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characterization of the low-salinity stress in vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a marine pathogenic bacterium commonly found in seawater or seafood. this organism encounters low-salinity stress in its natural environment and during food processing. this study was designed to investigate the response of v. vulnificus yj03 to lethal low salinity (0.04% nacl) and its adaptation to sublethal salinity (0.12% nacl with 20 amino acids added). a short period in the nonculturable state was induced by lethal low-salinity stress followed by cell death after 30 min ...200818326198
evidence that aphb, essential for the virulence of vibrio vulnificus, is a global regulator.the vibrio vulnificus aphb mutant was significantly less virulent than the wild type and was impaired in motility and adherence to host cells. microarray analysis revealed that aphb of v. vulnificus (aphb(vv)) influences the expression of over 10% of the v. vulnificus genome. the combined results indicated that aphb(vv) is a global regulator contributing to the pathogenesis of v. vulnificus.200818344367
epidemiological survey of vibrio vulnificus infection in japan between 1999 and 2003.the frequency of vibrio vulnificus infection is very rare and there are many questions regarding its epidemiology in japan. to investigate the clinical course and epidemiology of v. vulnificus infection in japan, we performed a retrospective questionnaire survey in which 1693 hospitals from all over japan were surveyed, including advanced life saving emergency centers and dermatology institutions. of the 1693 hospitals, we received answers from 1045. ninety-four cases were confirmed as v. vulnif ...200818346255
occurrence, seasonality and genetic diversity of vibrio vulnificus in coastal seaweeds and water along the kii channel, japan.vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous toxigenic bacterium found in a coastal environment but little is known about its occurrence and seasonality among seaweeds, which are widely consumed as seafood in japan. therefore, we have observed the bacterium's abundance in seawater and seaweed samples from three areas of the kii channel, japan, during june 2003 to may 2004. a total of 192 samples were collected: 24 from each source in summer, autumn, winter and spring. the samples were selectively cultivate ...200818355295
diagnosing and treating deadly vibrio vulnificus infection. 200818358354
phylogenetic analysis of the incidence of lux gene horizontal transfer in vibrionaceae.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is thought to occur frequently in bacteria in nature and to play an important role in bacterial evolution, contributing to the formation of new species. to gain insight into the frequency of hgt in vibrionaceae and its possible impact on speciation, we assessed the incidence of interspecies transfer of the lux genes (luxcdabeg), which encode proteins involved in luminescence, a distinctive phenotype. three hundred three luminous strains, most of which were recently ...200818359809
bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei of setiu wetland, east coast peninsular malaysia.slipper oyster crassostrea iredalei is a species of good demand for its sweet flavor and white coloured flesh. the filter feeding nature predisposes oysters to accumulation of pathogenic and heavy metals in waters impacted by sewage pollutions and may thus render the oysters unfit for human consumption. a study was undertaken to investigate the presence of bacteria flora and heavy metal concentrations in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei at setiu wetland, terengganu, the only source of cul ...200818369732
variable repeat regions in the genome of vibrio vulnificus and polymorphism in one of the loci in strains isolated from oysters.vibrio vulnificus an estuarine bacterium is associated with severe wound infections and fatal septicemia related to consumption of raw shellfish. in this study we screened the two whole genome sequences available for v. vulnificus in genbank for the presence of variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) regions. five potential vntr loci with unit repeat size ranging from 6-7 nucleotides were identified for v. vulnificus genome. one of the loci designated vv1 was selected to detect the repeat number ...200818374439
vibrio vulnificus septicemia after handling tilapia species fish: a canadian case report and review.vibrio vulnificus can cause a necrotizing soft tissue infection or primary septicemia; these infections are collectively known as vibriosis. this bacterium is commonly found within molluscan shellfish. primary septicemia is often fatal, principally affecting persons with chronic liver disease.200618418489
nonfoodborne vibrio infections: an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the united states, 1997-2006.infections due to vibrio species cause an estimated 8000 illnesses annually, often through consumption of undercooked seafood. like foodborne vibrio infections, nonfoodborne vibrio infections (nfvi) also result in serious illness, but awareness of these infections is limited.200818444811
the extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio tubiashii is a major virulence factor for pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) larvae.vibrio tubiashii is a recently reemerging pathogen of larval bivalve mollusks, causing both toxigenic and invasive disease. marine vibrio spp. produce an array of extracellular products as potential pathogenicity factors. culture supernatants of v. tubiashii have been shown to be toxic to oyster larvae and were reported to contain a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/hemolysin. however, the structural genes responsible for these proteins have yet to be identified, and it is uncertain which extracel ...200818456850
lower extremity infections by vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative pathogen which is found in seawater and shellfish during warm months and can cause local infections in healthy individuals or septicemia in patients with chronic liver disease. materials-methods: clinical and laboratory records of four complicated cases are presented, with a 4.2 mean year follow-up.200818457099
achilles tendinitis in vibrio vulnificus sepsis: a rare presentation.vibrio vulnificus infection commonly presents as sepsis or wound infection. a case of alcoholic liver cirrhosis developed acute left heel pain and swelling 2 days after ingesting raw fish. two sets of blood cultures indicated v. vulnificus. hla-b27 was negative. ultrasonography revealed left achilles tendinitis. fluid aspirated from the left retrocalcaneal bursa was sterile. the patient recovered completely 3 weeks after treatment. to our knowledge, v. vulnificus septicaemia with achilles tendin ...200818465460
