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structure-function relationships of membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases.membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases (gts) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. as a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. membrane-associated gt-b enzym ...201324253765
structure-function relationships of membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases.membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases (gts) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. as a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. membrane-associated gt-b enzym ...201324253765
the lov protein of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri plays a significant role in the counteraction of plant immune responses during citrus canker.pathogens interaction with a host plant starts a set of immune responses that result in complex changes in gene expression and plant physiology. light is an important modulator of plant defense response and recent studies have evidenced the novel influence of this environmental stimulus in the virulence of several bacterial pathogens. xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker disease, which affects most citrus cultivars. the ability of this bacterium to coloni ...201324260514
bacterial luxr solos have evolved to respond to different molecules including signals from plants.a future challenge will be understanding the extensive communication that most likely takes place in bacterial interspecies and interkingdom signaling between plants and bacteria. a major bacterial inter-cellular signaling system in gram-negative bacteria is luxi/r quorum sensing (qs) based on the production (via the luxi-family proteins) and detection (via the luxr-family proteins) of n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) signaling molecules. luxr proteins which have the same modular structure of q ...201324273546
genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and vntr markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain cio151.xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in africa and south america. current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable too ...201324278159
investigating the allosteric regulation of yfin from pseudomonas aeruginosa: clues from the structure of the catalytic domain.pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a plethora of biofilm mediated chronic infections among which cystic fibrosis pneumonia is the most frightening. the long-term survival strategy of p. aeruginosa in the patients lungs is based on a fine balance of virulence vs dormant states and on genetic adaptation, in order to select persistent phenotypes as the small colony variants (scvs), which strongly correlate with antibiotic resistance and poor lung function. recent studies have coupled scv wit ...201324278422
a high-throughput virus-induced gene silencing protocol identifies genes involved in multi-stress tolerance.understanding the function of a particular gene under various stresses is important for engineering plants for broad-spectrum stress tolerance. although virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) has been used to characterize genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance, currently available gene silencing and stress imposition methodology at the whole plant level is not suitable for high-throughput functional analyses of genes. this demands a robust and reliable methodology for characterizing genes invol ...201324289810
homology modeling, molecular docking and md simulation studies to investigate role of cysteine protease from xanthomonas campestris in degradation of aβ peptide.cysteine protease is known to degrade amyloid beta peptide which is a causative agent of alzheimer's disease. this cleavage mechanism has not been studied in detail at the atomic level. hence, a three-dimensional structure of cysteine protease from xanthomonas campestris was constructed by homology modeling using geno3d, swiss-model, and modeller 9v7. all the predicted models were analyzed by procheck and prosa. three-dimensional model of cysteine protease built by modeller 9v7 shows similarity ...201324290922
characterization of elements involved in allosteric light regulation of phosphodiesterase activity by comparison of different functional blrp1 states.bacteria have evolved dedicated signaling mechanisms that enable the integration of a range of environmental stimuli and the accordant modulation of metabolic pathways. one central signaling molecule in bacteria is the second messenger cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp). complex regulatory mechanisms for modulating c-di-gmp concentrations have evolved, in line with its importance for maintaining bacterial fitness under changing environmental conditions. one interesting example in this context is the ...201424291457
the role of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of the biosynthesis of secreted polysaccharides.tyrosine phosphorylation and associated protein tyrosine phosphatases are gaining prominence as critical mechanisms in the regulation of fundamental processes in a wide variety of bacteria. in particular, these phosphatases have been associated with the control of the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides, critically important virulence factors for bacteria.201424295407
secretory pathway of cellulase: a mini-review.cellulase plays an important role in modern industry and holds great potential in biofuel production. many different types of organisms produce cellulase, which go through secretory pathways to reach the extracellular space, where enzymatic reactions take place. secretory pathways in various cells have been the focus of many research fields; however, there are few studies on secretory pathways of cellulases in the literature. it is therefore necessary and important to review the current knowledg ...201324295495
gene expression in brassica campestris showing a hypersensitive response to the incompatible pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians.xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, a pathogen of lettuce, elicits a hypersensitive response within 12 hours of inoculation into brassica leaves, characterized by tissue collapse, loss of membrane integrity, vein blockage and melanin production. in contrast, the compatible pathogen, x. c. pv. campestris, has no visible effects on leaves for 48 hours, after which inoculated areas show chlorosis which eventually spreads, followed by rotting.mrna was prepared from leaves inoculated with suspensions ...198724301262
pathogenesis-related protein 4b interacts with leucine-rich repeat protein 1 to suppress pr4b-triggered cell death and defense response in pepper.to control defense and cell-death signaling, plants contain an abundance of pathogen recognition receptors such as leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins. here we show that pepper (capsicum annuum) lrr1 interacts with the pepper pathogenesis-related (pr) protein 4b, pr4b, in yeast and in planta. pr4b is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, interacts with lrr1 in the plasma membrane, and is secreted to the apoplast via the plasma membrane. binding of pr4b to lrr1 requires the chitin-binding doma ...201424304389
