Publications

does pneumocystis carinii occur in kenya?	an experiment was carried out exposing immunosuppressed mice to the atmosphere to determine if transmission of pneumocystis carinii occurred in kenya. mice were killed at weekly intervals for four months and the lungs examined histologically for the presence of these parasites. none of the mice contracted even light infections and this, together with the lack of clinical evidence of this disease in immunosuppressed or neonatal cases, suggests that this parasite does not occur in kenya. possible ...	1982	6980504
fractionation of pneumocystis carinii antigens used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies and in the production of antiserum for detecting pneumocystis carinii antigenemia.	cyst-rich suspensions of pneumocystis carinii were obtained by differential and gradient centrifugation from heavily infected rat lungs. after preparation of an aqueous-soluble extract of the cyst-rich material, the insoluble residue was extracted with 8 m urea. small amounts of infected human lung tissue and uninfected rat and human lung were processed similarly. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that both human and rat infected lung extracts contained a large pro ...	1982	6980894
detection of specific antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and antigenemia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in humans infected with pneumocystis carinii.	a urea-soluble extract of cyst-rich material from rat lung heavily infected with pneumocystis carinii was evaluated in an enzyme-linked immunosorption assay for antibody in 461 human sera. the highest level of reactivity occurred in sera submitted for serodiagnosis from proved or highly suspect cases. however, the range of reactivities in these groups, many of whom were on immunosuppressive therapy, was very wide. a more restricted lower range of reactivity was observed in both hospital-family c ...	1982	6980895
acridine orange staining of pneumocystis carinii.	acridine orange was used to stain smears of mouse lung which contained cyst and trophozoite forms of pneumocystis carinii. trophozoite forms stained yellow to orange; however, cyst forms did not stain. acridine orange is a rapid and sensitive method for demonstrating trophozoites of p. carinii in mouse lung tissue.	1982	6980898
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim alone for prophylaxis of infection in granulocytopenic patients.	prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) has been shown to reduce the incidence of fever, parenteral antibiotic usage, and infections with gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients with neutropenia. furthermore, tmp-smz was found to be equivalent to or better than oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics in direct comparisons and to have an additive effect when given together with other oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics. adults given tmp-smz continuously had fewer readmissions for infecti ...	1982	6981175
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is effective in both the treatment and the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. after initial evaluation in an animal model, tmp-smz was shown to be as clinically effective as pentamidine isethionate for the treatment of pneumonitis in children with cancer and to have minimal adverse effects. treatment with tmp-smz (20 mg of tmp and 100 mg of smz per kg of body weight per day) was successful in three-fourths of patients tested. administered prop ...	1982	6981176
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of adults with pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii.	the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) for the treatment of pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii has not been as rigorously assessed in studies of adults as in pediatric studies that have included patients randomly assigned to receive either pentamidine or tmp-smz. nonetheless, it was shown that 80% of adults with histologically proved pneumocystis pneumonia who were treated with tmp-smz intravenously for at least four days or orally for at least nine days (total daily dose, 10-20 m ...	1982	6981177
association of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and scabies.		1982	6981715
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men.	the clinical records and radiographs of 12 homosexual men with symptomatic biopsy-proved pneumocystic carinii pneumonia were reviewed. at presentation, the most common radiographic finding in the chest was a diffuse, coarse, ground-glass pattern. normal findings on chest radiographs or only minimal abnormalities did not preclude p. carinii pneumonia. progression of the radiographic findings varied. rapid development of diffuse consolidation in 2--5 days occurred most commonly. thoracic lymphaden ...	1982	6981921
radiographic patterns of opportunistic lung infections and kaposi sarcoma in homosexual men.	thirty patients with lung involvement with pneumocystis carinii and other opportunistic organisms, many of whom also had kaposi sarcoma, were seen from december 1980 through march 1982. clinical manifestations consisted of a prodrome of weeks to months with weight loss, fever, and malaise. when clinical pneumonia became apparent, four distinct radiographic patterns were identified. pneumocystis carinii was uniformly present, and the most common pattern encountered was a relatively symmetric, hom ...	1982	6981922
opportunistic infection in previously healthy women. initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency.	opportunistic infections and unusual tumors have been reported in an unprecedented outbreak of community-acquired cellular immune deficiency among homosexual and drug-abusing men. we report five women with the same syndrome. the women were residents of metropolitan new york city closely associated with drug abuse either by personal use (our patients) or close sexual contact with an abuser (one patient). one patient was bisexual. all five patients developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as well ...	1982	6982014
ga-67 scan of a homosexual man with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1982	6982795
pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and esophageal moniliasis in a previously unknown homosexual host.		1982	6982886
