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primary characterization and assessment of a t. spiralis antigen for the detection of trichinella infection in pigs.a clone, designated l20h-ts3, was selected by immunoscreening of cdna libraries of trichinella spiralis worms collected 14h, 20h and 48h post-infection (p.i.) from mice intestines. l20h-ts3 encodes the full-length of a conserved hypothetical protein of 13.1kda involving putative interaction with the immune system. pcr analysis showed that l20h-ts3 mrna is constitutively expressed throughout t. spiralis life cycle and not restricted to intestinal stages. the l20h-ts3 fusion protein was obtained i ...201425267098
protective immunity against enteral stages of trichinella spiralis elicited in mice by live attenuated salmonella vaccine that secretes a 30-mer parasite epitope fused to the molecular adjuvant c3d-p28.the development of a veterinary vaccine against t. spiralis infection is an alternative strategy to control trichinellosis. in an effort to develop an efficient vaccine, balb/c mice were immunized with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl3261 that expresses a 30-mer peptide (ag30) derived from the gp43 of t. spiralis muscle larvae fused to three copies of the molecular adjuvant p28 (ag30-p283) and it was either displayed on the surface or secreted by recombinant salmonella strai ...201425311159
the immature stages of dermestes maculatus, sarcophaga sp. and phaenicia sericata as potential paratenic hosts for trichinella spiralis in nature.the role of some insect populations in the transmission of trichinella sp. has been demonstrated. however, most of the studies have been conducted under controlled conditions which may influence the real role that they could play as a paratenic host in nature. to enlight this issue, a series of studies to determine the infective capability of the muscle larva of trichinella spiralis recovered from immature stages of insect populations that fed on infected tissues exposed to natural conditions we ...201525346194
characterization of albendazole-randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and in vivo evaluation of its antihelmitic activity in a murine model of trichinellosis.albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate extensively used in oral chemotherapy against intestinal parasites, due to its broad spectrum activity, good tolerance and low cost. however, the drug has the disadvantage of poor bioavailability due to its very low solubility in water; as a consequence, a very active area of research focuses on the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to increase its solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. the primary objective of this study was to p ...201425406084
trichinella spiralis: killing of newborn larvae by lung cells.the migratory stage of trichinella spiralis, the newborn larva (nbl), travels along the pulmonary microvascular system on its way to the skeletal muscle cells. the present work studies the capability of lung cells to kill nbl. for this purpose, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed using nbl, lung cell suspensions from wistar rats, rat anti-nbl surface sera, and fresh serum as complement source. the cytotoxic activity of lung cells from rats infected on day 6 p.i. was compared with that fr ...201525416332
eosinophils mediate protective immunity against secondary nematode infection.eosinophils are versatile cells that regulate innate and adaptive immunity, influence metabolism and tissue repair, and contribute to allergic lung disease. within the context of immunity to parasitic worm infections, eosinophils are prominent yet highly varied in function. we have shown previously that when mice undergo primary infection with the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis, eosinophils play an important immune regulatory role that promotes larval growth and survival in skeletal mus ...201525429065
characterization of a trichinella spiralis 31 kda protein and its potential application for the serodiagnosis of trichinellosis.the trichinella spiralis 31 kda protein (ts31) was screened from the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of muscle larvae (ml) by immunoproteomics using serum from mice infected with t. spiralis at 18 days post infection (dpi). the aim of this study was to characterize the ts31 protein and to evaluate the potential of the recombinant ts31 protein (rts31) for serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. ts31 gene was cloned and rts31 was produced in an e. coli expression system. an anti-rts31serum recogn ...201525447831
glycans expressed on trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens are important for anti-inflamatory immune response polarization.trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory antigens (es l1) are most likely responsible for the induction of immune response during infection by this parasitic. the antigens bear carbohydrate structures that may contribute to immune system activation resulting in a th2/anti-inflammatory immune response. we show that t. spiralis glycans affect the expression and the production of il-4 and il-10 in vivo. alteration of carbohydrate structures on es l1 altered dendritic cell (dc) maturat ...201425467036
trichinella spiralis: genome database searches for the presence and immunolocalization of protein disulphide isomerase family members.the formation of nurse cells in host muscle cells during trichinella spiralis infection is a key step in the infective mechanism. collagen trimerization is set up via disulphide bond formation, catalysed by protein disulphide isomerase (pdi). in t. spiralis, some pdi family members have been identified but no localization is described and no antibodies specific for t. spiralis pdis are available. in this work, computational approaches were used to search for non-described pdis in the t. spiralis ...201625475092
impact of the alterations in the interstitial cells of cajal on intestinal motility in post-infection irritable bowel syndrome.the interstitial cells of cajal (icc) are basic components of gastrointestinal motility. however, changes in icc and their role in post‑infection irritable bowel syndrome (pi‑ibs) remain to be elucidated. to observe the impact of alterations in the icc on intestinal motility in a pi‑ibs mouse model, female c57bl\6 mice were infected by the oral administration of 400 trichinella spiralis larvae. the abdominal withdrawal reflex, intestine transportation time (itt), grain numbers, bristol scores, w ...201525484117
[effect of the excretory/scretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells].to investigate the effect of excretory/secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis on apoptosis of nci-h446 small-cell lung cancer cells.201425518596