heterologous expression of mycobacterial esx complexes in escherichia coli for structural studies is facilitated by the use of maltose binding protein fusions.the expression of heteroligomeric protein complexes for structural studies often requires a special coexpression strategy. the reason is that the solubility and proper folding of each subunit of the complex requires physical association with other subunits of the complex. the genomes of pathogenic mycobacteria encode many small protein complexes, implicated in bacterial fitness and pathogenicity, whose characterization may be further complicated by insolubility upon expression in escherichia col ...201324312350
measurement of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants and in precipitation by quantitative pcr.ice nucleation-active (ina) bacteria may function as high-temperature ice-nucleating particles (inp) in clouds, but their effective contribution to atmospheric processes, i.e., their potential to trigger glaciation and precipitation, remains uncertain. we know little about their abundance on natural vegetation, factors that trigger their release, or persistence of their ice nucleation activity once airborne. to facilitate these investigations, we developed two quantitative pcr (qpcr) tests of th ...201424317082
metagenomics and novel gene discovery: promise and potential for novel therapeutics.metagenomics provides a means of assessing the total genetic pool of all the microbes in a particular environment, in a culture-independent manner. it has revealed unprecedented diversity in microbial community composition, which is further reflected in the encoded functional diversity of the genomes, a large proportion of which consists of novel genes. herein, we review both sequence-based and functional metagenomic methods to uncover novel genes and outline some of the associated problems of e ...201324317337
metagenomics and novel gene discovery: promise and potential for novel therapeutics.metagenomics provides a means of assessing the total genetic pool of all the microbes in a particular environment, in a culture-independent manner. it has revealed unprecedented diversity in microbial community composition, which is further reflected in the encoded functional diversity of the genomes, a large proportion of which consists of novel genes. herein, we review both sequence-based and functional metagenomic methods to uncover novel genes and outline some of the associated problems of e ...201324317337
champacyclin, a new cyclic octapeptide from streptomyces strain c42 isolated from the baltic sea.new isolates of streptomyces champavatii were isolated from marine sediments of the gotland deep (baltic sea), from the urania basin (eastern mediterranean), and from the kiel bight (baltic sea). the isolates produced several oligopeptidic secondary metabolites, including the new octapeptide champacyclin (1a) present in all three strains. herein, we report on the isolation, structure elucidation and determination of the absolute stereochemistry of this isoleucine/leucine (ile/leu = xle) rich cyc ...201324317473
lactose consuming strains of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) insight into the emergence of natural field resources for xanthan gum production.xanthomonas genus possesses a low level of β-galactosidase gene expression and is therefore unable to produce xanthan gum in lactose-based media. in this study, we report the emergence of some natural field strains of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) capable to use lactose as a sole carbon source to produce xanthan gum. from 210 xcc strains isolated from key lime (c. aurantifolia), 27 showed the capacity to grow on lactose containing medium. xcc lactose consuming strains demonstrated a good ...201424318518
identification of residues required for stalled-ribosome rescue in the codon-independent release factor yaej.the yaej protein is a codon-independent release factor with peptidyl-trna hydrolysis (pth) activity, and functions as a stalled-ribosome rescue factor in escherichia coli. to identify residues required for yaej function, we performed mutational analysis for in vitro pth activity towards rescue of ribosomes stalled on a non-stop mrna, and for ribosome-binding efficiency. we focused on residues conserved among bacterial yaej proteins. additionally, we determined the solution structure of the ggq d ...201324322300
identification of residues required for stalled-ribosome rescue in the codon-independent release factor yaej.the yaej protein is a codon-independent release factor with peptidyl-trna hydrolysis (pth) activity, and functions as a stalled-ribosome rescue factor in escherichia coli. to identify residues required for yaej function, we performed mutational analysis for in vitro pth activity towards rescue of ribosomes stalled on a non-stop mrna, and for ribosome-binding efficiency. we focused on residues conserved among bacterial yaej proteins. additionally, we determined the solution structure of the ggq d ...201324322300
genomic characterization and integrative properties of phisma6 and phisma7, two novel filamentous bacteriophages of stenotrophomonas maltophilia.two novel filamentous phages, phisma6 and phisma7, were isolated from stenotrophomonas maltophilia environmental strain khak84. we identified and annotated 11 potential open reading frames in each phage. while the overall layout of the functional gene groups of both phages was similar to that of the known filamentous phages, they differed from them in their molecular structure. the genome of phisma6 is a mosaic that evolved by acquiring genes from at least three different filamentous s. maltophi ...201424327089
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in xanthomonas campestris via a yeast-like acylation pathway.two principal phosphatidylcholine (pc) biosynthesis pathways are known in bacteria. s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-dependent phospholipid n-methyltransferases (pmt) catalyse the threefold n-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) to pc. in an alternative pathway, the pc synthase (pcs) condenses cdp-diacylglycerol and choline to produce pc. in this study, we investigated phospholipid biosynthesis in the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris that was found to contain significant amounts of monome ...201424329598
bacterial programmed cell death: making sense of a paradox.although the concept of programmed cell death (pcd) in bacteria has been met with scepticism, a growing body of evidence suggests that it can no longer be ignored. several recent studies indicate that the phenotypic manifestations of apoptosis, which are processes that are associated with ordered cellular disassembly in eukaryotes, are conserved in bacteria. in this opinion article, i propose a model for the coordinated control of potential bacterial pcd effectors and argue that the processes in ...201424336185
a review on phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological aspects of genus calendula.this review includes 84 references on the genus calendula (asteraceae) and comprises ethnopharmacology, morphology and microscopy, phytoconstituents, pharmacological reports, clinical studies and toxicology of the prominent species of calendula. triterpene alcohols, triterpene saponins, flavonoids, carotenoids and polysaccharides constitute major classes of phytoconstituents of the genus. a few species of this genus have medicinal value, among these calendula officinalis linn., has been traditio ...201324347926
