitro activity against key respiratory pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and moraxella catarrhalis. limited data are available regarding the effect of garenoxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis.	2007	17919545
a conserved glycine residue of trimeric autotransporter domains plays a key role in yersinia adhesin a autotransport.	the yersinia adhesin a (yada) is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin of enteric yersiniae. it consists of three major domains: a head mediating adherence to host cells, a stalk involved in serum resistance, and an anchor that forms a membrane pore and is responsible for the autotransport function. the anchor contains a glycine residue, nearly invariant throughout trimeric autotransporter adhesins, that faces the pore lumen. to address the role of this glycine, we replaced it with polar amino acid ...	2007	17921300
role of albumin coating of tympanostomy tubes: long-term clinical evaluation.	our previous work has shown that albumin coating of tympanostomy tubes prevented adhesion of proteins or bacteria on the tube surface in vitro and in a 9-month prospective follow-up study. this study was continued until all tubes were extruded.	2007	17921900
childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates.	pathological features of the airway in young children with severe recurrent wheeze suggest an association between bacterial colonization and the initiating events of early asthma. we conducted a study to investigate a possible association between bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates and later development of recurrent wheeze, asthma, and allergy during the first 5 years of life.	2007	17928596
in vitro activity of dc-159a, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, compared with that of other agents against drug-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci.	dc-159a yielded mics of <or=1 mug/ml against 316 strains of both quinolone-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci (resistance was defined as a levofloxacin mic >or=4 microg/ml). although the mics for dc-159a against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci were a few dilutions higher than those of gemifloxacin, the mics of these two compounds against 28 quinolone-resistant pneumococci were identical. the dc-159a mics against quinolone-resistant strains did not appear to depend on the number or the type ...	2008	17938189
in vitro activity of dc-159a, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, compared with that of other agents against drug-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci.	dc-159a yielded mics of <or=1 mug/ml against 316 strains of both quinolone-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci (resistance was defined as a levofloxacin mic >or=4 microg/ml). although the mics for dc-159a against quinolone-susceptible pneumococci were a few dilutions higher than those of gemifloxacin, the mics of these two compounds against 28 quinolone-resistant pneumococci were identical. the dc-159a mics against quinolone-resistant strains did not appear to depend on the number or the type ...	2008	17938189
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dc-159a, a new fluoroquinolone.	dc-159a is a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone that possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, with extended activity against gram-positive pathogens, especially streptococci and staphylococci from patients with community-acquired infections. dc-159a showed activity against streptococcus spp. (mic(90), 0.12 microg/ml) and inhibited the growth of 90% of levofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant strains at 1 microg/ml. the mic 90s of dc-159a against staphylococcus spp. were 0.5 microg/ml or ...	2008	17938194
a carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 homologue plays a pivotal role in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae colonization of the chinchilla nasopharynx via the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin.	in vitro studies suggest an important role for ceacam1 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) in infection by multiple gram-negative bacteria. however, in vivo evidence supporting this role is lacking, largely because the bacterial adhesins involved in this host-microbe association do not bind to murine-derived ceacam1. one of several adhesins expressed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin (or p5), is essential for co ...	2008	17938212
a carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 homologue plays a pivotal role in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae colonization of the chinchilla nasopharynx via the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin.	in vitro studies suggest an important role for ceacam1 (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1) in infection by multiple gram-negative bacteria. however, in vivo evidence supporting this role is lacking, largely because the bacterial adhesins involved in this host-microbe association do not bind to murine-derived ceacam1. one of several adhesins expressed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), the outer membrane protein p5-homologous adhesin (or p5), is essential for co ...	2008	17938212
species-specific evolution of immune receptor tyrosine based activation motif-containing ceacam1-related immune receptors in the dog.	although the impact of pathogens on the evolution of the mammalian immune system is still under debate, proteins, which both regulate immune responses and serve as cellular receptors for pathogens should be at the forefront of pathogen-driven host evolution. the cea (carcinoembryonic antigen) gene family codes for such proteins and indeed shows tremendous species-specific variation between human and rodents. since little is known about the cea gene family in other lineages of placental mammals, ...	2007	17945019
global and local variations in antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance development in the major respiratory pathogens.	acute respiratory tract infections, such as bacterial pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, have been identified by the world health organisation as the leading global infectious cause of death. an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has been identified worldwide in the three major bacterial respiratory pathogens -streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae. the selection and spread of resistance is to some degree inevitable and the im ...	2007	17945468
