Publications

human nerve growth factor protects common marmosets against autoimmune encephalomyelitis by switching the balance of t helper cell type 1 and 2 cytokines within the central nervous system.	multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (cns), in which an immune attack directed against myelin constituents causes myelin destruction and death of oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells. here, the efficacy of nerve growth factor (ngf), a growth factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes, in promoting myelin repair was evaluated using the demyelinating model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in the common marmoset. surprisingly, we found th ...	2000	10811872
characterization of murine coronavirus neutralization epitopes with phage-displayed peptides.	phage-displayed peptide libraries were used to map immunologically relevant epitopes on the surface (s) glycoprotein of a neurotropic murine coronavirus (mhv-a59). three in vitro virus-neutralizing and in vivo protective mabs against either continuous or discontinuous epitopes on the s glycoprotein were used to screen 12 different peptide libraries expressed on the pviii major coat protein of the fd filamentous bacteriophage. consensus sequences that matched short sequences within the s glycopro ...	2000	10814583
characterization of fimy as a coactivator of type 1 fimbrial expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	type 1 fimbriae of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are surface appendages that carry adhesins specific for mannosylated host glycoconjugates. regulation of the major fimbrial subunit is thought to be controlled by a number of ancillary fim genes, including fimz, fimy, fimw, and fimu. previous studies using a fimz mutant have indicated that this protein is necessary for fima expression, and in vitro dna binding assays determined that fimz is a transcriptional activator that binds directly ...	2000	10816478
identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in gardnerella vaginalis.	previous studies have shown that gardnerella vaginalis can utilize iron-loaded human lactoferrin as a sole source of iron. in this study, g. vaginalis cells were shown to bind digoxigenin (dig)-labeled human lactoferrin in a dot blot assay. using the dig-labeled human lactoferrin, a 120-kda human lactoferrin-binding protein was detected by western blot analysis of g. vaginalis proteins. the lactoferrin-binding activity of this protein was found to be heat stable. competition studies indicated th ...	2000	10816496
characterization of hemolysin of moraxella bovis using a hemolysis-neutralizing monoclonal antibody.	a concentrated bacterial culture supernatant from the hemolytic moraxella bovis strain uqv 148nf was used to immunize mice and generate monoclonal antibodies (mabs). one, mab g3/d7, neutralized the hemolytic activity of m. bovis and recognized a 94-kda protein by western blot analysis in hemolytic m. bovis strains representing each of the different fimbrial serogroups. exposure of corneal epithelial cells to m. bovis concentrated culture supernatants demonstrated a role for an exotoxin in the pa ...	2000	10816500
stimulation of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin intoxication by its hemolysin domain.	the internalization of the n-terminal catalytic domain of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (act) across the cytoplasmic membrane has been considered to occur independently from protein-protein interactions which can lead to oligomerization required for hemolytic activity by its c-terminal hemolysin domain. here we report that when added in excess, this hemolysin domain stimulates the internalization, suggesting the involvement of protein-protein interactions in cell-invasive activity ...	2000	10816536
constitutive mutations of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium transcriptional virulence regulator phop.	the phop-phoq two-component system is necessary for the virulence of salmonella spp. and is responsible for regulating several modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (lps). mutagenesis of the transcriptional regulator phop resulted in the identification of a mutant able to activate transcription of regulated genes approximately 100-fold in the absence of phoq. sequence analysis showed two single-base alterations resulting in amino acid changes at positions 93 (s93n) and 203 (q203r). these mutat ...	2000	10816543
use of pertussis toxin encoded by ptx genes from bordetella bronchiseptica to model the effects of antigenic drift of pertussis toxin on antibody neutralization.	recently, concern has been voiced about the potential effect that antigenic divergence of circulating strains of bordetella pertussis might have on the efficacy of pertussis vaccines. in order to model antigenic drift of pertussis toxin, a critical component of many pertussis vaccines, and to examine the effects of such drift on antibody neutralization, we engineered a strain of b. pertussis to produce a variant pertussis toxin molecule that contains many of the amino acid changes found in the t ...	2000	10816544
experimental allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs induced by japanese cedar pollen.	we report a new experimental allergic conjunctivitis with japanese cedar pollen as antigen in guinea pigs, and the immunological characteristics of this model were also elucidated. allergic conjunctivitis was developed by immunization in guinea pigs with a mixture containing japanese cedar pollen and killed bordetella pertussis. when local application of japanese cedar pollen suspension 14 d after systemic immunization was performed every 3d, remarkable conjunctivitis was observed from 20 to 35 ...	2000	10823665
in vitro activity of gemifloxacin and other antimicrobial agents against isolates of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis.	we investigated the activity of the novel quinolone agent gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and a panel of comparator agents against bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis. erythromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and gemifloxacin were consistently active against both species. an azithromycin- and erythromycin-resistant b. pertussis isolate was not resistant to any of the other agents tested (gemifloxacin mic < or =0.008 mg/l; ciprofloxacin, 0.015 mg/l; ampicillin, 2.0 mg/l; trimethoprim-sulp ...	2000	10824032
dimerization of signalling modules of the evgas and bvgas phosphorelay systems.	biophysical and biochemical properties of signalling proteins or domains derived from the unorthodox evgas and bvgas two-component phosphorelay systems of escherichia coli and bordetella pertussis were investigated. oligomerization of the effector proteins evga and bvga and of truncated evgs and bvgs derived signalling proteins containing the receiver and histidine containing phosphotransfer (hpt) domains or comprising only the hpt domains were characterized by native gel electrophoresis, gel pe ...	2000	10825546
molecular characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica filamentous haemagglutinin and its secretion machinery.	two closely related pathogens, bordetella pertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica, share a number of virulence factors. filamentous haemagglutinin (fha) is widely regarded as the dominant adhesin of b. pertussis, and its multiple binding activities have been well characterized. this large protein is produced and secreted at high levels by b. pertussis and significantly lower levels by b. bronchiseptica strains. fha secretion is mediated by a single outer-membrane accessory protein, fhac. the gen ...	2000	10832649
