Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| normal suppressive t cell function of epstein-barr virus induced b cell activation in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. | several studies have demonstrated abnormalities of t cell regulation of epstein-barr virus-induced b cell activation in systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, and systemic sclerosis. however, a normal suppressive peripheral t cell function was observed in graves' disease. to investigate whether this abnormality is a common feature to other autoimmune diseases, we studied t cell regulation of epstein-barr virus induced b cell activation in 15 newly ... | 1990 | 1966582 |
| [oral hairy leukoplakia. early sign of aids]. | oral hairy leukoplakia (ohl) is a new lesion that appears specifically on the lateral borders of the tongue. it has basically been detected in immunosuppressed male homosexuals and it is associated with the later development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or hiv infection. epstein-barr virus has been suggested to be the possible etiological agent. a review of the existing literature pointing out definition, clinical, histopathologic and ultrastructural features, prognostic and ... | 1990 | 1966697 |
| expression of hbv envelope and nucleocapsid proteins in human cells using vaccinia virus vectors. | we have analysed the expression of hbv envelope (large, middle, major) and nucleocapsid (core and precore) proteins in human skin fibroblasts and epstein-barr virus-transformed human b-cell lines infected with recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. the large envelope protein was not secreted and barely detectable in the cytosol, whereas middle s and major s where both water soluble and efficiently secreted in abundant quantities. the precore polypeptide was also secreted whereas the core protein wa ... | 1990 | 1966705 |
| [importance of hairy leukoplakia and aids to the dentist. (review of the literature)]. | aids is currently one of the most important and concerning diseases for dentists, both general and specialized. this review of the literature makes emphasis on the main biological, epidemiological, diagnostic and prognostic aspects of oral hairy leucoplakia which every dental care professionist should know, as well as the importance of those conditions in the evolutionary course of this disease. | 1990 | 1966738 |
| viral etiology of obscure splenomegaly in egyptian children. | fifty seven egyptian children aged 1.5 to 9.5 years with mild splenomegaly (less than 3 cm below the costal margin) were screened for antibodies against the three common viruses of the herpes group: cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr (eb) and herpes type 1 virus. a group of 57 healthy children were studied similarly. all patients were subjected to a comprehensive laboratory and clinical work up to exclude any hematological, metabolic or malignant etiology for the splenomegaly. splenic aspirates ... | 1990 | 1966849 |
| adjuvant formulations and their mode of action. | we have developed an adjuvant formulation (saf) consisting of a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analogue (n-acetylmuramyl-l-threonyl-d-isoglutamine) in a squalane-pluronic polymer emulsion. used with a variety of antigens saf elicits cell-mediated immunity and antibodies of protective isotypes (igg2a in the mouse). saf augments responses to influenza virus haemagglutinin and hepatitis b virus surface antigen. vaccines using saf have protected guinea pigs against genital herpes simplex virus infectio ... | 1990 | 1966859 |
| combination of mutant el-4 thymoma cells and ebv-infection in b lymphocyte activation a) ebv-infection of el-4-activated lymphocytes. b) use of el-4 cells as feeders for lymphoblastoid cell lines. | the combination of mutant el-4 thymoma cells and epstein-barr virus (ebv)-infection in the activation of human b lymphocytes was studied with two approaches: a) limiting numbers of b cells were first activated by el-4 contact in order to expand the b cell population and then infected with ebv. results show that ebv could induce further ig synthesis, although was unable to determine proliferation or to generate immortalized lines from el-4 activated cells. b) el-4 cells were compared to conventio ... | 1990 | 1966941 |
| early events of fusion between epstein barr virus and human lymphoblastoid cells (raji) detected by r18 fluorescence dequenching measurements. | relief of fluorescence self-quenching was used to monitor fusion (14) of epstein barr virus (ebv) with raji cells after exposure of the virus to a variety of experimental conditions such as neutral or low ph, enzymatic modification of the viral spike glycoproteins, or inhibition of the protein kinase c (pkc) activity. incubation of the virus at ph 5.9 prior to the binding to the cell membrane led to a significant enhancement of fusion with the plasma membrane. treatment of raji cells with an age ... | 1990 | 1967072 |
| hairy leukoplakia: diagnosis and significance. | 1990 | 1967097 | |
| [epstein-barr virus]. | 1990 | 1967099 | |
| epstein-barr virus in nasal t-cell lymphomas in patients with lethal midline granuloma. | five cases of lethal midline granuloma were identified histologically and phenotypically as peripheral t-cell lymphomas. epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna was detected in the nasal tumour biopsy specimens by southern blotting and in-vitro hybridisation with simultaneous detection of ebv-determined nuclear antigen (ebna) and t-cell surface markers by two-colour immunofluorescence. further immunofluorescence and northern blotting revealed that ebna2 gene and also latent membrane protein gene were expre ... | 1990 | 1967431 |
| oral leucoplakia and hiv. | 1990 | 1967460 | |
| differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions. | immunochemical studies have shown that the monoclonal antibody (moab) cl203.4, elicited with immune interferon treated cultured human melanoma cells colo 38, recognizes intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam-1). the determinant defined by moab cl203.4 is distinct and spatially distant from that defined by anti-icam-1 moab rr1/1, which had been elicited with epstein-barr virus-transformed b-lymphocytes from a lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 deficient patient. immunohistochemical testing ... | 1990 | 1967552 |
| epstein-barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease in a heart-lung allograft. demonstration of host origin by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. | an unusual posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder is reported occurring within 6 weeks of a heart-lung transplantation, in a patient with primary exposure to the epstein-barr virus. the tumor presented primarily in the lung allograft as a rapidly fatal bronchopneumonia refractory to antimicrobial therapy. the viral genome was detected within the lesion by southern blot analysis, and a primary infection was confirmed by serologic studies. restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis usi ... | 1990 | 1967858 |