[three cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with hematological disorders].		1982	6982982
spontaneous improvement of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.	until recently, pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was the most common cause of death in patients with leukemia in remission. prior to the advent of effective antimicrobial agents, this disease was virtually 100% fatal in the cancer patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. the spontaneous improvement of p carinii pneumonitis in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia suggests a higher incidence of p carinii pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients than is commonly realized.	1982	6983026
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at north carolina memorial hospital.		1982	6983037
[kaposi's sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections].		1982	6983039
open lung biopsy in children with diffuse pulmonary lesions.	during the period 1973-81, open lung biopsy was performed in 33 consecutive children, aged 1 month to 13 years, to exclude or diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and to differentiate other interstitial pulmonary lesions. twenty-one of the patients were undergoing immunosuppressive treatment because of their malignant disease. the clinical diagnosis was correct only in 55% of the patients, but open lung biopsy and histological examination gave the final answer in every patient. pneumocystis c ...	1982	6983812
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a male homosexual: report of a case.		1982	6984041
[transbronchial lung biopsy in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following therapy of adult leukemia].		1982	6984103
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. current state of the problem].		1982	6984205
[2 cases of congenital pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in premature infants detected by intravital diagnosis].		1982	6985079
intravenous sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim: pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indications, and adverse reactions.	biogenesis of tetrahydrofolate cofactors essential for bacterial growth and survival is blocked by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. an intravenous form of the antimicrobial combination has recently been approved for the treatment of acute, symptomatic, bacterial pyelonephritis, recurrent urinary tract infections, shigellosis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. intravenous sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim has emerged as an invaluable agent for the management of selected infections, including bacteria ...	1981	6985449
infections in leukemic children: a prospective analysis.	a 28-month prospective study of 54 leukemic children was carried out to determine the incidence and type of infection associated with febrile episodes. fever was caused by infections in 84 of 199 episodes (71%). two-thirds of the febrile episodes and 57% of the documented infections occurred when leukemic activity was demonstrable. however, only nine of 29 febrile episodes which occurred at the time of initial diagnosis of acute leukemia were due to infection. all serious bacterial infections oc ...	1980	6988557
[severe posttransplant lung syndrome and an acute transplanted kidney rejected crisis successfully controlled].	after a brief literature survey of the immune complications after kidney transplantation, the authors report one patient with a severe febrile-intoxication and pulmonary dyspneic syndrome with abundant x-ray findings, consisting of large nodular and diffuse striped densities, moderately dense, reminding disseminated or miliary tuberculosis, or pneumonia in case of pneumocystis carini, on the background of poor physical findings and normal pco2. the pulmonary changes disappeared after a treatment ...	1980	6998132
legionnaires' disease bacterium: prevalence of antibody reacting with the organism in patients suspected of having infection with pneumocystis carinii.	using indirect immunofluorescence, we examined 713 serum specimens submitted for pneumocystis carinii serologic studies from 566 patients for antibody to the legionnaires' disease bacterium. this group was chosen because it presumably consisted largely of immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory illnesses. of patients tested, 3.4% had titers of 1:128 or greater to legionella pneumophila. four (3.7%) of 107 patients for whom multiple specimens were submitted showed diagnostic increases in ...	1980	6998333
humoral immunity in experimental pneumocystis carinii infection. i. serum and bronchial lavage fluid antibody responses in rats.	humoral immune responses to pneumocystis carinii were studied in rats by an ifa technique. serum igg antibody titers to the organism were diminished in rats administered corticosteroids to produce p. carinii infection but rose with steroid tapering and clearance of the organism from the lungs. a similar pattern of changes occurred in total serum igg and igm but not iga levels by single radial diffusion. serum antibody titers developed in control rats housed in the same room for greater than or e ...	1981	7014742
effect of proteolytic enzymes on pneumocystis carinii in rat lung tissue.	rat lung homogenates heavily infected with pneumocystis carinii were digested with trypsin and pronase. pneumocystis carinii cysts were examined by light and electron microscopy, and by an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique. cysts digested with trypsin exhibited swelling of their cell wall but stained brightly by ifa; cysts digested with pronase lost their cell wall and ability to stain by ifa. these effects were related to the concentration of the enzyme and duration of exposure. the ...	1981	7017097
combined pneumocystis carinii and nocardia asteroides pneumonitis in a patient with an acth-producing carcinoid.		1981	7020921