prophage-mediated dynamics of 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' populations, the destructive bacterial pathogens of citrus huanglongbing.prophages are highly dynamic components in the bacterial genome and play an important role in intraspecies variations. there are at least two prophages in the chromosomes of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (las) floridian isolates. las is both unculturable and the most prevalent species of liberibacter pathogens that cause huanglongbing (hlb), a worldwide destructive disease of citrus. in this study, seven new prophage variants resulting from two hyper-variable regions were identified by scre ...201324349235
enhancement of oxygen mass transfer and gas holdup using palm oil in stirred tank bioreactors with xanthan solutions as simulated viscous fermentation broths.volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kla) is an important parameter in bioreactors handling viscous fermentations such as xanthan gum production, as it affects the reactor performance and productivity. published literatures showed that adding an organic phase such as hydrocarbons or vegetable oil could increase the kla. the present study opted for palm oil as the organic phase as it is plentiful in malaysia. experiments were carried out to study the effect of viscosity, gas holdup, and kla on t ...201324350269
intrigues and intricacies of the biosynthetic pathways for the enzymatic quinocofactors: pqq, ttq, ctq, tpq, and ltq. 201324350630
intrigues and intricacies of the biosynthetic pathways for the enzymatic quinocofactors: pqq, ttq, ctq, tpq, and ltq. 201324350630
nitrate assimilation contributes to ralstonia solanacearum root attachment, stem colonization, and virulence.ralstonia solanacearum, an economically important plant pathogen, must attach, grow, and produce virulence factors to colonize plant xylem vessels and cause disease. little is known about the bacterial metabolism that drives these processes. nitrate is present in both tomato xylem fluid and agricultural soils, and the bacterium's gene expression profile suggests that it assimilates nitrate during pathogenesis. a nasa mutant, which lacks the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of r. solanacearum' ...201424363343
functional characterization of osmotically inducible protein c (mg_427) from mycoplasma genitalium.mycoplasma genitalium is the smallest self-replicating bacterium and an important human pathogen responsible for a range of urogenital infections and pathologies. due to its limited genome size, many genes conserved in other bacteria are missing in m. genitalium. genes encoding catalase and superoxide dismutase are absent, and how this pathogen overcomes oxidative stress remains poorly understood. in this study, we characterized mg_427, a homolog of the conserved osmc, which encodes hydroperoxid ...201424363346
perception of the novel mamp emax from different xanthomonas species requires the arabidopsis receptor-like protein remax and the receptor kinase sobir.as part of their innate immune system plants carry a number of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). in a recently published article (1) we described a novel, proteinaceous mamp termed emax (enigmatic mamp of xanthomonas) that derives from xanthomonas and gets recognized by the receptor-like protein remax (receptor of emax) of arabidopsis thaliana. remax has no ortholog in nicotiana benthamiana and this species does n ...201324384530
disturbance of arabidopsis thaliana microrna-regulated pathways by xcc bacterial effector proteins.plants are continuously subjected to infection by pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. bacteria can inject a variety of effector proteins into the host to reprogram host defense mechanism. it is known that micrornas participate in plant disease resistance to bacterial pathogens and previous studies have suggested that some bacterial effectors have evolved to disturb the host's microrna-regulated pathways; and so enabling infection. in this study, the inter-species interaction between an xa ...201424385242
copper chloride induces antioxidant gene expression but reduces ability to mediate h2o2 toxicity in xanthomonas campestris.copper (cu)-based biocides are currently used as control measures for both fungal and bacterial diseases in agricultural fields. in this communication, we show that exposure of the bacterial plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris to nonlethal concentrations of cu(2+) ions (75 µm) enhanced expression of genes in oxyr, ohrr and iscr regulons. high levels of catalase, ohr peroxidase and superoxide dismutase diminished cu(2+)-induced gene expression, suggesting that the production of hydrogen peroxid ...201424385479
variable suites of non-effector genes are co-regulated in the type iii secretion virulence regulon across the pseudomonas syringae phylogeny.pseudomonas syringae is a phylogenetically diverse species of gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens responsible for crop diseases around the world. the hrpl sigma factor drives expression of the major p. syringae virulence regulon. hrpl controls expression of the genes encoding the structural and functional components of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the type three secreted effector proteins (t3e) that are collectively essential for virulence. hrpl also regulates expression of an un ...201424391493
agrobacterium infection and plant defense-transformation success hangs by a thread.the value of agrobacterium tumefaciens for plant molecular biologists cannot be appreciated enough. this soil-borne pathogen has the unique capability to transfer dna (t-dna) into plant systems. gene transfer involves both bacterial and host factors, and it is the orchestration of these factors that determines the success of transformation. some plant species readily accept integration of foreign dna, while others are recalcitrant. the timing and intensity of the microbially activated host defen ...201324391655
emra1 membrane fusion protein of francisella tularensis lvs is required for resistance to oxidative stress, intramacrophage survival and virulence in mice.francisella tularensis is a category a biodefence agent that causes a fatal human disease known as tularaemia. the pathogenicity of f. tularensis depends on its ability to persist inside host immune cells primarily by resisting an attack from host-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ros/rns). based on the ability of f. tularensis to resist high ros/rns levels, we have hypothesized that additional unknown factors act in conjunction with known antioxidant defences to render ros resista ...201424397487
the rise of the undead: pseudokinases as mediators of effector-triggered immunity.pathogens use effector proteins to suppress host immunity and promote infection. however, plants can recognize specific effectors and mount an effector-triggered immune response that suppresses pathogen growth. the yopj/hopz family of type iii secreted effector proteins is broadly distributed in bacterial pathogens of both animals and plants. these effectors can either suppress host immunity or elicit defense responses depending on the host genotype. in a recent report, we identified an arabidop ...201424398910
first thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase from newly isolated xanthomonas sp. ec102.a novel gene encoding thermostable endoglucanase was identified in xanthomonas sp. ec102 from soil. the gene had 1,458 base pairs of open reading frame, which encode a 52-kda protein of 486 amino acid residues. sequence of the amino acid residues was similar with the endoglucanase from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris atcc33913 (genbank accession no. np_638867.1) (94 % identity). the endoglucanase was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21 and purified. temperature for the highest enzymatic ...201424399319
heme enzyme structure and function. 201424400737
xanthan gum production by wild-type isolates of xanthomonas campestris.five newly-isolated strains of xanthomonas campestris when compared with the standard strain, nrrl b-1459, showed higher broth viscosity and xanthan gum production. evaluation of polysaccharide rheology is a very important determinant for selecting new xanthan-producing isolates.199524414901
genomic analysis of xanthomonas translucens pathogenic on wheat and barley reveals cross-kingdom gene transfer events and diverse protein delivery systems.in comparison to dicot-infecting bacteria, only limited numbers of genome sequences are available for monocot-infecting and in particular cereal-infecting bacteria. herein we report the characterisation and genome sequence of xanthomonas translucens isolate dar61454 pathogenic on wheat and barley. based on phylogenetic analysis of the atp synthase beta subunit (atpd) gene, dar61454 is most closely related to other x. translucens strains and the sugarcane- and banana- infecting xanthomonas strain ...201424416331
regulatory mutations affecting the synthesis of pectate lyase in xanthomonas campestris.four classes of xanthomonas campestris mutants were identified with respect to pectate lyase. pectate lyase production in the wild-type and classes i and iib mutants was partially dependent on the growth-phase whereas in classes iia and iii it was totally dependent. enzyme activity in some of the mutants was constitutive and resistant to catabolite repression.199324419956
the yscu/flhb homologue hrcu from xanthomonas controls type iii secretion and translocation of early and late substrates.the majority of gram-negative plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria employ a type iii secretion (t3s) system to deliver effector proteins to eukaryotic cells. members of the yscu protein family are essential components of the t3s system and consist of a transmembrane and a cytoplasmic region that is autocatalytically cleaved at a conserved npth motif. yscu homologues interact with t3s substrate specificity switch (t3s4) proteins that alter the substrate specificity of the t3s system after assemb ...201424425767
lacinilene c 7-methyl ether.the title compound, c16h20o3 [systematic name: 1-hy-droxy-7-meth-oxy-1,6-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)naphthalen-2(1h)-one], is a sesquiterpene isolated from foliar tissues of the cotton plant and is of inter-est with respect to its anti-bacterial properties. its phenyl ring is ideally planar, and the maximum of deviation in the second ring is 0.386 (3) å. the hy-droxy group and the methyl group are oriented in an equatorial fashion and axial, respectively, to the second ring. in the crystal, inversi ...201324427033
a study of the effects of aeration and agitation on the properties and production of xanthan gum from crude glycerin derived from biodiesel using the response surface methodology.the effects of aeration and agitation on the properties and production of xanthan gum from crude glycerin biodiesel (cgb) by xanthomonas campestris mangiferaeindicae 2103 were investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology. the xanthan gum was produced from cgb in a bioreactor at 28 °c for 120 h. optimization procedures indicated that 0.97 vvm at 497.76 rpm resulted in a xanthan gum production of 5.59 g l(-1) and 1.05 vvm at 484.75 rpm maximized the biomass to 3.26 g l(-1). more ...201424435765
hydrothermal synthesis of copper based nanoparticles: antimicrobial screening and interaction with dna.copper based nanoparticles (cu-based nps) of different compositions and sizes have been hydrothermally synthesized by varying the reaction time in the presence of the biocompatible surfactants polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan laurate (tween 20) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (peg 8000). effective control of the above synthetic parameters gave rise to cu, cu2o and cu/cu2o nps of 10-44 nm. the antibacterial activity of the nps was screened against gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, stap ...201424441110
bacterial cellulose as a substrate for microbial cell culture.bacterial cellulose (bc) has a range of structural and physicochemical properties that make it a particularly useful material for the culture of bacteria. we studied the growth of 14 genera of bacteria on bc substrates produced by acetobacter xylinum and compared the results to growth on the commercially available biopolymers agar, gellan, and xanthan. we demonstrate that bc produces rates of bacterial cell growth that typically exceed those on the commercial biopolymers and yields cultures with ...201424441155
a 13-lipoxygenase, tomloxc, is essential for synthesis of c5 flavour volatiles in tomato.c5 volatile compounds, derived from fatty acids, are among the most important contributors to consumer liking of fresh tomatoes. despite their important roles in flavour, the genes responsible for c5 volatile synthesis have yet to be identified. this work shows that their synthesis is catalysed in part by a 13-lipoxygenase (lox), tomloxc, the same enzyme responsible for synthesis of c6 volatiles. c5 synthesis is independent of hydroperoxide lyase (hpl); moreover, hpl knockdown significantly incr ...201424453226
unravelling the diversity of grapevine microbiome.vitis vinifera is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops with a great economic impact on the global industry. as a plant, it is naturally colonised by a wide variety of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that interact with grapevine, having either beneficial or phytopathogenic effects, who play a major role in fruit yield, grape quality and, ultimately, in the evolution of grape fermentation and wine production. therefore, the objective of this study was to extensively charact ...201424454903
correction of sequence-dependent ambiguous bases (ns) from the 454 pyrosequencing system.pyrosequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna gene (16s) has become one of the most popular methods to assess microbial diversity. pyrosequencing reads containing ambiguous bases (ns) are generally discarded based on the assumptions of their non-sequence-dependent formation and high error rates. however, taxonomic composition differed by removal of reads with ns. we determined whether ns from pyrosequencing occur in a sequence-dependent manner. our reads and the corresponding flow value data revealed ...201424464999
microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters.the objective of this study was to use pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna genes to describe the microbial diversity of bovine milk samples derived from clinically unaffected quarters across a range of somatic cell counts (scc) values or from clinical mastitis, culture negative quarters. the obtained microbiota profiles were used to distinguish healthy, subclinically and clinically affected quarters. two dairy farms were used for the collection of milk samples. a total of 177 samples were used. fifty ...201424465777