| measles associated with coronary arteritis. | a two-year-old girl with measles virus (mv) and chronic epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection developed lethal coronary aneurysmal arteritis accompanied by giant cell pneumonia, systemic lymphadenitis and hepatosplenomegaly. in her coronary arteries, lungs and aorta, cells containing intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions, including syncytial giant cells, were detected, the presence of mv in the organs being proved by electron microscopic and immunofluorescent studies. immunopathology further ... | 1990 | 1967861 |
| establishment of an ebv-positive lymphoblastoid cell line that grows as a lymphoma in nude mice and expresses membrane cd2 molecules. | we describe a human lymphoblastoid cell line (lcl), called zs, that originated spontaneously from the cultures of gamma-irradiated (50 gy) peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of a normal donor. when injected subcutaneously in sublethally irradiated, splenectomized and anti-asialo-gm1-treated nude mice, zs cells invaded the lymph nodes, that appeared 10 to 50-fold enlarged in all of the mice tested. furthermore, zs cells expressed a typical t-cell surface structure, the cd2 molecule, detectable by ... | 1990 | 1968053 |
| detection of subclinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma by fibreoptic endoscopy and multiple biopsy. | of 6054 people who had high titres of antibodies against the viral capsid antigen of epstein-barr virus but no symptoms or signs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma as assessed by conventional methods, 130 were randomly recruited and examined by fibreoptic endoscopy and biopsy of several sites of the nasopharynx. 7 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were detected. the tumours were largely confined to the pharyngeal recess, which suggests that it is the area of the nasopharynx most prone to the developmen ... | 1990 | 1968116 |
| epstein-barr virus infection as a cause of infantile spasms. | 1990 | 1968164 | |
| regulation of t helper-b lymphocyte adhesion through cd4-hla class ii interaction. | antigen-independent adhesion of cd4+ t lymphocytes to epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed b cells is mediated by cd2/lymphocyte function-associated antigen (lfa)-3 and lfa-1/intracellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1. although some anti-cd4 antibodies block the antigen-independent adhesion of cd4+ t lymphocytes, the cd4-hla class ii interaction does not appear to significantly contribute to the forces of cell adhesion since cd4+ t cells equally bind hla class ii+ and hla class ii- mutant b cells. ... | 1990 | 1969350 |
| identification of ebv-dna in lymph nodes from patients with lymphadenopathy and lymphomas associated with aids. | fourteen examples of non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) and four of hodgkin's disease in patients with aids as well as lymph nodes exhibiting changes related to the lymphadenopathy syndrome (las) from 11 hiv-positive individuals were studied for the presence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome both by in situ dna hybridization and blotting techniques. both methods were performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. all the nhls were of high malignancy and all but one were of the b-cell type ... | 1990 | 1970681 |
| selective expansion of a specific anti-tumor cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte clone in the bulk culture of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a melanoma patient: cytotoxic activity and t cell receptor gene rearrangements. | in vitro culture of metastatic melanoma fragments with 150 units of recombinant interleukin 2 resulted in the successive expansion of cd4+ and then cd8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (til) throughout a 2-month period. til cultured for 43 days and consisting of 95% cd8+ and 10% cd4+ t lymphocytes were cloned by limiting dilution (ld). thirteen cd8+ and thirty-one cd4+ clones were obtained, indicating that the frequency of clonogenic cd8+ proliferative t lymphocytes was much lower than that of th ... | 1990 | 1971794 |
| detection by pcr of hhv-6 and ebv dna in blood and oropharynx of healthy adults and hiv-seropositives. | 1990 | 1972522 | |
| correction of cd18-deficient lymphocytes by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. | leukocyte adhesion deficiency (lad) is an inherited disorder of leukocyte function caused by derangements in cd18 expression. the genetic and functional abnormalities in a lymphocyte cell line from a patient with lad have been corrected by retrovirus-mediated transduction of a functional cd18 gene. lymphocytes from patients with lad were exposed to cd18-expressing retrovirus and enriched for cells that express cd11a and cd18 (lfa-1) on the cell surface. molecular and functional analyses of these ... | 1990 | 1972597 |
| the effects of plasmodium falciparum malaria on immune control of b lymphocytes in gambian children. | children living in hyperendemic malarious regions have high immunoglobulin levels and an increased frequency of burkitt's lymphoma. in a study of gambian children which endeavours to explain these findings we showed that acute p. falciparum malaria caused spontaneous activation and growth of their b lymphocytes in vitro. a high proportion of these cells contained epstein-barr nuclear antigen (ebna). in ancillary experiments aimed at explaining these findings. cd4 helper cells from adult donors w ... | 1990 | 1972671 |
| acute lymphocytic leukaemia after epstein-barr-virus-positive malignant lymphoma. | 1990 | 1973244 | |
| treatment of acute or chronic severe, intractable pain and other intractable medical problems associated with unrecognized viral or bacterial infection: part i. | in many cases of chronic intractable pain without any discernible causes, when both western medical treatment and acupuncture treatment failed to eliminate the pain, this pain is often due to the unrecognized presence of viral or bacterial infection. even effective anti-viral or bacterial agents often fail to eliminate or inhibit the infection, as these drugs may also fail to reach the most painful area where often unrecognizable circulatory disturbances co-exist. using the bi-digital o-ring tes ... | 1990 | 1973580 |
| autoreactive cytotoxicity in hiv-infected individuals. | a possible role for autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of hiv infection has been suggested, based upon the certain degree of homology shared by hiv gp41 and mhc class ii molecules. a number of humoral markers of autoimmunity have since been found in seropositive subjects. we have evaluated the cellular autoreactive response in hiv-infected individuals. our study demonstrates the existence of a cytolytic activity, present in seropositive but not in seronegative subjects. this activity is mediated b ... | 1990 | 1974178 |