recovery of bordetella holmesii from patients with pertussis-like symptoms: use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterize circulating strains.	a 4-year retrospective study showing that we isolated bordetella holmesii, but not bordetella pertussis, from patients with pertussis-like symptoms was performed. from 1995 through 1998, we isolated b. holmesii from 32 nasopharyngeal specimens that had been submitted from patients suspected of having pertussis. previously, b. holmesii had been associated mainly with septicemia and was not thought to be associated with respiratory illness. a study was undertaken to describe the characteristics of ...	2000	10834997
g protein-mediated fmrfamidergic modulation of calcium influx in dissociated heart muscle cells from squid, loligo forbesii.	the actions of the neuropeptide fmrfamide (phe-met-arg-phe-nh2) on the l-type (ica,l) and t-type (ica,t) calcium currents were investigated in muscle cells dissociated from the heart of squid, loligo forbseii. the heart muscle cells could be divided into type i and type ii cells, on the basis of morphological differences in the dissociated myocytes. fmrfamide induced a substantial block of the l-type calcium current seen in type i cells; this inhibition was rapid, reversible and dose dependent ( ...	2000	10835048
a novel two-over-two alpha-helical sandwich fold is characteristic of the truncated hemoglobin family.	small hemoproteins displaying amino acid sequences 20-40 residues shorter than (non-)vertebrate hemoglobins (hbs) have recently been identified in several pathogenic and non-pathogenic unicellular organisms, and named 'truncated hemoglobins' (trhbs). they have been proposed to be involved not only in oxygen transport but also in other biological functions, such as protection against reactive nitrogen species, photosynthesis or to act as terminal oxidases. crystal structures of trhbs from the cil ...	2000	10835341
cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses to bordetella pertussis antigens in children with a history of pertussis infection and in recipients of an acellular pertussis vaccine.	cell-mediated immunity (cmi) and antibody responses to bordetella pertussis antigens were assessed 4-6 years after primary infant immunization with diphtheria-tetanus tricomponent acellular pertussis (dtap) or diphtheria-tetanus (dt) vaccine in a country with high endemicity of b. pertussis infection. cmi to the b. pertussis antigens (especially to the pertussis toxin [pt]) was more frequent and/or intense in dtap than in dt recipients. no lymphoproliferation differences were found between those ...	2000	10837180
protection against bordetella pertussis in mice in the absence of detectable circulating antibody: implications for long-term immunity in children.	most vaccines used for humans work through humoral immunity, yet many appear to be protective even after specific circulating antibody levels have waned to undetectable levels. furthermore, it has been difficult to define a serologic correlate of protection against a number of infectious diseases, including those caused by bordetella pertussis. b. pertussis clearance in immunized mice has been shown to correlate with pertussis vaccine efficacy in children. this murine respiratory challenge model ...	2000	10837200
protective immunity to bordetella pertussis requires both b cells and cd4(+) t cells for key functions other than specific antibody production.	to investigate the fundamental nature of protective immunity to bordetella pertussis, we studied intranasal immunization of adult mice with formalin-fixed b. pertussis (ffbp), followed by aerosol b. pertussis challenge. mice given two doses of ffbp intranasally completely cleared a subsequent pertussis aerosol challenge from tracheae and lungs (defined as protection), but there was no correlation between levels of specific antibody and clearance of bacteria. further, transfer of immune serum bef ...	2000	10839801
in vivo induction of a high-avidity, high-frequency cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response is associated with antiviral protective immunity.	many approaches are currently being developed to deliver exogenous antigen into the major histocompatibility complex class i-restricted antigen pathway, leading to in vivo priming of cd8(+) cytotoxic t cells. one attractive possibility consists of targeting the antigen to phagocytic or macropinocytic antigen-presenting cells. in this study, we demonstrate that strong cd8(+) class i-restricted cytotoxic responses are induced upon intraperitoneal immunization of mice with different peptides, chara ...	2000	10846055
human parechovirus 1 utilizes integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta1 as receptors.	human parechovirus 1 (hpev1) displays an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) motif in the vp1 capsid protein, suggesting integrins as candidate receptors for hpev1. a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for integrins alphavbeta3, alphavbeta1, and alphavbeta5, which have the ability to recognize the rgd motif, and also a mab specific for integrin alpha2beta1, an integrin that does not recognize the rgd motif, were tested on a549 cells. our results showed that integrin alphav-specific ...	2000	10846065
characterization of a bordetella pertussis diaminopimelate (dap) biosynthesis locus identifies dapc, a novel gene coding for an n-succinyl-l,l-dap aminotransferase.	the functional complementation of two escherichia coli strains defective in the succinylase pathway of meso-diaminopimelate (meso-dap) biosynthesis with a bordetella pertussis gene library resulted in the isolation of a putative dap operon containing three open reading frames (orfs). in line with the successful complementation of the e. coli dapd and dape mutants, the deduced amino acid sequences of two orfs revealed significant sequence similarities with the dapd and dape proteins of e. coli an ...	2000	10850974
phosphorelay as the sole physiological route of signal transmission by the arc two-component system of escherichia coli.	the arc two-component system, comprising a tripartite sensor kinase (arcb) and a response regulator (arca), modulates the expression of numerous genes involved in respiratory functions. in this study, the steps of phosphoryl group transfer from phosphorylated arcb to arca were examined in vivo by using single copies of wild-type and mutant arcb alleles. the results indicate that the signal transmission occurs solely by his-asp-his-asp phosphorelay.	2000	10851007
[the development of a process for culturing bordetella pertussis immobilized on a polyurethane carrier].	the processes of the cultivation of bordetella pertussis, immobilized on polyurethane carrier in a fermenter, were carried out and studied. acellular pertussis preparations were produced from the culture fluid obtained in the batch and multi-cycle cultivation processes with immobilized cells, as well as in the process with interrupted fermentation (for confirming the possibility of the preservation of cell viability). the content of protein and b. pertussis toxin in these preparations, as well a ...	1999	10851980
point mutations in a peptidoglycan biosynthesis gene cause competence induction in haemophilus influenzae.	we have identified three new haemophilus influenzae mutations causing cells to exhibit extreme hypercompetence at all stages of growth. the mutations are in mure, which encodes the meso-diaminopimelate-adding enzyme of peptidoglycan synthesis. all are point mutations causing nonconservative amino acid substitutions, two at a poorly conserved residue (g(435)-->r and g(435)-->w) and the third at a highly conserved leucine (l(361)-->s). the mutant strains have very similar phenotypes and do not exh ...	2000	10852860