two-step synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic di-amp in mycobacterium tuberculosis.cyclic di-amp is a recently discovered signaling molecule which regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology and virulence. here we report the characterization of c-di-amp synthesizing and hydrolyzing proteins from mycobacterium tuberculosis. recombinant rv3586 (mtbdisa) can synthesize c-di-amp from atp through the diadenylate cyclase activity. detailed biochemical characterization of the protein revealed that the diadenylate cyclase (dac) activity is allosterically regulated by atp. we hav ...201424465894
tomato genomic resources database: an integrated repository of useful tomato genomic information for basic and applied research.tomato genomic resources database (tgrd) allows interactive browsing of tomato genes, micro rnas, simple sequence repeats (ssrs), important quantitative trait loci and tomato-expen 2000 genetic map altogether or separately along twelve chromosomes of tomato in a single window. the database is created using sequence of the cultivar heinz 1706. high quality single nucleotide polymorphic (snp) sites between the genes of heinz 1706 and the wild tomato s. pimpinellifolium la1589 are also included. ge ...201424466070
genomic sequence of temperate phage smp131 of stenotrophomonas maltophilia that has similar prophages in xanthomonads.stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous gram-negative bacterium previously named as xanthomonas maltophilia. this organism is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with infections in immunocompromised patients. clinical isolates of s. maltophilia are mostly resistant to multiple antibiotics and treatment of its infections is becoming problematic. several virulent bacteriophages, but not temperate phage, of s. maltophilia have been characterized.201424472137
lateral organ boundaries 1 is a disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker disease.citrus bacterial canker (cbc) disease occurs worldwide and incurs considerable costs both from control measures and yield losses. bacteria that cause cbc require one of six known type iii transcription activator-like (tal) effector genes for the characteristic pustule formation at the site of infection. here, we show that xanthomonas citri subspecies citri strain xcc306, with the type iii tal effector gene ptha4 or with the distinct yet biologically equivalent gene pthaw from strain xcca(w), ind ...201424474801
the xanthomonas ax21 protein is processed by the general secretory system and is secreted in association with outer membrane vesicles.pattern recognition receptors (prrs) play an important role in detecting invading pathogens and mounting a robust defense response to restrict infection. in rice, one of the best characterized prrs is xa21, a leucine rich repeat receptor-like kinase that confers broad-spectrum resistance to multiple strains of the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). in 2009 we reported that an xoo protein, called ax21, is secreted by a type i-secretion system and that it serves to activate xa ...201424482761
close relationship of a novel flavobacteriaceae α-amylase with archaeal α-amylases and good potentials for industrial applications.bioethanol production from various starchy materials has received much attention in recent years. α-amylases are key enzymes in the bioconversion process of starchy biomass to biofuels, food or other products. the properties of thermostability, ph stability, and ca-independency are important in the development of such fermentation process.201424485248
identification of bacteriophages for biocontrol of the kiwifruit canker phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is a reemerging pathogen which causes bacterial canker of kiwifruit (actinidia sp.). since 2008, a global outbreak of p. syringae pv. actinidiae has occurred, and in 2010 this pathogen was detected in new zealand. the economic impact and the development of resistance in p. syringae pv. actinidiae and other pathovars against antibiotics and copper sprays have led to a search for alternative management strategies. we isolated 275 phages, 258 of which were active ...201424487530
the rice tal effector-dependent resistance protein xa10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum.the recognition between disease resistance (r) genes in plants and their cognate avirulence (avr) genes in pathogens can produce a hypersensitive response of localized programmed cell death. however, our knowledge of the early signaling events of the r gene-mediated hypersensitive response in plants remains limited. here, we report the cloning and characterization of xa10, a transcription activator-like (tal) effector-dependent r gene for resistance to bacterial blight in rice (oryza sativa). xa ...201424488961
the grapevine flagellin receptor vvfls2 differentially recognizes flagellin-derived epitopes from the endophytic growth-promoting bacterium burkholderia phytofirmans and plant pathogenic bacteria.• the role of flagellin perception in the context of plant beneficial bacteria still remains unclear. here, we characterized the flagellin sensing system flg22-flagellin sensing 2 (fls2) in grapevine, and analyzed the flagellin perception in the interaction with the endophytic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) burkholderia phytofirmans. • the functionality of the grapevine fls2 receptor, vvfls2, was demonstrated by complementation assays in the arabidopsis thaliana fls2 mutant, which ...201424491115
genomic variability as a driver of plant-pathogen coevolution?pathogens apply one of the strongest selective pressures in plant populations. understanding plant-pathogen coevolution has therefore been a major research focus for at least sixty years [1]. recent comparative genomic studies have revealed that the genes involved in plant defense and pathogen virulence are among the most polymorphic in the respective genomes. which fraction of this diversity influences the host-pathogen interaction? do coevolutionary dynamics maintain variation? here we review ...201424491596
biological roles of the o-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and the capsular polysaccharide (cps) of this organism is required for persistence and disease. c. jejuni produces over 47 different capsular structures, including a unique o-methyl phosphoramidate (meopn) modification present on most c. jejuni isolates. although the meopn structure is rare in nature it has structural similarity to some synthetic pesticides. in this study, we have demonstrated, by whole genome comparis ...201424498018
the kiwifruit emerging pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae does not produce ahls but possesses three luxr solos.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is an emerging phytopathogen causing bacterial canker disease in kiwifruit plants worldwide. quorum sensing (qs) gene regulation plays important roles in many different bacterial plant pathogens. in this study we analyzed the presence and possible role of n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) quorum sensing in psa. it was established that psa does not produce ahls and that a typical complete luxi/r qs system is absent in psa strains. psa however possesses thre ...201424498215