| elevated levels of cd4 antigen in sera of human immunodeficiency virus-infected populations. | cd4 antigen levels in sera from asymptomatic intravenous drug users and homosexuals and patients with lymphadenopathy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were quantitated. like soluble cd8, cd4 antigen levels were elevated in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative asymptomatic intravenous drug users and homosexuals, probably reflecting infections such as cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and hepatitis b virus infections. the sera from ... | 1990 | 1975594 |
| the effects of a low extracellular concentration of potassium on the activity and numbers of na+/k+ pumps in an eb-virus transformed human lymphocyte cell line. | the bm1a eb-virus transformed human lymphocyte cell line contains approximately 950,000 na+/k(+)-atpase sites per cell. the turnover number of each site is approx. 2240 molecules of rubidium per min. when cells are exposed to a low extracellular concentration of potassium the intracellular concentration of sodium rises, and the cells respond in the short term by increasing the vmax of 86rb+ uptake. in the longer term the cells respond by increasing both the vmax of 86rb+ uptake and the bmax of [ ... | 1990 | 1975752 |
| expression of lfa-1 by a lymphoblastoid cell line from a patient with monosomy 21: effects on intercellular adhesion. | monosomy 21 (m21) is a rare aneuploid condition which in certain cases leads to reduced levels of chromosome 21 gene products. we have prepared an epstein-barr virus lymphoblastoid cell-line (lcl) from patient with m21 who has immunological abnormalities, and analysed the expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (lfa-1). this heterodimeric leucocyte integrin consists of cd11a (alpha) subunits non-covalently associated with cd18 (beta) subunits coded, respectively, by genes on chrom ... | 1990 | 1975779 |
| antibody against synthetic peptide derived from epstein-barr virus-determined nuclear antigen 1 (ebna-1) in child non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | antibody reactivity against a synthetic peptide derived from epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (ebna-1) was determined in 56 cases of child non-hodgkin's lymphoma and 31 controls. the patients were divided into subgroups based on tumour location and histology and the antibody responses in the various groups were compared. a significant increase in both igg and igm antipeptide titres was detected in patients with tumours localized in the abdomen. high igg titres were also noted in burkitt-type ... | 1990 | 1975974 |
| characterization of epstein-barr virus-induced lymphoproliferation derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells transferred to severe combined immunodeficient mice. | mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) received 6 x 10(7) fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) intraperitoneally from epstein-barr virus (ebv)-seropositive and -seronegative donors. b95-8 ebv was inoculated intraperitoneally and intravenously to the mice 6 weeks after transfer of seronegative pbmc. three of four mice transferred with pbmc from two ebv-seropositive donors and two of four mice from two ebv-seronegative donors inoculated with ebv developed fatal ebv-indu ... | 1990 | 1975985 |
| retroviral-mediated gene transfer of the leukocyte integrin cd18 subunit. | children with leukocyte adherence deficiency (lad) exhibit heterogeneous defects in the leukocyte integrin cd18 subunit that prevent surface expression of functional cd11/cd18 leukocyte integrin adherence complexes. we used a retroviral vector, designated lcd18sn, to transfer the cd18 cdna into k562 human myeloid leukemia cells and into ebv b-cells from a child with lad. transfer of the lcd18sn retroviral construct, which expresses the cd18 cdna from the moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv) lon ... | 1990 | 1976304 |
| immunodeficient mice xenografted with human lymphoid cells: new models for in vivo studies of human immunobiology and infectious diseases. | this review article deals with the transfer of human lymphoid or hematopoietic tissues to severely immunodeficient mice to create new small animal models for the study of human biology and disease. the degree of functional reconstitution in the three current models is discussed. scid mice with human grafts have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to generate a small animal model for aids research. epstein-barr virus (ebv)-related lymphoproliferative disorders can also be modele ... | 1990 | 1976649 |
| oral hairy leukoplakia. | 1990 | 1977271 | |
| immunological aspects of virus-associated human tumors. | 1990 | 1977434 | |
| presence of epstein-barr virus dna in nasal lymphomas of b and 't' cell type. | we studied 12 tumours from 11 chinese patients with primary nasal lymphoma for presence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna, using southern-blot analysis. these results were correlated with immunophenotype and t-cell receptor (tcr) or immunoglobulin gene rearrangement patterns. ebv dna was detected in all nine tumours with a 't' phenotype, in both primary and secondary sites. when the structure of the viral genomic termini was studied using the ecori-dhet probe, a single clonal episomal band was dem ... | 1990 | 1979042 |
| a ki-1 (cd30)-positive t (e+, cd4+, ia+)-cell line, dl-40, established from aggressive large cell lymphoma. | a new human lymphoma cell line, designated dl-40, was established from the peripheral blood of a 64-year-old woman with leukemic conversion of aggressive large cell lymphoma. the cell line grew in suspension with or without forming clumps of cells and exhibited large, round, or multiple nuclei in the relatively abundant cytoplasm that was positive for acid phosphatase. the cells expressed a ki-1 antigen (cd30), e+, cd2+, cd4+, cd45+, ia+ phenotype and had rearranged t-cell receptor beta chain bu ... | 1990 | 1979248 |
| evidence that in x-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia m the intrinsic immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch mechanism is intact. | x-linked immunodeficiency with hyperimmunoglobulinemia m (xhm) reflects an impairment of the immunoglobulin (ig) heavy (h) chain class switch of b lymphocytes from igm to igg and iga. xhm is recessive; female carriers manifest normal igg and iga production. due to random x chromosome inactivation in all somatic cells of females, about half of the lymphocytes of xhm carriers are not able to express an intact xhm gene. an intrinsic defect of the ig h chain class switch mechanism in xhm b lymphocyt ... | 1990 | 1980111 |
| epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic value of hiv-1 related oral lesions. | between february 1987 and february 1990, we studied 737 antibody anti hiv-1 positive (abhiv+) subjects referred to the infectious diseases institute of the university of turin (italy) in order to evaluate types, prevalences, relations with clinical stages, distributions in risk-groups and prognostic significances of hiv-1 related oral lesions. the study evidenced the high prevalence of oral lesions, especially mycoses, in the investigated population: 40.3% of the patients showed, in fact, hiv-1 ... | 1990 | 1981079 |