characterization of the ca2+-gated and voltage-dependent k+-channel slo-1 of nematodes and its interaction with emodepside.the cyclooctadepsipeptide emodepside and its parent compound pf1022a are broad-spectrum nematicidal drugs which are able to eliminate nematodes resistant to other anthelmintics. the mode of action of cyclooctadepsipeptides is only partially understood, but involves the latrophilin lat-1 receptor and the voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channel slo-1. genetic evidence suggests that emodepside exerts its anthelmintic activity predominantly through slo-1. indeed, slo-1 deficient caenorhabdi ...201425521608
parasitic nematode-induced cd4+foxp3+t cells can ameliorate allergic airway inflammation.the recruitment of cd4+cd25+foxp3+t (treg) cells is one of the most important mechanisms by which parasites down-regulate the immune system.201425522145
molecular identification of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase and its induced protective immunity against trichinellosis in balb/c mice.nudix hydrolases (nd) is a widespread superfamily, which is found in all classes of organism, hydrolyse a wide range of organic pyrophosphates and has a 'housecleaning' function. the previous study showed that trichinella spiralis nd (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and the vaccination of mice with t7 phage-displayed tsnd polypeptides produced protective immunity. the aim of this study was to clone, express and identify the full-length tsnd and to investigate its immune protec ...201425522912
prevalence of antibodies against selected zoonotic agents in forestry workers from eastern and southern poland.due to the nature of their work, foresters are exposed to many infectious pathogens from the wildlife reservoir. the primary aim of this study was to assess their contact with these pathogens.201425528917
genome mining offers a new starting point for parasitology research.parasites including helminthes, protozoa, and medical arthropod vectors are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting one-sixth of the world's population, which are responsible for enormous levels of morbidity and mortality important and remain impediments to economic development especially in tropical countries. prevalent drug resistance, lack of highly effective and practical vaccines, as well as specific and sensitive diagnostic markers are proving to be challenging problems in p ...201525563615
molecular identification and characterization of trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7.previous study showed that trichinella spiralis proteasome subunit beta type-7 (tspst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml), which was screened by using suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) and confirmed by real-time pcr. tspst may be related to the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (iecs). the aim of this study was to identify tspst and to investigate its immune protection against intestinal t. spiralis infection.201525582125
immunoproteomic profile of trichinella spiralis adult worm proteins recognized by early infection sera.trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is regarded as an emerging or reemerging disease. effective treatment and prognosis of trichinellosis depends on early diagnosis of the infection. the objective of this study was to identify sensitive and specific antigens for early diagnosis or effective vaccine antigens for preventing infection.201525582511
trichinella spiralis newborn larvae: characterization of a stage specific serine proteinase expression, nbl1, using monoclonal antibodies.trichinella spiralis is an intracellular parasitic nematode of mammalian skeletal muscle, causing a serious zoonotic disease in humans and showing a high economic impact mainly in pig breeding. serine proteinases of t. spiralis play important roles in the host-parasite interactions mediating host invasion. in this study, we have focused on newborn larvae (nbl-1), the first identified serine proteinase from the nbl stage of t. spiralis. five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against the c-ter ...201525597315
immunomodulatory effects of trichinella spiralis-derived excretory-secretory antigens.helminth-derived products, either released into the circulation during the course of the infection or isolated after in vitro cultivation of the parasite and applied by the injection, are able to suppress the host immune response to autoantigens and allergens, but mechanisms could differ. prophylactic application of trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory muscle larvae (es l1) products ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) with the same success as infection did. however, a ...201525616617
consumption of untested pork contributed to over two-thousand clinical cases of human trichinellosis in romania.trichinellosis is an important zoonosis that is difficult to diagnose and that can lead to disability, death and economic losses for the meat processing industry. the outbreaks are related to the consumption of insufficiently cooked pork containing larvae of trichinella spiralis (owen, 1833). here, we describe epidemiological features of the disease in a region where incidence rates are typically elevated (brasov county, romania). our descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study spanned a pe ...201425651698
characterisation of a high-frequency gene encoding a strongly antigenic cystatin-like protein from trichinella spiralis at its early invasion stage.the intestinal phase is the early invasion stage of trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis), in which muscle larvae invade intestine epithelial cells and then develop into adult worms to breed newborn larvae. thus, intestinal infective larvae are first exposed to the immune system of the host, and antigens from the worms may be the earliest marker in the diagnosis of trichinellosis and may contribute to vaccine development to prevent trichinella infections in pigs.201525653126
demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california.american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ...201525700042
oral vaccination of mice with trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase dna vaccine delivered by attenuated salmonella elicited protective immunity.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and the vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) produced a partial protective immunity against challenge infection in mice. in this study, the full-length cdna sequence of tsnd gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pcdna3.1, and the recombinant tsnd dna was transformed into attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain ⊿cyasl1344. oral immunizati ...201525733024
serine proteases of parasitic helminths.serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. a number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. in this review, we de ...201525748703
trichinella spiralis: low vaccine potential of glutathione s-transferase against infections in mice.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis glutathione-s-transferase (tsgst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml). in this study, the tsgst gene was cloned, and recombinant tsgst (rtsgst) was produced. anti-rtsgst serum recognized the native tsgst by western blotting in crude antigens of ml, adult worm (aw) and newborn larvae (nbl) of t. spiralis, but not in ml excretory-secretory (es) antigens. expression of tsgst was observ ...201525757368