inducible resistance of fish bacterial pathogens to the antimicrobial peptide cecropin b.cecropin b is a cationic antimicrobial peptide originally isolated from the diapausing pupae of the giant silk moth, hylphora cecropia. cecropin b elicits its antimicrobial effects through disruption of the anionic cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria. previous work by our laboratory demonstrated that a constitutively expressed cecropin b transgene conferred enhanced resistance to bacterial infection in medaka. the development of antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria is a growing prob ...200818474580
cyclic-di-gmp regulates extracellular polysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and rugose colony development by vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a human and animal pathogen that carries the highest death rate of any food-borne disease agent. it colonizes shellfish and forms biofilms on the surfaces of plankton, algae, fish, and eels. greater understanding of biofilm formation by the organism could provide insight into approaches to decrease its load in filter feeders and on biotic surfaces and control the occurrence of invasive disease. the capsular polysaccharide (cps), although essential for virulence, is not requi ...200818487410
[septic shock after exposure to vibrio vulnificus].vibrio vulnificus (vv) is a rare cause of infections in denmark. in this case, a patient suffering from chronic diseases developed wound infection, severe sepsis and despite adequate treatment, septic shock after exposure to seawater and fish. the fact that the condition was caused by vv was not identified until the results of the blood cultures. vv is the cause of primary sepsis, wound infections and gastroenteritis. the infection is treated with fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics ...200818492457
necrotising fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus in a man with cirrhosis. 200818501855
on the origin and function of an insertion element vpai-1 specific to post-1995 pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus strains.since 1995, new virulent strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus have emerged and spread throughout the world. these "pandemic" strains have four strain specific genomic islands (gis), which are considered to be potential factors of the pandemicity. we investigated the origin and function of 24 genes in the so-called vpai-1, one of the four gis, by searching homologs in various species in bacteria and archaea. of these 24 genes, two are found only in vibrio vulnificus cmcp6 and shewanella sp. mr-7. t ...200818506094
the ecology of vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in north carolina estuaries.while numerous studies have characterized the distribution and/or ecology of various pathogenic vibrio spp., here we have simultaneously examined several estuarine sites for vibrio vulnificus, v. cholerae, and v. parahaemolyticus. for a one year period, waters and sediment were monitored for the presence of these three pathogens at six different sites on the east coast of north carolina in the united states. all three pathogens, identified using colony hybridization and pcr methods, occurred in ...200818545963
evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detecting vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters.human consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly oysters, may lead to severe infections due to the presence of vibrio vulnificus. in this study, a sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed to detect this pathogen in raw oysters. two outer and two inner primers were designed to specifically recognize the v. vulnificus cytolysin/hemolysin gene (vvha), and the reaction could be completed in 1 hour at 63 degrees c. direct visual observation ...200818564911
vibrio vulnificus-induced death of jurkat t-cells requires activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by nadph oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species.vibrio vulnificus, a pathogenic bacterium causing primary septicemia, exhibited cytotoxicity towards jurkat cells of t-lymphocytes through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ros) production. pretreatment of jurkat t-cells with diphenyleneiodonium chloride (dpi) abolished v. vulnificus-induced ros generation and bacterial ability to cause cell death. jurkat t-cells expressing dominant-negative protein of rac subunit of nadph oxidase (nox) did not show increased ros production and cell death b ...200818571150
vibrio vulnificus infection presenting with compartment syndrome of bilateral calves. 200818572348
global gene expression as a function of the iron status of the bacterial cell: influence of differentially expressed genes in the virulence of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus multiplies rapidly in host tissues under iron-overloaded conditions. to understand the effects of iron in the physiology of this pathogen, we performed a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of v. vulnificus growing at three different iron concentrations, i.e., iron-limiting [trypticase soy broth with 1.5% nacl (tsbs) plus ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid (edda)], low-iron (1 microg fe/ml; tsbs), and iron-rich (38 microg fe/ml; tsbs plus ferric ammonium citrate) ...200818573903
a consensus sequence for binding of smcr, a vibrio vulnificus luxr homologue, and genome-wide identification of the smcr regulon.quorum sensing has been implicated as an important global regulatory system controlling the expression of numerous virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. in the present study, dna targets of smcr, a vibrio vulnificus luxr homologue, were selected from a random pool of dna fragments by using a cycle selection procedure consisting of in vitro dna-smcr interaction, purification of smcr-dna complexes, and pcr amplification of smcr-bound dna. the amplified dna fragments were cloned and analyzed se ...200818579523
sensitive and rapid identification of vibrio vulnificus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.vibrio vulnificus is a serious bacterial pathogen for humans and aquatic animals. we developed a rapid, sensitive and specific identification method for v. vulnificus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique. a set of primers, composed of two outer primers and two inner primers, was designed based on the cytolysin gene sequence of v. vulnificus. the lamp reaction was processed in a heat block at 65 degrees c for 60 min. the amplification products were detected by visual insp ...200918585020
two forms of vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe are secreted via the type ii general secretion system.vibrio vulnificus has been known to secrete one form of metalloprotease vvpe (45 kda) that is cleaved to 34 kda-vvpe and 11 kda-c-terminal propeptide via extracellular autoproteolysis. however, we found that extracellular secretion of both the 34 and 45 kda forms of vvpe began in the early growth phase; moreover, 34 kda-vvpe existed as the major form in v. vulnificus cell lysates and culture supernatants. in addition, extracellular secretion of both 34 and 45 kda-vvpe was blocked by mutation of ...200818604505