antibiotics for respiratory tract infections in primary care.		2007	17947743
postoperative pneumonia after major pulmonary resections: an unsolved problem in thoracic surgery.	antibiotics currently recommended for prophylaxis in thoracic surgery are first-generation and second-generation cephalosporins. despite this prophylaxis, postoperative pneumonia after major pulmonary resections remains frequent and severe. however, in the medical literature, the origin of these infections is poorly documented.	2007	17954082
staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis.	acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a common health problem in the united states. appropriate recommendations for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis are based on the prevalence and expected antimicrobial susceptibilities of specific pathogens.	2007	17968816
the clinical development and launch of amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of a range of community-acquired infections.	by the 1960s and 1970s, problems in the antibacterial treatment of infections had begun to emerge. previously active antibacterials were being compromised by the development of resistance. beta-lactamase production was identified in isolates of staphylococci, and, amongst others, in escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the discovery of the potent beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid, and its protective effect on amoxicillin, a semi-synthetic ...	2007	17997283
interventions for prevention of otitis media may be most effective if implemented in the first weeks of life.	for indigenous australian children living in remote communities, onset of otitis media commences within weeks of birth and is associated with early nasopharyngeal colonisation with multiple respiratory bacterial pathogens: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. the high prevalence of eardrum perforation and the failure of standard therapies to cure or prevent om in this population require urgent attention. the objective of this study was to measure the chang ...	2008	18006084
[efficacy and safety of potassium clavulanate/amoxicillin (clavamox) dry syrup in children with otitis media].	to evaluate the efficacy and safety of clavamox dry syrup (potassium clavulanate/amoxicillin) in children with otitis media, we conducted a postmarketing surveillance from february to september 2006. the analysis was made on the basis of 470 survey sheets collected from 127 medical institutions, of which we investigated 455 cases for safety, and 433 cases for efficacy. the efficacy was 95.2% in the 433 subjects eligible for the efficacy analysis. the clinical improvement rates for major symptoms ...	2007	18018419
increasing penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from guatemalan children, 2001--2006.	we aimed to determine nasopharyngeal colonization rates and antibiotic resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from guatemalan children, and to determine risk factors for colonization and antibiotic nonsusceptibility.	2008	18035570
increasing penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from guatemalan children, 2001--2006.	we aimed to determine nasopharyngeal colonization rates and antibiotic resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from guatemalan children, and to determine risk factors for colonization and antibiotic nonsusceptibility.	2008	18035570
prulifloxacin: a brief review of its potential in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and their impact on public health is increasing. the new fluoroquinolones have an excellent spectrum providing cover for the most important respiratory pathogens, including atypical and "typical" pathogens. not surprisingly, different guidelines have inserted these agents among the drugs of choice in the empirical therapy of aecb. the pharmacokine ...	2007	18044063
pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	none of the drugs currently available for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are able to reduce the progressive decline in lung function which is the hallmark of this disease. smoking cessation is the only intervention that has proved effective. the current pharmacological treatment of copd is symptomatic and is mainly based on bronchodilators, such as selective beta2-adrenergic agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics, theophylline, or a combination of these drugs. glucocor ...	2006	18044097
a brief review of moxifloxacin in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap).	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) remains a common cause of morbidity and a potentially life-threatening illness throughout the world mainly in elderly patients. initial antibacterial treatment, usually empirical, should be as effective as possible in order to assure rapid clinical resolution and reduce high rates of hospitalization and mortality especially affecting aged patients. new fluoroquinolones with potent activity against the most important respiratory pathogens including streptococcus ...	2007	18044134
newer fluoroquinolones in the treatment of acute exacerbations of copd.	acute exacerbations of copd are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. bacteria are implicated in about half of all cases. the frequency of exacerbations is related to decline in lung function and poorer quality of life. 25% of patients with copd have bacterial colonization of the lower airways in stable state whereas non-smokers without copd have airways that are sterile. the significance of the colonization is unclear, but there is emerging evidence that it may be detrimental. much of the d ...	2006	18046861
moraxella catarrhalis synthesizes an autotransporter that is an acid phosphatase.	moraxella catarrhalis o35e was shown to synthesize a 105-kda protein that has similarity to both acid phosphatases and autotransporters. the n-terminal portion of the m. catarrhalis acid phosphatase a (mapa) was most similar (the blast probability score was 10(-10)) to bacterial class a nonspecific acid phosphatases. the central region of the mapa protein had similarity to passenger domains of other autotransporter proteins, whereas the c-terminal portion of mapa resembled the translocation doma ...	2008	18065547