biochemical and functional characterization of the glutathione s-transferase from trichinella spiralis.glutathione-s-transferase (gst) is a family of multifunctional enzymes catalyzing detoxification reactions. our previous study showed that trichinella spiralis gst (tsgst) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (iil) compared to muscle larvae (ml) and vaccination of mice with rtsgst displayed a partial protection against challenge infection. the purified rtsgst showed the maximum enzymatic activity at ph 6.5 and 40 °c. the enzymatic k m values for gsh and cdnb were 457 and 1 ...201525758588
induction of protection in murine experimental models against trichinella spiralis: an up-to-date review.the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis, an aetiological agent of the disease known as trichinellosis, infects wild and domestic animals through contaminated pig meat, which is the major source for trichinella transmission. prevention of this disease by interrupting parasite transmission includes vaccine development for livestock; however, major challenges to this strategy are the complexity of the t. spiralis life cycle, diversity of stage-specific antigens, immune-evasion strategies and th ...201525761655
outbreak of trichinellosis due to wild boar meat and evaluation of the effectiveness of post exposure prophylaxis, germany, 2013.food safety authorities discovered that wild boar meat products contaminated with trichinella spiralis had entered the food chain in germany in march 2013. public health authorities issued guidelines for health professionals including post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) using mebendazole and advised the public to seek medical advice if exposed. our objective was to identify factors associated with the development of trichinellosis and to evaluate post exposure prophylaxis.201525770171
identification of surface proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae using immunoproteomics.trichinella spiralis surface proteins are directly exposed to the host's immune system, making them the main target antigens which induce the immune responses and may play an important role in the larval invasion and development process. the analysis and characterization of t. spiralis surface proteins could provide useful information to elucidate the host-parasite interaction, identify the early diagnostic antigens and the targets for vaccine. the purpose of this study was to identify the surfa ...201425776583
increased vglut3 involved in visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome.to investigate the activity of vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (vglut3) in a visceral hyperalgesia rat model of irritable bowel syndrome, and the role of mast cells (mcs).201525780293
efficacy of albendazole:β-cyclodextrin citrate in the parenteral stage of trichinella spiralis infection.albendazole-β-cyclodextrin citrate (abz:c-β-cd) inclusion complex in vivo antiparasitic activity was evaluated in the parenteral phase of trichinella spiralis infection in mice. an equimolar complex of abz:c-β-cd was prepared by spray-drying and tested in cbi-ige male mice orally infected with l1 infective larvae. infected animals were treated with 50 or 30mg/kg albendazole, (abz) equivalent amounts of the abz:c-β-cd complex and non treated (controls). mice received a daily dose on days 28, 29 a ...201525790725
changes in epithelial barrier function in response to parasitic infection: implications for ibd pathogenesis.mast cells [mcs] are implicated in epithelial barrier alterations that characterize inflammatory and functional bowel disorders. in this study, we describe mast cell proteinases [chymases and tryptases] and tight junction [tj] proteins kinetics in a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction.201525820018
mast cell-dependent mesenteric afferent activation by mucosal supernatant from different bowel segments of guinea pigs with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.mesenteric afferent nerves (mans) play a pivotal role in the visceral-nociceptive perception. inappropriate activation of mans may be involved in the pathogenesis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs). however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. we assessed the effects of mucosal mediators from different bowel segments of guinea pigs with pi-ibs on man firing and the role of mast cells.201525843076
trichinellosis in vietnam.trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. the aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five outbreaks of trichinellosis, which affected ethnic minorities living in remote mountainous areas of northwestern vietnam from 1970 to 2012. trichinellosis was diagnosed in 126 patients, of which 11 (8.7%) were hospitalized and 8 (6.3%) died. all infected people had consumed raw pork from backyard and roaming pigs or wild boar at wedding, ...201525846295
[immunochemical properties of the excretory-secretory antigen of trichinella spiralis].in vitro cultivation of trichinella spiralis provided data on the structure of somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of t. spiralis larvae, their immunochemical properties were studied. the findings suggest that work should be continued to produce monoclonal antibodies and to develop highly sensitive and specific elisa test systems for the diagnosis of human and animal trichinosis.201525850317
changes of cytokine levels in a mouse model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome.irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a highly prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder. post-infectious ibs (pi-ibs) is caused by an acute gastrointestinal infection preceding the onset of symptoms. however, the pathophysiology of pi-ibs is not clear, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the probable immune mechanisms of pi-ibs.201525886744
protective immunity against trichinella spiralis infection induced by tsnd vaccine in mice.we have previously reported that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) produced a partial protective immunity. the aim of this study was to investigate the immune protection induced by tsnd dna vaccine.201525889976
draft genome of neurotropic nematode parasite angiostrongylus cantonensis, causative agent of human eosinophilic meningitis.angiostrongylus cantonensis is a bursate nematode parasite that causes eosinophilic meningitis (or meningoencephalitis) in humans in many parts of the world. the genomic data from a. cantonensis will form a useful resource for comparative genomic and chemogenomic studies to aid the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. we have sequenced, assembled and annotated the genome of a. cantonensis. the genome size is estimated to be ∼260 mb, with 17,280 genomic scaffolds, 91x coverage, 81.45% for ...201525910624