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: review with a case study.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a devastating disease state that is almost always fatal without appropriate therapy. the offending organism is difficult to culture, and the diagnosis is best confirmed by performing an open-lung biopsy. drug therapy includes pentamidine in doses of 4 mg/kg/d im and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) in doses of 20 mg/kg/d of the former and 100 mg/kg/d of the latter in four divided doses. of these two agents, tmp/smx appears to be most effective, althoug ...	1981	7026203
further light microscopic studies on morphology and development of pneumocystis carinii.	in order to add more advance in light microscopic investigation of p. carinii, phase contrast microscopy partly followed by wet giemsa stain and semiultrathin section of the lungs embedded in jb-4 plastic were studied. in phase contrast microscopy, small and large sized trophozoites of p. carinii were clearly recognized. although movement of trophozoite was not found, rhythmic movement of intracystic bodies with filopodia was often seen in mature cyst. those living organisms were then directly s ...	1981	7032149
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during immunosuppressive therapy after cadaveric renal transplantation - case report (author's transl)].		1981	7038362
mycobacterium xenopi: infection in an immunocompromised host.	mycobacterium xenopi was isolated from bronchoscopic and resected lung specimens from a patient who had diabetes mellitus and chronic myelogenous leukemia. while in remission, the patient developed spreading pulmonary infiltrates and died. at postmortem examination, acid fast bacilli were found in enormous numbers in histologic preparations of pulmonary hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes. concomitant pulmonary infection with aspergillus, pneumocystis carinii, and cytomegalovirus was also evident. ...	1982	7106749
[infections in the child with acute leukemia].	one hundred and twenty-five febrile episodes in 82 children with acute leukemia were studied; 46% of the patients were from urban and 54% from rural areas. the origin of the fever was identified in 91% of the episodes, prevailing pneumonia, septicemia, chickenpox and herpes zoster. the etiological agent was identified in 46% of the cases. a viral predominance was evident, and among them varicela-zoster, following in importance gram-negative bacteria. histoplasma capsulatum and pneumocystis carin ...	1981	7259849
significance of diffuse pulmonary uptake in radiogallium scans: concise communication.	diffuse pulmonary uptake of radiogallium was observed in 50 out of 510 scans (9.8%) performed in a general hospital over a period of 1 yr. of the 50 cases, 80% had bilateral, diffuse distribution, and 20% unilateral. a variety of clinical conditions produced a similar picture on the pulmonary images. the most common cause of the diffuse uptake was infectious disease (48%) followed by infiltrative disorders (30%) and neoplastic conditions (22%). on a repeat study there was significant reduction i ...	1980	7381561
fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patient with hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphomas.	sixty-four fiberoptic bronchoscopic examinations were performed for 58 patients with hodgkin's and non-hodgkin's lymphomas and radiographically evident pulmonary abnormalities. diagnoses were obtained in 23 cases (36%). examination of 12 lung biopsy specimens showed lymphoma and one, squamous cell carcinoma. six patients had pneumocystis carinii; 2, aspergillosis; 1 cryptococcosis; and 1, herpes simplex infection. it is recommended that fiberoptic bronchoscopy be the first invasive procedure emp ...	1980	7417947
extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support in a case of severe status asthmaticus.	support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) can sustain life for a substantial period of time, but the role of long-term ecmo support is limited. the national institutes of health ecmo collaborative study revealed no significant reduction in mortality in adults with severe respiratory distress syndrome treated with ecmo. the value of ecmo in the treatment of transient, severe acute respiratory insufficiency has been demonstrated in patients after cardiac operations, in patients with ...	1981	7458488
predicting cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to cotrimoxazole in hiv-infected individuals receiving primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	to measure the incidence of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to cotrimoxazole in the setting of primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis: to measure the incidence of severe reactions: and to identify predictors for these outcomes.	1995	7472686
ability of primary care physicians to diagnose and manage pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	this study assesses the ability of primary care physicians to diagnose and manage pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a standardized patient (sp) with unidentified hiv infection. one hundred thirty-four primary care physicians from five northwest states saw an sp with unidentified hiv infection who presented with symptoms, chest radiograph, and arterial blood gas results classic for pcp. seventy-seven percent of the physicians included pcp in their differential diagnoses and 71% identified t ...	1995	7472689
health insurance and utilization in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to examine the relationship between health insurance status and health services utilization among hiv-infected patients with active pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), the discharge and outpatient databases of a large california medical facility were reviewed. four hundred fifty records met the inclusion criteria. logistic regression indicated that those who had publicly funded insurance were about half as likely (95% ci 0.28, 0.99) as were those who had private insurance to undergo bronchosco ...	1995	7472705
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during treatment for recurrent breast cancer: a case report.	we describe a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a woman with recurrent breast cancer without human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the pcp was associated with severe lymphocytopenia due to treatment with anticancer agents in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf). despite the severe lymphocytopenia, the total leucocyte count never fell below 3000/mm3 during the treatment. it was difficult to determine whether the patient's respiratory failure was cau ...	1995	7474411