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium peptidase b is a leucyl aminopeptidase with specificity for acidic amino acids.	peptidase b (pepb) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of three broad-specificity aminopeptidases found in this organism. we have sequenced the pepb gene and found that it encodes a 427-amino-acid (46.36-kda) protein, which can be unambiguously assigned to the leucyl aminopeptidase (lap) structural family. pepb has been overexpressed and purified. the active enzyme shows many similarities to other members of the lap family: it is a heat-stable (70 degrees c; 20 min) hexameric ( app ...	2000	10852868
the n- and c-terminal portions of the agrobacterium virb1 protein independently enhance tumorigenesis.	genetic transformation of plants by agrobacterium tumefaciens is mediated by a virulence (vir)-specific type iv secretion apparatus assembled from 11 virb proteins and vird4. virb1, targeted to the periplasm by an n-terminal signal peptide, is processed to yield virb1*, comprising the c-terminal 73 amino acids. the n-terminal segment, which shares homology with chicken egg white lysozyme as well as lytic transglycosylases, may provide local lysis of the peptidoglycan cell wall to create channels ...	2000	10852875
the brucella abortus ccrm dna methyltransferase is essential for viability, and its overexpression attenuates intracellular replication in murine macrophages.	the ccrm dna methyltransferase of the alpha-proteobacteria catalyzes the methylation of the adenine in the sequence gantc. like dam in the enterobacteria, ccrm plays a regulatory role in caulobacter crescentus and rhizobium meliloti. ccrm is essential for viability in both of these organisms, and we show here that it is also essential in brucella abortus. further, increased copy number of the ccrm gene results in striking changes in b. abortus morphology, dna replication, and growth in murine ma ...	2000	10852881
isolation and characterization of nonchemotactic chez mutants of escherichia coli.	the escherichia coli chez protein stimulates dephosphorylation of chey, a response regulator in the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway, by an unknown mechanism. genetic analysis of chez has lagged behind biochemical and biophysical characterization. to identify putative regions of functional importance in chez, we subjected chez to random mutagenesis and isolated 107 nonchemotactic chez mutants. missense mutations clustered in six regions of chez, whereas nonsense and frameshift mutations we ...	2000	10852888
transferred dna (t-dna)-associated proteins of agrobacterium tumefaciens are exported independently of virb.	the transfer of t-dna from agrobacterium to plant cells is mediated by a system which involves the virb operon of the ti plasmid. we report that vire2 and vird2, two t-dna-associated proteins, as well as virf, a protein known to be secreted into plant cells, are present in the periplasm and supernatant fractions of growing cells of agrobacterium as are virj and chve, two known periplasmic proteins. two cytoplasmic proteins, ros and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and a vire2green fluorescent ...	2000	10852952
induction of a polarized th1 response by insertion of multiple copies of a viral t-cell epitope into adenylate cyclase of bordetella pertussis.	the adenylate cyclase (cyaa) of bordetella pertussis delivers the n-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol of a large number of eukaryotic cells, in particular, professional antigen-presenting cells. this allows the delivery of cd8(+) t-cell epitopes to the major histocompatibility complex class i presentation pathway. we have previously shown that immunization of mice with cyaa carrying a single cd8(+) t-cell epitope leads to antiviral protection as well as to protective and therapeutic ant ...	2000	10858196
antigen-specific responses to diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine in human infants are initially th2 polarized.	immune responses to exogenous antigens in infant experimental animals display various degrees of th2 polarization. preliminary evidence from small human studies suggest a similar age-dependent response pattern to vaccines, but detailed investigations on vaccine immunity during infancy have not yet been undertaken. we report below the results of a comprehensive prospective study on responses to the tetanus component of the diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (dtap) vaccine in a cohort of 55 ...	2000	10858197
inactivation of pasteurella (mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin causes partial attenuation of virulence in a calf challenge model.	the leukotoxin of pasteurella (mannheimia) haemolytica is believed to play a significant role in pathogenesis, causing cell lysis and apoptosis that lead to the lung pathology characteristic of bovine shipping fever. using a system for cre-lox recombination, a nonpolar mutation within the lktc transacylase gene of the leukotoxin operon was created. the lktc locus was insertionally inactivated using a loxp-aph3-loxp cassette, and then the aph3 marker was excised from the chromosome by cre recombi ...	2000	10858203
importance of holotoxin assembly in ptl-mediated secretion of pertussis toxin from bordetella pertussis.	we examined the structural components of pertussis toxin that are required for efficient export from bordetella pertussis via the ptl system, a member of the type iv family of macromolecular transporters. first, we constructed a strain of b. pertussis that contains a functional ptl system but does not produce pertussis toxin. plasmids which express either the s1 subunit or the b oligomer were then introduced into this strain. we found that the b oligomer of the toxin is not secreted in the absen ...	2000	10858221
identification of genes required for chronic persistence of brucella abortus in mice.	the genetic basis for chronic persistence of brucella abortus in lymphoid organs of mice, cows, and humans is currently unknown. we identified b. abortus genes involved in chronic infection, by assessing the ability of 178 signature-tagged mutants to establish and maintain persistent infection in mice. each mutant was screened for its ability to colonize the spleens of mice at 2 and 8 weeks after inoculation. comparison of the results from both time points identified two groups of mutants attenu ...	2000	10858227
mutation frequencies and antibiotic resistance.		2000	10858329
coupling of peripheral tolerance to endogenous interleukin 10 promotes effective modulation of myelin-activated t cells and ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.	several immune-based approaches are being considered for modulation of inflammatory t cells and amelioration of autoimmune diseases. the most recent strategies include simulation of peripheral self-tolerance by injection of adjuvant free antigen, local delivery of cytokines by genetically altered t cells, and interference with the function of costimulatory molecules. although promising results have been obtained from these studies that define mechanisms of t cell modulation, efficacy, practicali ...	2000	10859329
downmodulation of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection by gammadelta t cells cytotoxic for activated macrophages.	although gammadelta t cells are involved in the regulation of inflammation after infection, their precise function is not known. intraperitoneal infection of t cell receptor (tcr)-delta(-/-) mice with the intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes resulted in the development of necrotic foci in the livers. in contrast, the peritoneal cavities of infected tcr-delta(-/-) mice contained an accumulation of low density activated macrophages and a reduced percentage of macrophages undergoing apopt ...	2000	10859339
