Publications

analysis of biolog gn substrate utilization patterns by microbial communities.	biolog gn plates are increasingly used to characterize microbial communities by determining the ability of the communities to oxidize various carbon sources. studies were done to determine whether the biolog gn plate assay accurately reflects the catabolic potential of the inoculum used. to gain insight into which populations of microbial communities contribute to the biolog patterns, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (tgge) were used to assess ...	1998	16349535
enterobacteria in feedlot waste and runoff.	samples of beef cattle feedlot waste (flw), runoff from the pens, and water from a large drainage ditch at the feedlot were examined for enterobacteriaceae. the drainage ditch receives the runoff but contains primarily subsurface drainage from fields on which flw is spread for disposal. planting and enrichment techniques with seven different media were used to isolate 553 cultures of enterobacteria. flw contains about 50 million enterobacteria/g dry weight. more than 90% of these were escherichi ...	1972	16349932
prolonged cellulitis due to plant thorn.	we report the case of a five-year-old healthy boy who was admitted with abscess and soft tissue infection between the left wrist and the distal end of the forearm. postero-anterior x-ray examination of the forearm showed a transverse line on the radius; however, further comparative radiographic examinations of the forearm were not compatible with fracture. enterobacter cloacae was identified in the pus culture and initial intravenous empiric treatment with sulbactam-ampicillin was continued. alt ...	2005	16363355
cloxacillin versus vancomycin for presumed late-onset sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit and the impact upon outcome of coagulase negative staphylococcal bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study.	coagulase negative staphylococcus (cons) is the main cause of late-onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care units (nicu). although cons rarely causes fulminant sepsis, vancomycin is frequently used as empiric therapy. indiscriminate use of vancomycin has been linked to the emergence of vancomycin resistant organisms. the objective of this study was to compare duration of cons sepsis and mortality before and after implementation of a policy of selective vancomycin use and compare use of vancomycin ...	2005	16375769
antimicrobial activities of silver dressings: an in vitro comparison.	a range of silver-coated or -impregnated dressings are now commercially available for use but comparative data on their antimicrobial efficacies are limited. the antibacterial activities of five commercially available silver-coated/impregnated dressings were compared against nine common burn-wound pathogens, namely methicillin-sensitive and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae, proteus vulgaris, acinetobact ...	2006	16388031
faster identification of pathogens in positive blood cultures by fluorescence in situ hybridization in routine practice.	rapid identification of microorganisms in blood cultures is required to optimize empirical treatment at an early stage. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) can reduce the time to identification of microorganisms in growth-positive blood cultures. in this study, we evaluated the performance, time to identification, and potential clinical benefits of fish compared to those of conventional culture methods in routine practice. after gram staining, blood culture fluids were simultaneously furth ...	2006	16390958
plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in louisiana.	the sale of small turtles is banned by the food and drug administration from the u.s. market due to concerns about their excretion of salmonella spp. to produce a safe pet for the export market, the louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. in 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as enterobacter cloaca ...	2006	16391058
intracutaneous versus transcutaneous suture techniques: comparison of sternal wound infection rates in open-heart surgery patients.	in open-heart surgery, sternal wound infection after median sternotomy is a critical complication. the intracutaneous suture is conventionally used in closing sternal incisions. in this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, intracutaneous and transcutaneous suture techniques for closing the sternum were compared with respect to postoperative sternal wound infections and cosmetic results. in this study, we included 100 patients who had undergone open-heart surgery. skin wounds were ...	2005	16392205
postmortem bacteriology: a re-evaluation.	to assess the value of postmortem bacteriology in necropsy practice, with specific emphasis on bacterial invasion of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf).	2006	16394274
secondary bacteremia after rotavirus gastroenteritis in infancy.	we describe 1 neonate and 3 infants with bacteremia secondary to rotavirus gastroenteritis. all had a typical course of an increase in temperature several days after admission. the causative organisms were enterobacter cloacae and klebsiella pneumoniae, both normal commensals of the small intestine. pediatricians should be aware of this complication.	2006	16396884
basics of flow cytometry-based sterility testing of platelet concentrates.	flow cytometry (facs) is a common technique in blood banking. it is used, for example, for the enumeration of residual white blood cells in plasma and in cellular blood products. it was investigated whether it can also be applied for sterility testing of buffy coat-derived platelet concentrates (pcs).	2006	16398729
vacuum-assisted closure system for the treatment of mediastinitis after total aortic arch replacement.	a 77-year-old man developed deep sternal wound infection with enterobacter cloacae 4 days after total aortic arch replacement for distal aortic arch aneurysm. reexploration and open drainage of the mediastinum was carried out for 4 days, and the vacuum-assisted closure system was applied and continued for 10 days. during the treatment, granulation formation and neovascularization was apparently enhanced which lead us to perform omental transfer and chest closure on the 18th postoperative day. th ...	2005	16408469
the genus hafnia: from soup to nuts.	the genus hafnia, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae, consists of gram-negative bacteria that are occasionally implicated in both intestinal and extraintestinal infections in humans. despite the fact that the genus currently contains only a single species (h. alvei), more extensive phylogenetic depth (two or more species) is apparent based upon dna relatedness and 16s rrna gene sequencing studies. hafnia causes a variety of systemic infections, including septicemia and pneumonia; however, ...	2006	16418520