characterization of the pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.xanthomonads are plant pathogenic proteobacteria that produce the polysaccharide xanthan. they are assumed to catabolize glucose mainly via the entner-doudoroff pathway. whereas previous studies have demonstrated no phosphofructokinase (pfk) activity in xanthomonads, detailed genome analysis revealed in xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (xcc) genes for all embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway (glycolysis) enzymes, including a conserved pfka gene similar to 6-phosphofructokinase genes. to addr ...201424508689
lectin-like bacteriocins from pseudomonas spp. utilise d-rhamnose containing lipopolysaccharide as a cellular receptor.lectin-like bacteriocins consist of tandem monocot mannose-binding domains and display a genus-specific killing activity. here we show that pyocin l1, a novel member of this family from pseudomonas aeruginosa, targets susceptible strains of this species through recognition of the common polysaccharide antigen (cpa) of p. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide that is predominantly a homopolymer of d-rhamnose. structural and biophysical analyses show that recognition of cpa occurs through the c-terminal c ...201424516380
establishment of an inducing medium for type iii effector secretion in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.it is well known that the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and type iii (t3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of t3ss and t3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. to facilitate in-depth studies on t3ss and t3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for t3 effector expression and secretion. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathoge ...201324516463
establishment of an inducing medium for type iii effector secretion in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.it is well known that the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and type iii (t3) effectors are essential for the pathogenicity of most bacterial phytopathogens and that the expression of t3ss and t3 effectors is suppressed in rich media but induced in minimal media and plants. to facilitate in-depth studies on t3ss and t3 effectors, it is crucial to establish a medium for t3 effector expression and secretion. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is a model bacterium for studying plant-pathoge ...201324516463
modulating plant primary amino acid metabolism as a necrotrophic virulence strategy: the immune-regulatory role of asparagine synthetase in botrytis cinerea-tomato interaction.the fungal plant pathogen botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the "gray mold" disease on a broad range of hosts. as an archetypal necrotroph, b. cinerea has evolved multiple virulence strategies for inducing cell death in its host. moreover, progress of b. cinerea colonization is commonly associated with induction of senescence in the host tissue, even in non-invaded regions. in a recent study, we showed that abscisic acid deficiency in the sitiens tomato mutant culminates in an anti-senesce ...201424521937
structure prediction of magnetosome-associated proteins.magnetotactic bacteria (mtb) are gram-negative bacteria that can navigate along geomagnetic fields. this ability is a result of a unique intracellular organelle, the magnetosome. these organelles are composed of membrane-enclosed magnetite (fe3o4) or greigite (fe3s4) crystals ordered into chains along the cell. magnetosome formation, assembly, and magnetic nano-crystal biomineralization are controlled by magnetosome-associated proteins (maps). most map-encoding genes are located in a conserved g ...201424523717
vibrio cholerae nsps, a homologue of abc-type periplasmic solute binding proteins, facilitates transduction of polyamine signals independent of their transport.the polyamines norspermidine and spermidine are among the environmental signals that regulate vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. the effects of these polyamines are mediated by nsps, a member of the bacterial periplasmic solute binding protein superfamily. almost all members of this superfamily characterized to date are components of atp-binding cassette-type transporters involved in nutrient uptake. consequently, in the current annotation of the v. cholerae genome, nsps has been assigned a func ...201424530989
genome-wide analysis of small rnas expressed by yersinia pestis identifies a regulator of the yop-ysc type iii secretion system.small noncoding rna (srna) molecules are integral components of the regulatory machinery for many bacterial species and are known to posttranscriptionally regulate metabolic and stress-response pathways, quorum sensing, virulence factors, and more. the yop-ysc type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a critical virulence component for the pathogenic yersinia species, and the regulation of this system is tightly controlled at each step from transcription to translocation of effectors into host cells. ...201424532772
microbial enhanced heavy oil recovery by the aid of inhabitant spore-forming bacteria: an insight review.crude oil is the major source of energy worldwide being exploited as a source of economy, including oman. as the price of crude oil increases and crude oil reserves collapse, exploitation of oil resources in mature reservoirs is essential for meeting future energy demands. as conventional recovery methods currently used have become less efficient for the needs, there is a continuous demand of developing a new technology which helps in the upgradation of heavy crude oil. microbial enhanced oil re ...201424550702
pathogenic adaptations to host-derived antibacterial copper.recent findings suggest that both host and pathogen manipulate copper content in infected host niches during infections. in this review, we summarize recent developments that implicate copper resistance as an important determinant of bacterial fitness at the host-pathogen interface. an essential mammalian nutrient, copper cycles between copper (i) (cu(+)) in its reduced form and copper (ii) (cu(2+)) in its oxidized form under physiologic conditions. cu(+) is significantly more bactericidal than ...201424551598
detection progress of selected drugs in tlc.this entry describes applications of known indicators and dyes as new visualizing reagents and various visualizing systems as well as photocatalytic reactions and bioautography method for the detection of bioactive compounds including drugs and compounds isolated from herbal extracts. broadening index, detection index, characteristics of densitometric band, modified contrast index, limit of detection, densitometric visualizing index, and linearity range of detected compounds were used for the ev ...201424551853
immunosuppression during rhizobium-legume symbiosis.rhizobium infects host legumes to elicit new plant organs, nodules where dinitrogen is fixed as ammonia that can be directly utilized by plants. the nodulation factor (nf) produced by rhizobium is one of the determinant signals for rhizobial infection and nodule development. recently, it was found to suppress the innate immunity on host and nonhost plants as well as its analogs, chitins. therefore, nf can be recognized as a microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern (m/pamp) like chitin to in ...201424556951