a conserved amino acid sequence directing intracellular type iii secretion by salmonella typhimurium.	type iii secretion systems (ttss) are important virulence factors that gram-negative bacteria use to translocate proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells. salmonellae encode two virulence-associated ttss. the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded ttss is active on contact with host cells, whereas the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2)-encoded ttss is expressed after phagocytosis of bacteria by host cells. previously, no consensus signal sequence for translocation has ...	2000	10861017
selective suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission by nocistatin in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn.	nociceptin/orphanin fq (n/ofq) and nocistatin (nst) are two recently identified neuropeptides with opposing effects on several cns functions, including spinal nociception. the cellular mechanisms that underlie this antagonism are not known. here, we have investigated the effects of both peptides on synaptic transmission mediated by the three fast neurotransmitters l-glutamate, glycine, and gaba in the superficial layers of the rat spinal cord horn, which constitute the first important site of in ...	2000	10864950
the bases of crown gall tumorigenesis.		2000	10869063
inorganic polyphosphate: a molecule of many functions.	inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) is a chain of tens or many hundreds of phosphate (pi) residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. despite inorganic polyphosphate's ubiquity--found in every cell in nature and likely conserved from prebiotic times--this polymer has been given scant attention. among the reasons for this neglect of poly p have been the lack of sensitive, definitive, and facile analytical methods to assess its concentration in biological sources and the consequent lack of ...	1999	10872445
from pertussis to tuberculosis: what can be learned?	following the introduction of whole-cell pertussis vaccines into the general population, the number of cases of bordetella pertussis disease declined dramatically. as disease incidence declined, the public's concern for pertussis as a national health problem gradually waned. however, a shift in paradigm occurred, and various groups and the media began to voice their concerns regarding adverse events associated with whole-cell vaccines. these events provided an impetus for the expedited developme ...	2000	10875805
[integration of plasmids into e. coli k12 chromosomes, caused by a bordetella transposon].	transposition of bordetella pertussis transposon in e. coli chromosome has been studied on a model of exclusion of donor multicopy pkk3 plasmid with coumermicin. tnbp3 induced the formation of co-integrates between the plasmid and chromosome. the structure of co-integrate was determined. facts of exclusion of integrated structure and transposon transposition within integrated plasmid into new sites on a recipient chromosome were detected. relationship between these processes and activity of bact ...	2000	10876766
[the effect of methylated cyclodextrin on pertussis toxin accumulation in a bordetella pertussis culture in a bioreactor].	the results obtained in the study of the influence methylated cyclodextrin (beta cd) on the growth of b. pertussis and the accumulation of pertussis toxin in the course of submerged batch cultivation in a bioreactor are presented. as demonstrated by these results, the presence of beta cd in the culture medium in a dose of 0.1 ml/l in the growth deceleration phase causes a tenfold increase in the synthesis of pertussis toxin by microbial cells in comparison with conditions characterized by the ab ...	1999	10876840
failure to detect chlamydia pneumoniae in the late-onset alzheimer's brain.	epidemiological studies have yet to identify a single cause for the most common late-onset form of alzheimer's disease. the common respiratory pathogen chlamydia pneumoniae recently has been implicated as a risk factor for this form of alzheimer's disease. were this true, there would be a dramatic shift in current paradigms of alzheimer's disease research and treatment. in the absence of published confirmation, we obtained postmortem brain tissue from late-onset alzheimer's disease patients (n = ...	2000	10878049
myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: the encephalitogenic t cell epitope pmog24-36 is presented by a monomorphic mhc class ii molecule.	immunization of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with a single dose of human myelin in cfa, without administration of bordetella pertussis, induces a form of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) resembling in its clinical and pathological expression multiple sclerosis in humans. the eae incidence in our outbred marmoset colony is 100%. this study was undertaken to assess the genetic and immunological basis of the high eae susceptibility. to this end, we determined the separate contributions o ...	2000	10878388
the gene encoding the 17-kda antigen of bartonella henselae is located within a cluster of genes homologous to the virb virulence operon.	a bartonella henselae genomic a library was screened with antiserum generated in mice against live b. henselae. one of the immunoreactive clones expressed a 17-kda antigen that was characterized previously as an immunodominant protein of b. henselae. sequence analysis of the recombinant clone, pbhim-2, revealed that the open reading frame (orf) encoding the 17-kda antigen was situated between homologs of virb4 and virb6, two genes that belong to the virb operon. the virb operon has been associat ...	2000	10882236
the pertussis serological potency test. collaborative study to evaluatereplacement of the mouse protection test.	the pertussis serological potency test (pspt)--based on in vitro assessment of the humoral immune response against bordetella pertussis--was developed as an alternative for the mouse protection test (mpt). a small-scale collaborative study was carried out in five laboratories to evaluate the relevance and reliability of the pspt. the study has been divided into three separate phases, each with its own objective. a pilot-phase study of the antibody detection assay, the 18323-whole cell elisa (wce ...	2000	10885617
antibody association with a novel model for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: induction of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of eae in h2s mouse strains.	multiple sclerosis (ms) can be divided into 4 clinical forms: relapsing-remitting (rr), primary progressive (pp), secondary progressive (sp), and progressive relapsing (pr). since pp-ms is notably different from the other forms of ms, both clinically and pathologically, the question arises whether pp-ms is immunologically similar to the other forms. the pathogenesis of the pp-ms remains unclear, partly due to a lack of highly relevant animal models. using an encephalitogenic peptide from myelin ...	2000	10885659
tetanus toxin l chain is processed by major histocompatibility complex class i and class ii pathways and recognized by cd8+ or cd4+ t lymphocytes.	tetanus toxin (tent) is a heterodimeric protein antigen, whose light chain (l) is translocated in the cytosol of neuronal target cells specifically to cleave its substrates, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (vamp-2, or synaptobrevin) or cellubrevin. we report that the l chain behaves as a nominal antigen recognized by specific t-cell clones upon either class i- or ii-restricted presentation. three types of responses are observed: (i) a tent- and l-specific cd8+ t-cell response, that can be ...	2000	10886393