microbial contamination of preservative free eye drops in multiple application containers.	the majority of eye drops used in the united kingdom contain preservatives and are bottled in plastic containers. preservative free drops are used to avoid ocular irritation and allergies in certain individuals. the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of microbial contamination of preservative free drops dispensed from multiusage containers.	2006	16424520
prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood culture in a tertiary care hospital.	to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase among enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood culture in a tertiary care hospital.	2006	16432591
low temperature reduction of hexavalent chromium by a microbial enrichment consortium and a novel strain of arthrobacter aurescens.	chromium is a transition metal most commonly found in the environment in its trivalent [cr(iii)] and hexavalent [cr(vi)] forms. the epa maximum total chromium contaminant level for drinking water is 0.1 mg/l (0.1 ppm). many water sources, especially underground sources, are at low temperatures (less than or equal to 15 centigrade) year round. it is important to evaluate the possibility of microbial remediation of cr(vi) contamination using microorganisms adapted to these low temperatures (psychr ...	2006	16436214
horizontal transfer of blacmy-bearing plasmids among clinical escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and emergence of cefepime-hydrolyzing cmy-19.	nine escherichia coli and 5 klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates resistant to various cephalosporins and cephamycins were identified in a japanese general hospital between 1995 and 1997. all nine e. coli isolates and one k. pneumoniae isolate carried bla(cmy-9), while the other four k. pneumoniae isolates harbored a variant of bla(cmy-9), namely, bla(cmy-19). the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the nine cmy-9-producing e. coli isolates were almost identical, suggesting their clon ...	2006	16436707
pcr classification of ctx-m-type beta-lactamase genes identified in clinically isolated gram-negative bacilli in japan.	of 1,456 strains isolated from 2001 to 2003 demonstrating resistance to either oxyimino-cephalosporin, 317 strains, isolated in 57 of 132 clinical facilities, were found to harbor bla(ctx-m) genes by pcr. fifty-seven, 161, and 99 strains harbored bla(ctx-m) genes belonging to the bla(ctx-m-1), bla(ctx-m-2), and bla(ctx-m-9) clusters, respectively.	2006	16436748
clinical characteristics and risk factors for attributable mortality in enterobacter cloacae bacteremia.	enterobacter spp. have emerged as an important cause of nosocomial bacteremia. the purpose of this study was to delineate the clinical, laboratory and microbiologic features that may influence prognosis of enterobacter cloacae and enable a stratification of those patients at high risk of mortality.	2006	16440126
extensive hospital-wide spread of a multidrug-resistant enterobacter cloacae clone, with late detection due to a variable antibiogram and frequent patient transfer.	a hospital-wide increase in the number of patients with aminoglycoside-resistant enterobacter cloacae (arec) isolated from clinical cultures was detected in december 2002 using a classical surveillance system (css). css refers to a strategy based on the recognition of an increased incidence of a species with a particular antibiogram at certain wards in a limited period. since clonal spread was suspected, hospital records were reviewed for e. cloacae culture-positive patients. based upon genotypi ...	2006	16455907
use of electrochemical dna biosensors for rapid molecular identification of uropathogens in clinical urine specimens.	we describe the first species-specific detection of bacterial pathogens in human clinical fluid samples using a microfabricated electrochemical sensor array. each of the 16 sensors in the array consisted of three single-layer gold electrodes-working, reference, and auxiliary. each of the working electrodes contained one representative from a library of capture probes, each specific for a clinically relevant bacterial urinary pathogen. the library included probes for escherichia coli, proteus mir ...	2006	16455913
prevalences of zoonotic bacteria among seabirds in rehabilitation centers along the pacific coast of california and washington, usa.	many seabirds are rehabilitated annually by wildlife rehabilitation centers along the pacific coast, usa. although various strains of zoonotic bacteria have been isolated from seabirds, risks to rehabilitators at these centers have not been well documented. from november 2001 through january 2003, we determined the prevalence of detectable enteric fauna by isolation and characterization of gram-negative bacteria from cloacal swabs taken from 26 common murres (uria aalge), 49 gulls (larus spp.), ...	2005	16456162
mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms: the role of cockroaches.	cockroaches (diploptera punctata) are basically tropical insects and will do their best to find a home that is both warm and moist. their involvement in the transmission of tropical diseases is poorly investigated in africa.	2005	16457381
induction by klebsiella aerogenes of a melanin-like pigment in cryptococcus neoformans.	while studying the interaction of cryptococcus neoformans with dictyostelium discoideum, we noticed that yeast colonies in agar with a feeder lawn of klebsiella aerogenes were brown. this finding was intriguing because c. neoformans colonies are not pigmented unless they are provided with precursors for melanization. strains of all c. neoformans serotypes produced brown pigment in response to k. aerogenes at 22, 30, and 37 degrees c. pigment production required fungal laccase and was suppressed ...	2006	16461709
clonal occurrences of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli: report from the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection surveillance program in the united states (2004).	the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection program is a global, longitudinal resistance surveillance network of more than 100 medical centers worldwide monitoring the susceptibility of bacterial pathogens to carbapenems and other broad-spectrum agents. between 1999 and 2004, a total of 10-16 us medical centers referred up to 200 nonduplicate isolates from clinical infections to a central processing laboratory. over this 6-year period, the antimicrobial activity of 12 broad-s ...	2006	16466890