comparison of conventional, nested, and real-time pcr assays for rapid and accurate detection of vibrio vulnificus.we conducted a prospective study to target toxr in the blood of patients with skin and soft tissue infections who were admitted to four tertiary hospitals to assess the clinical usefulness of real-time quantitative pcr (q-pcr) as a diagnostic technique. we performed conventional pcr (c-pcr), nested pcr (n-pcr), and q-pcr assays and compared the results to those obtained using the "gold standard" of microbiological culture. the lower detection limit for the q-pcr assay was 5 x 10(0) copies/microl ...200818614647
structure-function relationships in escherichia coli adenylate cyclase.class i adenylate cyclases are found in gamma- and delta-proteobacteria. they play central roles in processes such as catabolite repression in escherichia coli or development of full virulence in pathogens such as yersinia enterocolitica and vibrio vulnificus. the catalytic domain (residues 2-446) of the adenylate cyclase of e. coli was overexpressed and purified. it displayed a v(max) of 665 nmol of camp x mg(-1) x min(-1) and a k(m) of 270 microm. titration of the metal cofactor mg(2+) against ...200818620542
a case of vibrio vulnificus keratitis. 200818626738
proteomic identification and characterization of vibrio vulnificus proteins induced upon exposure to int-407 intestinal epithelial cells.proteomic analysis led to identification of the proteins of vibrio vulnificus that were induced upon exposure to int-407 cells, and 7 of which belong to the functional categories such as amino acid transport/metabolism, nucleotide transport/metabolism, posttranslational modification/protein turnover/chaperones, and translation. among the genes encoding the host-induced proteins, disruption of purh, trpd, tsaa, and groel2 resulted in reduced cytotoxicity. the purh, trpd, and tsaa mutants showed i ...200818633300
multi-site analysis reveals widespread antibiotic resistance in the marine pathogen vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a serious opportunistic human pathogen commonly found in subtropical coastal waters, and is the leading cause of seafood-borne mortality in the usa. this taxon does not sustain prolonged presence in clinical or agricultural settings, where it would undergo human-induced selection for antibiotic resistance. therefore, few studies have verified the effectiveness of commonly prescribed antibiotics in v. vulnificus treatment. here we screened 151 coastal isolates and 10 primary ...200918642041
effectiveness of icing as a postharvest treatment for control of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).the focus of this research was to investigate the efficacy of icing as a postharvest treatment for reduction of the levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercial quantities of shellstock oysters. the experiments were conducted in june and august of 2006 and consisted of the following treatments: (i) on-board icing immediately after harvest; (ii) dockside icing approximately 1 to 2 h prior to shipment; and (iii) no icing (control). changes in the levels of pathogenic vibri ...200818680950
multiplex pcr assay for detection and simultaneous differentiation of genotypes of vibrio vulnificus biotype 1.a multiplex pcr assay was developed that provides a rapid method of species identification with simultaneous genotype differentiation of vibrio vulnificus biotype 1. this technique has been employed for the confirmation and typing of unknown isolates from both clinical and environmental sources utilizing a single reaction followed by gel electrophoresis.200818687035
detection of quorum-sensing-related molecules in vibrio scophthalmi.cell-to-cell communication (also referred to as quorum sensing) based on n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) is a widespread response to environmental change in gram-negative bacteria. ahls seem to be highly variable, both in terms of the acyl chain length and in the chemical structure of the radicals. another quorum sensing pathway, the autoinducer-2-based system, is present both in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. in this study the presence of signal molecules belonging to both quorum s ...200818700048
differentiating between isolates of vibrio vulnificus with monoclonal antibodies.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vibrio vulnificus (isolate i, vvc and isolate ii, vvb) were raised using heat-killed and heat-killed plus sds-mercaptoethanol treated forms of vvc and vvb for immunizing swiss mice. twenty three hybridomas producing mabs against v. vulnificus were selected and divided into five groups according to their specificities to different v. vulnificus isolates and apparent protein antigens which ranged from approximately 3-50 kda. four groups were specific to v. vuln ...200818706941
vibrio vulnificus rpos expression is repressed by direct binding of camp-camp receptor protein complex to its two promoter regions.vibrio vulnificus, a septicemia-causing pathogenic bacterium, acquires resistance against various stresses and expresses virulence factors via an rpos gene product. in this study, we investigated the transcriptional characteristics of this global regulator. two distinct transcriptional initiation sites for the rpos gene, the proximal promoter (p(p)) and the distal promoter (p(d)), were defined by primer extension experiments. various rpos::luxab transcriptional fusions indicated that p(d) is a m ...200818713737
identification of lacto-n-biose i phosphorylase from vibrio vulnificus cmcp6.a beta-1,3-galactosyl-n-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase (galglynacp) homolog gene was cloned from vibrio vulnificus cmcp6. in synthetic reactions, the recombinant enzyme acted only with glcnac and galnac as acceptors in the presence of alpha-d-galactose-1-phosphate as a donor to form lacto-n-biose i (lnb) (galbeta1 --> 3glcnac) and galacto-n-biose (gnb) (galbeta1 --> 3galnac), respectively. glcnac was a much better acceptor than galnac. the enzyme also phosphorolysed lnb faster than it phosphorol ...200818723650
vibrio vulnificus infections. 198918750602
immunomagnetic separation and coagglutination of vibrio parahaemolyticus with anti-flagellar protein monoclonal antibody.mice were immunized by injection of vibrio parahaemolyticus atcc 17802 polar flagellin in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs). mabs were analyzed by anti-h enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using v. parahaemolyticus polar flagellar cores. the mab exhibiting the highest anti-h titer was coated onto cowan i staphylococcus aureus cells at a concentration of 75 microg/ml cell suspension and used for slide coagglutination. of 41 isolates identified genetically as v. parahaemolyticus, 100% c ...200818753337