[detection of the exoskeleton of sarcoptes scabiei in histological sections using fungiflora y].	fungiflora y was applied to a deparaffinized section of a biopsied skin with scabies, a section of a brain infected with cysticercus cellulosae, a section of a lung infected with pneumocystis carinii and a section of a cockroach. the exoskeleton of the mite and the cockroach were stained with fungiflora y and were visualized as a greenish-blue fluorescence under incident illumination with ultraviolet light, whereas the cysticercus cellulosae and the pneumocystis carinii were not visualized at al ...	1995	7474447
pneumocystis carinii in africa: an emerging pathogen?	there are quite a few pathogens which can cause pneumonia. identifying the agent of infection simplifies therapy by allowing the appropriate treatment to be targeted with a minimum amount of toxic drugs. empirical therapy is ideally reserved for settings in which the patient is not acutely ill, there is a high probability of a single, easily treated pathogen, and rapid diagnostic facilities are available if treatment fails. empirical therapy, however, is often necessary in many aids-endemic r ...	1995	7475709
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in zimbabwe.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is said to be rare in africa, with reported rates of 0-22% in human-immunodeficiency-virus (hiv) infected individuals with respiratory symptoms. over one year in a central hospital in southern africa, 64 hiv-infected patients with acute diffuse pneumonia unresponsive to penicillin and sputum smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli underwent fibreoptic bronchoscopy. bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was assessed for bacteria, fungi, pneumocystis carinii, and mycobacte ...	1995	7475717
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients.	in 1991 and 1992 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed in 28 renal transplant recipients. the incidence of pcp in our renal transplant centre was remarkably increased from 1.1% before 1991 to 11.5% in 1991-1992. we compared 28 pcp patients with a control group of 27 renal transplant recipients, matched for transplantation day and without an episode of pcp. the mean age was significantly higher in the pcp group (50 +/- 13 versus 38 +/- 13 years). we observed no differences in basic i ...	1995	7478123
hiv infection: analysis in 259 consecutive patients with abnormal abdominal ct findings.	to evaluate abdominal computed tomographic (ct) findings in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	1995	7480744
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with low dose methotrexate treatment for malignant rheumatoid arthritis].	low dose pulse methotrexate (mtx) has become a widely used therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (ra) because of its good response rate profile. with the increased use of mtx, reports of opportunistic infections associated with mtx therapy have appeared. fourteen cases of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in patients receiving low dose mtx have been previously reported. yet, no case of pc pneumonia associated with low dose mtx has so far been reported in japan. we report the first case in japan of ...	1995	7482069
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by bronchoalveolar lavage in aids patients. comparison of diff-quik, fungifluor stain, direct immunofluorescence test and polymerase chain reaction.	to assess the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diff-quik, fungifluor stain, the direct immunofluorescence test (dift) and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients.	1995	7483981
bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of fungal disease. five years' experience in a southern united states rural area with many blastomycosis cases.	to determine the relative frequency of blastomyces dermatitidis among other microorganisms in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens.	1995	7483983
comparison of histologic stains in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii.	to evaluate commonly used histologic stains used to detect pneumocystis, including diff-quik (dq), grocott's gomori methenamine silver (gms), papanicolaou, and hematoxylin and eosin (h&e).	1995	7483986
vortex keratopathy associated with atovaquone.	we studied a case of vortex keratopathy that was associated with the use of atovaquone.	1995	7485371
inhibition of recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthetase by sulfa drugs.	forty-four sulfa drugs were screened against crude preparations of recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthetase. the apparent michaelis-menten constants (km) for p-aminobenzoic acid and 7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin pyrophosphate were 0.34 +/- 0.02 and 2.50 +/- 0.71 microm, respectively. several sulfa drugs, including sulfathiazole, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfathiourea, inhibited dihydropteroate synthetase approximately as well as sulfamethoxazole, a ...	1995	7486915
cryptococcal pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	infection with cryptococcus neoformans occurs with increased frequency in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). despite the lungs being the portal of entry for the fungus the commonest presentation is with meningitis: cryptococcal broncho pulmonary infection occurs less commonly. the chest radiographs of fourteen hiv positive patients with cryptococcal pneumonia were reviewed. the commonest radiographic abnormalities were interstitial infiltrates, (nine patients) and focal or wid ...	1995	7489624
vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifampin.	vancomycin is a safe, effective antibiotic for a variety of serious gram-positive infections. because of emerging vancomycin-resistant enterococci and the threat of spread of vancomycin-resistant genes to other gram-positive organisms, judicious use of vancomycin should be promoted. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a broad-spectrum synergistic combination, continues to find widespread use in gram-negative bacterial infections, especially involving the urinary tract. it has enjoyed enormous success ...	1995	7490442