participation of a galactose-specific c-type lectin in drosophila immunity.	a galactose-specific c-type lectin has been purified from a pupal extract of drosophila melanogaster. this lectin gene, named dl1 (drosophila lectin 1), is part of a gene cluster with the other two galactose-specific c-type lectin genes, named dl2 (drosophila lectin 2) and dl3 (drosophila lectin 3). these three genes are expressed differentially in fruit fly, but show similar haemagglutinating activities. the present study characterized the biochemical and biological properties of the dl1 protei ...	2006	16475980
vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections in 15 horses.	we retrospectively reviewed the cases of 15 foals and adult horses in which vancomycin was used, alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside, to treat methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections. signalment, presenting complaint, history (including history of treatment for the current complaint), results of bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. the average vancomycin dosage was 7.5 mg/kg q8h, administered by intr ...	2005	16479726
health considerations regarding horizontal transfer of microbial transgenes present in genetically modified crops.	the potential effects of horizontal gene transfer on human health are an important item in the safety assessment of genetically modified organisms. horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified crops to gut microflora most likely occurs with transgenes of microbial origin. the characteristics of microbial transgenes other than antibiotic-resistance genes in market-approved genetically modified crops are reviewed. these characteristics include the microbial source, natural function, function ...	2005	16489267
systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals.	prudent prescribing of antimicrobial drugs to hospital inpatients may reduce incidences of antimicrobial drug resistance and healthcare-associated infection. we reviewed the literature from january 1980 to november 2003 to identify rigorous evaluations of interventions to improve hospital prescribing of antimicrobial drugs. we identified 66 studies with interpretable data, of which 16 reported 20 microbiologic outcomes: gram-negative resistant bacteria, 10 studies; clostridium difficile-associat ...	2006	16494744
ameba-associated microorganisms and diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia.	to elucidate the role of ameba-associated microorganisms (aams) as etiologic agents of pneumonia, we screened for legionella spp., parachlamydia acanthamoeba, afipia sp., bosea spp., bradyrhizobium spp., mesorhizobium amorphae, rasbo bacterium, azorhizobium caulinodans, acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus, and conventional microorganisms in 210 pneumonia patients in intensive-care units by using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serologic testing. these resulted in 59 diagnoses in 40 patients ...	2006	16494750
biochemical and molecular characterization of three new variants of ampc beta-lactamases from morganella morganii.	morganella morganii produces an inducible, chromosomally encoded ampc beta-lactamase. we describe in this study three new variants of ampc within this species with apparent pis of 6.6 (m19 from m. morganii strain pp19), 7.4 (m29 from m. morganii strain pp29), and 7.8 (m37 from m. morganii strain pp37). after gene sequencing, deduced amino acid sequences displayed one to six substitutions when compared to the available morganella ampc sequences. an ampr-encoding gene was also found upstream of am ...	2006	16495258
further increase of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium, amikacin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae, and imipenem-resistant acinetobacter spp. in korea: 2003 konsar surveillance.	monitoring temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance can provide useful information for the empirical selection of antimicrobial agents to treat infected patients and for the control of nosocomial infections. in this study, we analyzed antimicrobial resistance of clinically relevant bacteria in 2003 at korean hospitals and at a commercial laboratory. the following organism-antimicrobial agent resistance combinations were very prevalent: oxacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (68%), expanded ...	2006	16502484
[phenotypic and genotypic characterization of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in enterobacter spp].	enterobacter spp. are becoming increasingly frequent nosocomial pathogens with multiple resistance mechanism to beta-lactam antibiotics. we carried out the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of beta-lactamases in 27 enterobacter spp. (25 enterobacter cloacae y 2 enterobacter aerogenes), as well as the ability of different extended spectrum-lactamase (esbl) screening methods. resistance to third generation cephalosporins was observed in 15/27 (63%) isolates. twelve resistant isolates produ ...	2005	16502641
comparison of two chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular based identification systems for enterobacter sakazakii detection.	enterobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. the current fda detection method includes two enrichment steps, the subculturing of the second enrichment broth on a selective agar (vrbg), a further subculturing of selected grown colonies on tsa and the subsequent biochemical identification of yellow-pigmented colonies by api20e. however, there is a strong nee ...	2006	16504079
nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections.	a prospective cohort study was conducted from january 2000 to december 2001 to determine the rate of bacterial nosocomial infections in renal transplant recipients. the patients were divided into two groups according to the origin of the allograft, namely deceased or living related donors. one hundred and sixty-three renal transplant recipients were reviewed during hospitalization; 110 (67.5%) kidneys were from deceased donors and 53 (32.5%) kidneys were from living related donors. the median le ...	2006	16517007