self-assembly of the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb11 traffic atpase.	the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb11 atpase is a component of a type iv transporter dedicated to t-dna delivery to plant cells. in this study, we tested a prediction from genetic findings that virb11 self-associates in vivo. a chimeric protein composed of virb11 fused to the dna binding domain of lambda ci repressor protein formed dimers, as shown by immunity of escherichia coli to lambda superinfection. an allele encoding virb11 fused at its c terminus to the green fluorescent protein (gfp) exe ...	2000	10894719
structure of the bordetella pertussis 1414 endotoxin.	the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) of bordetella pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, consists of a lipid a linked to a highly branched dodecasaccharide containing several acid and amino sugars. the elucidation of the polysaccharide structure was accomplished by first analyzing the structures of fragments obtained by hydrolysis and nitrous deamination and then piecing the fragments together. the fine structure of the antigenic distal pentasaccharide, presented here, was determined by chemical ...	2000	10899302
involvement of a plasmid in virulence of campylobacter jejuni 81-176.	campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 contains two, previously undescribed plasmids, each of which is approximately 35 kb in size. although one of the plasmids, termed ptet, carries a teto gene, conjugative transfer of tetracycline resistance to another strain of c. jejuni could not be demonstrated. partial sequence analysis of the second plasmid, pvir, revealed the presence of four open reading frames which encode proteins with significant sequence similarity to helicobacter pylori proteins, inclu ...	2000	10899834
induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human respiratory epithelial cells after stimulation by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) causes repeated respiratory infections in patients with chronic lung diseases. these infections are characterized by a brisk inflammatory response which results in the accumulation of polymorphonucleated cells in the lungs and is dependent on the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. we hypothesize that multiple nthi molecules, including lipooligosaccharide (los), mediate cellular interactions with respiratory epithelial cells, leading t ...	2000	10899840
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium waap mutants show increased susceptibility to polymyxin and loss of virulence in vivo.	in escherichia coli, the waap (rfap) gene product was recently shown to be responsible for phosphorylation of the first heptose residue of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) inner core region. waap was also shown to be necessary for the formation of a stable outer membrane. these earlier studies were performed with an avirulent rough strain of e. coli (to facilitate the structural chemistry required to properly define waap function); therefore, we undertook the creation of a waap mutant of salmonella ...	2000	10899846
characterization of adherence of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae to human epithelial cells.	the adherence of 58 nontypeable haemophilus influenzae isolates obtained from patients with otitis media or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and obtained from the throats of healthy individuals to chang and nci-h292 epithelial cells was compared. otitis media isolates, but not copd isolates, adhered significantly more to both cell lines than did throat isolates. since high-molecular-weight (hmw) proteins are major adhesins of nontypeable h. influenzae, the isolates were screened for ...	2000	10899870
role of phosphoglucomutase of bordetella bronchiseptica in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and virulence.	the phosphoglucomutase (pgm)-encoding gene of bordetella bronchiseptica is required for lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. an insertion mutant of the wild-type b. bronchiseptica strain bb7865 which disrupted lps biosynthesis was created and characterized (bb7865pgm). genetic analysis of the mutated gene showed it shares high identity with pgm genes of various bacterial species and forms part of an operon which also encompasses the gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase. functional assays for ...	2000	10899872
failure to detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with pneumococcal meningitis.	muramic acid serves as a marker for the presence of bacterial cell wall debris in mammalian tissues. there have been a number of controversial and sometimes conflicting results on assessing the levels of muramic acid in health and disease. the present report is the first to use the state-of-the art technique, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to identify and quantify the levels of muramic acid in tissues. muramic acid was not found in normal rat brain or spleen. however, when tissues ...	2000	10899874
nonopsonic phagocytosis of zymosan and mycobacterium kansasii by cr3 (cd11b/cd18) involves distinct molecular determinants and is or is not coupled with nadph oxidase activation.	complement receptor type 3 (cr3) was initially described as an opsonic receptor. subsequently, cr3-mediated lectin-sugar recognition mechanisms have been shown to play a major role in the nonopsonic phagocytosis of several pathogens, among them mycobacterium tuberculosis. little is known about the binding and signal transduction mechanisms operating during nonopsonic ingestion through cr3 of different microorganisms. in the present study, we used cho cells stably transfected with cr3 to show tha ...	2000	10899880
polymorphism of repeated regions of pertactin in bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis, and bordetella bronchiseptica.	pertactin is an outer membrane protein expressed by bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis, and bordetella bronchiseptica that induces protective immunity to bordetella infections. the immunodominant and immunoprotective epitopes of pertactin include two repeated regions, i and ii. comparison of these two repeated regions showed that b. parapertussis pertactin is invariant, whereas b. pertussis pertactin varies mostly in region i and b. bronchiseptica pertactin varies in both repeated re ...	2000	10899896
serological evidence of pertussis in patients presenting with cough in general practice in birmingham.	three hundred and fifty-six patients in a large suburban practice (registered population 10,400), were diagnosed clinically with acute laryngitis/tracheitis or whooping cough (acute spasmodic cough of three weeks duration) between march 1996 and november 1997. forty out of 145 who provided specimens for serological testing had evidence of recent infection with bordetella pertussis. during the study a further 18 patients (mostly younger patients who presented early) had a diagnosis of pertussis c ...	2000	10902257
retroviral gene therapy with an immunoglobulin-antigen fusion construct protects from experimental autoimmune uveitis.	immunoglobulins can serve as tolerogenic carriers for antigens, and b cells can function as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. we used this principle to design a strategy for gene therapy of experimental autoimmune uveitis, a cell-mediated autoimmune disease model for human uveitis induced with the uveitogenic interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp). a retroviral vector was constructed containing a major uveitogenic irbp epitope in frame with mouse igg1 heavy chain. this construct ...	2000	10903340