| absence of the epstein-barr virus genome in the normal thymus, thymic epithelial tumors, thymic lymphoid hyperplasia in a european population. | it has previously been shown that the epstein-barr virus (ebv) genome may be detected in some thymic tumors. we have investigated specimens of normal thymus, thymitis with lymphoid hyperplasia and a large spectrum of thymic epithelial tumors obtained from european patients for the presence of ebv genome by in situ hybridization and dna-blotting methods. cell lines established from seven of the thymic tumors were also tested for ebv. no ebv genome was demonstrated in any of the tumors examined, w ... | 1990 | 1981404 |
| analysis of epstein-barr viral genomes in lymphoid malignancy using southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. | 109 malignant lymphomas were surveyed by southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna and compared with 16 examples of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy and 4 normal thymuses. in specimens positive by the method of southern and pcr, in situ hybridization studies were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. by southern blot analysis, two of seven hodgkin's disease samples (29%) (one of mixed cellularity and the other of lymphocyte predo ... | 1990 | 1981407 |
| [mononucleosis syndromes]. | 1990 | 1983304 | |
| reduction of graft failure by a monoclonal antibody (anti-lfa-1 cd11a) after hla nonidentical bone marrow transplantation in children with immunodeficiencies, osteopetrosis, and fanconi's anemia: a european group for immunodeficiency/european group for bone marrow transplantation report. | forty-six infants and children suffering from either inherited immunodeficiency disorders (wiskott-aldrich syndrome, functional t-cell immunodeficiency with or without hla class ii expression deficiency), malignant osteopetrosis, or fanconi's anemia received hla-nonidentical bone marrow transplantation (bmt) from related donors. bone marrow was t-cell depleted to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). to prevent graft failure, a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the cd11a-lymp ... | 1991 | 1985691 |
| ultraviolet mutational spectrum in a shuttle vector propagated in xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid cells and fibroblasts. | in order to examine possible cell-type specificity in mutagenic events, a shuttle-vector plasmid, pz189, carrying a bacterial suppressor trna marker gene, was treated with ultraviolet radiation and propagated in epstein-barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from a patient, xp12be, with xeroderma pigmentosum (xp), group a, and a normal control. xp is a skin-cancer-prone disorder with uv hypersensitivity and defective dna repair. plasmid survival and mutations inactivating the marker ge ... | 1991 | 1986277 |
| growth regulation of a human mature b cell line, b104, by anti-igm and anti-igd antibodies. | an ebna- human b lymphoma cell line, b104, was established. b104 cells express igd as well as igm on their surface, which is thought to be a basic characteristic of mature b cells. the growth of b104 cells was inhibited by treatment with a panel of anti-igm antibodies. cell cycle analyses revealed that the transition of b104 cells from the g2/m to the g0/g1 phase of the cell cycle was markedly inhibited by treatment with anti-igm antibodies. progression of b104 cells to the m phase of the cell c ... | 1991 | 1988498 |
| chronic fatigue syndrome: is it real? | epstein-barr virus is no longer considered an important cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. instead, the disease is probably related to an underlying psychiatric disorder, subtle immunologic dysfunction, or an interaction between these two factors. a carefully taken history, physical examination, and simple laboratory testing are usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis. therapy with antidepressants or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective in selected patients. thorough follo ... | 1991 | 1990396 |
| socio-economic indicators, infectious diseases and hodgkin's disease. | the relationship between socio-economic indicators, family size, history of tonsillectomy, infectious mononucleosis (im) and other diseases and the risk of hodgkin's disease (hd) was investigated in a hospital-based case-control study, conducted in the province of pordenone, north-east italy, between june, 1985 and march, 1990. one hundred and fifty-two hd cases (88 men and 64 women) and 613 controls (357 men and 256 women) were interviewed. patients with 14 or more years of education had a 2-fo ... | 1991 | 1993542 |
| replication initiates at multiple locations on an autonomously replicating plasmid in human cells. | we have used a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis mapping technique to determine where dna replication initiates on a plasmid which utilizes a fragment of human dna to replicate autonomously in human cells. replication was found to initiate at multiple locations on the plasmid carrying the human sequence, in contrast to the pattern seen for an epstein-barr virus vector which served as a control with a fixed origin. the family of repeats, a portion of the epstein-barr virus origin of replication ... | 1991 | 1996103 |
| analysis of methylation in the c-myc gene in five human myeloma cell lines. | genomic alterations of the human c-myc gene were analysed in five human myeloma cell lines established in kawasaki medical school and compared with those of normal lymphocytes, raji cells from burkitt's lymphoma, and an epstein-barr virus positive lymphoblastoid cell line (lcl). although no structural chromosome aberrations at 8q24, the c-myc locus, were distinct, the mrna level of c-myc in these myeloma cell lines was 30-50-fold that in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. regarding the methyla ... | 1991 | 2004018 |
| increase of ovalbumin (ova)-specific b cells in the peripheral blood of egg-allergic patients. | allergen-specific b cells were detected by antigen-coated magnetic beads. the frequency of ovalbumin (ova)-specific b cells was significantly higher in patients with egg white-allergy than in age-matched nonallergic individuals. these b cells, isolated by the immunomagnetic-beads method, produced anti-ova antibodies of mostly igm class when they were transformed by epstein-barr virus and cultured for about 2 weeks. based on a chronologic analysis, the increase of ova-specific b cells was found t ... | 1991 | 2005327 |