trichinella pseudospiralis in the iberian peninsula.nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites circulating in most continents, including europe. in spain, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are highly prevalent in wildlife but seldom in domestic pigs. in portugal, only t. britovi was documented in wild carnivores. in the period 2006-2013 in spain, 384 (0.0001%) pigs and 1399 (0.20%) wild boars (sus scrofa) were positive for trichinella spp. larvae, which were identified as t. spiralis or t. britovi. in 2014, trichine ...201525913596
proteomic analysis of potential immunoreactive proteins from muscle larvae and adult worms of trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected pigs.the present study was undertaken to identify potentially immunoreactive proteins of the muscle larvae (ml) and adult stage (ad) of the nematode trichinella spiralis owen, 1835. to identify immunoreactive proteins that are specifically recognised by anti-trichinella antibodies, ml and ad crude extracts and their excretory-secretory (e-s) products were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblot with serum samples from pigs experimentally infect ...201525960566
a physicochemical and pharmacological study of the newly synthesized complex of albendazole and the polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch wood.inclusion complexes of albendazole (abz) with the polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch wood larix sibirica and larix gmelinii were synthesized using a solid-state mechanochemical technology. we investigated physicochemical properties of the synthesized complexes in the solid state and in aqueous solutions as well as their anthelmintic activity against trichinella spiralis, hymenolepis nаna, fasciola hepatica, opisthorchis felineus, and mixed nematodoses of sheep. formation of the complexes ...201525981412
treatment with recombinant trichinella spiralis cathepsin b-like protein ameliorates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by promoting a switch from m1 to m2 macrophages.intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injury, in which macrophages play a key role, can cause high morbidity and mortality. the switch from classically (m1) to alternatively (m2) activated macrophages, which is dependent on the activation of stat6 signaling, has been shown to protect organs from i/r injuries. in the current study, the effects of recombinant trichinella spiralis cathepsin b-like protein (rtscpb) on intestinal i/r injury and the potential mechanism related to macrophage phenotypes ...201525987744
identification and characterization of immunodominant linear epitopes on the antigenic region of a serine protease in newborn trichinella larvae.an immunodominant serine protease of trichinella spiralis named nbl1 showed encouraging potential in early diagnosis of trichinellosis in pigs and elicited protective immune responses during infection of animals. to further define serological reagents for diagnostic use, the specific epitopes on nbl protein recognized by the antibody responses of different susceptible hosts need to be defined. the present study described comprehensive mapping of immunodominant linear epitopes in the antigenic re ...201625989815
phylum-level conservation of regulatory information in nematodes despite extensive non-coding sequence divergence.gene regulatory information guides development and shapes the course of evolution. to test conservation of gene regulation within the phylum nematoda, we compared the functions of putative cis-regulatory sequences of four sets of orthologs (unc-47, unc-25, mec-3 and elt-2) from distantly-related nematode species. these species, caenorhabditis elegans, its congeneric c. briggsae, and three parasitic species meloidogyne hapla, brugia malayi, and trichinella spiralis, represent four of the five maj ...201526020930
secretory products of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and immunomodulation: implication for autoimmune diseases, allergies, and malignancies.trichinella spiralis has the unique ability to make itself "at home" by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. from this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (es l1). those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing ...201526114122
necrosis and apoptosis in trichinella spiralis-mediated tumour reduction.it is known that infection with different pathogens, including helminths, can alter the progression of malignant or other diseases. we studied the effect of chronic trichinella spiralis infection or muscle larvae excretory-secretory (es l1) antigens on the malignant tumour growth in the mouse melanoma model system in vivo and in vitro. our results confirmed that chronic infection with t. spiralis possesses the capacity to slow down the progression of tumour growth, resulting in an impressive red ...201526155183
sleep deprivation induces changes in immunity in trichinella spiralis-infected rats.sleep is considered an important predictor of immunity. a lack of sleep may reduce immunity, which increases susceptibility to any type of infection. moreover, sleep deprivation in humans produces changes in both, the percent of circulating immune cells (t cells and nk cells) and cytokine levels (il-1, ifnγ, tnφ-αα, il-6 and il-17). the aim of our study was to investigate whether sleep deprivation produces deregulation on immune variables during the immune response generated against the helminth ...201526157345
comparative proteomic analysis of surface proteins of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and intestinal infective larvae.the critical step for trichinella spiralis infection is that muscle larvae (ml) are activated to intestinal infective larvae (iil) and invade intestinal epithelium to further develop. the iil is its first invasive stage, surface proteins are directly exposed to host environment and are crucial for larval invasion and development. in this study, shotgun lc-ms/ms was used to analyze surface protein profiles of ml and iil. totally, 41 proteins common to both larvae, and 85 ml biased and 113 iil bia ...201526184560
the red fox (vulpes vulpes) plays a minor role in the epidemiology of the domestic cycle of trichinella in romania.nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites with a worldwide distribution. the majority of the biomass of these nematodes circulates among wildlife, but when humans fail in the proper management of domestic animals and wildlife, trichinella infections are transmitted from the sylvatic to the domestic environment. such failures occur in romania, where a high prevalence of trichinella spiralis has been detected in domestic pigs. the aim of the present study was to provide data a ...201526185060
preinduction of heat shock protein 70 protects mice against post-infection irritable bowel syndrome via nf-κb and nos/no signaling pathways.this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of preinduction of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) on trichinella spiralis infection-induced post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) in mice. trichinella spiralis infection significantly reduced hsp70 abundance, ileal villus height and crypt depth, expression of tight junctions, serum lysine and arginine concentrations, and ileal scl7a6 and scl7a7 mrna levels, induced inflammatory response, and activated nf-κb signaling pathway. mean ...201526215736
quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellosis caused by consumption of pork meat sausages in argentina.in argentina, there are three known species of genus trichinella; however, trichinella spiralis is most commonly associated with domestic pigs and it is recognized as the main cause of human trichinellosis by the consumption of products made with raw or insufficiently cooked pork meat. in some areas of argentina, this disease is endemic and it is thus necessary to develop a more effective programme of prevention and control. here, we developed a quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellos ...201626227185
the sirna-mediated silencing of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase results in reduction of larval infectivity.previous studies showed that trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), and vaccination of mice with rtsnd or tsnd dna produced a partial protective immunity against t. spiralis infection. in this study, three tsnd specific small interfering rna (sirna) were designed to silence the expression of tsnd in t. spiralis larvae. sirnas were delivered to the larvae by electroporation. silencing effect of tsnd transcription and expression was determined by r ...201526231837
new insights into the molecular epidemiology of trichinella infection in domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears in romania.trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode trichinella, characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. in romania, it is recognized as one of the most serious zoonotic diseases. a cross-sectional study, covering all regions of romania, was conducted in 2014 to investigate and update the prevalence of trichinella infection among domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears. additional, molecular identification of trichinella species circulating ...201526238657
the use of recombinant 31 kda antigens of trichinella spiralis for serodiagnosis of experimental trichinellosis.we have previously reported that a 31 kda protein was screened from the excretory-secretory (es) proteins of tichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) by immunoproteomics using early infection sera, and the gene encoding a 31 kda protein from t. spiralis was cloned and expressed in an e. coli expression system. in this study, the recombinant 31 kda antigens were used for detection of anti-trichinella antibodies in serum of experimentally infected mice by elisa.201726246820
diffuse 18f-fdg muscle uptake in trichinella spiralis infection.two patients were referred to our emergency department with myalgia, fever, general malaise, eosinophilia, and elevated serum levels of creatine kinase and troponin t. 18f-fdg pet/ct scan was performed showing a diffuse and homogenous moderately elevated glucose uptake in all muscle groups. trichinella spiralis infection was confirmed by a muscle biopsy and detection of trichinella antibodies. the muscle biopsy was taken in the left quadriceps because of equal involvement of the skeletal muscles ...201626252328
a large-scale study of the trichinella genus in the golden jackal (canis aureus) population in serbia.over the last decades the golden jackal (canis aureus) has significantly expanded its range throughout southeast and central europe, and the balkan peninsula is considered to be a core area of the species distribution in this part of the range. due to its increasing number, ability of long distance movement through a wide range of landscapes and opportunistic feeding habits, the golden jackal may represent an important reservoir and transmitter of a variety of zoonotic agents, including parasite ...201526260409
[in vitro killing of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by exogenous nitric oxide from snp].to study the lethal effect of exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (snp) on the muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis in vitro cultivation.201526263778
partially protective immunity induced by a 20 kda protein secreted by trichinella spiralis stichocytes.trichinella spiralis infection induces protective immunity against re-infection in animal models. identification of the antigens eliciting acquired immunity during infection is important for vaccine development against trichinella infection and immunodiagnosis.201526288365
properties of phosphorylated thymidylate synthase.thymidylate synthase (ts) may undergo phosphorylation endogenously in mammalian cells, and as a recombinant protein expressed in bacterial cells, as indicated by the reaction of purified enzyme protein with pro-q® diamond phosphoprotein gel stain (pgs). with recombinant human, mouse, rat, trichinella spiralis and caenorhabditis elegans tss, expressed in escherichia coli, the phosphorylated, compared to non-phosphorylated recombinant enzyme forms, showed a decrease in vmax(app), bound their cogna ...201526315778
toll-like receptor gene expression during trichinella spiralis infection.in trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper t (th2) cell-related and regulatory t (treg) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. in order to clarify which toll-like receptors (tlrs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse tlr genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during t. spiralis infection. in addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to th2 and treg cell media ...201526323841
new diagnostic antigens for early trichinellosis: the excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae.the excretory-secretory (es) antigens from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, but anti-trichinella igg antibodies cannot be detected until 2-3 weeks after infection; there is an obvious window period between trichinella infection and antibody positivity. intestinal infective larvae (iil) are the first invasive stage during trichinella infection, and their es antigens are firstly exposed to the immune system and might be the ...201526342828
toxocara canis, trichinella spiralis and taenia solium helminthozoonoses: seroprevalence among selected populations in north india.helminthozoonoses are being considered as a research priority in india and many other tropical and subtropical countries. taenia solium and trichinella spiralis are emerging public health and food safety issues in the country and the developing world. the asymptomatic ta. solium carriers act as important risk for neurocysticercosis, leading to adult onset epilepsy in the country. human toxocariasis is another common zoonosis which occurs due to larvae of toxocara canis or t. cati. the current st ...201526345057