enhanced exopolymer production and chromium stabilization in pseudomonas putida unsaturated biofilms.	chromium-contaminated soils threaten surface and groundwater quality at many industrial sites. in vadose zones, indigenous bacteria can reduce cr(vi) to cr(iii), but the subsequent fate of cr(iii) and the roles of bacterial biofilms are relatively unknown. to investigate, we cultured pseudomonas putida, a model organism for vadose zone bioremediation, as unsaturated biofilms on membranes overlaying iron-deficient solid media either containing molecular dichromate from potassium dichromate (cr-on ...	2006	16517647
detection and genotyping of shv beta-lactamase variants by mass spectrometry after base-specific cleavage of in vitro-generated rna transcripts.	matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) after base-specific cleavage of pcr-amplified and in vitro-transcribed bla(shv) genes was used for the identification and genotyping of shv beta-lactamases. for evaluation, bla(shv) stretches of 21 clinical enterobacteriaceae isolates were pcr amplified using t7 promoter-tagged forward and reverse primers, respectively. in vitro transcripts were generated with t7 rna and dna polymerase in the presence of ...	2006	16517875
evaluation of the phoenix 100 id/ast system and nid panel for identification of enterobacteriaceae, vibrionaceae, and commonly isolated nonenteric gram-negative bacilli.	the phoenix 100 id/ast system (becton dickinson co., sparks, md.) is an automated system for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates. this system with its negative identification (nid) panel was evaluated for its accuracy in the identification of 507 isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae, 57 other nonenteric gram-negative isolates that are commonly isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories, and 138 isolates of the family vibrionaceae. all of the ...	2006	16517878
analysis of 525 samples to determine the usefulness of pcr amplification and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene for diagnosis of bone and joint infections.	the 16s rrna gene pcr in the diagnosis of bone and joint infections has not been systematically tested. five hundred twenty-five bone and joint samples collected from 525 patients were cultured and submitted to 16s rrna gene pcr detection of bacteria in parallel. the amplicons with mixed sequences were also cloned. when discordant results were observed, culture and pcr were performed once again. bacteria were detected in 139 of 525 samples. culture and 16s rrna gene pcr yielded identical documen ...	2006	16517890
recurrent osteomyelitis caused by infection with different bacterial strains without obvious source of reinfection.	recurrence of osteomyelitis by the same bacterial strain is well known. we report three patients with a second episode of osteomyelitis at the same site caused by different strains of bacteria from the original. formerly infected and altered bone surface might present a region of diminished resistance for a new infection.	2006	16517930
downregulation of the drosophila immune response by peptidoglycan-recognition proteins sc1 and sc2.	peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (pgrps) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that are structurally related to bacterial amidases. several drosophila pgrps have lost this enzymatic activity and serve as microbe sensors through peptidoglycan recognition. other pgrp family members, such as drosophila pgrp-sc1 or mammalian pgrp-l, have conserved the amidase function and are able to cleave peptidoglycan in vitro. however, the contribution of these amidase pgrps to host defense in vivo has remain ...	2006	16518472
[nationwide surveillance of parenteral antibiotics containing meropenem activities against clinically isolated strains in 2004].	the antibacterial activity of meropenem (mepm) and other parenteral antibiotics against clinical isolates of 907 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 1790 strains of gram-negative bacteria, and 192 strains of anaerobic bacteria obtained from 30 medical institutions during 2004 was measured. the results were as follows; 1. mic90 of mepm for almost all of enterobacteriaceae and haemophilus influenzae were 4-fold to 32-fold lower than those of other carbapenems. mepm was more active than other carbap ...	2005	16521347
prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in isolates of the enterobacter cloacae complex from german hospitals.	in 2002, 119 isolates of the enterobacter cloacae complex were collected randomly from 11 german laboratories nationwide. antibiotic susceptibilities were tested by disk-diffusion tests according to clsi guidelines, and mics were determined using etests. pcrs were performed to amplify all tem and shv, and most ctx-m and oxa beta-lactamase genes. pcr products were sequenced to identify the precise extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) types. isoelectric focusing (ief) and pm/pml etests were use ...	2006	16524408
characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing kuwait and uk strains identified by the vitek system, and subsequent comparison of the vitek system with other commercial esbl-testing systems using these strains.	two hundred and fifty-one unique patient isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae (123), escherichia coli (114), klebsiella oxytoca (7), enterobacter cloacae (5) and citrobacter freundii (2), flagged as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) positive by the vitek system (gns-526 card), were collected. these strains were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens submitted to the clinical bacteriology laboratories of the royal infirmary of edinburgh (rie), edinburgh, uk (and associated gp practices) ...	2006	16533989
glutathione-s-transferase activity and metabolism of glutathione conjugates by rhizosphere bacteria.	glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activity was determined in 36 species of rhizosphere bacteria with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb) and in 18 strains with the herbicide alachlor. highest levels of cdnb-gst activity (60 to 222 nmol (middot) h(sup-1) (middot) mg(sup-1)) were found in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella planticola, pseudomonas cepacia, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas putida, and xanthomonas campestris. there was very l ...	1995	16534956
reduction of selenium oxyanions by enterobacter cloacae sld1a-1: isolation and growth of the bacterium and its expulsion of selenium particles.	a facultative bacterium capable of removing the selenium (se) oxyanions selenate (seo(inf4)(sup2-)) and selenite (seo(inf3)(sup2-)) from solution culture in flasks open to the atmosphere was isolated and studied with the goal of assessing its potential for use in bioremediation of seleniferous agricultural drainage water. elemental se (se(sup0)) was confirmed as a product of the reaction. the organism, identified as enterobacter cloacae and designated strain sld1a-1 (atcc 700258), removed from 6 ...	1997	16535668