| aberrant o-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in lymphocytes and platelets from patients with the wiskott-aldrich syndrome. | the wiskott-aldrich syndrome (was) is an x-linked recessive immunodeficiency affecting b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, and platelets. previous studies on lymphocytes from was patients have revealed that leu-kosialin (cd43), a cell-surface glycoprotein bearing approximately 90 o-linked oligosaccharide chains, shows an aberrant electrophoretic mobility. to determine whether this finding reflects a different pattern of o-linked glycosylation in was cells, we have compared healthy individuals and was ... | 1991 | 2007580 |
| do infectious agents cause rheumatoid arthritis? | although rheumatoid arthritis (ra) has been widely suspected to have an infectious etiology, this hypothesis has remained difficult to prove. epstein-barr virus, parvoviruses, and retroviruses are considered by some investigators to be the primary candidates. an increasing body of data, on the other hand, appears to implicate bacteria or their products in the syndrome. important evidence has surfaced in support of this view. lyme arthritis, a disease caused by a bacterium, can mimic ra. bacteria ... | 1991 | 2009675 |
| clinical implications of nodal reactive follicular hyperplasia in the elderly patient with enlarged lymph nodes. | in older persons, the humoral immune response, as reflected morphologically by proliferation and expansion of germinal centers, is relatively subdued in comparison with the florid reactive follicular hyperplasia (rfh) which may be observed in younger age groups. the presence of rfh in lymph node biopsies in patients 60 yr or older, which we have regarded with concern since 1972, appears to represent an imbalance of the immune system, in some patients, on the background of which predominantly non ... | 1991 | 2020658 |
| feeder cells enhance oncolytic and proliferative activity of long-term human bone marrow interleukin-2 cultures and induce different lymphocyte subsets. | the effect of feeder cells on oncolytic activity of lymphocyte subsets and their growth was evaluated in long-term human bone marrow interleukin-2 (il-2) cultures. two b-lymphoblastoid cell lines (daudi and epstein-barr-virus-transformed bsm) and two human leukemias, aml-m5, were used as feeder cells. the most prominent effects were seen in cultures stimulated with daudi cells. in these cultures, cytotoxic activity was 100-1000 times increased against a broad range of target cells and the total ... | 1991 | 2021955 |
| molecular pathogenesis of aids-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | the pathogenesis of non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) in hiv-infected individuals is currently poorly understood; however, recent molecular studies have subdivided these lymphomas into distinct molecular pathologic entities. similar to endemic and sporadic burkitt's lymphoma, monoclonal b-lymphoma subsets were found to be infected with epstein-barr virus (ebv) or have c-myc gene rearrangements, suggesting a role for ebv infection or chromosomal translocation in a subset of aids nhls. similar to lymph ... | 1991 | 2022596 |
| epstein-barr virus. | 1991 | 2022931 | |
| cellular and molecular approaches to developing human monoclonal antibodies as drugs. | attempts to bring murine monoclonal antibodies into clinical therapeutic use have always been thwarted by the body's reaction to foreign antigens. although there has been some success with the use of murine monoclonal antibodies in the control of renal transplant rejection, its potential will remain limited. the solution then is to produce human mabs, which are much less immunogenic in the patient and therefore, allow repeated administration. however, for the past decade, efforts to produce huma ... | 1991 | 2029167 |
| the effects of retinoic acid on immunoglobulin synthesis by human cord blood mononuclear cells. | derivatives of vitamin a have attracted considerable attention as agents which have immune potentiating properties and possibly tumor-suppressive effects. recent investigations have shown that retinoic acid (ra) can augment immunoglobulin production of b-cell hybridomas from patients with immune deficiency. in this study we examined the ability of ra to modify the mitogen-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis of cord blood mononuclear cells (cbmc). ra in concentrations ranging from 10(-5) ... | 1991 | 2029794 |
| primary epstein-barr virus infection in an immunosuppressed patient: symptoms, serology, and t cell response. | 1991 | 2037804 | |
| anti-idiotypic antibodies in patients with monoclonal gammopathies: relation to the tumour load. | the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies from epstein-barr virus transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes was analysed in 12 patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. a low anti-idiotype production was found in patients with advanced disease (multiple myeloma stage iii), whereas the production was high in patients with multiple myeloma stage i and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus) (p less than 0.01). the study supports the e ... | 1991 | 2043484 |
| cold agglutinins in haemophiliac boys infected with hiv. | eleven haemophiliac boys infected with hiv were screened for irregular red cell antibodies and were compared with nine haemophiliac boys who did not have antibodies to hiv. seven (64%) of the children who had antibodies to hiv also had cold agglutinins, mostly of anti-i specificity, compared with one (11%) of those who did not have antibodies to hiv. the children with antibodies to hiv and cold agglutinins had a significantly increased mean igm concentration. the presence of cold agglutinins was ... | 1991 | 2053801 |
| cerebral lymphoma in aids. clinical, radiological, neuropathological and immunopathological study. | neuropathological findings from 8 individual cases of cerebral lymphomas in aids patients with consideration of the clinical, radiological, immunopathological, and other pertinent data selected from a series of 80 patients between 1985 and 1989 were studied. a wide variation in pathology was noted among our cases. it has been shown that lymphoma as a neuropathological diagnosis can coexist with a wide range of other characteristics, including toxoplasmosis, glial nodules, neuronophagia, degenera ... | 1991 | 2054979 |
| a monoclonal antibody with broad anti-hla-dr activity fails to bind to drw11/dw5: possible effect of a unique polymorphism on the beta 1 domain alpha-helix. | we describe the generation and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody with broad anti-hla-dr beta activity, but which does not recognize drw11/dw5. a balb/c mouse was immunized with a human alloreactive t-cell clone, with the intention of generating monoclonal anti-t-cell-receptor antibodies. in the course of screening the resulting hybridomas, a clone was detected which secreted an antibody (mp2) with anti-hla-dr activity. this was shown by flow cytometry as well as immunoprecipitatio ... | 1991 | 2055782 |