the acidic c-terminal tail of the gyra subunit moderates the dna supercoiling activity of bacillus subtilis gyrase.gyrase is a type ii dna topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into dna in an atp-dependent reaction. it consists of a topoisomerase core, formed by the n-terminal domains of the two gyra subunits and by the two gyrb subunits, that catalyzes double-stranded dna cleavage and passage of a second double-stranded dna through the gap in the first. the c-terminal domains (ctds) of the gyra subunits form a β-pinwheel and bind dna around their positively charged perimeter. as a result, dna is ...201424563461
regulation of primary plant metabolism during plant-pathogen interactions and its contribution to plant defense.plants are constantly exposed to microorganisms in the environment and, as a result, have evolved intricate mechanisms to recognize and defend themselves against potential pathogens. one of these responses is the downregulation of photosynthesis and other processes associated with primary metabolism that are essential for plant growth. it has been suggested that the energy saved by downregulation of primary metabolism is diverted and used for defense responses. however, several studies have show ...201424575102
diffusible signal factor (dsf) quorum sensing signal and structurally related molecules enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics against some bacterial pathogens.extensive use of antibiotics has fostered the emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multidrugs, which becomes a great healthcare and public concern. previous studies showed that quorum sensing signal dsf (diffusible signal factor) not only modulates bacterial antibiotic resistance through intraspecies signaling, but also affects bacterial antibiotic tolerance through interspecies communication. these findings motivate us to exploit the possibility of using dsf and its structurally related ...201424575808
bacterial ice crystal controlling proteins.across the world, many ice active bacteria utilize ice crystal controlling proteins for aid in freezing tolerance at subzero temperatures. ice crystal controlling proteins include both antifreeze and ice nucleation proteins. antifreeze proteins minimize freezing damage by inhibiting growth of large ice crystals, while ice nucleation proteins induce formation of embryonic ice crystals. although both protein classes have differing functions, these proteins use the same ice binding mechanisms. rath ...201424579057
the post-transcriptional regulator rsma/csra activates t3ss by stabilizing the 5' utr of hrpg, the master regulator of hrp/hrc genes, in xanthomonas.the rsma/csra family of the post-transcriptional regulators of bacteria is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including pathogenesis. in this study, we demonstrated that rsma not only is required for the full virulence of the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) but also contributes to triggering the hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plants. deletion of rsma resulted in significantly reduced virulence in the host plant sweet orange and a delay ...201424586158
a system to automatically classify and name any individual genome-sequenced organism independently of current biological classification and nomenclature.a broadly accepted and stable biological classification system is a prerequisite for biological sciences. it provides the means to describe and communicate about life without ambiguity. current biological classification and nomenclature use the species as the basic unit and require lengthy and laborious species descriptions before newly discovered organisms can be assigned to a species and be named. the current system is thus inadequate to classify and name the immense genetic diversity within s ...201424586551
mechanism of escherichia coli resistance to pyrrhocoricin.due to their lack of toxicity to mammalian cells and good serum stability, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (pr-amps) have been proposed as promising candidates for the treatment of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens. it has been hypothesized that these peptides act on multiple targets within bacterial cells, and therefore the likelihood of the emergence of resistance was considered to be low. here, we show that spontaneous escherichia coli mutants resistant to p ...201424590485
sustained release of diltiazem hydrochloride from cross-linked biodegradable ipn hydrogel beads of pectin and modified xanthan gum.interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel beads of pectin and sodium carboxymethyl xanthan were prepared by ionotropic gelation with al(+3) ions and covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde for sustained delivery of diltiazem hydrochloride. fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the hydrogel beads. the swelling of the hydrogel and the release of drug were relatively low in ph 1.2 b ...201324591735
a new and improved host-independent plasmid system for rk2-based conjugal transfer.bacterial conjugation is a process that is mediated either by a direct cell-to-cell junction or by formation of a bridge between the cells. it is often used to transfer dna constructs designed in escherichia coli to recipient bacteria, yeast, plants and mammalian cells. plasmids bearing the rk2/rp4 origin of transfer (orit) are mostly mobilized using the e. coli s17-1/sm10 donor strains, in which transfer helper functions are provided from a chromosomally integrated rp4::mu. we have observed tha ...201424595202
evaluation of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of artemisia nilagirica and murraya koenigii leaf extracts against mycobacteria and macrophages.artemisia nilagirica (asteraceae) and murraya koenigii (rutaceae) are widely distributed in eastern region of india. leaves of artemisia nilagirica plant are used to treat cold and cough by the local tribal population in east india. murraya koenigii is an edible plant previously reported to have an antibacterial activity. pathogenic strains of mycobacteria are resistant to most of the conventional antibiotics. therefore, it is imperative to identify novel antimycobacterial molecules to treat myc ...201424597853
identification of the catalytic triad of family s46 exopeptidases, closely related to clan pa endopeptidases.the exopeptidases of family s46 are exceptional, as the closest homologs of these enzymes are the endopeptidases of clan pa. the three-dimensional structure of s46 enzymes is unknown and only one of the catalytic residues, the serine, has been identified. the catalytic histidine and aspartate residues are not experimentally identified. here we present phylogenetic and experimental data that identify all residues of the catalytic triad of s46 peptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase bii (dap bii) fro ...201424598890
crystallization of the n-terminal regulatory domain of the enhancer-binding protein fleq from stenotrophomonas maltophilia.fleq is a master regulator that controls bacterial flagellar gene expression. it is a unique enhancer-binding protein or repressor protein comprising an n-terminal fleq domain, an aaa(+)/atpase σ54-interaction domain and a helix-turn-helix dna-binding domain. flen is a putative atpase with a deviant walker a motif that works together with fleq by binding to the fleq n-terminal domain to fully express pel, psl and cdr operons in the presence of c-di-gmp to enhance biofilm formation. stenotrophomo ...201424598919