sudden death caused by fulminant bacterial infection: background and pathogenesis of japanese adult cases.to analyze a risk factor for the onset of fulminant bacterial infection.200818758124
surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events--united states, 2005-2006.since 1971, cdc, the u.s. environmental protection agency, and the council of state and territorial epidemiologists have collaboratively maintained the waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance system for collecting and reporting data related to waterborne-disease outbreaks (wbdos) associated with drinking water. in 1978, wbdos associated with recreational water (natural and treated water) were added. this system is the primary source of data regarding the scope and effects of disease associa ...200818784642
surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006.the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ...200818786028
analysis of gene expression in mouse alveolar macrophages stimulated with quorum-sensing mutants of vibrio vulnificus.bacterial pathogens manipulate host cells to promote pathogen survival and dissemination. in this study, microarray technology was used to identify the genes that are affected by the vibrio vulnificus quorum-sensing genes, luxs and smcr. by comparing the expression profiles of mouse macrophage cell lines stimulated with either the parent strains or a luxs smcr mutant, differentially expressed genes were identified. the genes included those that affect host cell death, stress, signaling transduct ...200818806354
csra inhibits the formation of biofilms by vibrio vulnificus.pcr screening of the shellfish-borne pathogen vibrio vulnificus revealed csra-negative strains, and these strains formed increased biofilm compared to csra-positive strains. complementation in trans with csra resulted in reduced biofilm formation, similar to that by csra(+) strains. our results provide evidence that csra inhibits biofilm formation in v. vulnificus.200818820071
effect of in vitro exposure to vibrio vulnificus on hydroelectrolytic transport and structural changes of sea bream (sparus aurata l.) intestine.the everted gut sac technique has been used to investigate the effect of vibrio vulnificus on water and electrolyte (na(+), k(+), cl(-), hco(3)(-)) transport on the intestine of sea bream (sparus aurata l.). both the anterior and the posterior intestine were incubated in a medium containing 10(8) v. vulnificus cells ml(-1) at 25 degrees c for 2 h. the presence of v. vulnificus resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of water absorption in the anterior intestine, while sodium absorption in ...200918825505
relative stability of helices determines the folding landscape of adenine riboswitch aptamers.riboswitches, whose folding is controlled by binding of metabolites to the aptamer domain, regulate downstream gene expression. folding properties of the aptamer strongly influence the conformation of the downstream expression platform, which controls transcription termination or translation initiation. we have characterized the energy landscape of the add riboswitch aptamer quantitatively by unfolding and refolding the molecule with mechanical force using the coarse-grained self-organized polym ...200818828635
regulation of fatty acid metabolism by fadr is essential for vibrio vulnificus to cause infection of mice.the opportunistic bacterial pathogen vibrio vulnificus causes severe wound infection and fatal septicemia. we used alkaline phosphatase insertion mutagenesis in a clinical isolate of v. vulnificus to find genes necessary for virulence, and we identified fadr, which encodes a regulator of fatty acid metabolism. the fadr::mini-tn5km2phoa mutant was highly attenuated in a subcutaneously inoculated iron dextran-treated mouse model of v. vulnificus disease, was hypersensitive to the fatty acid syntha ...200818835990
development of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of vibrio vulnificus based on hemolysin (vvha) coding system.to establish a taqman real-time fluorescent quantitative pcr to detect vibrio vulnificus based on the hemolysin gene (vvha) coding cytolysin.200818837292
vibrio vulnificus rtx toxin plays an important role in the apoptotic death of human intestinal epithelial cells exposed to vibrio vulnificus.during vibrio vulnificus infection, v. vulnificus reaches the intestine and then invades the bloodstream by crossing the intestinal mucosal barrier of the host, which results in systemic septicemia. previously, we reported that the rtxa toxin secreted through the rtxe transporter contributes to the cytotoxicity of v. vulnificus against intestinal epithelial cells. here, we used gene mutants of rtxe and rtxa to determine the role that v. vulnificus rtxa toxin plays in the apoptotic death of human ...200818849006
microbial and histopathological study of the vibriosis caused by vibrio vulnificus serovar e in eels: the metalloprotease vvp is not an essential lesional factor.vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar e (bt2-sere) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes a haemorrhagic septicaemia in eels, called warm water vibriosis. the main objective of the present work was to study the onset of the eel vibriosis from the microbiological and histopathological viewpoint, as well as to ascertain the role of the protease vvp as a lesional factor by comparing the histopathological lesions caused by the wild strain and its vvp deficient derivative. the wild-type strain was observed ...200818930131
deferasirox plus ciprofloxacin combination therapy after rapid diagnosis of vibrio vulnificus sepsis using real-time polymerase chain reaction.we report a case of vibrio vulnificus sepsis developed during deferoxamine therapy for transfusional iron overload due to secondary hemochromatosis of myelodysplastic syndrome. the patient was treated with adjuvant deferasirox in combination with ciprofloxacin, after rapid diagnosis of v. vulnificus sepsis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this case suggests that since v. vulnificus dna can be detected by real-time pcr for several days even after patients receive antibiotics, real ...200818930321
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the hsdr subunit of a putative type i restriction enzyme from vibrio vulnificus yj016.type i restriction enzymes are multimeric proteins that consist of three subunits. the hsds and hsdm subunits form a complex protein that shows methyltransferase activity, while the hsdr subunit functions as an endonuclease as well as as a translocase. of these three subunits, no structural information on the hsdr subunit is yet available. the putative hsdr gene from vibrio vulnificus yj016 (hsdr_vv) was cloned and expressed and the expressed protein hsdr_vv was purified. hsdr_vv was crystallize ...200818931437