| molecular cloning of cd44r1 and cd44r2, two novel isoforms of the human cd44 lymphocyte "homing" receptor expressed by hemopoietic cells. | in addition to the 85-95 kd cd44 species found on most hemopoietic cell types, the human myelomonocytic cell line kg1a expresses proteins of approximately 115 kd and 130 kd that react with monoclonal antibodies belonging to cd44. the possibility that these higher molecular weight species may represent novel cd44 isoforms containing additional protein sequence was investigated. cd44 cdna clones were isolated from a plasmid-based expression library prepared from kg1a mrna. one of the three clones ... | 1991 | 2056274 |
| acute and chronic symptoms of mononucleosis. | the clinical symptoms and durations of illness of patients with infectious mononucleosis (im) are variable and are poorly documented in the scientific literature. | 1991 | 2056288 |
| epidemiological investigation of the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. | by matching a cohort of 494 infectious mononucleosis (im) cases with a multiple sclerosis (ms) register, 3 ms cases were retrieved. the interval between im and ms was 12 years. this corresponds to a relative risk of 3.7 for ms to occur subsequent to im (p = 0.05). this relationship between a manifestation of a relatively late epstein-barr virus infection and ms may indicate that a microbiologically shielded environment is important in the pathogenesis of ms. | 1991 | 2062419 |
| determination of autoantibodies in patients with familial mediterranean fever and their first degree relatives. | sera samples of 168 patients with familial mediterranean fever (fmf) and their 184 first degree relatives were analyzed for the presence of autoantibodies to ssdna, dsdna, poly (i), poly (g), cardiolipin, histones, rnp and ro(ssa), using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a similar analysis was employed on culture fluids of epstein-barr virus (ebv) transformed b lymphocytes derived from patients with fmf and healthy controls. no increased incidence of these antibodies was observed amo ... | 1991 | 2066952 |
| african burkitt's lymphoma. history, biology, clinical features, and treatment. | dennis burkitt's first description of the african tumor that is now known by his name appeared in 1958. in the brief intervening span of 32 years, this lymphoma has provided an extraordinarily valuable paradigm that has afforded insights into topics that encompass the entire discipline of oncology. these include the origins of lymphoid neoplasms at epidemiological, cellular, and molecular levels, and the efficacy of chemotherapy in rapidly progressive, widely disseminated lymphomas. in addition, ... | 1991 | 2069232 |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas: clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and viral characteristics of 111 cases. | the incidence of lymphomas in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus has increased progressively since the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic. the present series includes 111 patients, all diagnosed and studied at one hospital in new york city. there were 108 men and three women; the average age was 39 years and male homosexuality was the predominant risk factor. the materials examined originated from 138 surgical specimens and 24 autopsies. t ... | 1991 | 2071112 |
| establishment and characterization of four myeloma cell lines which are responsive to interleukin-6 for their growth. | four human myeloma cell lines (mm-s1, mm-a1, mm-y1 and mm-c1) were established from patients in the terminal stage of multiple myeloma. all the cell lines were pca-1 positive and three were cd38 (okt10) positive. the class of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin in each of these cell lines was identical to that of the monoclonal protein detected in each patient. epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen was negative in all cell lines. an examination of the tritiated thymidine uptake showed that all four cell lin ... | 1991 | 2072743 |
| [the chronic fatigue syndrome. a multifactorial approach and the treatment possibilities]. | the chronic fatigue syndrome is a poorly defined symptoms complex characterized primarily by chronic or recurrent debilitating fatigue and various combinations of other symptoms, including psychological symptoms, sore throat, lymph node pain, headache, myalgia, arthralgias. psychological disturbances, ranging from mild depression or anxiety to severe behavioral abnormalities, are always present. chronic fatigue syndrome is the name that more accurately describes this symptom complex of unknown c ... | 1990 | 2075278 |
| polymorphism of hla-dr2,dqw1 haplotypes in asian indians. | we examined the polymorphism of dr2,dqw1 haplotypes in epstein-barr virus-transformed b-lymphoblastoid cell lines (htcs) and unrelated (32 canadian caucasians and 24 asian indians) individuals by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and oligonucleotide typing. the data demonstrate that three subtypes of dr2,dqw1 haplotypes, drw15(b1.1501).dqw6a(a1.0102,b1.0602),drw15(b1.1502). dqw6b(a1.0103,b1.0601), drw16(b1.1601).dqw5(a1.0102,b1.0502) are present in htcs and canadian caucasians. of ... | 1990 | 2077672 |
| [recurrences of viral hepatitis a]. | the aim of the study was to examine the frequency, severity, persistence and etiology of relapses occurring during the hepatitis a viral infection. therefore, a prospective study of 910 patients suffering from hepatitis a (ha) was carried out. the clinical examination and determination of glutamyl pyruvic transaminase (gpt) in the serum every 7-14 days till recovery (usually during 6--8 months) were performed. hav infection was confirmed by detecting anti-hav igm in the blood of all the examined ... | 1990 | 2077829 |
| isolation and characterization of nk cell or nk/t cell-specific cdna clones. | natural killer (nk) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that share numerous cell surface antigens and functional components with t cells. however, in comparison with our knowledge of t cells, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of nk cell activation and function. the following study was initiated as an effort to obtain further information about similarities and differences between nk and t cells at the level of gene expression and also to identify nk-specific cdna clones for future functi ... | 1990 | 2080984 |
| what's new in primary central nervous system lymphomas? | primary central nervous system lymphomas (cnsl) are uncommon neoplasms accounting for about 1% of primary brain tumors. patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies including aids patients and transplant recipients represent the main high-risk population for cnsl occurrence. an important point emerging from the literature is that cnsl incidence has dramatically increased during the last years not only in hiv infected patients by virtue of the aids epidemic spread, but also for unclear ... | 1990 | 2084642 |
| autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes in a child with neuroblastoma. | activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a neuroblastoma patient by co-cultivation with autologous neuroblastoma cells in a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture (a-mltc) resulted in the generation of cytotoxic activity against the autologous neuroblastoma cell line hnb-ms. a-mltc was set up in the presence of recombinant human interleukin-2 (il-2). hnb-ms stimulator was treated with recombinant human interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) prior to a-mltc. ctl generated in short-term culture effectiv ... | 1990 | 2085662 |
| [hyperimmunoglobulinemia in children with chronic epstein-barr virus infection]. | 1990 | 2101748 | |
| potential role of pha in producing human monoclonal thyroid autoantibodies of different subclasses. | a human monoclonal autoantibody to thyroglobulin (tg) of subclass igg2 was developed by fusing a mouse myeloma with tg antibody secreting epstein-barr virus (ebv)-infected b lymphocytes from a hashimoto patient. subsequent studies showed that ebv-infected b lymphocytes from this patient synthesized igg2 tg antibody while unfractionated blood lymphocytes cultured with pokeweed mitogen secreted igg1, igg2, and igg4 tg antibodies in amounts proportional to those present in the patient's serum. to i ... | 1990 | 2103361 |
| lymph nodes in hiv-positive drug abusers with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: histology, immunohistochemistry, and pathogenetic correlations. | persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (pgl) represents an important aspect of the natural history of aids. it is a reactive lymphadenitis appearing in hiv-positive drug abusers and homosexual men, involving lymph nodes mostly located in the neck and in axillary regions. this present review chapter describes the most salient histological and immunohistochemical features of lymph nodes of intravenous drug abusers affected by pgl. microscopic changes are homogeneous and essentially comparable allo ... | 1990 | 2103864 |
| the role of human interleukin-6 in b-cell isotype regulation and differentiation. | human interleukin-6 (il-6) is a cytokine secreted by t cells, as well as a variety of other cell types, which exhibits b-cell differentiating activity. the recent cloning of the gene that codes for this molecule has allowed us the opportunity to study the function of this molecule alone and in conjunction with other lymphokines in human b-cell isotype-regulation and differentiation. recombinant human il-6 enhances immunoglobulin (ig) m and g secretion by b-cells activated by staphylococcal a cow ... | 1990 | 2104575 |
| antibody to blood group glycosyltransferases in a patient transplanted with an abo incompatible bone marrow. | in the plasma of a blood group b recipient who was transplanted with a blood group o bone marrow, we investigated an antibody to inhibit the activities of blood group a- and b-glycosyltransferases. when b lymphocytes from the patient were transformed with epstein-barr virus, a few clones producing antibodies to b-transferase were obtained. | 1990 | 2108709 |
| immunoregulation in the common marmoset, calithrix jaccus: functional properties of t and b lymphocytes and their response to human interleukins 2 and 4. | non-human primates have been used to study immune function to a much lesser extent than readily available strains of inbred rodents. nevertheless, in situations where it might be desirable, but impossible, to study human immune responses in vivo, lower primates could provide an acceptable alternative. in order to extent the knowledge of t- and b-lymphocyte function in lower primates, the common marmoset callithrix jaccus was used as an experimental model. the functional similarities between this ... | 1990 | 2110549 |
| human monoclonal anti-d with reactivity against category dvi cells used in blood grouping and determination of the incidence of the category dvi phenotype in the du population. | b-lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed by epstein-barr virus were produced from cells obtained from a hyperimmunised donor with serum anti-d activity against category dvi red cells and enriched for this activity by rosetting with category dvi red cells. three clones produced igg1 anti-d and had stable cell growth and continuous secretion of antibody in prolonged culture. the monoclonal antibodies reacted with category dvi red cells, when assessed manually and in an automated blood grouping syst ... | 1990 | 2111059 |
| production and regulation of interleukin 6 in human b lymphoid cells. | human b cell lines were screened for production of interleukin 6 (il 6) by the b9 hybridoma cell bioassay. some long-established lines such as rpmi 1788, cess and recently established early-passage epstein-barr virus (ebv)-transformed lymphoblastoid lines were constitutive il 6 producers. other long-established lymphoblastoid lines such as rpmi 8866 and skw6.4 and all burkitt lymphoma lines tested were nonproducers of il 6. constitutive production of il 6 in early passage lines could be enhanced ... | 1990 | 2113479 |
| anti-idiotypic antibodies specific for a pathologic anti-pr2 cold agglutinin. | the heterogeneity of human red cell (rbc) autoantibodies may be assessed by using anti-idiotypic antibodies. in this study, mouse monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were produced against a pathologic rbc autoantibody with anti-pr2 specificity. epstein-barr virus-transformed b-cell clones were established from a patient who had splenic lymphoma and associated immune hemolysis due to an anti-pr2 cold autoantibody. two of the eight clones producing this autoantibody were used to immunize mice for ... | 1990 | 2116048 |
| viral hepatitis. the new abc's. | hepatitis may be caused by hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus (classic non-a non-b viral hepatitis), hepatitis d virus (delta agent), and hepatitis e virus (epidemic non-a non-b viral hepatitis). cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, and herpes simplex virus may also occasionally cause hepatitis. some forms of hepatitis carry the risks of chronic infection, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. treatment options for viral hepatitis are limited and, in many cases, still unde ... | 1990 | 2120686 |
| genotypic and immunophenotypic characterization of two human light chain-only b-cell non-hodgkin's lymphomas. | two atypical human non-hodgkin's lymphomas (nhls) that exhibited unusual genotypic and in situ immunophenotypic abnormalities are described. immunophenotypically, both nhls lacked surface ig heavy chains. with the exception of the mb2 b-cell-associated antigen, no b- and t-cell differentiation antigen was detected in case 1. nhl 2 failed to show evidence of clonality by immunohistochemical analysis but revealed the presence of many b-lymphocytes with an abnormal phenotypic profile: cd19+, cd20+, ... | 1990 | 2121020 |