carbohydrate metabolism in archaea: current insights into unusual enzymes and pathways and their regulation.the metabolism of archaea, the third domain of life, resembles in its complexity those of bacteria and lower eukarya. however, this metabolic complexity in archaea is accompanied by the absence of many "classical" pathways, particularly in central carbohydrate metabolism. instead, archaea are characterized by the presence of unique, modified variants of classical pathways such as the embden-meyerhof-parnas (emp) pathway and the entner-doudoroff (ed) pathway. the pentose phosphate pathway is only ...201424600042
the factors affecting effectiveness of treatment in phages therapy.in recent years, the use of lytic bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents controlling pathogenic bacteria has appeared as a promising new alternative strategy in the face of growing antibiotic resistance which has caused problems in many fields including medicine, veterinary medicine, and aquaculture. the use of bacteriophages has numerous advantages over traditional antimicrobials. the effectiveness of phage applications in fighting against pathogenic bacteria depends on several factors such as ...201424600439
reversible non-genetic phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial quorum sensing.bacteria co-ordinate their social behaviour in a density-dependent manner by production of diffusible signal molecules by a process known as quorum sensing (qs). it is generally assumed that in homogenous environments and at high cell density, qs synchronizes cells in the population to perform collective social tasks in unison which maximize the benefit at the inclusive fitness of individuals. however, evolutionary theory predicts that maintaining phenotypic heterogeneity in performing social ta ...201424601980
transgenic expression of the rice xa21 pattern-recognition receptor in banana (musa sp.) confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum.banana xanthomonas wilt (bxw), caused by the bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (xcm), is the most devastating disease of banana in east and central africa. the spread of bxw threatens the livelihood of millions of african farmers who depend on banana for food security and income. there are no commercial chemicals, biocontrol agents or resistant cultivars available to control bxw. here, we take advantage of the robust resistance conferred by the rice pattern-recognition receptor (pr ...201424612254
cloning, expression and characterization of a pectate lyase from paenibacillus sp. 0602 in recombinant escherichia coli.biotechnological applications of microbial pectate lyases (pels) in plant fiber processing are considered as environmentally friendly. as such, they become promising substitutes for conventional chemical degumming process. since applications of pels in various fields are widening, it is necessary to explore new pectolytic microorganisms and enzymes for efficient and effective usage. here, we describe the cloning, expression, characterization and application of the recombinant pel protein from a ...201424612647
the pas domain-containing histidine kinase rpfs is a second sensor for the diffusible signal factor of xanthomonas campestris.a cell-cell signalling system mediated by the fatty acid signal dsf controls the virulence of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) to plants. the synthesis and recognition of the dsf signal depends upon different rpf proteins. dsf signal generation requires rpff whereas signal perception and transduction depends upon the sensor rpfc and regulator rpfg. detailed analyses of the regulatory roles of different rpf proteins have suggested the occurrence of further sensors for dsf. here we have ...201424617591
identification and biosynthesis of a novel xanthomonadin-dialkylresorcinol-hybrid from azoarcus sp. bh72.a novel xanthomonadin-dialkylresorcinol hybrid named arcuflavin was identified in azoarcus sp. bh72 by a combination of feeding experiments, hplc-ms and maldi-ms and gene clusters encoding the biosynthesis of this non-isoprenoid aryl-polyene containing pigment are reported. a chorismate-utilizing enzyme from the xanb2-type producing 3- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and an amp-ligase encoded by these gene clusters were characterized, that might perform the first two steps of the polyene biosynthesis. ...201424618669
responses to elevated c-di-gmp levels in mutualistic and pathogenic plant-interacting bacteria.despite a recent burst of research, knowledge on c-di-gmp signaling pathways remains largely fragmentary and molecular mechanisms of regulation and even c-di-gmp targets are yet unknown for most bacteria. besides genomics or bioinformatics, accompanying alternative approaches are necessary to reveal c-di-gmp regulation in bacteria with complex lifestyles. we have approached this study by artificially altering the c-di-gmp economy of diverse pathogenic and mutualistic plant-interacting bacteria a ...201424626229
fha interaction with phosphothreonine of tssl activates type vi secretion in agrobacterium tumefaciens.the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a widespread protein secretion system found in many gram-negative bacteria. t6sss are highly regulated by various regulatory systems at multiple levels, including post-translational regulation via threonine (thr) phosphorylation. the ser/thr protein kinase ppka is responsible for this thr phosphorylation regulation, and the forkhead-associated (fha) domain-containing fha-family protein is the sole t6ss phosphorylation substrate identified to date. here we d ...201424626341
the role of biophysical parameters in the antilipopolysaccharide activities of antimicrobial peptides from marine fish.numerous antimicrobial peptides (amps) from marine fish have been identified, isolated and characterized. these peptides act as host defense molecules that exert antimicrobial effects by targeting the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of gram-negative bacteria. the lps-amp interactions are driven by the biophysical properties of amps. in this review, therefore, we will focus on the physiochemical properties of amps; that is, the contributions made by their sequences, net charge, hydrophobicity and amphip ...201424633250
an important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (pal1) in salicylic acid-dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens.phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) has a crucial role in secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism and is one of the most extensively studied enzymes with respect to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. here, we identified the pepper (capsicum annuum) pal (capal1) gene, which was induced in pepper leaves by avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) infection. capal1-silenced pepper plants exhibited increased susceptibility to virulent and avirulent xcv infection. reactive oxygen ...201424642849
1,2-β-oligoglucan phosphorylase from listeria innocua.we characterized recombinant lin1839 protein (lin1839r) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 94 from listeria innocua. lin1839r catalyzed the synthesis of a series of 1,2-β-oligoglucans (sopn: n denotes degree of polymerization) using sophorose (sop2) as the acceptor and α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (glc1p) as the donor. lin1839r recognized glucose as a very weak acceptor substrate to form polymeric 1,2-β-glucan. the degree of polymerization of the 1,2-β-glucan gradually decreased with long-term i ...201424647662
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