asymptomatic bacteriuria in sickle cell disease: a cross-sectional study.	it is known that there is significant morbidity associated with urinary tract infection and with renal dysfunction in sickle cell disease (scd). however, it is not known if there are potential adverse outcomes associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria (asb) infections in sickle cell disease if left untreated. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of asb, in a cohort of patients with scd.	2006	16539735
multiresistant enterobacter cloacae outbreak in an intensive care unit associated with therapeutic beds.	we report a multiresistant enterobacter cloacae outbreak in an intensive care unit, associated with mattresses and with antibacterial-treated and vapour-permeable polyurethane synthetic mattress covers of therapeutic beds.	2006	16542475
two structurally distinct vana resistance elements at different locations in a glycopeptide-resistant strain of enterococcus faecalis.		2001	16557681
relationship between beta-lactamase activity and resistance of enterobacter to cephalothin.	the relationship between cephalosporin beta-lactamase activity and resistance to cephalothin was investigated in strains of enterobacter cloacae and e. aerogenes. beta-lactamase activity was detected in all strains, but a quantitative correlation between amount of beta-lactamase activity and level of resistance to cephalothin was not observed. permeability barriers to cephalothin were observed and varied from strain to strain. beta-lactamase activity was increased by growing organisms in the pre ...	1970	16557885
characterisation of a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, shv-70, from a clinical isolate of enterobacter cloacae in china.		2006	16563703
beta-lactamase nomenclature.		2006	16569819
qnrb, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance.	a novel plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrb, has been discovered in a plasmid encoding the ctx-m-15 beta-lactamase from a klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in south india. it has less than 40% amino acid identity with the original qnr (now qnra) gene or with the recently described qnrs but, like them, codes for a protein belonging to the pentapeptide repeat family. strains with qnrb demonstrated low-level resistance to all quinolones tested. the gene has been cloned in an expres ...	2006	16569827
first isolation of blaimi-2 in an enterobacter cloacae clinical isolate from china.		2006	16569898
enterobacter cloacae in an italian neonatal intensive care unit: pattern of drug resistance compared with an international database (sentry antimicrobial surveillance program).		2006	16572903
sequence alignment and homology threading reveals prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins similar to lactose permease.	certain prokaryotic transport proteins similar to the lactose permease of escherichia coli (lacy) have been identified by blast searches from available genomic databanks. these proteins exhibit conservation of amino acid residues that participate in sugar binding and h(+) translocation in lacy. homology threading of prokaryotic transporters based on the x-ray structure of lacy (pdb id: 1pv7) and sequence similarities reveals a common overall fold for sugar transporters belonging to the major fac ...	2006	16574153
an asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium from the root environment of corn.	examination of root systems and adhering soil associated with unusually green corn plants from nitrogen-deficient areas in fields has revealed higher acetylene-reducing activities than comparable root systems of chlorotic plants that appeared to be nitrogen deficient. from the root systems with acetylene-reducing activity, n(2)-fixing enterobacter cloacae were isolated. pure cultures of the organism grown in a medium lacking added fixed nitrogen reduced acetylene to ethylene and used n(2) as a s ...	1972	16592033
performances and microbial features of an aerobic packed-bed biofilm reactor developed to post-treat an olive mill effluent from an anaerobic gac reactor.	olive mill wastewater (omw) is the aqueous effluent of olive oil producing processes. given its high cod and content of phenols, it has to be decontaminated before being discharged. anaerobic digestion is one of the most promising treatment process for such an effluent, as it combines high decontamination efficiency with methane production. the large scale anaerobic digestion of omws is normally conducted in dispersed-growth reactors, where however are generally achieved unsatisfactory cod remov ...	2006	16595023
purification and characterization of trzf: biuret hydrolysis by allophanate hydrolase supports growth.	trzf, the allophanate hydrolase from enterobacter cloacae strain 99, was cloned, overexpressed in the presence of a chaperone protein, and purified to homogeneity. native trzf had a subunit molecular weight of 65,401 and a subunit stoichiometry of alpha(2) and did not contain significant levels of metals. trzf showed time-dependent inhibition by phenyl phosphorodiamidate and is a member of the amidase signature protein family. trzf was highly active in the hydrolysis of allophanate but was not a ...	2006	16597948
cloning and sequencing of the ompa gene of enterobacter sakazakii and development of an ompa-targeted pcr for rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula.	enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging, infant formula-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. traditional detection methods take up to 7 days to identify e. sakazakii. the outer membrane protein a gene (ompa), along with its flanking sequences from e. sakazakii (atcc 51329), was cloned in the pgem-t easy vector and sequenced. comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid seq ...	2006	16597955
quantitative real-time legionella pcr for environmental water samples: data interpretation.	quantitative legionella pcrs targeting the 16s rrna gene (specific for the genus legionella) and the mip gene (specific for the species legionella pneumophila) were applied to a total of 223 hot water system samples (131 in one laboratory and 92 in another laboratory) and 37 cooling tower samples (all in the same laboratory). the pcr results were compared with those of conventional culture. 16s rrna gene pcr results were nonquantifiable for 2.8% of cooling tower samples and up to 39.1% of hot wa ...	2006	16597985