[rapid detection of vibrio vulnificus using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method].vibrio vulnificus is found in marine waters near the coast around the world. infection with this gram-negative rod, via ingestion of raw seafood or via a skin wound following contact with contaminated estuarine or marine water, can cause necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. most of patients with vibrio vulnificus infection have underlying liver dysfunction or diabetes mellitus. due to the high mortality and short latent periods, control of this infection depends on early identification of the bacte ...200818975582
complete sequence of plasmid pmp1 from the marine environmental vibrio vulnificus and location of its replication origin.a novel cryptic plasmid, pmp1, from an environmental vibrio vulnificus mp-4 isolated from mai po nature reserve in hong kong, has been characterized. the 7.6-kb plasmid had guanine-cytosine content of 40.03% and encoded four open reading frames (orfs) with >100 amino acids. the predicted protein of orf1 contained 478 amino acids showing 29% identity and 50% similarity over 309 amino acids to the integrase of vibrio cholerae phage vp2. orf2 encoded a putative protein of 596 amino acids, which wer ...200919009320
vibrio vulnificus: an unusual mode of acquisition and novel use of rapid susceptibility testing.infection with vibrio vulnificus is uncommon in europe but is associated with necrotising wound infections and life-threatening septicaemia. this case is one of infection most likely to have been acquired from a thermal pool in turkey without preceding exposure to seawater or shellfish. the report also describes how early management was optimised using gradient diffusion antibiotic strips to provide rapid susceptibility data.200919028760
expression of the cpda gene, encoding a 3',5'-cyclic amp (camp) phosphodiesterase, is positively regulated by the camp-camp receptor protein complex.the intracellular level of cyclic 3',5'-amp (camp), a signaling molecule that mediates a variety of cellular processes, is finely modulated by the regulation of its synthesis, excretion, and degradation. in this study, camp phosphodiesterase (cpda), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of camp to amp, was characterized in a pathogenic bacterium, vibrio vulnificus. the cpda gene exists in an operon composed of mutt, yqib, cpda, and yqia, the transcription of which was initiated at position -22 ...200919028903
clinical characteristics and molecular subtyping of vibrio vulnificus illnesses, israel. 200819046510
activation of the vibrio vulnificus cadba operon by leucine-responsive regulatory protein is mediated by cadc.the present study revealed that lrp, a leucine-responsive regulatory protein, is involved in the regulation of cadba transcription through activation of pcadba. the influence of lrp on pcadba was mediated by cadc, and thereby, cadc was able to compensate for the lack of lrp in the activation of pcadba. western blot analyses and emsa demonstrated that the cellular level of cadc was not significantly affected by lrp, and that lrp exerted its effect by directly binding to pcadba. these combined res ...200819047817
application of the rpos gene for species-specific detection of vibrio vulnificus by real-time pcr.vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of serious diseases in humans, resulting from the contact of wound with seawater or consumption of raw seafood. several studies aimed at detecting v. vulnificus have targeted vvh as a representative virulence toxin gene belonging to the bacterium. in this study, we targeted the rpos gene, a general stress regulator, to detect v. vulnificus. pcr specificity was identified by amplification of 8 v. vulnificus templates and by the loss of a pcr product with 36 ...200819047830
protective effect of polygoni cuspidati radix and emodin on vibrio vulnificus cytotoxicity and infection.vibrio vulnificus, a good model organism of bacterial septicemia, causes fatal septicemia manifesting a fulminating course and a high mortality rate within days. in order to identify new natural substances preventing v. vulnificus infection, a plant library was screened for inhibiting cytotoxicity to host cells by using trypan blue staining and ldh assay. we found that polygoni cuspidati radix potently suppressed the acute death of hela and raw264.7 cells in a dose dependent manner. further stud ...200819107405
enhancement of immunity and disease resistance in the white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, bacillus subtilis e20.effects of bacillus subtilis e20 isolated from fermented soybean on immune parameters and the disease resistance of the white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) after 98 days of b. subtilis e20 feeding were evaluated in this study. shrimp fed b. subtilis e20-containing diets at concentrations of 10(6) (e206), 10(7) (e207), and 10(8) (e208)cfu kg(-1), respectively, had significantly increased survival rates of 13.3%, 16.7%, and 20%, compared to the control (fed no probiotic) after being challenged wit ...200919111620
nanobody-aided structure determination of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus.pseudopilins form the central pseudopilus of the sophisticated bacterial type 2 secretion systems. the crystallization of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus was greatly accelerated by the use of nanobodies, which are the smallest antigen-binding fragments derived from heavy-chain only camelid antibodies. seven anti-epsi:epsj nanobodies were generated and co-crystallization of epsi:epsj nanobody complexes yielded several crystal forms very rapidly. in the structure solve ...200919118632
structure of a polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio vulnificus cect4602 containing 2-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-[(s)- and (r)-3-hydroxybutanoylamino]-l-mannose.a polysaccharide was isolated by gpc after mild acid treatment of the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio vulnificus cect4602 and found to contain l-rha, d-glcpnac and 2-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-(3-hydroxybutanoylamino)-l-mannose (l-rhanac3nhb). glc analysis of the trifluoroacetylated (s)-2-octyl esters derived by full acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide showed that approximately 80% of the 3-hydroxybutanoic acid has the s configuration and approximately 20% the r configuration. the following struc ...200919128797
regulation of the vibrio vulnificus hupa gene by temperature alteration and cyclic amp receptor protein and evaluation of its role in virulence.availability of free iron is extremely limited in the mammalian host, and the acquisition of iron in the host is essential for successful infection by pathogenic bacteria. expression of many genes involved in acquiring iron is regulated in response to the level of iron availability, and iron regulation is mediated by fur. in this study, cellular levels of vibrio vulnificus hupa, a heme receptor protein, and the hupa transcript were found to increase in cells grown at 40 degrees c compared to cel ...200919139193
evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic methods to distinguish clinical from environmental vibrio vulnificus strains.vibrio vulnificus is a heterogeneous bacterial species that comprises virulent and avirulent strains from environmental and clinical sources that have been grouped into three biotypes. to validate the typing methods proposed to distinguish clinical from environmental isolates, we performed phenotypic (api 20e, api 20ne, and biolog tests) and genetic (ribotyping and dna polymorphism at several loci) studies with a large strain collection representing different biotypes, origins, and host ranges. ...200919139234
vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces apoptosis in huvec, sgc-7901 and smmc-7721 cells via caspase-9/3-dependent pathway.vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (vvc) is known to be a pore-forming toxin which shows cytotoxicity for mammalian cells in culture and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. in order to determine whether vvc induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells, the cytotoxicity induced by recombinant vvc (rvvc) and its potential mechanism in huvec, sgc-7901 and smmc-7721 cells were investigated. our study demonstrated that rvvc induced the release of intracellular k(+) from all the target ...200919167479
vibrio vulnificus-induced cell death of human mononuclear cells requires ros-dependent activation of p38 and erk 1/2 mapks.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that multiplies rapidly in host tissue and causes extensive tissue damage. human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were shown to be readily killed by exposure to live v. vulnificus. v. vulnificus induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) in pbmc. pretreatment of pbmc with diphenyleneiodonium chloride (dpi) abolished ros generation upon exposure to v. vulnificus and decreased the bacterial ability ...200919172484
[changes of toll-like receptor, tnf-alpha and il-10 in liver tissue of rats before and after intragastric infusion with alcohol with vibrio vulnificus sepsis].to detect the effects of antimicrobial agents on the toll-like receptor (tlr) and so on in liver tissue of rats after intragastric infusion with alcohol with vibrio vulnificus (vv) sepsis.200819175176
structure of the lipopolysaccharide core of vibrio vulnificus type strain 27562.the structure of the lipopolysaccharide core of vibrio vulnificus type strain 27562 is presented. lps hydrolysis gave two oligosaccharides, os-1 and os-2, as well as lipid a. nmr spectroscopic data corresponded to the presence of one kdo residue, one beta-glucopyranose, three heptoses, one glyceric acid, one acetate, three petn, and one 5,7-diacylamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxynonulosonic acid residue (pseudaminic acid, pse) in os1. os2 differed form os 1 by the absence of glyceric acid, acetate, and p ...200919185290
proteomic analysis of vibrio vulnificus m2799 grown under iron-repleted and iron-depleted conditions.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in human. an important factor that determines the survival of v. vulnificus in the human body is the ability to acquire iron. the differential expression of proteins in whole-cell lysates of v. vulnificus m2799, a clinical isolate, was evaluated under iron-repleted and iron-depleted conditions during the early, mid and late logarithmic growth phases. a total of 32, 53 and 42 iron-regulated spots ...200919185608
effects of escherichia coli rraa orthologs of vibrio vulnificus on the ribonucleolytic activity of rnase e in vivo.rraa is a recently discovered protein inhibitor of rnase e that catalyzes the initial step in the decay and processing of numerous rnas in escherichia coli. in the genome of vibrio vulnificus, two open reading frames that potentially encode proteins homologous to e. coli, rraa-designated rraav1 and rraav2, have respectively 80.1% and 59.0% amino acid identity to rraa. the authors report that coexpression of rraav1 protein in e. coli cells overproducing rnase e rescued these cells from growth arr ...200919194749
[taxonomic characteristics and physiological properties of microorganisms from the gut of pike (esox lucius)].the taxonomic composition and distribution of microorganisms differing in the degree of association with the intestinal mucosa of the pike (lucius lucius) has been studied. microorgansism of the families enterobacteriaceae, aeromonadaceae, and vibrionaceae dominate in the gut microflora. numerically prevailing bacterial species are characterized by high proteolytic and amylolytic enzyme activities as well as by high persistence accounted for by antilysozyme and antihistone activities. the result ...200819198074
detection and enumeration of vibrio vulnificus by direct colony immunoblot.a direct colony immunoblot method (dci) for the enumeration of vibrio vulnificus was developed. bacterial colonies were transferred from agar plates to membranes, which were then dried and blocked with bovine serum albumin. subsequently, the membranes were treated with anti-v. vulnificus h antibodies, washed and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit igg. after a final wash, the membranes were exposed to a substrate mixture containing h(2)o(2) which resulted in the development of ...200919200106
in vivo gene expression of cold shock and other stress-related genes in vibrio vulnificus during shellstock temperature control conditions in oysters.to determine vibrio vulnificus response to shellstock refrigeration conditions while the bacterium was embedded in oysters (in vivo).200919200328
plasmid diversity in vibrio vulnificus biotypes.vibrio vulnificus is a heterogeneous bacterial species that can be virulent for humans and fish. virulence in fish seems to rely on a recently described plasmid that can be transmitted between strains, aided by a conjugative plasmid. the main objective of this work was to analyse the plasmid content of a wide collection of strains from the three biotypes of the species, as well as to identify putative conjugative and virulence plasmids by means of southern hybridization with specific probes and ...200919202097
effects of flash freezing, followed by frozen storage, on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus in pacific raw oysters (crassostrea gigas).this study investigated the effects of flash freezing, followed by frozen storage, on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus in pacific raw oysters. raw pacific oysters were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus at a total level of approximately 3.5 x 10(5) most probable number (mpn) per gram. inoculated oysters were subjected to an ultralow flash-freezing process (-95.5 degrees c for 12 min) and stored at -10, -20, and -30 degrees c for 6 months. populations of v. parahaemolyt ...200919205481