new drug developments for opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients: pneumocystis carinii.		1995	7490723
response of rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to continuous infusion of deferoxamine.	the iron-chelating drug deferoxamine mesylate (dfo) is active against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in rat and mouse models of p. carinii pneumonia. because dfo has a short half-life, daily divided or continuous dosage was expected to improve the dose response, as is the case with dfo treatment of malaria. therefore, results of single daily intraperitoneal injections were compared with results of an evenly divided four-times-daily dosage and the efficacy of delivery with implanted infusion p ...	1995	7492082
respiratory syncytial virus, a rare cause of severe pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation.	mixed alveolar interstitial pneumonia is a much-feared complication in bone marrow transplant recipients because it carries a high mortality. many cases in which an etiological agent is identified are due to fungi or cytomegalovirus; rarely, other infectious agents such as pneumocystis carinii or (para)influenzavirus are involved. in this report we describe a patient who received intense chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapse of testis seminoma and who develo ...	1995	7492628
attachment of pneumocystis carinii to primary cultures of rat alveolar epithelial cells.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) is an exclusively extracellular pathogen which causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. histologic studies have demonstrated that pc organisms attach preferentially to type i alveolar epithelial cells and rarely bind to type ii cells. previous reports have demonstrated that cultured type ii cells develop a type i cell-like phenotype and express type i cell surface antigens. the current study examines the attachment of pc organisms to isolated rat type ii alveo ...	1995	7493634
cloning and characterization of an atpase gene from pneumocystis carinii which closely resembles fungal h+ atpases.	a gene encoding a p-type cation translocating atpase was cloned from a genomic library of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii. the nucleotide sequence of the gene contains a 2781 base-pair open reading frame that is predicted to encode a 101,401 dalton protein composed of 927 amino acids. the p. carinii atpase protein (pcal) is 69-75% identical when compared with eight proton pumps from six fungal species. the pneumocystis atpase is less than 34% identical to atpase proteins from protozoans, verteb ...	1995	7496388
current techniques in cell and molecular biology.	recent advances in the field of molecular biology have revolutionized our understanding of the functioning of living organisms and facilitated the development of robust tools for both diagnosis and treatment of diseases. with particular reference to the field of critical care medicine, development of molecular biology techniques have aided in the following: (1) rapid and highly specific detection of pathogenic infectious agents (eg, mycobacterium tuberculosis, pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovir ...	1995	7496450
intrathoracic kaposi's sarcoma. ct findings.	to describe the thin ct scans findings in aids patients with intrathoracic kaposi's sarcoma (ks).	1995	7497772
role of pneumocystis carinii dna amplification by pcr on the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with haematologic malignant diseases: report of four cases.		1995	7502636
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without aids, 1980 through 1993. an analysis of 78 cases.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) occurs in immunocompromised patients without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). there has been an increasing yearly number of cases of pcp in our patients without aids.	1995	7503602
incidence and distribution of opportunistic lung infections in aids patients related to intravenous drug use: a study of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology by the diff-quik stain.	the present study was undertaken in order to determine the incidence and distribution of opportunistic lung infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related to intravenous drug use. one hundred ninety seven patients of both sexes were investigated. based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, a total of 156 (79%) patients were found to harbor opportunistic lung infections by the diff-quik staining procedure. seventy-nine percent of the males and 80% of the females were positiv ...	1993	7507027
a novel in situ model to study pneumocystis carinii adhesion to lung alveolar epithelial cells.	pneumocystis carinii, an extracellular parasite thriving in the lungs of immunosuppressed mammals, is a major cause of death in aids patients in the usa. as a prelude to growth, the parasite adheres mostly to type i pneumocytes lining the alveolar spaces. the mechanism of adherence remains unknown, largely because of difficulties in isolating type i pneumocytes and maintaining them in vitro. as a first step to understand p. carinii adherence to its natural substrate, we developed an in situ meth ...	1994	7508475
neonatal disease induced by siv infection of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	seven 72-hr-old indian origin rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were inoculated with 10 animal id50 of siv/deltab670. nine age-matched animals were used as uninoculated controls. all seven inoculated animals became infected as verified by viral isolation and siv p26 antigenemia. five of seven infected animals died within a mean of 31 days (range, 26-41 days), with high levels of antigenemia beginning 1-2 weeks postinoculation (pi) that persisted until death. absolute lymphocyte numbers were within ...	1993	7508724