reemergence of pertussis in the highly vaccinated population of the netherlands: observations on surveillance data.	we analyzed pertussis reporting, death, hospitalization, and serodiagnostic data from 1976 to 1998 to help explain the cause of the 1996 pertussis outbreak in the netherlands. the unexpected outbreak was detected by an increase in pertussis reporting and by other surveillance methods. in 1996, according to reporting and serologic data, the increase in pertussis incidence among (mostly unvaccinated) children less than 1 year of age was similar to the increase in hospital admissions. among older ( ...	2000	10905967
novel topological features of fhac, the outer membrane transporter involved in the secretion of the bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin.	many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria secrete virulence factors across the cell envelope into the extracellular milieu. the secretion of filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) by bordetella pertussis depends on the pore-forming outer membrane protein fhac, which belongs to a growing family of protein transporters. protein alignment and secondary structure predictions indicated that fhac is likely to be a beta-barrel protein with an odd number of transmembrane beta-strands connected by large surface lo ...	2000	10906141
effect of altered spacing between uhpt promoter elements on transcription activation.	many bacterial promoters possess multiple sites for binding of transcriptional activator proteins. the uhpt promoter, which controls expression of the sugar phosphate transport system in escherichia coli, possesses multiple sites for its specific activator protein, uhpa, and a single site for binding of the global regulator, the catabolite gene activator protein (cap). the binding of uhpa to the uhpt promoter was determined by dnase protection assays; uhpa displayed different affinities for the ...	2000	10913075
virb6 is required for stabilization of virb5 and virb3 and formation of virb7 homodimers in agrobacterium tumefaciens.	virb6 from agrobacterium tumefaciens is an essential component of the type iv secretion machinery for t pilus formation and genetic transformation of plants. due to its predicted topology as a polytopic inner membrane protein, it was proposed to form the transport pore for cell-to-cell transfer of genetic material and proteinaceous virulence factors. here, we show that the absence of virb6 leads to reduced cellular levels of virb5 and virb3, which were proposed to assist t pilus formation as min ...	2000	10913084
3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo) transferase of legionella pneumophila transfers two kdo residues to a structurally different lipid a precursor of escherichia coli.	the 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo) transferase gene of legionella pneumophila was cloned and sequenced. despite remarkable structural differences in lipid a, the gene complemented a corresponding escherichia coli mutant and was shown to encode a bifunctional enzyme which transferred 2 kdo residues to a lipid a acceptor of e. coli.	2000	10913104
receptor isoforms mediate opposing proliferative effects through gbetagamma-activated p38 or akt pathways.	the opposing effects on proliferation mediated by g-protein-coupled receptor isoforms differing in their cooh termini could be correlated with the abilities of the receptors to differentially activate p38, implicated in apoptotic events, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi 3-k), which provides a source of survival signals. these contrasting growth responses of the somatostatin sst(2) receptor isoforms, which couple to identical galpha subunit pools (galpha(i3) > galpha(i2) >> galpha(0)), were b ...	2000	10913180
frequency of serological evidence of bordetella infections and mixed infections with other respiratory pathogens in university students with cough illnesses.	banked acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples from a previous study of respiratory illness in university students were examined for significant (>/=2-fold) increases in elisa titers of iga and igg antibody to bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae-2 and >/=4-fold titer increases to agglutinogens by agglutination. elisa titers of antibody to pertussis toxin could not be determined because of technical problems. chlamydia pneumoniae infections were diagno ...	2000	10913388
antibody responses to bordetella pertussis antigens and clinical correlations in elderly community residents.	a serological study to determine the frequency of bordetella pertussis infection in 100 adults aged >/=65 years was carried out over a 3-year period. ten serum samples (collected every 4 months) from each subject were examined for iga and igg antibodies to the following b. pertussis antigens: pertussis toxin (pt), filamentous hemagglutinin (fha), pertactin, and fimbriae-2. a >/=2-fold titer increase in elisa units from one time period to the next was considered serological evidence of infection. ...	2000	10913389
a genomic sample sequence of the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens w14: potential implications for virulence.	photorhabdus luminescens is a pathogenic bacterium that lives in the guts of insect-pathogenic nematodes. after invasion of an insect host by a nematode, bacteria are released from the nematode gut and help kill the insect, in which both the bacteria and the nematodes subsequently replicate. however, the bacterial virulence factors associated with this "symbiosis of pathogens" remain largely obscure. in order to identify genes encoding potential virulence factors, we performed approximately 2,00 ...	2000	10919786
bacterial type iv secretion: conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells.	several bacterial pathogens utilize conjugation machines to export effector molecules during infection. such systems are members of the type iv or 'adapted conjugation' secretion family. the prototypical type iv system is the agrobacterium tumefaciens t-dna transfer machine, which delivers oncogenic nucleoprotein particles to plant cells. other pathogens, including bordetella pertussis, legionella pneumophila, brucellaspp. and helicobacter pylori, use type iv machines to export effector proteins ...	2000	10920394
the naval health research center respiratory disease laboratory.	concern about emerging and reemerging respiratory pathogens prompted the development of a respiratory disease reference laboratory at the naval health research center. professionals working in this laboratory have instituted population-based surveillance for pathogens that affect military trainees and responded to threats of increased respiratory disease among high-risk military groups. capabilities of this laboratory that are unique within the department of defense include adenovirus testing by ...	2000	10920635
detection of complement-mediated antibody-dependent bactericidal activity in a fluorescence-based serum bactericidal assay for group b neisseria meningitidis.	serum bactericidal assays (sbas) for group b meningococci are considered the methods of choice for the evaluation of functional antimeningococcal antibodies. many investigators regard sbas as time- and labor-intensive. variations in sba protocols among different laboratories make interpretation of results difficult. here we describe a fluorescence-based serum bactericidal assay (fsba) and compare the results obtained with the fsba to the results obtained with a more conventional sba. the results ...	2000	10921943
[cloning and expression of subunit genes of pertussis toxin and its immunological evaluation].	to clone the gene encoding pertussis toxin (pt) from bordetella pertussis cs strain and five genes encoding subunits of pt, to investigate the possibility of expressing the genes encoding for mature methionyl subunits of pt in insect cell and to evaluate the immunological characteristics of recombinant subunits.	1998	10923478