increased sialylation as a phenomenon in accommodation of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835) in skeletal muscle fibres.the biology of sialic acids has been an object of interest in many models of acquired and inherited skeletal muscle pathology. the present study focuses on the sialylation changes in mouse skeletal muscle after invasion by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835). asynchronous infection with t. spiralis was induced in mice that were sacrificed at different time points of the muscle phase of the disease. the amounts of free sialic acid, sialylated glycoproteins and total sialyltra ...201526373236
evaluation of newly isolated probiotics in the protection against experimental intestinal trichinellosis.the potential use of probiotics in controlling enteric infections has generated tremendous interest in the last decade. the protective efficacy of seven oral doses of two newly isolated egyptian probiotic strains; lactobacillus acidophilus p110 (l. acidophilus) and lactobacillus plantarum p164 (l. plantarum) versus lactobacillus casei atcc 7469 (l. casei) - against experimental intestinal trichinellosis - was assessed via parasitological, immunological and histopathological parameters, after ver ...201526386829
early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by elisa using excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis adult worms.the excretory-secretory (es) antigens of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ml) are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis. their main disadvantage for the detection of anti-trichinella igg is false-negative results during the early stage of infection. additionally, there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology.201526394626
intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of trichinella spiralis in vitro.the interactions between intestinal microbes and parasitic worms play an essential role in the development of the host immune system. however, the effects of gut microbes on trichinella spiralis are unknown. the aim of this work was to explore microbe-induced alterations in the survival and reproduction of t. spiralis in vitro. to further identify the proteins and genes involved in the response of nematodes to microbes, quantitative proteomic analysis of t. spiralis was conducted by itraq-couple ...201626432293
selective nematocidal effects of essential oils from two cultivated artemisia absinthium populations.essential oils (eos) obtained from two crops and populations of thujone-free cultivated artemisia absinthium were tested against two nematode models, the mammalian parasite trichinella spiralis, and the plant parasitic root knot nematode meloidogyne javanica. the eos were characterized by the presence of (z)-epoxyocimene and chrysanthenol as major components and showed time and population dependent quantitative and qualitative variations in composition. the eos showed a strong ex vivo activity a ...201526444350
genetic evidence of interspecies introgression of mitochondrial genomes between trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi under natural conditions.trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by trichinella muscle larvae (ml) through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. to date, 12 taxa are recognized in this genus, of which four are circulating in europe (trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis). t. spiralis and t. britovi circulate in european wildlife and occur simultaneously in the same host species. the possibility of hybrid formation between t. britovi and t. spiralis has hardly be ...201526458526
screening and characterization of early diagnostic antigens in excretory-secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae by immunoproteomics.the excretory-secretory (es) antigens from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae are the most commonly used diagnostic antigens for trichinellosis, but specific igg antibodies were not detected in early stage of infection. the aim of this study was to identify early diagnostic antigens from es proteins of intestinal infective larvae (iil), the first invasive stage of t. spiralis. six bands (92, 52, 45, 35, 32, and 29 kda) of iil es proteins were recognized by infection sera in western blotting as e ...201626468148
trichinella spiralis infection changes immune response in mice performed abdominal heterotopic cardiac transplantation and prolongs cardiac allograft survival time.allograft rejection has been an obstacle for long-term survival of patients for many years. current strategies for transplant rejection are not as optimal as we expected, especially for long-term treatments. trichinella spiralis, a nematode parasitized in mammalian muscle and as an invader, maintains harmonious with host in the long term by evading host immune attack. to determine whether t. spiralis infection impacts on allograft rejection, we performed mice cardiac allograft transplantation mo ...201626481486
cloning, identification, and bioinformatics analysis of a putative aquaporin tsaqp from trichinella spiralis.vaccination as a preventative strategy against trichinella spiralis infection is an ongoing effort, although no ideal vaccine candidates have been identified until now. identification of more effective antigens that have a role in essential life stages of the parasite and that may be effective vaccine candidates is therefore of importance. in the present study, we identified a novel aquaporin gene (tsaqp) from t. spiralis, and the potential antigenicity of tsaqp was evaluated by epitope predicti ...201526505421
characterization and functional analysis of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase.trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) was identified by screening a t7 phage display cdna library from t. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (iil), and vaccination of mice with recombinant tsnd protein (rtsnd) or tsnd dna vaccine produced a partial protective immunity. the aim of this study was to identify the characteristics and biological functions of tsnd in the process of invasion and development of t. spiralis larvae. transcription and expression of tsnd gene at all developmental st ...201526545353
atorvastatin and metformin administration modulates experimental trichinella spiralis infection.the host-parasite interaction can be altered by the changes in the host environment that may be or may not be in favor of successful invasion by the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis. metformin and atorvastatin are applied on a wide scale, to the degree that they could be considered as part of the host biochemical environment that can affect the parasite. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of alteration of the host's biochemical environment by these commonly used drugs up ...201626546571
trichinella spiralis: mere co-existence or carcinogenic parasite for oral squamous cell carcinoma?trichinella spiralis is a parasite which is usually seen in pork-eaters. most of the trichinosis infections cause little or no symptoms. we report a rare case of a middle aged north indian male who presented with a painless ulcer in right buccal mucosa which was biopsied and reported as squamous cell carcinoma. wide local excision was done subsequently which showed encysted larvae of trichinella spiralis in the deeper skeletal muscle bundles. this article supports the carcinogenic potential of t ...201526557527