direct monitoring as well as sensitive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by the polymerase chain reaction on sputum samples.	in order to evaluate the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for diagnosis and monitoring of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in specimens obtained from non-invasive techniques, expectorated or induced sputa were collected from 30 patients who were tentatively diagnosed as having pcp and administered intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. using appropriate criteria, 13 of these cases were diagnosed as having pcp, 12 cases were diagnosed of other pulmonary diseases, and five ...	1993	7511788
vitronectin, fibronectin, and gp120 antibody enhance macrophage release of tnf-alpha in response to pneumocystis carinii.	alveolar macrophages (ams) initiate inflammation during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by releasing cytokines including tnf-alpha. recent studies suggest that macrophage responses to p. carinii are enhanced by serum opsonization, but the mechanisms of enhancement are not well defined. to determine whether macrophage release of tnf-alpha in response to p. carinii was augmented by immune opsonization, alveolar macrophages obtained from rabbits were cultured with p. carinii that had been opsonized ...	1994	7512599
[the cytological picture in pleural pneumocystosis].	we report a case of a hiv+ patient treated with prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. the patient showed evidence of tensive right pneumothorax and slight pleural effusion. the pleural fluid was aspired from the drainage and processed in our laboratory. the cytologic examination of aspired fluid revealed abundant pneumocystis carinii organisms. the cytologic presentation is peculiar in pleural fluid because of the presence of a large amount of trophozoites and a small number of cysts. direct exa ...	1993	7513393
evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of monoclonal antibody 3f6 for the detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and induced sputum.	the sensitivity and specificity of different staining procedures for the detection of pneumocystis carinii organisms were compared. three conventional stains (papanicolaou, giemsa and grocott's) and one immunocytochemical stain using 3f6 antibody were used on smears prepared from the same specimen. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and induced sputum (is) specimens were used for this purpose. one hundred and sixty-five episodes from 142 patients were investigated by the four different staining techni ...	1994	7518707
molecular characterization of clustered variants of genes encoding major surface antigens of human pneumocystis carinii.	a 13-kb genomic fragment from human pneumocystis carinii was cloned as repetitive dna. the fragment contains a cluster of three related genes, each 3 kb in size, and the 5' end of a fourth gene. the predicted polypeptide of the first gene in the cluster comprises 1,030 amino acid residues with a total molecular mass of 116 kda. the gene's predicted amino acid sequence bears 32% identity to predicted sequences of recently described gene fragments of ferret p. carinii, which encode an immunodomina ...	1994	7518806
safety profile of didanosine among patients with advanced hiv disease who are intolerant to or deteriorate despite zidovudine therapy: results of the canadian open ddi treatment program.	the aim of this study was to ascertain the safety profile of didanosine (videx; ddi) within the canadian open treatment program. symptomatic hiv+ subjects with aids or arc or cd4 < 200/mm3 were eligible to receive didanosine if they were either (a) intolerant to zidovudine (retrovir, zdv) or (b) deteriorating despite zdv therapy. the dose of didanosine (powder formulation) was based on body weight as follows: > or = 75 kg, 375 mg b.i.d.; 50-74 kg, 250 mg b.i.d.; 35-49 kg, 167 mg b.i.d. participa ...	1994	7519674
gene for an extracellular matrix receptor protein from pneumocystis carinii.	an initial and crucial step in the establishment of many microbial infections is the attachment of the pathogen to the host cells. thus, adherence of pneumocystis carinii (pc) to type i pneumocytes is believed to be important in the induction of pc pneumonia. little is known about the nature of the attachment of pc to type i cells, although extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins, such as fibronectin and laminin, have been implicated in the process. we report here the isolation of a pc gene encoding ...	1994	7519777
pneumocystis carinii: recognition of the infection in albino rats using different stains.	pneumocystis carinii is a commensal protozoan which may cause pneumonia in hosts with compromised immune status and may end fatally. since effective management of pneumocystic pneumonia depends on rapid and accurate recognition of the disease, so, the present study aims to throw lights on the best staining method for cytodiagnosis of this organism with the sequential pathological changes in the infected lungs. an immunosuppression state was induced in albino rats for 6-8 weeks then rats were sac ...	1994	7521380
comparison of pneumocystis carinii detection by toluidine blue o staining, direct immunofluorescence and dna amplification in sputum specimens from hiv positive patients.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the commonest opportunistic infection in aids patients. by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), specific dna sequences can be amplified and used in diagnosis of infections such as pcp where the causative pathogen is both difficult to grow and present in low numbers. twenty hiv positive patients were investigated for pcp. twenty sputa (15 induced and 5 expectorated) had toluidine blue o staining, direct immunofluorescence and pcr performed for pneumoc ...	1994	7522318
pneumocystis carinii: antigenic, immunological, and molecular characterization.		1994	7523034
utility of gomori methenamine silver stains in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with gomori methenamine silver (gms) stain is commonly used to detect pneumocystis carinii and fungal organisms as causes of infectious pulmonic disease in immunosuppressed patients. however, several reports have indicated that gms stains are not any more sensitive than conventional cytologic stains in detecting pneumocystis organisms in select patient populations, such as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). to examine the utility of gms stains in o ...	1994	7524071