crystal structures of substrate and inhibitor complexes of ribose 5-phosphate isomerase a from vibrio vulnificus yj016.ribose-5-phosphate isomerase a (rpia) plays an important role in interconverting between ribose-5-phosphate (r5p) and ribulose-5-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the calvin cycle. we have determined the crystal structures of the open form rpia from vibrio vulnificus yj106 (vvrpia) in complex with the r5p and the closed form with arabinose-5-phosphate (a5p) in parallel with the apo vvrpia at 2.0 a resolution. vvrpia is highly similar to eschericihia colirpia, and the vvrpia-r5p comp ...200919214439
reduction of vibrio vulnificus in pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters (crassostrea virginica) by x-ray.the purpose of this investigation was to study the inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on inoculated vibrio vulnificus in pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters to achieve a 5.0 log reduction, which is recommended by the interstate shellfish sanitation conference and the food and drug administration. a mixed culture of three v. vulnificus strains was used to prepare the pure culture and inoculated oysters. the pure culture and inoculated oysters were treated with 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.7 ...200919217681
spontaneous quinolone resistance in the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus.this work demonstrates that vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, serovar e, an eel pathogen able to infect humans, can become resistant to quinolone by specific mutations in gyra (substitution of isoleucine for serine at position 83) and to some fluoroquinolones by additional mutations in parc (substitution of lysine for serine at position 85). thus, to avoid the selection of resistant strains that are potentially pathogenic for humans, antibiotics other than quinolones must be used to treat vibriosis o ...200919218407
vibrio biofilms: so much the same yet so different.vibrios are natural inhabitants of aquatic environments and form symbiotic or pathogenic relationships with eukaryotic hosts. recent studies reveal that the ability of vibrios to form biofilms (i.e. matrix-enclosed, surface-associated communities) depends upon specific structural genes (flagella, pili and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis) and regulatory processes (two-component regulators, quorum sensing and c-di-gmp signaling). here, we compare and contrast mechanisms and regulation of biofilm fo ...200919231189
vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. 200919255188
studies on diseased freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with vibrio vulnificus.the present study was aimed at isolation and characterization of the pathogenic bacterium from diseased freshwater prawn. the effect of the bacterial pathogen on hepatopancreas, gills and exoskeleton was also investigated. diseased freshwater prawn, macrobrachium rosenbergii were collected from commercial hatchery in behera governorate, egypt. the diseased prawn showed dark brown focal lesions and necrosis of appendage tips. the causative bacterial pathogen was isolated from haemolymph and hepat ...200819266922
necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary sepsis caused by vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae non-o1.vibrio species are a rare cause of necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary septicemia, which are likely to occur in patients with hepatic disease, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, and immunocompromised conditions. these organisms thrive in warm seawater and are often present in raw oysters, shellfish, and other seafood. this study examined fulminating clinical characteristics of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae non-o1 soft-tissue infections and identified outcome predictors.200919276771
characterization of a new plasmid-like prophage in a pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 strain.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common food-borne pathogen that is normally associated with seafood. in 1996, a pandemic o3:k6 strain abruptly appeared and caused the first pandemic of this pathogen to spread throughout many asian countries, america, europe, and africa. the role of temperate bacteriophages in the evolution of this pathogen is of great interest. in this work, a new temperate phage, vp882, from a pandemic o3:k6 strain of v. parahaemolyticus was purified and characterized after mitomy ...200919286788
hlyu acts as an h-ns antirepressor in the regulation of the rtx toxin gene essential for the virulence of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus cmcp6.in vibrio vulnificus, hlyu upregulates the expression of the large rtx toxin gene. in this work we identified the binding site of hlyu to -417 to -376 bp of the rtxa1 operon transcription start site. lacz fusions for a series of progressive deletions from the rtxa1 operon promoter showed that transcriptional activity increased independently of hlyu when its binding site was absent. thus hlyu must regulate the rtxa1 operon expression by antagonizing a negative regulator. concomitantly we found th ...200919320834
temperature effects on the depuration of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from the american oyster (crassostrea virginica).this study investigated temperature effects on depuration for reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in american oyster (crassostrea virginica). raw oysters were inoculated with 5-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to levels of 10(4) to 10(5) mpn (most probable number)/g and depurated in artificial seawater (asw) at 22, 15, 10, and 5 degrees c. depuration of oysters at 22 degrees c had limited effects on reducing v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus in the oy ...200919323759
localization and characterization of vva0331, a 489-kda rtx-like protein, in vibrio vulnificus yj016.vibrio vulnificus yj016 contains three genes encoding proteins homologous to repeats-in-toxin proteins. one of these genes, vva0331, possesses a long open reading frame of 13,971 bp in length and resides on the small chromosome between two gene clusters encoding a type i secretion system and several regulatory proteins, respectively. bioinformatic analysis revealed that vva0331 consist of nineteen 87-amino acid repeats, two arg-gly-asp motifs, four cysteine residues, an outer membrane protein do ...200919326097