an extended conformation of calmodulin induces interactions between the structural domains of adenylyl cyclase from bacillus anthracis to promote catalysis.	the edema factor exotoxin produced by bacillus anthracis is an adenylyl cyclase that is activated by calmodulin (cam) at resting state calcium concentrations in infected cells. a c-terminal 60-kda fragment corresponding to the catalytic domain of edema factor (ef3) was cloned, overexpressed in escherichia coli, and purified. the n-terminal 43-kda domain (ef3-n) of ef3, the sole domain of edema factor homologous to adenylyl cyclases from bordetella pertussis and pseudomonas aeruginosa, is highly ...	2000	10926933
mechanisms of pertussis toxin-induced myelomonocytic cell adhesion: role of cd14 and urokinase receptor.	pertussis toxin (ptx) has been shown previously to promote myelomonocytic cell adhesion in serum. the aim of the present study was to identify, using transforming growth factor-beta1 and 1, 25-(oh)2 vitamin d3 (tgf-beta1/d3)-primed u937 cells, the ptx-binding site(s) and the adhesion molecule(s) responsible for ptx-induced myelomonocytic cell adhesion. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against cd14, cd11b, cd18 or urokinase receptor (upar) significantly inhibited ptx-induced primed u937 cell ...	2000	10929078
booster immunization of children with an acellular pertussis vaccine enhances th2 cytokine production and serum ige responses against pertussis toxin but not against common allergens.	acellular pertussis vaccines (pa) protect against severe pertussis in children. however, serum antibody responses decline quickly after immunization. studies in animal models suggest that cell-mediated immunity also contributes to protection against bordetella pertussis, and it has already been demonstrated that pa induce t cells that secrete type-1 and type-2 cytokines in children. in this study we examined the persistence of the t cell response and the effect of booster immunization in 4-6-yea ...	2000	10931131
a role for lipopolysaccharide in turkey tracheal colonization by bordetella avium as demonstrated in vivo and in vitro.	we isolated two insertion mutants of bordetella avium that exhibited a peculiar clumped-growth phenotype and found them to be attenuated in turkey tracheal colonization. the mutants contained transposon insertions in homologues of the wlba and wlbl genes of bordetella pertussis. the wlb genetic locus of b. pertussis has been previously described as containing 12 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. polyacrylamide gel analysis of lps from b. avium wlba and wlbl insertion mutan ...	2000	10931292
interaction of pseudomonas aeruginosa with epithelial cells: identification of differentially regulated genes by expression microarray analysis of human cdnas.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that plays a major role in lung function deterioration in cystic fibrosis patients. to identify critical host responses during infection, we have used high-density dna microarrays, consisting of 1,506 human cdna clones, to monitor gene expression in the a549 lung pneumocyte cell line during exposure to p. aeruginosa. we have identified host genes that are differentially expressed upon infection, several of which require interaction with p. aeru ...	2000	10931941
signal transduction by cxc chemokine receptor 4. stromal cell-derived factor 1 stimulates prolonged protein kinase b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation in t lymphocytes.	we report that stromal cell-derived factor (sdf)-1 has the remarkable capacity to induce sustained signaling through cxc chemokine receptor 4 (cxcr4). in contrast to other chemokines, such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (cc chemokine receptor 2 [ccr2]), macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta (ccr5), liver and activation-regulated chemokine (larc [ccr6]), epstein-barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (elc [ccr7]), and ip10 (cxcr3), sdf-1 stimulates the prolonged activation of protein k ...	2000	10934220
survey of pertussis morbidity in adults in western sydney.	to estimate morbidity due to bordetella pertussis infection in a representative population of australian adults.	2000	10937031
diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (triacelluvax; dtap3-cb): a review of its use in the prevention of bordetella pertussis infection.	dtap3-cb (triacelluvax) is an acellular pertussis (ap) vaccine containing 3 antigens from purified bordetella pertussis bacteria combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (dt). in addition to purified filamentous haemagglutinin and pertactin, dtap3-cb contains pertussis toxin which has been genetically rather than chemically detoxified. as shown in randomised, double-blind clinical trials in infants, dtap3-cb elicits an immune response similar to or greater than that of whole cell (dtwp) vacc ...	2000	10937466
regulation of sigma s degradation in salmonella enterica var typhimurium: in vivo interactions between sigma s, the response regulator mvia(rssb) and clpx.	the alternate sigma factor sigmas plays an important role in the survival of salmonella typhimurium following sudden encounters with a variety of stress conditions. the level of sigmas is very low in rapidly growing cells but dramatically increases as those cells encounter environmental stress or enter into stationary phase. this increase is due in large measure to the stabilization of sigmas protein against degradation by the clpxp protease. the mvia protein, also known as rssb or spre in esche ...	2000	10939250
stationary-phase variation due to transposition of novel insertion elements in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial leaf blight, a serious disease of rice. spontaneous mutants which are deficient for virulence and extracellular polysaccharide (eps) production accumulate in large numbers in stationary-phase cultures of this bacterium, a phenomenon which we have called stationary-phase variation. a clone (psd1) carrying the eps biosynthetic gene (gum) cluster of x. oryzae pv. oryzae restored eps production and virulence to several spv (for stationary-phase variatio ...	2000	10940020
molecular characterization of the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase of escherichia coli and its role in cell wall recycling.	the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase of escherichia coli was found to have a novel specificity and to be encoded by a gene (nagz) that maps at 25.1 min. it corresponds to an open reading frame, ycfo, whose predicted amino acid sequence is 57% identical to that of vibrio furnissii exoii. nagz hydrolyzes the beta-1,4 glycosidic bond between n-acetylglucosamine and anhydro-n-acetylmuramic acid in cell wall degradation products following their importation into the cell during the process for recycling c ...	2000	10940025
a homologue of an operon required for dna transfer in agrobacterium is required in brucella abortus for virulence and intracellular multiplication.	as part of a brucella abortus 2308 genome project carried out in our laboratory, we identified, cloned, and sequenced a genomic dna fragment containing a locus (virb) highly homologous to bacterial type iv secretion systems. the b. abortus virb locus is a collinear arrangement of 13 open reading frames (orfs). between virb1 and virb2 and downstream of orf12, two degenerated, palindromic repeat sequences characteristic of brucella intergenic regions were found. gene reporter studies demonstrated ...	2000	10940027