an evaluation of four methods for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in clinical specimens.	we undertook a prospective evaluation of 4 methods for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in clinical specimens and compared an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) (diagnostics pasteur), and a fluorescent whitening agent (fwa) (blankophor ba 267%, bayer, australia) with our standard methenamine silver (meag) and toluidine blue o (tb) stains. two hundred and two specimens were received from 162 patients (133 hiv infected, 19 heart or heart-lung transplant recipients, and 10 "miscellaneous" ...	1994	7527514
adhesive glycoproteins in the pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: host defense or microbial offense?		1995	7529815
interaction of vitronectin with pneumocystis carinii: evidence for binding via the heparin binding domain.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a major opportunistic infection in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. p. carinii attachment to alveolar epithelial cells is considered necessary for growth and replication of the organism. recent studies have focused on the role of adhesive proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin in attachment mechanisms of p. carinii in the alveolar space. whereas the role of fibronectin has been partially characterized, less is known about the mechanis ...	1995	7529816
modification of the fungi-fluor and the genetic systems fluorescent antibody methods for detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.	four hundred forty-five bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with the human immunodeficiency virus were preserved in saccomano's fixative and stained for pneumocystis carinii cysts by a modified method with fungi-fluor solution a (polysciences, warrington, pa) and the genetic systems pneumocystis carinii immunofluorescence antibody (genetic systems corp, seattle, wash). the majority of patients had been treated for suspected p carinii pneumonia for a few days prior to collection of bro ...	1995	7531427
analysis of pneumocystis carinii organism burden, viability and antigens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in aids patients with pneumocystosis: correlation with disease severity.	we examined 96 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) specimens from aids patients with proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in order to compare the relationship of organism burden, viability and antigen expression with disease severity at the time of clinical presentation.	1994	7531457
genetic diversity in human-derived pneumocystis carinii isolates from four geographical locations shown by analysis of mitochondrial rrna gene sequences.	the opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii is a frequent cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. in this study, we have compared the dna sequences of a portion of the mitochondrial large-subunit rrna gene of p. carinii (an informative locus showing up to 27% differences among isolates of p. carinii from human-, rat-, mouse-, ferret-, rabbit-, and horse-infected lungs) obtained from human-derived isolates from widely disparate geographical areas, including britain, the united s ...	1994	7533779
pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation: a comparison of total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide to busulfan and cyclophosphamide.	to retrospectively compare the acute and long-term pulmonary toxicities of total body irradiation and busulfan in bone marrow transplantation.	1995	7536723
inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the brain by pentamidine, a calmodulin antagonist.	nitric oxide (no) which is produced by activation of ca2+/calmodulin-dependent no synthase is known to induce neuronal damage. we examined the effects of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (azt, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor), pentamidine (a therapeutic drug for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and calmodulin antagonists such as trifluoperazine and n-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (w-7) on no synthase activation. although azt had no effect on the activity of constitutive neuron ...	1995	7542607
decreased activation of the respiratory burst in neutrophils from aids patients with previous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	neutrophils from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative blood donors, asymptomatic hiv-positive patients, aids patients with previous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and aids patients without previous pcp were compared for their ability to activate the respiratory burst, measured as luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. p. carinii, staphylococcus aureus, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and fmlp were used to stimulate the neutrophils. when stimulated with p. carinii, neutrophils from p ...	1995	7542687
genetic variation among pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis.	pneumocystis carinii hominis is a ubiquitous organism that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. paired p. carinii hominis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons who had two episodes of pneumocystosis were examined for genetic heterogeneity. genetic variation was detected by sequence comparison of a portion of the mitochondrial ribosomal rna gene. in 5 of 10 patients experiencing two episodes of pneumocystosis, genetically distinct isolates were associated with each ...	1995	7542688
two domains with amino-acid sequence similarity are required for dihydroneopterin aldolase function in the multifunctional folic acid synthesis fas protein of pneumocystis carinii.	the folic acid synthesized gene (fas) of pneumocystis carinii (pc) codes for a multifunctional enzyme (fas) known to catalyse three consecutive steps leading to the production of dihydropteroate in the de novo folate synthesis pathway. previously, we predicted that a domain, designated fasb (amino acids (aa) 161-280), of the 740-aa multifunctional protein contains the first of the three enzyme activities in the pathway, namely dihydroneopterin aldolase (dhna), since it shares 23% aa identity wit ...	1995	7543066