comparative studies between four chemicals for long-term preservation of trichinella spiralis larvae's.a comparative evaluation of four conservation chemicals (96% ethanol, 1% sodium benzoate, 10% formalin and glycerol), used to preserve trichinella spiralis larvae's over 120 days, was performed. the results obtained after conservation with 96% ethanol, 1% sodium benzoate and glycerol showed no statistically significant differences in both the shape and the diameter in coiled trichinella spiralis larvae's over the tested period. additional advantage of glycerol as conservation liquid toward forma ...201526623364
innovative molecular diagnosis of trichinella species based on β-carbonic anhydrase genomic sequence.trichinellosis is a helminthic infection where different species of trichinella nematodes are the causative agents. several molecular assays have been designed to aid diagnostics of trichinellosis. these assays are mostly complex and expensive. the genomes of trichinella species contain certain parasite-specific genes, which can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. we selected β-carbonic anhydrase (β-ca) gene as a target, because it is present in many parasites genomes but abs ...201626639312
[inhibitory effect of the excretory/scretory proteins of trichinella spiralis on proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cell line].human hepatocellular carcinoma hepg2 cell line were cultured with different concentrations of excretory/secretory proteins from trichinella spiralis, and mtt assay was used to evaluate the cell inhibition rate. after co-cultured with 300 µg/ml excretory/secretory proteins for 24 h, the hepg2 cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope with ao and eb staining. when co-cultured with 75 µg/ml excretory/secretory proteins for 24 h, the hepg2 cells were quantified by flow cytometry using anne ...201526672230
effect of myrrh and thyme on trichinella spiralis enteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice.trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. we aimed to assess the effect of myrrh (commiphora molmol) and, for the first time, thyme (thymus vulgaris l.) against enteral and encysted (parenteral) phases of trichinella spiralis in mice compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (7 ...201526676322
molecular characterization of a cathepsin f-like protease in trichinella spiralis.trichinellosis is a re-emerging infectious disease, caused by trichinella spp. cathepsin f belongs to cysteine protease that is a major virulence factor for parasitic helminths, and it may be a potential anti-helminth drug target and vaccine candidate. the aim of this study was to clone, express and identify a cathepsin f-like protease in trichinella spiralis and to investigate its biochemical characteristics.201526692208
trichinella spiralis paramyosin binds human complement c1q and inhibits classical complement activation.trichinella spiralis expresses paramyosin (ts-pmy) as a defense mechanism. ts-pmy is a functional protein with binding activity to human complement c8 and c9 and thus plays a role in evading the attack of the host's immune system. in the present study, the binding activity of ts-pmy to human complement c1q and its ability to inhibit classical complement activation were investigated.201526720603
eosinophils and il-4 support nematode growth coincident with an innate response to tissue injury.it has become increasingly clear that the functions of eosinophils extend beyond host defense and allergy to metabolism and tissue regeneration. these influences have strong potential to be relevant in worm infections in which eosinophils are prominent and parasites rely on the host for nutrients to support growth or reproduction. the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the observation that eosinophils promote growth of trichinella spiralis larvae in skeletal muscle. ou ...201526720604
persistent alterations in colonic afferent innervation in a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction: role for changes in peripheral neurotrophic factors.visceral hypersensitivity in the inflamed gut is related partly to the effects of peripheral neurotrophic factors (ntfs) on local afferent neurons. however, alterations in sensory afferents of distant areas remain unexplored. using the trichinella spiralis infection model, which causes a jejunitis, we investigated the remodeling of colonic afferents and the potential role of ntfs.201626768324
dsrna-mediated silencing of nudix hydrolase in trichinella spiralis inhibits the larval invasion and survival in mice.the aim of this study was to investigate the functions of trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase (tsnd) during the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), development and survival in host by rnai. the tsnd-specific double-stranded rna (dsrna) was designed to silence the expression of tsnd in t. spiralis larvae. dsrna were delivered to the larvae by soaking incubation or electroporation. silencing effect of tsnd transcription and expression was determined by real-time pcr and western ...201626778819
[therapeutic activity of micronized mebendazole in the muscular phase of experimental trichinella spiralis invasion in albino mice].the incidence of trichinosis in russia was 0.07 per 100,000 population in 2014, which was 2.9-fold higher than that in 2013. two who recommended medications mebendazole and albendazole are now used to treat humari trichinosis. the drugs are active against only mature helminths and non-encysted muscle larvae. the original oil suspension of micronized mebendazole was.found to have 100% efficacy against trichinosis in albino mice in the late muscular phase (encysted larvae) of hyperinvasion after i ...201626827586
in vivo assay of ige activities on the expulsion of intestinal adult worms.a physiological role of immunoglobulin e (ige) is to promote parasitic helminth expulsion. this assertion is largely based on a series of studies carried out by capron's laboratory. they observed that ige is an essential component of protective immunity against schistosoma mansoni larvae both in vitro and in vivo. then, another group reported that ige-deficient mice show higher worm burdens than wild-type (wt) mice when mice are infected with trichinella spiralis. although these studies indicate ...201626892104
high-level expression and characterization of two serine protease inhibitors from trichinella spiralis.serine protease inhibitors (spis) play important roles in tissue homeostasis, cell survival, development, and host defense. so far, spis have been identified from various organisms, such as animals, plants, bacteria, poxviruses, and parasites. in this study, two spis (tsp03044 and tspad5) were identified from the genome of trichinella spiralis and expressed in escherichia coli. sequence analysis revealed that these two spis contained essential structural motifs, which were well conserved within ...201626921036