produce isolates of the escherichia coli ont:h52 serotype that carry both shiga toxin 1 and stable toxin genes.	produce isolates of the escherichia coli ont:h52 serotype carried shiga toxin 1 and stable toxin genes but only expressed stx1. these strains had pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles that were 90% homologous to clinical ont:h52 strains that had identical phenotypes and genotypes. all ont:h52 strains had identical single nucleotide polymorphism profiles that are suggestive of a unique clonal group.	2006	16598020
bacteriological urinalysis in patients after renal transplantation.	the study consisted of microbiological urinalysis performed in 269 patients after renal transplantation who remained under medical care at the outpatient service of the transplantation institute in warsaw. the patients enrolled into the study had undergone renal transplantation 6 to 72 months before urine samples were collected. 304 urinalysis were performed. in the group of 269 patients, 42 individuals had bacteria in their urine what was confirmed in 47 urine cultures. cases of bacteriuria wer ...	2005	16599304
antibiotic resistance as a global threat: evidence from china, kuwait and the united states.	antimicrobial resistance is an under-appreciated threat to public health in nations around the globe. with globalization booming, it is important to understand international patterns of resistance. if countries already experience similar patterns of resistance, it may be too late to worry about international spread. if large countries or groups of countries that are likely to leap ahead in their integration with the rest of the world--china being the standout case--have high and distinctive patt ...	2006	16603071
drosophila melanogaster scramblases modulate synaptic transmission.	scramblases are a family of single-pass plasma membrane proteins, identified by their purported ability to scramble phospholipids across the two layers of plasma membrane isolated from platelets and red blood cells. however, their true in vivo role has yet to be elucidated. we report the generation and isolation of null mutants of two scramblases identified in drosophila melanogaster. we demonstrate that flies lacking either or both of these scramblases are not compromised in vivo in processes r ...	2006	16606691
tigecycline (tygacil): the first in the glycylcycline class of antibiotics.		2006	16609746
epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli at siriraj hospital, thailand, 2003.	a cross-sectional study was conducted from august to september, 2003 to determine the prevalence and risk factors in acquiring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing gram-negative bacilli (gnb) in patients admitted to siriraj hospital and the outcomes of these infections. of 346 isolates of gram-negative bacteria in 249 patients, 102 isolates from 87 patients were colonization only, but 244 isolates from 162 patients were infections. the common gnb were escherichia coli, klebsiella pn ...	2005	16610653
first report of ctx-m-15 and ctx-m-3 beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae in béjaia, algeria.	we assessed the prevalence and phenotypic characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers among 365 clinical isolates of members of the family enterobacteriaceae recovered from two hospitals in béjaia, algeria, between march 2004 and april 2005. twenty-one strains were resistant to cefotaxime and/or ceftazidime. a double-disk synergy test yielded a positive result in five cases (three escherichia coli, one klebsiella pneumoniae and one enterobacter cloacae). using polymerase chain ...	2006	16621456
rapid identification of enterobacteriaceae by sequencing dna gyrase subunit b encoding gene.	real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to characterize a 506-bp-long dna fragment internal to the gyrb gene (gyrbint). the sequences obtained from 32 enterobacteriaceae-type strains and those available in the genbank nucleotide sequence database (n = 24) were used as a database to identify 240 clinical enterobacteria isolates. sequence analysis of the gyrbint fragment of 240 strains showed that gyrbint constitutes a discriminative target sequence to differentiate between en ...	2006	16626902
nucleotide flips determine the specificity of the ecl18ki restriction endonuclease.	restricion endonuclease ecl18ki is specific for the sequence /ccngg and cleaves it before the outer c to generate 5 nt 5'-overhangs. it has been suggested that ecl18ki is evolutionarily related to ngomiv, a 6-bp cutter that cleaves the sequence g/ccggc and leaves 4 nt 5'-overhangs. here, we report the crystal structure of the ecl18ki-dna complex at 1.7 a resolution and compare it with the known structure of the ngomiv-dna complex. we find that ecl18ki flips both central nucleotides within the cc ...	2006	16628220
ceftobiprole medocaril (bal5788) treatment of experimental haemophilus influenzae, enterobacter cloacae, and klebsiella pneumoniae murine pneumonia.	ceftobiprole (bal9141) is an investigational cephalosporin active against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci administered as a water-soluble prodrug, ceftobiprole medocaril (bal5788). using an immunocompetent murine pneumonia model of haemophilus influenzae, enterobacter cloacae, or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) nonproducing or producing klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia, we compared results of treatment with ceftobiprole medocaril (71 mg/kg, sc, qid), ceftriaxone (50 mg ...	2006	16631339
[maxipime in the treatment of neonatal sepsis].	the aim of our work was to confirm the effectiveness of the iv generation cephalosporin maxipime. patients with sepsis, septicaemia (induced by enterobacter cloacae) were investigated. we utilized several antibiotics of large spectrum of action, but the situation was stabilized and improved after the initiation of maxipime. stabilization of the intestinal peristaltic has been achieved using the nutritional mixture alfare (nestle). alfare totally satisfies child's demands on vitamins and microele ...	2006	16636392
stepwise upregulation of the pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal cephalosporinase conferring high-level beta-lactam resistance involves three ampd homologues.	development of resistance to the antipseudomonal penicillins and cephalosporins mediated by hyperproduction of the chromosomal cephalosporinase ampc is a major threat to the successful treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. although ampd inactivation has been previously found to lead to a partially derepressed phenotype characterized by increased ampc production but retaining further inducibility, the regulation of ampc in p. aeruginosa is far from well understood. we demonstrate that a ...	2006	16641450