species-specific microhelix aminoacylation by a eukaryotic pathogen trna synthetase dependent on a single base pair.	we report here that tyrosyl-trna synthetase from the eukaryotic pathogen pneumocystis carinii is a 370 amino acid polypeptide with characteristic elements of a class i aminoacyl-trna synthetase and aligns with the prokaryotic tyrosyl-trna synthetases in the class-defining active site region, including the trna acceptor helix-binding region. the expressed enzyme is a dimer that aminoacylates yeast trna but not escherichia coli trna(tyr). like most trnas, prokaryotic tyrosine trnas have a g1.c72 b ...	1995	7547995
community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status.	this cross-sectional and prospective one year study evaluated adults admitted to an inner city hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. the study used extensive diagnostic methods to evaluate the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients with differing immunologic status. of 385 study patients, concurrent problems associated with immunosuppression were noted in 221 (57%) patients, 180 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected. the five most common caus ...	1995	7551387
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with wegener's granulomatosis.		1995	7551403
[serologic response of normal korean children to pneumocystis carinii as observed by immunoblot].	soluble protein of purified pneumocystis carinii was prepared from experimentally infected rats. sds-page of the crude antigen resolved about 20 protein bands from 20 to 200 kda. out of them, 116 kda band strongly reacted and 45-55 and 100 kda bands reacted weakly to the positive reference human serum from u.s.a. western blot analysis with sera of 130 normal children and 15 newborns in korea revealed specific igg antibody reaction to 40-55 and 116 kda protein bands. forty percent (40.0%) of the ...	1995	7551800
genetic variability in different pneumocystis isolates from man and rats.	to gain further insight into the genetic variability between different isolates of pneumocystis carinii of rat and human origin, we sequenced three dna regions from the mitochondrial rrna gene, the 5s rrna gene and the dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) of microorganisms isolated from three different immunosuppressed rat sources and from one hiv + patient with p. carinii pneumonia. some point mutations and deletions were found among rat isolates in two regions (mitochondrial rrna gene and 5s rr ...	1995	7553373
[experimental and clinical study on pneumocystosis. iv. use of a 4d7 monoclonal antibody to detect pneumocystis carinii by immunoperoxidase staining].	this paper reports on the diagnostic utility of the 4d7 monoclonal antibody (mcab) and immunohistochemical (ihc) staining to detect p. carinii. specimens of 30 pathological sections of lung tissues and 1 smear of aspirated bronchial material from confirmed cases, and 12 sputum smears from high risk patients with pneumonia were examined by immunohistochemical method using the 4d7 mcab. the results showed that both the sensitivity and specificity of the 4d7 mcab-ihc staining were 100% (31/31). a c ...	1995	7554163
spontaneous pneumothorax in children with aids.	the incidence of pneumothorax in hiv-infected children has not been reported. in adults with aids, pneumothorax has been described exclusively in association with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we report the cases of three children with aids, one with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (lip) without evidence of pcp and two with pcp, all of whom developed spontaneous pneumothorax (sp). on presentation, none of the children had any risk factors for the development of pneumothorax, but all ha ...	1995	7555138
aids-related spontaneous pneumothorax. risk factors and treatment.	to define risk factors and optimum therapy for aids-related spontaneous pneumothorax (ptx).	1995	7555166
dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia: an anesthetic risk.	dapsone is used to treat several systemic inflammatory diseases, many of which have head and neck manifestations, such as leprosy, systemic lupus erythematosus, rhinosporidiosis, relapsing polychondritis, dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. it has also been recently used prophylactically alone or in combination against malaria and in aids patients against pneumocystis carinii infections. this is significant to the otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon since appr ...	1995	7558644
penicillin-resistant pneumococci--an emerging threat to successful therapy.	pneumococci highly resistant to penicillin g [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) > or = 2 mg l-1] have become prevalent in many parts of the world since their emergence and spread in the late 1970s. in the usa, such organisms are seen primarily in two populations: infants and children, and adults with aids. surveys in both rural and urban areas have revealed presence of these organisms, as well as an increasing frequency of streptococcus pneumoniae strains relatively resistant to penicillin ...	1995	7560986
cd40 ligand is required for resolution of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice.	the role of the cd40-cd40 ligand (cd40l) interaction in resolution of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia (pcp) was assessed in a pc-infected severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse reconstitution model using an anti-cd40l mab to block cd40l. scid mice infected with pc were reconstituted with unfractionated spleen cells from immunocompetent donors and given either anti-cd40l mab or an irrelevant control mab. mice given the control mab resolved the pc infection, whereas those given the anti ...	1995	7561048
translation elongation factor-3 (ef-3): an evolving eukaryotic ribosomal protein?	fungi appear to be unique in their requirement for a third soluble translation elongation factor. this factor, designated elongation factor 3 (ef-3), exhibits ribosome-dependent atpase and gtpase activities that are not intrinsic to the fungal ribosome but are nevertheless essential for translation elongation in vivo. the ef-3 polypeptide has been identified in a wide range of fungal species and the gene encoding ef-3 (yef3) has been isolated from four fungal species (saccharomyces cerevisiae, c ...	1995	7563124