parasites transmitted to human by ingestion of different types of meat, el-minia city, el-minia governorate, egypt.meat-borne parasites are sarcocystis species, toxoplasma gondii, taenia saginata, taenia solium and trichinella spiralis. a total of 300 animals including 100 cattle, 100 goat, and 100 pigs, slaughtered in el-minia governmental slaughterhouses. from each animal, five samples were taken from different muscles (esophageal, tongue and cardiac) and different organs (liver and brain). meat samples were examined macroscopic and microscopic (direct, homogenization and h&e staining) for detection of the ...201526939246
preinduced intestinal hsp70 improves visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal intestinal motility in pi-ibs mouse model.to investigate the impact of the preinduced intestinal heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) on the visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal intestinal motility in a post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) mouse model.201626972407
carbonic anhydrase enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for experimental trichinellosis.trichinellosis is a globally distributed helminthic infection. there is a considerable interest in developing new anti-helminthic drugs affecting all the developmental stages of trichinella. acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase (ca) inhibitor) involves a novel mechanism of action by inhibiting such an essential enzyme for parasite metabolism. this work aimed to study the effect of acetazolamide against different stages of t. spiralis in experimental animals. mice were divided into three groups: gro ...201626979731
hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with trichinella spp. in wildlife.nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. hunting activities play an important role in trichinella spp.201626984402
the dynamics of trichinella spiralis epidemiology: out to pasture?the great public health success in prevention of human trichinellosis has resulted in a decades-long decline in the incidence and health impact of this zoonosis. the important elements of this achievement include improvement in animal husbandry practices, meat inspection, consumer education, and medical care. most outbreaks now involve consumption of infected game. however, domestic pork still accounts for many outbreaks, mostly in eastern europe and argentina, where traditional small, "backyard ...201627061788
endemicity of zoonotic diseases in pigs and humans in lowland and upland lao pdr: identification of socio-cultural risk factors.in lao people's democratic republic pigs are kept in close contact with families. human risk of infection with pig zoonoses arises from direct contact and consumption of unsafe pig products. this cross-sectional study was conducted in luang prabang (north) and savannakhet (central-south) provinces. a total of 59 villages, 895 humans and 647 pigs were sampled and serologically tested for zoonotic pathogens including: hepatitis e virus (hev), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and trichinella spira ...201627070428
evaluation of recombinant cxcl8(3-73)k11r/g31p in muscle fibrosis and trichinella larvae encapsulation in a murine model of trichinellosis.trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) larvae in raw or inadequately cooked meat can cause chronic infections in a wide range of hosts including humans. during the development inside the skeletal muscles, t. spiralis larvae infect muscle cells accompanying with the infiltration of host inflammatory cells, eventually create a new type of cell known as nurse cell developing a surrounding vascular network to support the larvae development. controlling of host inflammatory responses and angiogenesis inf ...201627089392
high prevalence of trichinella spp. in sylvatic carnivore mammals of latvia.trichinella spp. are zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat of different animal species. carnivore mammals are important reservoir hosts of these nematodes. the aims of this work were to establish the prevalence of trichinella spp. and infection intensity in sylvatic carnivore mammals of latvia, to identify the etiological agents at the species level and their circulation in the latvian regions. from 2010 to 2014, muscle samples were coll ...201627091108
proficiency testing to detect trichinella larvae in meat in the european union.according to the commission implementing regulation (eu) 2015/1375 (replacing the commission regulation (ec) no 2075/2005), all animals, which are potential carriers of trichinella spp. larvae, should be tested at the slaughterhouse or game-handling establishments according to one of the approved tests. one of the core duties of the european union reference laboratory for parasites is to organize proficiency testing (pt), as stated in the commission regulation (ec) no. 882/2004 of the european p ...201627106772
parasitic zoonoses present some risks with low-temperature cooking of pork.a recent article in this journal documents enhanced sensory qualities of pork cooked to low temperatures. the aim of this letter is to point out that the incidence of trichinella spiralis in many countries and the more widespread incidence of toxoplasma gondii present a concern for the adoption of low temperature cooking of pork unless extended cooking times are used.201627115863
matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9: a realiable marker for inflammation in early human trichinellosis.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. as regards parasitic infections, the role of these proteins has been particularly studied in malaria, neurocysticercosis and angiostrongyloidosis. recently, we evaluated serum levels of mmp-9 and -2 (gelatinases) in mice experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis, which cause different degrees of myositis and we found their significant increase in the former and, a ...201627117947
[identification of serological antigens in excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae].to isolate and identify serological antigens in the excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by the combination of co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric technology.201627126943
study on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in raccoon dogs in brandenburg, germany.in recent years the raccoon dog population in germany has risen dramatically and a steady westward expansion can still be seen. in addition to the highest trichinella prevalence in wild boar and the most reported trichinella cases in domestic swine from backyard farms, the north-eastern part of germany also has the highest raccoon dog density in the country. due to their distinct scavenging behavior, raccoon dogs play a significant role as trichinella reservoir. therefore, to increase the knowle ...201627133501
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