increasing prevalence and diversity of metallo-beta-lactamases in pseudomonas spp., acinetobacter spp., and enterobacteriaceae from korea.	among imipenem-nonsusceptible isolates, acquired metallo-beta-lactamase genes were detected in 36 of 581 (6.2%) pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 42 of 44 (95.4%) other pseudomonas species, and 136 of 513 (26.5%) acinetobacter species from 2003 to 2004 at a korean hospital. overall, bla(vim-2)-like genes were the most prevalent and were also detected in enterobacteriaceae, including klebsiella pneumoniae.	2006	16641469
new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2005 and new indications for previously approved agents.		2006	16641478
discrepancies between prescribed daily doses and who defined daily doses of antibacterials at a university hospital.	the defined daily doses (ddd) defined by the who are widely used as an indicator to measure antibiotic use in the hospital setting. however, discrepancies exist between countries in terms of antibiotic dosage. the aim of the present study was to compare, for each antibacterial agent available at our university hospital, the prescribed daily doses (pdd) with the ddd.	2006	16669851
short-term mortality and implementation of antiretroviral treatment for critically ill hiv-infected children in a developing country.	to describe the short-term outcome of critically ill hiv-infected children with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in a developing region.	2007	16670122
trends in production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among enterobacteria of medical interest: report of the second italian nationwide survey.	results of a 2003 survey carried out in italy to evaluate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteria are presented. eleven italian microbiology laboratories investigated 9,076 consecutive nonreplicate isolates (inpatients, 6,850; outpatients, 2,226). esbl screening was performed by mic data analysis. confirmation was obtained using the double-disk synergy test and the combination disk test based on clsi methodology. esbl determinants were investigated by c ...	2006	16672390
development and evaluation of a rapid, simple, and sensitive immunochromatographic assay to detect thermostable direct hemolysin produced by vibrio parahaemolyticus in enrichment cultures of stool specimens.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is considered to be a major virulence factor in vibrio parahaemolyticus, and most cases of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea in humans are caused by tdh gene-positive strains. in the present study, we developed an immunochromatographic assay to detect tdh (tdh-ica) and evaluated the utility of tdh-ica for the diagnosis of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. tdh-ica allowed the detection of 0.2 ng/ml of tdh within 10 min. fecal homogenates were spiked with various numbers ...	2006	16672412
rapid detection of brucella spp. in blood cultures by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	brucellosis is a severe systemic disease in humans. we describe a new 16s rrna-based fluorescence in situ hybridization assay that facilitates rapid and specific detection of all human pathogenic species of brucella and that can be applied directly to positive blood cultures.	2006	16672413
application of minimal sequence quality values prevents misidentification of the blashv type in single bacterial isolates carrying different shv extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes.	nucleotide sequencing is the standard molecular method for determination of the beta-lactamase gene present in an isolate. using minimal sequence quality values prevents misidentification of bla(shv) genes, as illustrated by three strains of three different species that each contained two different bla(shv) alleles, shv-2 and shv-12.	2006	16672434
genetic and biochemical evidence for the involvement of a molybdenum-dependent enzyme in one of the selenite reduction pathways of rhodobacter sphaeroides f. sp. denitrificans il106.	selenite reduction in rhodobacter sphaeroides f. sp. denitrificans was observed under photosynthetic conditions, following a 100-h lag period. this adaptation period was suppressed if the medium was inoculated with a culture previously grown in the presence of selenite, suggesting that selenite reduction involves an inducible enzymatic pathway. a transposon library was screened to isolate mutants affected in selenite reduction. of the eight mutants isolated, two were affected in molybdenum cofac ...	2006	16672451
structural basis for the extended substrate spectrum of cmy-10, a plasmid-encoded class c beta-lactamase.	the emergence and dissemination of extended-spectrum (es) beta-lactamases induce therapeutic failure and a lack of eradication of clinical isolates even by third-generation beta-lactam antibiotics like ceftazidime. cmy-10 is a plasmid-encoded class c beta-lactamase with a wide spectrum of substrates. unlike the well-studied class c es beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae gc1, the omega-loop does not affect the active site conformation and the catalytic activity of cmy-10. instead, a three-am ...	2006	16677302
[clinical observation of the effects of fe combined enzymes on the infection of the granulation burn wound during late post burns stage].	to observe the effects of combined fe enzymes on the infection of the granulation burn wound during late postburn stage in controlling burn wound infection caused by common antibiotic resistant bacteria.	2006	16680957
[infection pathogen analysis of 2388 patients in an open hematology ward from 1993 to 2004].	to investigate the incidence of infection and pathogens in hematology ward.	2006	16681921
characterisation and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacter cloacae isolated from a district teaching hospital in taiwan.	enterobacter cloacae (n = 110) isolates from a district hospital in taiwan were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls). in total, 17 esbl-producers were identified, based on the combination-disk synergy test using cefotaxime and ceftazidime +/- clavulanic acid. investigation of esbl genes in 33 ceftazidime-resistant isolates revealed the shv-12 gene in the same 17 esbl-producers. in addition, one isolate also carried the ctx-m-3 gene, and two isolates also carried the ctx-m-9 gen ...	2006	16700709