| interleukin 10, a novel b cell stimulatory factor: unresponsiveness of x chromosome-linked immunodeficiency b cells. | highly purified, small dense splenic b cells from unstimulated mice showed increased expression of class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens and enhanced viability when cultured with affinity-purified recombinant interleukin 10 (ril-10), compared with b cells cultured in medium alone. these responses were blocked by a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for il-10, but not by an isotype-matched control antibody. il-10 did not upregulate the expression of fc epsilon receptors (cd23) ... | 1990 | 2124252 |
| acid lability of the mutated glucosylceramide-beta-glucosidase in a lymphoid cell line from type 2 gaucher disease. | lymphoid cell lines from patients with infantile (type-2) and juvenile (type 3) gaucher disease have been established by epstein-barr virus transformation and investigated and compared with the adult phenotype (type 1) with the view to enzymology. the enzymatic defect in glucosylceramide(glccer)-beta-glucosidase activity was more severe in type 2 and 3 than in type 1 cells. the mutant glccer-beta-glucosidase from our studied type 2 lymphoid cells was profoundly labile at ph 4.0 and 37 degrees c, ... | 1990 | 2124538 |
| cloning and sequencing of human lambda immunoglobulin genes by the polymerase chain reaction. | universal oligonucleotide primers, designed for amplifying and sequencing genes encoding the rearranged human lambda immunoglobulin variable region, were validated by amplification of the lambda light chain genes from four human heterohybridoma cell lines and in the generation of a cdna library of human v lambda sequences from epstein-barr virus-transformed human peripheral blood lymphocytes. this technique allows rapid cloning and sequencing of human immunoglobulin genes, and has potential appl ... | 1990 | 2125272 |
| the antibody repertoire of early human b cells. iii. expression of cross-reactive idiotopes characteristic of certain rheumatoid factors and identifying v kappa iii, vhi, and vhiii gene family products. | our previous studies have shown that a high frequency of epstein-barr virus (ebv)-immortalized cord blood (cb) and fetal liver (fl) clones produce igm antibodies which display extensive autoreactivity for igg fc (rheumatoid factor, rf). to investigate further the repertoire of these early b cells, we have examined the expression of cri associated with rf paraproteins in relation to antibody specificity and polyreactivity. cri were detected by elisa and/or flow cytometry using a panel of well-cha ... | 1990 | 2125365 |
| systematic generation of antigen specific human monoclonal antibodies with therapeutical activities using active immunization. | presenting a panel of human hybridomas secreting serospecific antibodies which confer a high degree of protection against fatal infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa, we report an efficient approach for a systematic generation of antigen specific human monoclonal antibodies with biological activity. this approach is based on active immunization and antigen specific panning. individuals were immunized with polysaccharides isolated from lps of pseudomonas aeruginosa conjugated to toxin a. specific ... | 1990 | 2129420 |
| recognition of self class ii major histocompatibility complex antigens by cd8+ t cell clones derived from rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane. | t cells from rheumatoid synovium have been expanded in vitro as lines and clones using autologous epstein-barr virus-transformed stimulator cells. both lines and clones recognized autologous class ii mhc antigens in the absence of defined exogenous antigens i.e. the equivalent of the autologous mixed lymphocyte response. surprisingly, despite their mhc specificity, several clones expressed cd8 rather than cd4, but were not cytotoxic. the function of cd8+ t cells within synovium has not previousl ... | 1990 | 2129494 |
| structure and function of the b-lymphocyte epstein-barr virus/c3d receptor. | 1990 | 2136962 | |
| production and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody recognizing a new antigen expressed on some lymphoid cells. | a cell line secreting a human monoclonal antibody was established by epstein-barr virus transforming b cells derived from an enlarged cervical lymph node excised from a patient bearing a carotid body tumor. the reactivity of the monoclonal antibody, designated as mnisp, was tested on various cells and cell lines. an antigen defined by the mnisp was expressed on some burkitt's lymphoma cell lines and on a non-t non-b acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. furthermore, this antigen was expressed ... | 1990 | 2139642 |
| human b cells express two types of interleukin-1 receptors. | several reports demonstrate that interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta), although distantly related at the primary sequence level, bind to the same receptor. this raises the question of what separation, if any, there might be between their biologic activities. receptor binding assays and cross-competition studies in three epstein barr virus (ebv) positive cell lines showed that a subset of il-1 receptors may bind il-1 alpha preferentially and that a separate subset m ... | 1990 | 2140061 |
| variable expression of igg2 deficiency. | sustained and significant reversal of antibody deficiencies is uncommon, although it has been noted in some cases during childhood and after viral infections. we report a case of reversal of igg2 deficiency after splenectomy. a 46-year-old man who suffered recurrent sinusitis despite antibiotic therapy was noted to have igg2 deficiency and cutaneous anergy. replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin ameliorated his symptoms. after 13 months of therapy, the patient had a diagnostic lapar ... | 1990 | 2142499 |
| a new ph1+, bcr cell line derived from a patient with all-l1 gained autonomy in culture concomitant to cd23 expression. | a permanent cell line, lef1, has been established from the cells of an adult suffering from a philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. the lef1 cell line was obtained by maintaining peripheral blood cells from the patient in culture on a fibroblast feeder; subsequently, an autonomously growing cell population, independent of that feeder layer, developed. the karyotype of the cell line, 46, t(9;22)(q34;q11), was different from the karyotype at diagnosis which had 53 chromosomes and two ... | 1990 | 2143794 |
| identification and functional characterization of the human t-cell receptor beta gene transcriptional enhancer: common nuclear proteins interact with the transcriptional regulatory elements of the t-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. | a transcriptional enhancer has been mapped to a region 5.5 kilobases 3' of the c beta 2 gene in the human t-cell receptor (tcr) beta-chain locus. transient transfections allowed localization of enhancer activity to a 480-base-pair hincii-xbai restriction enzyme fragment. the tcr beta enhancer was active on both the minimal simian virus 40 promoter and a tcr beta variable gene promoter in both tcr alpha/beta + and tcr gamma/delta + t cells. it displayed significantly less activity in epstein-barr ... | 1990 | 2144610 |