molecular aspects of bordetella pertussis pathogenesis.	the molecular mechanisms of bordetella virulence are now well understood, and many virulence factors have been identified and characterized at the molecular level. these virulence factors can be grouped into two major categories: adhesins, such as filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae, and toxins, such as pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin. the production of most virulence factors is coordinately regulated by a two-component signal transduc ...	1999	10943406
human chondrocytes express functional chemokine receptors and release matrix-degrading enzymes in response to c-x-c and c-c chemokines.	human chondrocytes produce different c-x-c and c-c chemokines under basal conditions and upon activation with proinflammatory cytokines. we investigated whether human chondrocytes also have chemokine receptors and examined the effects of chemokines on chondrocyte activity.	2000	10943863
synthesis of a spacer-containing disaccharide fragment of bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide.	the disaccharide 2-(p-aminophenyl)ethyl 4-o-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,3-diacetamido-2 ,3-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranoside uronate, which is assumed to be a partial structure of the bordetella pertussis polysaccharide, was synthesized starting from d-glucose and d-glucosamine, respectively. the major synthetic transformations were conversion of d-glucosamine into the donor ethyl 3,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-beta-d-glucopyranoside and conversion of glucose, by a se ...	2000	10945674
recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing pertussis toxin subunit s1 induces protection against an intracerebral challenge with live bordetella pertussis in mice.	the recent development of acellular pertussis vaccines has been a significant improvement in the conventional whole-cell diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus toxoid vaccines, but high production costs will limit its widespread use in developing countries. since mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccination against tuberculosis is used in most developing countries, a recombinant bcg-pertussis vaccine could be a more viable alternative. we have constructed recombinant bcg (rbcg) strains expressing the genetically d ...	2000	10948100
antibody and cytokine responses to the cilium-associated respiratory bacillus in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice.	the cilium-associated respiratory (car) bacillus is a gram-negative, gliding bacterium that causes persistent respiratory tract infections in rodents despite histologic and serologic evidence of a marked immune response. to assess humoral immunity and cytokine responses in car bacillus disease, 6-week-old female balb/c and c57bl/6 mice were inoculated intratracheally with 10(5) car bacillus organisms. car bacillus-specific serum immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin m [igm], igg1, igg2a, igg2b, igg3, ...	2000	10948111
enhancement of clearance of bacteria from murine lungs by immunization with detoxified lipooligosaccharide from moraxella catarrhalis conjugated to proteins.	moraxella catarrhalis strain 25238 detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dlos)-protein conjugates induced a significant rise of bactericidal anti-los antibodies in animals. this study reports the effect of active or passive immunization with the conjugates or their antiserum on pulmonary clearance of m. catarrhalis in an aerosol challenge mouse model. mice were injected subcutaneously with dlos-tetanus toxoid (dlos-tt), dlos-high-molecular-weight proteins (dlos-hmp) from nontypeable haemophilus influe ...	2000	10948114
effect of helicobacter pylori on polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration across polarized t84 epithelial cell monolayers: role of vacuolating toxin vaca and cag pathogenicity island.	helicobacter pylori infection can induce polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmnl) infiltration of the gastric mucosa, which characterizes acute chronic gastritis. the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly documented. the lack of an in vitro model has considerably impaired the study of transepithelial migration of pmnl induced by h. pylori. in the present work, we used confluent polarized monolayers of the human intestinal cell line t84 grown on permeable filters to analyze the epithelial pmnl ...	2000	10948148
lipooligosaccharide p(k) (galalpha1-4galbeta1-4glc) epitope of moraxella catarrhalis is a factor in resistance to bactericidal activity mediated by normal human serum.	moraxella catarrhalis is a respiratory pathogen responsible for acute bacterial otitis media in children and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in adults. m. catarrhalis strains are frequently resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. in order to determine if the lipooligosaccharide (los) of m. catarrhalis has a role in serum resistance, the udp-glucose-4-epimerase (gale) gene was identified, cloned, and sequenced and a deletion/insertion mutation was introduced into m. catar ...	2000	10948153
transcutaneous immunization with bacterial adp-ribosylating exotoxins, subunits, and unrelated adjuvants.	we have recently described a needle-free method of vaccination, transcutaneous immunization, consisting of the topical application of vaccine antigens to intact skin. while most proteins themselves are poor immunogens on the skin, we have shown that the addition of cholera toxin (ct), a mucosal adjuvant, results in cellular and humoral immune responses to the adjuvant and coadministered antigens. the present study explores the breadth of adjuvants that have activity on the skin, using diphtheria ...	2000	10948159
up-regulation of both intimin and eae-independent adherence of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli o157 by ler and phenotypic impact of a naturally occurring ler mutation.	shiga toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) strains are important human pathogens which are capable of causing diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the potentially fatal hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). an important virulence trait of certain stec strains, such as those belonging to serogroup o157, is the capacity to produce attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions on enterocytes, a property encoded by the locus for enterocyte effacement (lee). lee contains the eae gene, which encodes intimin, an outer me ...	2000	10948164
efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gram-negative bacteria.		2000	10952561
interaction of bordetella pertussis with human respiratory mucosa in vitro.	the human respiratory tract pathogen bordetella pertussis is the major cause of whooping cough in infants and young children, and also causes chronic cough in adults. b. pertussis infection damages ciliated epithelium in the respiratory tract. however, the interaction of the bacterium with the respiratory mucosa is poorly understood, and previous studies have either utilized animal tissue which may not be appropriate, or isolated cell systems which lack the complexity of the respiratory mucosa. ...	2000	10955756
the redox-sensitive transcriptional activator oxyr regulates the peroxide response regulon in the obligate anaerobe bacteroides fragilis.	the peroxide response-inducible genes ahpcf, dps, and katb in the obligate anaerobe bacteroides fragilis are controlled by the redox-sensitive transcriptional activator oxyr. this is the first functional oxidative stress regulator identified and characterized in anaerobic bacteria. oxyr and dps were found to be divergently transcribed, with an overlap in their respective promoter regulatory regions. b. fragilis oxyr and dps proteins showed high identity to homologues from a closely related anaer ...	2000	10960088