gram-negative meningitis and infections in individuals treated with intrathecal baclofen for spasticity: a retrospective study.	the aim of this retrospective study was to describe signs, symptoms, and clinical outcomes of individuals undergoing intrathecal baclofen (itb) therapy who experienced pump-related gram-negative infections including meningitis. participants included 12 individuals (nine males, three females) aged 10 to 32 years (mean 17y 9mo), nine of whom had quadriplegic cp. a total of 571 baclofen pump surgeries were performed with 45 total infections. of the 45 infections, 12 were by gram-negative organisms, ...	2006	16700935
empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study.	antibiotic de-escalation, which consists of the initial institution of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by antibiotic streamlining driven by microbiological documentation, is thought to provide maximum benefit for the individual patient, while reducing the selection pressure for resistance.	2006	16704742
enterobacter cloacae outbreak and emergence of quinolone resistance gene in dutch hospital.	an outbreak of enterobacter cloacae infections with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occurred in the university medical center utrecht in the netherlands in 2002. our investigation showed that a qnra1 gene was present in 78 (94%) of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnra1-encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the same species and other species. the earliest isolate carrying this same plasmid was isolated in 1999. qnra1 was located in a complex integron consisting of the inti1 ...	2006	16704842
population-based laboratory surveillance of hafnia alvei isolates in a large canadian health region.	hospital-based series have characterized hafnia alvei primarily as an infrequent agent of polymicrobial nosocomial infections in males with underlying illness.	2006	16707023
procalcitonin is not sufficiently reliable to be the sole marker of neonatal sepsis of nosocomial origin.	it has recently been suggested that serum procalcitonin (pct) is of value in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, with varying results. the aim of this prospective multicenter study was to assess the usefulness of pct as a marker of neonatal sepsis of nosocomial origin.	2006	16709255
emerging plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance associated with the qnra gene in enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates in china.		2006	16713016
helicobacter species ribosomal dna in the pancreas, stomach and duodenum of pancreatic cancer patients.	to determine whether gastric and enteric helicobacter species are associated with pancreatic cancer.	2006	16718784
levofloxacin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with severe burn injury.	levofloxacin pharmacokinetics were studied in 11 patients with severe burn injuries. patients (values are means +/- standard deviations; age, 41 +/- 17 years; weight, 81 +/- 12 kg; creatinine clearance, 114 +/- 40 ml/min) received intravenous levofloxacin at 750 mg (n = 10 patients) or 500 mg (n = one patient) once daily. blood samples were collected on day 1 of levofloxacin therapy; eight patients were studied again on days 4 to 6. the pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment (pta) was ...	2006	16723549
model system to evaluate the effect of ampd mutations on ampc-mediated beta-lactam resistance.	mutations within the structural gene of ampd can lead to ampc overproduction and increases in beta-lactam mics in organisms with an inducible ampc. however, identification of mutations alone cannot predict the impact that those mutations have on ampd function. therefore, a model system was designed to determine the effect of ampd mutations on ceftazidime mics using an ampd(-) mutant escherichia coli strain which produced an inducible plasmid-encoded ampc. ampd genes were amplified by pcr from st ...	2006	16723562
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dw-224a, a new fluoronaphthyridone.	dw-224a showed the most potent in vitro activity among the quinolone compounds tested against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. against gram-negative bacteria, dw-224a was slightly less active than the other fluoroquinolones. the in vivo activities of dw-224a against gram-positive bacteria were more potent than those of other quinolones.	2006	16723601
indomethacin-associated neutropenia with subsequent gram-negative sepsis in a preterm infant. cause or coincidence?	a preterm male infant with a patent ductus arteriosus developed neutropenia during treatment with indomethacin. afterward, the mother described her own history of indomethacin-associated neutropenia. during the recovery from the neutropenia, the infant became septic with bacteremia caused by enterobacter cloacae. although indomethacin-related neutropenia has been described in adults, no case in a neonate has been reported. if neutropenia occurs after indomethacin therapy in a neonate, a familial ...	2006	16724081
elimination and multiplication of bacteria during preparation and storage of buffy coat-derived platelet concentrates.	the prevalence of bacterial contamination of random-donor platelet concentrates (pcs) is considerably lower than that of blood donations. which key steps of the preparation procedure contribute to the elimination of bacteria was investigated.	2006	16734811
resistance in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacteriaceae.	the emergence and spread of resistance in enterobacteriaceae are complicating the treatment of serious nosocomial infections and threatening to create species resistant to all currently available agents. approximately 20% of klebsiella pneumoniae infections and 31% of enterobacter spp infections in intensive care units in the united states now involve strains not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. such resistance in k pneumoniae to third-generation cephalosporins is typically caused ...	2006	16735147
purification, characterization, and gene cloning of 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase of enterobacter cloacae p240.	we found the occurrence of 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase in enterobacter cloacae p240, isolated from soils under anaerobic conditions, and purified the enzyme to homogeneity. the purified enzyme was a homohexamer of identical 60 kda subunits. the purified decarboxylase catalyzed the nonoxidative decarboxylation of 4-hydroxybenzoate without requiring any cofactors. its km value for 4-hydroxybenzoate was 596 microm. the enzyme also catalyzed decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, for which th ...	2006	16758158