outer membrane protein uspa1 and lipooligosaccharide are involved in invasion of human epithelial cells by moraxella catarrhalis.	invasion of non-professional phagocytes is a strategy employed by several mucosal pathogens, but has not been investigated in detail for moraxella catarrhalis, a major cause of human respiratory tract infections. we investigated the role of outer membrane protein (omp) uspa1 and lipooligosaccharide (los) in m. catarrhalis invasion into epithelial cells. an isogenic mutant of strain o35e, which lacked expression of the uspa1 adhesin, demonstrated not only severely impaired adherence (86%) to but ...	2008	18069032
microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the gulf corporation council states.	in spite of advances in microbiological and serological investigations over the last two decades, etiological attribution remains difficult in community-acquired pneumonia (cap). even after exhaustive investigation, the etiology of cap remains unknown in up to 50% of patients. common pathogens include streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in addition, several investigators document the importance of atypical pathogens including mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamyd ...	2007	18073166
pathogen-directed therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are important events in the natural history of this chronic lung disorder. these events can be caused by a large number of infectious and noninfectious agents and are associated with an increased local and systemic inflammatory response. their frequency and severity have been linked to progressive deterioration in lung function and health status. infectious pathogens ranging from viral to atypical and typical bacteria have been ...	2007	18073397
acute otitis media.		2007	18077757
a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot hybridization (mpcr/rlb) assay for detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens in children with pneumonia.	to develop and evaluate a novel method for simultaneous identification of 12 potential bacterial pathogens in children with community-acquired pneumonia.	2008	18085683
binding of dr adhesins of escherichia coli to carcinoembryonic antigen triggers receptor dissociation.	carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) are host receptors for the dr family of adhesins of escherichia coli. to define the mechanism for binding of dr adhesins to ceacam receptors, we carried out structural studies on the n-terminal domain of cea and its complex with the dr adhesin. the crystal structure of cea reveals a dimer similar to other dimers formed by receptors with igv-like domains. the structure of the cea/dr adhesin complex is proposed based on nmr s ...	2008	18086185
binding of dr adhesins of escherichia coli to carcinoembryonic antigen triggers receptor dissociation.	carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules (ceacams) are host receptors for the dr family of adhesins of escherichia coli. to define the mechanism for binding of dr adhesins to ceacam receptors, we carried out structural studies on the n-terminal domain of cea and its complex with the dr adhesin. the crystal structure of cea reveals a dimer similar to other dimers formed by receptors with igv-like domains. the structure of the cea/dr adhesin complex is proposed based on nmr s ...	2008	18086185
sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?		2008	18086818
sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?		2008	18086818
diagnosis and treatment of otitis media.	diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media include rapid onset of symptoms, middle ear effusion, and signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacterial isolates from the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. fever, otalgia, headache, irritability, cough, rhinitis, listlessness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and pulling at the ears are common, but nonspecific symptoms. detection o ...	2007	18092706
moraxella-dependent alpha 1-antichymotrypsin neutralization: a unique virulence mechanism.	the acute phase reactant and protease inhibitor alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin is considered to play a protective role in the airways, but whether it interacts with respiratory bacteria is not known. we analyzed whether the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and other bacterial species interact with antichymotrypsin. m. catarrhalis was the only species that bound antichymotrypsin among 25 bacterial species tested by flow cytometry and ...	2008	18096871
summary of canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the canadian infectious disease society and the canadian thoracic society.	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a serious illness with a significant impact on individual patients and society as a whole. over the past several years, there have been significant advances in the knowledge and understanding of the etiology of the disease, and an appreciation of problems such as mixed infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. the development of additional fluoroquinolone agents with enhanced activity against streptococcus pneumoniae has been important as well.it w ...	2000	18159296
explosive pleuritis.	the objective of the present paper is to describe the clinical and computed tomography features of 'explosive pleuritis', an entity first named by braman and donat in 1986, and to propose a case definition. a case report of a previously healthy, 45-year-old man admitted to hospital with acute onset pleuritic chest pain is presented. the patient arrived at the emergency room at 15:00 in mild respiratory distress; the initial chest x-ray revealed a small right lower lobe effusion. the subsequent c ...	2001	18159325
macrolides: a canadian infectious disease society position paper.	since the introduction of erythromycin in 1965, no new compounds from the macrolide antimicrobial class were licensed in canada until the 1990s. clarithromycin and azithromycin, since their introduction, have become important agents for treating a number of common and uncommon infectious diseases. they have become prime agents in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, and have revolutionized the management of both genital chlamydial infections, by the use of single-dose therapy with azit ...	2001	18159344