immune response and inhibition of bacterial growth by electrotransfer of plasmid dna containing the antimicrobial peptide, epinecidin-1, into zebrafish muscle.bacterial infections represent serious diseases in aquaculture, rapidly leading to fish death by septicemia. we investigated whether the electrotransfer of green fluorescent protein gene fusion epinecidin-1 (cmv-gfp-epi) dna into zebrafish muscle could regulate the fish immune response and inhibit bacterial growth. electroporation parameters such as the number of pulses, voltage, and amount of plasmid dna were analyzed, and results demonstrated the greatest mrna expression level of gfp-epi relat ...200919340938
[necrotizing fasciitis caused by a vibrio vulnificus infection in an eel fishery]. 200919348100
hemochromatosis and vibrio vulnificus wound infections.there are several reports of persons with hemochromatosis and vibrio vulnificus primary septicemia, but few accounts of persons with hemochromatosis and v. vulnificus wound infection. a 58-year-old white man developed infection of a forearm injury exposed to seawater in the gulf of mexico near the alabama coast. at age 66, he was diagnosed to have hemochromatosis. transferrin saturation was 89% and serum ferritin was 4761 pmol/l. hfe genotype was c282y/c282y. serum levels of hepatic enzymes, glu ...200919349902
[vibrio species in the waters of southern sweden caused bath-wound fever. increased bacteria frequency according to studies on clams]. 200919350770
structure of a polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio vulnificus clinical isolate yj016 containing 2-acetimidoylamino-2-deoxy-l-galacturonic acid.a polysaccharide isolated after mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio vulnificus clinical isolate yj016 was found to contain l-fuc, d-glcpnac, 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose (di-n-acetylbacillosamine, d-quinac4nac), and 2-acetimidoylamino-2-deoxy-l-galacturonic acid (l-galnama). the last sugar derivative was confirmed by correlations for nitrogen-linked protons in 2d tocsy and roesy spectra measured in a h(2)o-d(2)o mixture. the following structure of the polysaccha ...200919368903
molecular modeling and docking studies of glutamate racemase in vibrio vulnificus cmcp6.identification of novel drug targets in silico in vibrio vulnificus is important as it is one of the emerging pathogenic microorganisms. glutamate racemase, an important constituent of bacterial cell wall is chosen for structure prediction using homology modeling. with the aid of tools and software like modeller and swiss-pdbviewer, the 3d structure is predicted and the final model is refined by energy minimization. the quality of the refined model is assessed using procheck. the interaction bet ...200819374132
unusual marine pathogens causing cellulitis and bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: report of two cases and review of the literature.cellulitis in immunocompetent hosts is usually caused by skin organisms and responds to oral antibiotics. in immunocompromised hosts, such as end-stage renal disease (esrd) patients, unusual organisms with unpredictable pathogenicity can cause infections. we present two cases with isolates that are usually encountered in coastal waters. the first case describes a 71-year-old african-american esrd patient who presented with bacteremia secondary to a wound infection after exposure to flood waters ...200319379389
the extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio tubiashii directly inhibits its extracellular haemolysin.vibrio tubiashii is a re-emerging pathogen of molluscs that secretes a variety of extracellular products (ecps), including a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/haemolysin. previously, we reported that the v. tubiashii haemolysin locus consists of two orfs (vthb and vtha), similar to that of the homologous haemolysin genes (vvhb and vvha) found in vibrio vulnificus. here, we demonstrate that the concomitant expression of both v. tubiashii genes resulted in significantly higher haemolytic activity th ...200919389767
an amphioxus tlr with dynamic embryonic expression pattern responses to pathogens and activates nf-kappab pathway via myd88.a big bang expansion of the vertebrate-type (v-type) tlrs was reported in amphioxus. to shed lights on its implications, a unique tlr which is reversely inserted into an intron of amphioxus psmb7-10 by retrotransposition in the highly polymorphic proto-mhc region was cloned from chinese amphioxus (branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense) and named as bbttlr1. in situ assays showed that bbttlr1 was predominantly expressed in pharynx and gut from larva to adult stages, which are considered as the firs ...200919394698
dynamic expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-related genes of vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats and the effects of antibacterial agents.dynamic changes in mrna expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-promoting genes fas and bax and apoptosis-inhibiting gene bcl-2 of vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were detected and the effects of antibacterial agents were examined. the rat model with vibrio vulnificus sepsis (vv group) was established and some of the vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were treated with antibacterial agents (aa group). the mrna expressions of fas, bax and bcl-2 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain react ...200919399403
comparison of the effects of deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine on the growth and virulence of vibrio vulnificus.since deferoxamine (dfo), a standard iron-chelating agent that is widely used in patients with iron overload such as hemochromatosis or thalassemia, is a kind of hydroxamine siderophore of streptomyces species, it can accelerate the in vitro growth of ferophilic organisms such as vibrio vulnificus, yersinia enterocolitica, and mucorales.200919413741
role of calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced hyperpermeability.endothelial hyperpermeability, a hallmark of septicemia, is induced by stress fiber formation, which is primarily regulated by the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in endothelial cells. we previously reported that trifluoperazine, a calcium/calmodulin antagonist, blocks vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (vvc) -induced lethality at in vivo animal model. the object of this study was therefore to examine whether vvc induces stress fiber formation through calcium/calmodulin signaling in endothelial ce ...200919447166
vibrio vulnificus produces quorum sensing signals of the ahl-class.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic pathogenic bacterium that can cause vibriosis in humans and fish. the species is subdivided into three biotypes with the fish-virulent strains belonging to biotype 2. the quorum sensing (qs) phenomenon mediated by furanosyl borate diester or autoinducer 2 (ai-2) has been described in human strains of biotype 1, and here we show that the luxs gene which encodes ai-2 is present in all strains of v. vulnificus regardless of origin, biotype or serovar. in this study, ...200919453744
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